Journal of the International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19)

Prediction of Driver Behaviour in Different Driving Path by using Electric Buggy Car

Parameter Dimension The position, heading, speed, and steering wheel angle are
collected for this purpose. The details explanation for the
Length 231 cm human navigation experiments and selection of the path
Width 111 cm discussed in the experimental setup.

Weight 249 kg The selection for the human navigation paths was based on
past research in autonomous vehicles. The path selected by
Wheelbase distance 163 cm the past researcher was the combination of straight, left and
right turn. Several researchers selected a path with a
Top Speed 30 km/h combination of straight, left and right turn to test their
Battery 48 V DC autonomous systems (Bae et al., 2013; Jo et al., 2014; Perez et
Steering system Rack and pinion gear al., 2012; Wu, Lee, & Chang, 2007). While Andersen, Chong,
Eng, Pendleton, & Ang (2016), tested their autonomous
Brake Mechanical brake cable vehicle at a custom circuit at the Singapore University. The
system to drum brake paths included the bezier curves and straight path.

Table 1: Electric Buggy Car Specification The human navigation experiments follow the selected
paths. The paths selected was near the Automotive
B. Vexta AXHM230K-GFH DC Motor Engineering building at Institut Kemahiran MARA, Beseri,
Perlis. The path consists of a straight path, left and right turn
A Vexta AXHM230K-GFH DC engine was introduced at (Figure 6). The experiments for each path was done
controlling shaft so as to control directing wheel point. The separately. The experiments to gather data in the straight path
detail of the DC engine appeared in Table 2. The apparatus executed first, and then followed by left and lastly right turn.
proportion between controlling wheel riggings to Vexta
engine rigging is 35:26. The turn of the guiding wheel point III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
recorded utilized a rotational encoder B106. The encoder can
peruse up to 500 heartbeats for each pivot and can gauge at The human navigation experiments were done to collect
least 0.72° for each heartbeat. The apparatus proportion data for the development of the Fuzzy controller. In order to
among guiding and engine rigging are utilized to decide the design a supervised controller, the preliminary data were
controlling edge turn. The establishment of riggings, engine collected. The rule-base for the Fuzzy controller was designed
and encoder appeared in Figure 2. based on the analysed data.

Figure 2: Rotary encoder B106 attach to the steering Figure 5 shows the flow chart for human navigation
shaft experiments. The 5 selected subjects were screened based on
their driving experience. The subject must have a certified
C. GPS BU-353-S4 driver license and driving experience below 10 years (Hong et
A GPS module was utilized to explore the AEV. The al., 2009). Figure 6 shows the selected path for human
BU-353-S4 fueled by a SiRF Star IV GPS chipset was chosen experiments at the Institut Kemahiran MARA (IKM), Beseri.
for the route. The capacity of foreseeing satellite situations for The path consists of a combination of straight, left and right
as long as 3 days ahead of time, and will convey a CGEE-start turn. The length of the selected path was about 40 m. Point
time of fewer than 15 seconds under most conditions with no AB is a straight path. The left turn was from point B to C.
system help. The exactness of the BU-353-S4 was under 2.5 Point C to B is for the right turn. The subjects will repeat the
m radii. The longitude, scope, speed and heading data were experiments for 5 times for each path.
removed for the way following. The longitude and scope
information was utilized to decide the present and next Figure 5: Flow chart for human navigation experiments
waypoints for the AEV. Speed information was utilized to
screen the quickening of the AEV. Heading information was Point A point B - straight path
utilized to decide the objective course.
Point B Point C - left turn
II. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE) AND PATH
SELECTION Point C Point B - right turn

Human navigation experiments were conducted to gather Figure 6: Selected path for the experiment
the related data for the development of the Fuzzy controller.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The human navigation experiments show the characteristic
of speed for each subject while navigating through the
different paths. All selected subjects produce the same driving
characteristic for the straight, left and right turns. The results
for straight, right and left paths are discussed in this section.

