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Published by wanfizah81, 2017-11-20 01:42:21

CONTOH DRAF TESIS PITA BAB 123

This is how your thesis draft should look like.

Keywords: chapter 1 2 3

30 mm

ZURINDAH BINTI ROSLI PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF COBALT Times new
DOPED ZINC OXIDE FOR DEGRADATION roman,
OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE Font size 18
SINGLE SPACING
Arrange in
inverse pyramid

SM. Teknologi (Alam Sekitar) Times new roman,

ZURINDAH BINTI ROSLI Font size 18,
SINGLE SPACING

2018 SCHOOL OF OCEAN ENGINEERING Times new
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU roman, Font size
18
2018
SINGLE SPACING

30 mm

Applied for whole document!

 Paper size A4 (NOT LETTER) Title of project proposal:
 Left Margin = 38 mm

 Right Margin = 25 mm  Times new roman, 12 pt, single

spacing, NOT BOLD, centered

Aligned in inverse pyramid

 Short, clear, concise (not more

than 20 words)

 Contain important keywords to

Left margin=38mm highlight the essence of intended
study

mm PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF COBALT DOPED

ZINC OXIDE FOR DEGRADATION OF

METHYLENE BLUE DYE

Right
margin=25mm

mm

X

By
ZURINDA BINTI ROSLI

Y

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology (Environment)

X

SCHOOL OF OCEAN ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

2018
i Bottom margin =25 mm

THESIS CONFIRMATION AND APPROVAL

This is acknowledged and confirmed that thesis entitled: Photocatalytic Properties of
Cobalt Doped Zinc Oxide for Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye by Zurindah binti
Rosli Matric No.: UK12345 have been checked and all the suggested corrections have
been done. The thesis is submitted to School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology (Environment).

Authorized by:

…………………………….. Date: …………...
Main Supervisor
Name: Dr Wan Rafizah binti Wan Abdullah
Official Stamp:

…………………………….. Date: …………...
Co-Supervisor (if any)
Name: Dr Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali
Official Stamp:

…………………………….. Date: …………...
Programme Chairman
Bachelor of Technology (Environment)
Name:
Official Stamp:

ii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references.

Signature : ……………………………………
Name : Zurindah Binti Rosli
Matric No. : UK12345
Date : 29 May 2018

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis
possible and an enjoyable experience for me
……………………………………………………………..................
First of all I wish to express my sincere gratitude to ………………...
……………………………………………………………………….
I am grateful to my friends for their encouragement and help especially to
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………..
Finally, I would like also to express my deepest gratitude for a constant support,
emotional understanding and love that I received from my family
....................................................................................
......................................................................................................

iv

Abstract

 TITLE – Times new roman, Abstract should contain
Bold, centered, single spacing
 Background (1 -2 sentences)

 Body text - Times new roman, 12 50 mm  Problem (1-2 sentences)
pt, single spacing, Justified  Aim/Objectives (1-2 sentences)
 Methodology + scopes of work (1-3 sentences

 Expected result (1-2 sentences)

 General conclusion of outcomes (1 sentences)

 Average less than 300 words

Left margin=38mm  NEVER COPY PASTE from the entire
introduction in Chapter (1)

mm PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF COBALT DOPED ZINC OXIDE
FOR DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE
Right

2 x 1.0 line spacing margin=25m
ABSTRACT m mm

2 x 1.0 line spacing

Wastewater containing organic dyes has become a major concern due to its potential Must be
harmful effects on the environment. Presently, photocatalytic treatment using zinc justified
oxide (ZnO) is one of the efficient ways to overcome this problem. However, the
efficiency and rate of removal for pure ZnO photocatalyst can be further improved by Single
using doping technique. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the spacing,
potential use of cobalt (Co) doped ZnO as photocatalyst powder to treat methylene Remove
blue (MB) solution. The photocatalyst was prepared by doping ZnO with Co of space
various concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 7 mol %) using solid state method. The properties Before or
of the Co doped ZnO powders was characterized by means of SEM, EDS, and XRD. After
The performance of the photocatalyst powder to remove MB was determined by paragraph
characterizing the effluent after UV irradiation for up to 240 minutes in the presence
of various photocatalyst loadings using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. It is expected
that the highest removal rate of MB is achievable through treatment using low Co
doping and prolonged irradiation time. The optimum range of Co doping for obtaining
ZnO photocatalyst with high removal rate will be determined. The findings from this
study are important for development of sustainable and cost effective dyed wastewater
treatment.