Figure 7: Result For Straight Path Figure 9: Result For Right Turn
Figure 7 shows the speed results for the paths of the straight Figure 9 shows the speed results during the right turn for all
line for all the subject. All subject has driven an electric buggy the subject. All subject has driven an electric buggy car and
car on the straight path. Data from the straight line make the right turn on the selected path. Data from the right
experiments have collected and convert to the graph. From the turn experiments have collected and convert to the graph.
graph, results shown different characteristic on speed on a From the graph, results shown different speed characteristic
straight path during starting where #S2 start with slow speed on the right turn where #S2 start with slow speed and #S4 start
and #S4 start with high speed. Speed on a straight line for with high speed. Speed for #S1, #S2, #S3 and #S4 seen not
#S1, #S3 and #S5 were consistent after 40 seconds from consistent until 55 seconds from the starting of the right turn.
beginning. While speed on a straight line for #S4 was While speed #S5 consistent after 45 seconds from the starting
consistent after 51 seconds and speed on a straight line for of the right turn.
#S2 was consistent after 54 seconds. From the overall result shows above, we can see the
difference of character of human behaviour during driving at a
straight path, left turn and right turn.

V. CONCLUSION

The advancement of the fluffy controller that utilized human
conduct during basic leadership capacity to choose the
significance of each activity and choice. The driving
encounters of the chose subject's drivers to produce a similar
driving example for the straight, right and left turns. The
standard base was made dependent on information from the
human drive on a structured way. The fundamental motivation
to make a controller that mimics human conduct is to make a
self-governing vehicle traveller feel more secure and
agreeable. The exhibition of the fluffy controller still in the
testing stage. For the following stage, the self-sufficient
vehicle will be tried on a planned way with the created fluffy
controller.

Figure 8: Result For Left Turn ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 8 shows the speed results during the left turn for all
the subject. All subject has driven an electric buggy car and Unique gratitude to the individuals from the UniMAP
make the left turn on the selected path. Data from the left turn Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability Research
experiments have collected and convert to the graph. From the Group (AICoS), School Of Mechatronics Engineering,
graph, results shown different speed characteristic on the left University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and Majlis Amanah
turn where #S2 start with slow speed and #S5 start with high Rakyat (MARA) for the specialized.
speed. Speed for #S1 and #S3 was consistent after 54 seconds
from the starting of the left turn. While speed #S2 was REFERENCES
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Prediction of Driver Behaviour in Different Driving Path by using Electric Buggy Car

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Hasri Haris received his Bachelor Engineering

(Hons) in Electrical Engineering from University

Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 1998 and Master in

Technical Education (Electronic Industrial) from

oto University Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) in 2008. He is
currently a PhD student at University Malaysia Perlis. He

is Professional Technologists of Malaysia Board of Technologists, Malaysia.

His research interest is in Intelligent Transportation System, Artificial

Intelligence and Robotics.

Khairunizam WAN received his B. Eng. degree in
Electrical & Electronic Eng. from Yamaguchi University
and Ph.D. in Mechatronic Eng. from Kagawa University,
in 1999 and 2009 respectively. He is currently a Senior
oto Lecturer at School Of Mechatronic Engineering,
University Malaysia Perlis. He is member of Board of Engineer and Institute
of Engineer, Malaysia. His research interest is in Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI), Intelligent Transportation System, Artificial Intelligence
and Robotics.

Hafiz Halin received his Bachelor Engineering
degree in Mechatronic Engineering from University
Technical Malaysia (UTEM) Malacca in 2012. He is
currently a MSc student at University Malaysia Perlis
(UniMAP). He is graduate member of Board Of
Engineers Malaysia (BEM). His research interest is in Robotics, autonomous
system and Artificial Intelligence.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