v

50 mm Abstrak

 TITLE – Times new roman,
Bold, centered, single spacing

 Body text - Times new roman, 12
pt, single spacing, Justified

 A direct translation from English
to Bahasa Malaysia

SIFAT PEMANGKIN FOTO ZINK OKSIDA TERDOP KOBALT UNTUK Must be
PEMEROSOTAN PEWARNA BIRU METILENA justified

2 x 1.0 line spacing Single
spacing,
ABSTRAK Remove
space
2 x 1.0 line spacing Before or
After
Airsisa mengandungi pewarna telah menjadi suatu kebimbangan utama oleh kerana paragrapgh
potensi kesan buruknya terhadap alam sekitar. Pada masa kini, rawatan bermangkin-
foto menggunakan zink oksida (ZnO) adalah salah satu daripada cara berkesan untuk
mengatasi masalah ini. Walaubagaimanapun, keberkesanan dan kadar penyingkiran
bagi pemangkin-foto ZnO tulen boleh dipertingkatkan lagi dengan menggunakan
teknik doping. Oleh itu, kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat potensi
penggunaan ZnO terdop kobalt (Co) sebagai serbuk pemangkin-foto untuk merawat
larutan biru metilena (MB). Pemangkin-foto tersebut telah disediakan dengan
mengedop ZnO dengan Co pada pelbagai kepekatan (1, 3, 5 dan 7% mol)
menggunakan kaedah keadaan pepejal. Sifat-sifat serbuk ZnO terdop Co telah
dicirikan menggunakan SEM, EDS, dan XRD. Prestasi serbuk pemangkin foto untuk
mernyingkirkan MB telah ditentukan dengan mencirikan sampel efluen selepas
penyinaran UV untuk 240 minit dengan kehadiran pelbagai pemuatan pemangkin-foto
menggunakan spektrofotometer ultra-ungu nampak. Dijangkakan bahawa kadar
penyingkiran tertinggi boleh dicapai menerusi rawatan menggunakan doping Co yang
rendah dan masa penyinaran yang dilanjutkan. Julat optimum bagi pendopan Co untuk
memperolehi serbuk pemangkin ZnO dengan kadar penyingkiran yang tinggi akan
dapat ditentukan. Dapatan daripada kajian ini adalah penting bagi pembangunan
rawatan airsisa yang lestari dan efektif-kos.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS Right
2 x 1.0 line spacing margin=25mm
Page mm
Left margin=38mm i
ii
mm TITLE PAGE iii
iv
THESIS CONFIRMATION AND APPROVAL v
vi
DECLARATION iv
vi
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS vii
viii
ABSTRACT ix

ABSTRAK With ‘s’ 1
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
4
LIST OF TABLES 5
5
LIST OF FIGURES
7
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS 10
10
LIST OF APPENDICES 12
14
CHAPTER 1 1 x 1.0 line spacing 16
INTRODUCTION 16
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Research Background 20
1.3 Problem Statement 21
1.4 Aim and Objectives 22
1.5 Scopes of Study 23
1.6 Significance of Study
25
CHAPTER 2 1 x 1.0 line spacing 25
LITERATURE REVIEW 27
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Photocatalytic System and Its Components 29

2.2.1 Semiconductor Photocatalyst
2.2.2 Source of Light Energy
2.3 The Principle of Photocatalytic Reaction
2.4 Doping of Photocatalyst
2.4.1 Effect of Doping on the Photocatalyst
2.4.2 Dopant
2.5 Methylene Blue Dye
2.6 Degradation of Organic Dye
2.6.1 Effect of Photocatalyst Loading
2.6.2 Effect of Light Irradiation Time