ICT Integration Practices of STEM Teachers in
TVET

Fariedah Lal Chan, Fitri Suraya Mohammad

 Like other countries, STEM Education also becomes a
Abstract: STEM Education is important for a country to be
main focus in Malaysia Education system [24]. Malaysia
advanced in economy and technology. It is achieved through
skilled and multi-talented workforce produced by Technical Education Minister, Dr. Maszlee Malik expressed his
Vocational Education and Training (TVET) which is a
component of STEM Education. Technology becomes a concern about the declining number of students choosing
mechanism for STEM teachers to engage their students in STEM
disciplines. However, STEM teachers have barriers and STEM in his keynote speech during Global Summit Asia Bett
challenges integrating technology in STEM Education.
Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to examine STEM Leadership and Expo 2019. He also reported that the number
teachers’ technology integration practices in the context of ICT.
This is a preliminary study that is conducted in MARA TVET – of students opts for STEM was only 44% in the year 2018
one of the private providers of TVET in Malaysia. Using a
quantitative data collection tool, 32 STEM teachers from MARA compared to 49% in the year 2012 [32]. The same scenario
TVET in Borneo Region participated in the study. The study
employed adopted SPMa (Standard Practices MARA Educators) persists in the state of Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia.
instrument that consists of three dimensions: basic ICT skills,
integrating ICT in teaching and learning and communicate It was reported there was only 24.3% students enrolled in
skillfully using ICT. The overall result revealed that the level of
ICT integration of STEM teachers in MARA TVET is high (M = STEM stream in Sarawak schools [6]. The declined number
2.63, SD = 0.80). Dimension basic ICT skills had the lowest mean
(M = 2.41, SD = 1.04) and followed by dimension integrating ICT of students pursuing STEM disciplines will cause shortage
in teaching and learning (M = 2.69, SD = 0.90). Dimension using
ICT to communicate had the highest mean (M = 2.78, SD = 1.04). number of engineers and scientists produced by Malaysia.
In conclusion, the level of ICT integration of STEM teachers in
MARA TVET of Borneo Region based on adopted SPMa Based on statistics from National Council for Scientific and
instrument is moderate. Though ICT skills affect ICT integration
in teaching and learning, there is also a need to examine other Research Development, Malaysia in need of 500 000
factors that affect the success of ICT integration. STEM teachers’
knowledge is a proposed variable to be investigated in future scientists and engineers to support the Industrial Revolution
research.
4.0 yet there are only 70 000 registered engineers in the
Keywords: engineering field, in-service STEM teachers,
MARA TVET, teaching experiences. country [31]. This is an alarming situation for Malaysia.

I. INTRODUCTION Technology becomes part of our lives. Since future work

Globally, STEM Education becomes the subject of evolves according to the changes of technology, so does its

interest of ministries of education since it is the platform of workforce. Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud
economic growth by many countries [19]. STEM education
produces workforce with STEM skills which includes computing are among technologies in TVET that support
analytical thinking, critical thinking and innovation [17],[31].
STEM skills are necessary to level up the future workforce to industrial revolution 4.0 [2]. Therefore, STEM teachers in
a standard that can compete globally. It is through STEM
Education that a country can improve its productivity by TVET need to equip themselves with these technologies to
having innovativeness in their work [7], [29]. Therefore, a
country that leads in STEM Education brings economic strengthen the quality of STEM teachers. Several studies
growth to their countries.
indicate the importance of technology in STEM Education. In
Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019
Fariedah Lal Chan, Department of General Studies, MARA Kuching 2009, Sanders first emphasized the potential of technology in

Technical Institute, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Email: STEM education as a critical key to global competitiveness
[email protected]
[28]. The author argued technology as the mechanism to
Fitri Suraya binti Mohamad, Faculty of Cognitive Science,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia. Email: maintain students' interest and motivation in STEM
[email protected] disciplines and play a vital role in 21st century. A decade

later, similarly, [12] pointed out that integrating technology

can enhance STEM learning. In his narrative review, de Jong

proposed for technology-based learning which applied to

STEM topics could foster deep conceptual knowledge [12].

However, STEM teachers found barriers and challenges

integrating technology [21], [23].

In order to have an effective STEM teaching and learning,

STEM teachers need sufficient technology knowledge and

skills [14], [33]. Yet, STEM teachers are found to have

limited knowledge on technology [13], [35]. [13] conducted a

STEM seminar as an intervention to increase the technology

usage by STEM teachers [13]. However, the study revealed

that STEM seminars had no influence on technology level of

use of teachers. On the contrary, [16] found a positive impact

on the usage of iPad as teaching and learning tool in STEM

classroom. There were nine STEM teachers participated in a

summer professional development perceived competency in

using iPad to design lesson plan that engaged students in the

learning. Another study conducted by [38] found that

technology integration in STEM applications had no positive

impact on Technology

Knowledge, Pedagogical

Content Knowledge and

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ICT Integration Practices of STEM Teachers in TVET

Technological Field Knowledge of 29 pre-service teachers in B. ICT integration in TVET teaching/learning
elementary mathematics teaching [38]. The studies above Technology integration into teaching/learning activities
show inconsistencies findings in the influence of technology
on STEM teachers. Furthermore, STEM teachers are also involves technology tool to enhance students’ understanding
found lack in content knowledge related to STEM subjects [8]. Teachers utilize technology in designing their
and pedagogical knowledge [14], [29], [37]. teaching/learning activities and employ it in the success of
the lesson. In other words, teachers rely on technology as the
In Malaysia, there has been research trends on the study dominant tool to deliver the teaching and learning process
of technology integration in TVET [1], [2], [18], [27], [30], [5]. Therefore, the act of technology integration involves
[39]. The existing studies investigated various aspects such as interactions among three elements of teachers’ expertise
teaching phenomenon and teachers’ views about teaching which are content, pedagogy and technology [3]. Hence,
practices [39], perceptions of mobile learning [27], explore technology integration is a complicated process that teachers
issues and challenges [30], lecturers experiences and face barriers in the effort to meet the challenge of 21st century
confidence in using educational technology [1], industry 4.0 learning skills.
in TVET [2] and factors influencing instructors’ knowledge
[18]. However, the above-mentioned studies were not The success of ICT integration has raised concerns of
conducted in the context of STEM Education. Up to this date, STEM teachers in TVET. According to a review conducted
this is the first study of technology integration practices of by [37], the three learning domains of ICT integration in
STEM teachers in TVET. teaching/learning are cognitive, affective and psychomotor
[37]. However, ICT integration only found to be effective in
The study was conducted in MARA TVET which is one cognitive domain [4]. The authors suggested that efforts and
of the private providers in Malaysia. MARA TVET is concerns on selecting appropriate multimedia framework,
established to cater the needs of the indigenous people in guiding learning theories and ICT tools to be employed to
Malaysia who are known as ‘bumiputera’. Moreover, MARA ensure success of ICT integration. Furthermore, uncertainty
TVET has the experience of training ‘bumiputera’ TVET on choosing which pedagogical approach becomes a barrier
students for more than five decades. Furthermore, for STEM teachers to fully utilize ICT facilities in effective
problem-based learning and hands-on competency are the teaching and learning [1].
pedagogical practices of STEM teachers in MARA TVET.
C. ICT skills for communication
It is the purpose of this study to examine ICT integration Using ICT as communication serve basic skills to STEM
practices of STEM teachers in MARA TVET based on
Standard Practices of MARA Educators (SPMa) instrument. teachers [9], [11], [17]. Communicating using ICT includes
The study is guided by three research questions: the use of electronic mail, networks, websites and
multimedia. Nevertheless, STEM teachers are still lacking
1. Based on SPMa ICT instrument, what is the level of using ICT as a mean to communicate [11]. Consequently, this
ICT skills of STEM teachers in MARA TVET? will discourage them to use ICT as part of their teaching and
2. Based on SPMa ICT instrument, what is the level of learning tools. Several studies have indicated how
ICT integration in teaching and learning of STEM technology enhances students’ learning. Even tough teachers
teachers in MARA TVET? do aware the need to equip themselves with todays’ advanced
3. Based on SPMa ICT instrument, what is the level of technology [9], [17], teachers are not confident on how to use
using ICT to communicate of STEM teachers in MARA in their teaching and learning [9].
TVET?
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Below is the step by step research methodology that is
A. ICT skills employed to achieve research questions.

It is the purpose of STEM Education to prepare students Figure 1. Research steps
for a better future career in STEM disciplines. According to For the purpose of this preliminary study, STEM teachers
[17], it is important for students to acquire STEM in MARA TVET of Bornoe Region has been chosen as the
competencies such as technology skills. Additionally, sample of population. There were 32 STEM teachers from 4
working in STEM disciplines should be competence in using engineering departments participated in the study. 26% of the
computers to conduct activities that require them to gather respondents are STEM teachers from Automotive
and process information efficiently [17]. Therefore, STEM Engineering, 11% of the respondents from Civil Engineering,
teachers also need to acquire high ICT knowledge and skills. 37% from Electrical Engineering and 26% are from
In STEM Education, ICT tools is used to assist instructional Mechanical Engineering. The adopted SPMa instrument was
practices of STEM teachers in transforming abstract to distributed and self- administered. There are three
concrete concepts [10]. Furthermore, ICT promotes higher dimensions of ICT integration practices which are basic ICT
order thinking skills and conceptual understanding among skills, ICT integration in
STEM students. According to [4], ICT can support cognitive teaching/learning and using
learning, but STEM teachers still used traditional methods of ICT to communicate. The
teaching. Even though STEM teachers showed proficiency in
ICT, yet there is still confusion in the effectiveness of ICT
integration [4]. Therefore, professional developments and
trainings are important for STEM teachers to upgrade their
ICT skills. For example, in a professional development
cultivating teacher readiness for Ipads, STEM teachers had
positive and productive experience to enhance their
knowledge and skill in the ICT integration practices [16].