CHAPTER 3 1 x 1.0 line spacing
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Design
3.3 Materials Selection
3.4 Preparation of Co doped ZnO
3.5 Characterization of Co doped ZnO

vii

REFERENCES 53
1 x 1.0 line spacing 55
57
APPENDICES

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR

viii

Sentense case, not bold, 50 mm
No fullstop ".", justified

LIST OF TABLES With ‘s’

2 x 1.0 line spacing

Table No. Page
2.1 Comparison of advantages and disadvanges between
8
different type of wastewater treatment 12
2.2 Type of radicals 27
3.1 Molecular weight of selected chemicals 27
3.2 Formulation of Co doped ZnO 32
3.3 Functions of the component in the photo-reactor set-up

The first Table in
Chapter 3 is
numbered as Table
3.1, the second
Table in Chapter 3
is numbered as
Table 3.2 and so
on.

ix
10 mm

Sentense case, not bold, 50 mm
No fullstop ".", justified

With ‘s’ Page
4
LIST OF FIGURES
(2 x single sp2acxin1g.0) line spacing 9
11
Figure No.
1.1 Scheme of the doped ZnO-mediated photocatalytic degradation 13

process 15
2.1 Schematic diagram of photocatalytic process 26
2.2 Comparison photocatalytic heterogenous process between ZnO and 28
31
TiO based on the photocatalytic loading 32
2.3 Schematic diagram illustrating the generation of oxidizing species in 33

a photocatalyst under light irradiation
2.4 General photocatalysis mechanism
3.1 Experimental design
3.2 Doping of the ZnO process
3.3 MiniFlex II Benchtop X-ray Diffractometer, Rigaku
3.4 Photo reactor set-up
3.5 MB solution with different concentrations

The first Figure

appear in Chapter

3 is numbered as

Figure 3.1, the

second figure in

Chapter 3 is

numbered as

Figure 3.2 and so

on.

x

50 mm

Abbreviations LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MB (2 single spacing)
AOPs 2 x 1.0 line spacing
PBH
CB Methylene blue
VB Advance oxidation processes
SEM Procion Blue HERD
XRD Conduction band
UV Valence band
UV Vis Scanning Electron Microscope
X-Ray Diffractometer
Ultra-violet
Ultra-violet visible

Abbreviation,
Nomencletures
and Symbols used
in the report
should be
described.

xi

50 mm If there are MORE
THAN ONE
LIST OF APPENDICES appendices
(2 single spacing) provided, List of
2 x 1.0 line spacing Appendices is thus
required.
Appendix
1 Sample of Calculation Page
2 Raw Data of Photodegradation Experiments 39
3 Infrared Spectra of Spent ZnO Photocatalyst 39
4 Scanning Electron Micrograph Images of ZnO 40
41

xii Bottom margin =25 mm
10 mm

50 mm

CHAPTER 1

(3 x 1.5 lines spacing)

No indentation! , INTRODUCTION
justified, 1.5
spacing, Times (3 x 1.5 lines spacing)
new roman, 12 pt 1.1 Introduction

Please remove 1 x 1.5 lines spacing
any space Before This chapter introduces an overview of dye treatment technology and the associated
or After
paragraph.

environmental issues. An update on the current progress of ZnO photocatalytic

process is also provided. The chapter raises concerns over the efficiency of currently

available photocatalytic systems using semiconductor photocatalyst and the potential

of enhancing the performance using doping technique. The significance and

Left margin=38mm contribution of this study towards a better understanding of doping effects on Right
mm photocatalytic properties of ZnO and its mechanism are highlighted. In addition, the margin=
25mm
research objectives and scopes are defined.

1 x 1.5 lines spacing
1.2 Research Background

1 x 1.5 lines spacing
Since centuries ago, dye or colouring has been widely used in many applications.
Mostly, many industries use dye in order to attract public attention towards their
products. Hence, the usage of dye in several industrial productions such as textile,
paper, printing and even food production is almost inevitable. The presence of dye in
their effluent wastewater has become another concern. The effluent would eventually
find its ways to the environment, in particular to the river or water body as it is being
discharged which in turn resulting in not only the damage to the environment but also
to human.
(1.5 1spxac1i.n5gl)ines spacing
Dye is known for being a recalcitrant substance. It is also renowned that dyes are
resistant to biodegradation due to their structure that are typically more stable with a ..

1 Bottom margin =25 mm

Page 1 starts here

25 mm

1.3 Problem Statement
1 x 1.5 lines spacing

ZnO photocatalyst can be used as a good catalyst in the removal of various types of
organic dyes in the industrial wastewater. It has many unique properties that make it
attractive for several potential applications such as the high chemical stability, wide
band gap energy, high electrochemical coupling coefficient, broad range of radiation
absorption, high photostability and the high exciton binding energy (Kołodziejczak &
Jesionowski, 2014). ZnO has been applied in solar cells, rubber industry, LEDs,
transparent transistors and catalyst (Moezzi et al., 2012)

Methylene blue (MB), methyl orange and Cmiatliancghaitretigcrleeewnitdhy2es are some common
examples of organic dyes present in the indauustthrioarlse. fUflsueen“t&(”Eskizeybek et al., 2012)
and Procion Blue HERD (PBH) (Bansal & Sud, 2011). It has been reported that ZnO
is capable of removing between 80-99% of dye from its initial concentration. As
supported in Khan et al., (2014), 80% of methyl orange was successfully removed
from its initial concentation in 120 minutes, whereas Kumar et al., (2013) reported
the successful degradation of up to 92 % methyl orange concenCtriattiinognainrt2ic1l0e mwitnhut3eso.r

more authors. Use “et al.,”
Nevertheless, current findings suggest that the efficiency of ZnO as photocatalyst can
Citing more thanbe1increased by doping it with other element or metal (Zhang et al., 2014). Manganese
articles. Separat(eMena)c,hsilver (Ag), Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are typical dopants or oxides which
cited articles with “;”
can be doped into ZnO (Zhang et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2014). Doping of ZnO can
cause a decrement in its energy band gap. Therefore, photocatalytic reactivityCiotfinZgnaOrticle in

sentance
under illumination of light could increase as lower energy is needed to excite the
electron from valence to conduction band. The mechanism directly encourages
production of more radicals responsible for degrading the dye compound. Yin et al.,
(2014) explained that the increase in the photocatalytic activity of Ni-doped ZnO may
be attributed to the introduction of the dopant energy level in the conduction band of
ZnO. Figure 1.1 illustrates that Ni impurity atom generates a new level of energy in
the band gap of ZnO photocatalyst, thus narrowed the energy gap of the photocatalyst.

Figure is mentioned in
text before it appear in
the following part.

2

Insert
graph/chart/
schematic
diagram/
illustration/
photos into
drawing
canvas.

Figure Figure 1.1 Scheme of the doped ZnO-mediated photocatalytic degradation process
caption is (Source: Yin et al., 2014)
written below 1 x 1.5 lines spacing
the figure. Do
not bold but Based on the previous findings, it is considered that doping of ZnO with other metal is
centered.
an effective approach to increase the efficiency of the photocatalytic process. Hence,
If the length
of caption this study presents the investigation of the photocatalytic properties of cobalt (Co)
has more
than 1 lines, doped ZnO powder for degradation of MB dye under UV light irradiation. The
use single
spacing. removal rate of MB was correlated as a function of UV light irradiation time and

catalyst loading amount.
(1.51spxa1c.i5ngli)nes spacing
1.4 Aim

1 x 1.5 lines spacing

The aim of the present study is to investigate the photocatalytic properties of Co

doped ZnO phototcatalyst powder for the photodegradation of MB dye under the UV

light irradiation.

1 x 1.5 lines spacing

1.5 Objectives
1 x 1.5 lines spacing

In order to reach the above-mentioned aim, the following objectives are established;

i. To study the morphology and physicochemical properties of Co doped

ii. ZnO photocatalyst.

. To investigate the effect of photocatalyst loading and irradiation time on
. degradation rate of methylene blue.

3

In the photocatalytic system, the radical plays an important role to ensure that the

organic dyes in the wastewater are mostly removed. Some of the radical species are

list in the Table 2.2. Table 2.2 is firstly mentioned in the text
before it is attached in the following section

Table 2.2 Type of radicals

Table Source of radicals Radical species
caption is
placed on H2O2 •OH- Table has
top of the O2 •H2O no vertical
table and lines
centered. •O-
Do not
bold! The active radicals which are needed for the photoctalytic system or photochemical
oxidation are produced in two main events. Firstly, they are produced by the reaction
of chemical from the oxidant with the the electron of the conduction band or secondly
by direct absortion of the UV light irradiation (Shukla et al., 2010). The most
important radicals in the photocatalytic reaction is the •OH- radicals which majorly
degrade the organic dye in solution.