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

instrument employs 5 likert scale range from 0 – totally SPMa ICT Questionnaire
disagree to 4 – totally agree.
No. Dimension Mean Standard
deviation
Table- I: Distribution of Respondents 2 Integrate ICT in teaching/ 2.69
0.90
No. SPMa ICT Integration
1.04
MARA TVET Percentage (%) 3 Using ICT to communicate 2.78
0.80
1 Automotive Engineering 26 4 SPMa ICT 2.63

2 Civil Engineering 11

3 Electrical Engineering 37 V. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

5 Mechanical Engineering 26 This study was designed to gain insights of technology
integration practices of STEM teachers in TVET. It was part
Demographic information of respondents was obtained. of preliminary study. The study examined three research
78% of the respondents are male and 22% are females. The questions which were 1) What is the level of ICT skills of
distribution of teaching experience of STEM teachers is STEM teachers in MARA TVET? 2) What is the level of
displayed in Table II. Majority of the respondents have been ICT integration in the teaching and learning of STEM
teaching for more than 10 years and 20% is in the category 1 teachers in MARA TVET? and 3) What is the level of using
to 3 years, 4% has been teaching 4 to 6 years and 12% is in ICT to communicate of STEM teachers in MARA TVET?
the category 7 to 9 years. The empirical findings provided support for further

Table- II: Years of Teaching Experience investigation of technology integration practices in teaching
and learning of STEM teachers in TVET. Moreover, this
No. SPMa ICT Integration study was an effort to address technology integration of
STEM teachers in Malaysia TVET.
Teaching Experience Percentage (%)
The overall study of ICT integration of STEM teachers in
1 Less than 1 year 0 TVET is moderate based on the mean score range from
2.40-2.78 with moderate level of ICT skills and ICT
2 1 – 3 years 20 integration in teaching and learning. This finding supported
[4] that proficiency in ICT skills still affected ICT integration
3 4 – 6 years 4 in teaching and learning. Moreover, [17] has highlighted for
STEM teachers to equip themselves with the 21st century
4 7 – 9 years 12 skills and STEM competencies for these are the skills that
future TVET students need. Though the mean score for
5 More than 10 years 64 ‘Communicate skillfully using ICT’ is in the high level,
STEM teachers still need to upgrade their technology skills
Descriptive analyses were used in this study. The study through professional development and training [16] as
started with internal consistencies. The coefficient alpha was technology is ubiquitous. Besides that, technology becomes a
tested and achieved 0.741. According to [22], the coefficient potential mechanism for maintaining students’ interest in
alpha above 0.60 the instrument is reliable. Then, the data STEM disciplines [12], [28].
was examined descriptively by generating means and
standard deviations. However, the standard deviation results in dimension
basic ICT skills and Using ICT to communicate reveal the
Table-III: Value of Alpha Cronbach Coefficient highest value with 1.04. Standard deviation represents the
variability of the sample chosen can be examined from
No. Reliability Test demographic information [22]. The distribution of the
Dimension respondents is given in two forms: engineering field and
Cronbach’s Alpha teaching experience categories. Each of the engineering field
is having a different syllabus which may contribute to the
1 Basic ICT skills result of standard deviation in the study. For example,
AutoCAD software is employed in automotive, civil and
2 Integrate ICT in teaching 0.741 mechanical engineering while BAS (Building Automation
System) is included as part of syllabus in Electrical
3 Using ICT to communicate Engineering department. Therefore, there are various level of
ICT skills possess by STEM teachers from different
IV. RESULTS engineering field Furthermore, teaching experience of the
respondents is categorized in 4 different range. According to
Overall, the dimensions in SPMa instrument that assessed [21], year of teaching experiences is significantly affected the
ICT integration practices are in the moderate level as all the confidence in using technology [21]. Therefore, the various
means of the dimensions score above 1.34 out of 4.00 point teaching experiences contributes to the high value in standard
(M =2.63, SD = 0.80). The results show that the mean and deviation of the study.
standard deviation of Basic Skills in ICT (M = 2.41, SD =
1.04) score the lowest mean, followed by ICT Integration in The study suggests some implications to STEM
teaching and learning (M = 2.69, SD = 0.90). Comparing the stakeholders on the importance of technology integration in
dimensions in the adopted SPMa instrument, Using ICT to STEM Education in TVET as one of the components of
communicate has the highest mean (M= 2.78, SD= 1.04). STEM Education.