142

3.8.1 Removal Rate of MB

The efficiency of Co doped ZnO photocatalyst was evaluated based on the removal

rate of MB. The higher the removal rate, the better the efficiency of photocatalyst.

Based on the UV-Vis spectra and by referring to the calibration curve on Figure 3In.3t,roduce
Equation
Use the rate of removal of MB dye was calculated using the Equation (3.1);
Microsoft 3.1 in text
Equation
or (3.1)
Equation
to write
equation!

Number
where Co is the concentration of MB MatBinaitticaul rirrerandtitaitmioendtuimrineg(athfteerir6ra0dmiatiinontrepartomceeseensaqt cuhation
in dark and Ct is the concentration of

accordingly

Define all
terms/symbols in the
equation

357

50 mm

REFERENCES Single spacing,
(2 x 1.0 line spacing) JUSTIFIED

Alphabetical Ajimsha, R. S., Das, A. K., Singh, B. N., Misra, P., & Kukreja, L. M. 2011.
order Correlation between electrical and optical properties of Cr:ZnO thin films grown
by pulsed laser deposition. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 406(24): 4578–4583.

Bansal, P., & Sud, D. 2011. Photodegradation of commercial dye, Procion Blue

HERD from real textile wastewater using nanocatalysts. Desalination, 267(2-3):

244–249. Full stop

Chakrabarti, S., & Dutta, B. K. 2004. Photocatalytic degradation of model textile dyes Right
in wastewater using ZnO as semiconductor catalyst. Journal of Hazardous margin=
Materials 112(3): 269–78. 25mm

Left margin=38mm
mm Eskizeybek, V., Sarı, F., Gülce, H., Gülce, A., & Avcı, A. 2012. Preparation of the

new polyaniline/ZnO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic activity for
degradation of methylene blue and malachite green dyes under UV and natural
sun lights irradiations. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 119-120: 197–206.

Indent Faisal, M., Ismail, A. A., Ibrahim, A. A., Bouzid, H., & Al-Sayari, S. A. 2013. Highly
efficient photocatalyst based on Ce doped ZnO nanorods: Controllable synthesis
Provide the and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chemical Engineering Journal 229: 225–
complete 233.
name of the No bracket
journal , italic,
Capitalized Fan, X. M., Zhao, L., Zhou, Z. W., Zhang, H. G., & Wang, J. 2010. Impact of Al
Each Word doping on microstructure and optical characteristics of tetrapod-like zinc oxide
except whiskers. Physica B: Condensed Matter 405(11): 2538–2541.
proposition
Fenoll, J., Hellín, P., Flores, P., Martínez, C. M., & Navarro, S. 2013. Degradation
DOI number intermediates and reaction pathway of carbofuran in leaching water using TiO2
is not and ZnO as photocatalyst under natural sunlight. Journal of Photochemistry and
required! Photobiology A: Chemistry 251: 33–40.

Klabunde, K. J., & Richards, R. M. (Eds.). 2009. Nanoscale materials in chemistry.

London: John Wiley & Sons. Use italic

Mohamed, H. H., & Bahnemann, D. W. 2012. The role of electron transfer fionnt for the
photocatalysis: Fact and fictions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 128: 91ti–tle of
104. book.

For articles in journal,
use “Sentence case” for
the title

560

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR

SAMPLE
ONLY

Name : Zurindah Binti Rosli

Permanent Address : PT28777, Taman Bunga Raya, Kuala Terengganu, Terenganu

Telephone Number : 019-918983938

Email : [email protected]

Nationality : Malaysia

Sex : Female

Education : MRSM Taiping, Perak (2010 - 2011)

Kolej Matrikulasi Kulim (2012 – 2013)

Award(s)/Achievement: Silver Medal, Inovasi@UMT

53
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