Table- IV: Descriptive Analysis

SPMa ICT Questionnaire

No. Dimension Mean Standard
deviation

1 Basic ICT skills 2.41 1.04

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ICT Integration Practices of STEM Teachers in TVET

Besides that, there is a vital need to investigate other schools: Why it isn’t happening. Journal of Technology and Teacher
factors that influence technology integration practices of Education, 13(4), 519–546.
STEM teachers. One of the factors that is proposed is teacher
knowledge as a variable that ensure the success and 6. Borneo Post. (2019, July 28) CM: STEM Education key to Sarawak's
effectiveness of technology integration. The findings of the
study can help to design professional development and continuous development. Retrieved July 28, 2019 from World Wide
trainings of in-service STEM teachers in upgrading their
technology skills and teacher knowledge. Web: http://theborneo post.

Since this is a new area of study of STEM Education in com/2019/07/28/cm-stem-education-key-to-sarawak's-continuous-dev
TVET, the findings can contribute to the empirical gap in
Malaysia. From the theoretical perspectives, this study elopment
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in integration technology in teaching and learning in the 7. Breiner, J. M., Harkness, S. S., Johnson, C. C., & Koehler, C. M.
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
Education and Partnerships. School Science and Mathematics, 112(1),
This study consists a few limitations. Firstly, the small
sample size and conducted in only one centre of MARA 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00109.x
TVET of Borneo Region. To gain better perspective of 8. Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers ’ adoption
technology integration of STEM teachers, a large sample size
that involves other MARA TVET centres in Borneo Region and integration of information and communication technology into
are needed. Secondly, the study was conducted in a
quantitative approach. However, the findings of this study teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education
will serve as basis for highlighted areas for a qualitative
research to gain better understanding of why the moderate and Development Using Information and Communication Technology,
level of technology integration of STEM teachers. 8(1), 136–155.

In conclusion, the study has contributed to the empirical 9. Camilleri, M. A., & Camilleri, A. C. (2017). Digital Learning
gap of technology integration practices of STEM teachers in
TVET. STEM teachers are the key drivers to equip students Resources and Ubiquitous Technologies in Education. Technology,
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roles in enhancing STEM learning. Since STEM teachers act https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9287-7
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-014-0002-1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
11. Copriady, J. (2014). Self - Motivation as a mediator for teachers???
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge MARA
TVET as one of the private TVET providers in Malaysia for readiness in applying ICT in teaching and learning. Turkish Online
giving the support and permission to conduct this study and Journal of Educational Technology, 13(4), 115–123.
STEM teachers who involved in the preliminary study of this
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AUTHORS PROFILE

Fariedah Lal Chan is a PhD student in Learning Sciences from Faculty
Cognitive Science, UNIMAS. Her research interests include the pedagogical
practices of STEM teachers integrating technology in Technical and
Vocational Education Training (TVET).

Associate Professor Dr Fitri Suraya binti Mohamad, Faculty of
Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

List of publications :
1)Talwar Yadar P., Binti Mohamad F., Bin Mustaffa M., Bin Othman M.,
Yin Bee O. and Chiun Hian C. (2019). Internet Addiction Among University
Students: Psychometric Properties of Three Factor Model Internet Addiction
Test. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 18(1), 1-7.
2) Talwar Yadar P., Binti Mohamad F., Bin Mustaffa M., Bin Othman M.,
Yin Bee O. and Chiun Hian C. (2019). Internet Addiction Among University

Retrieval Number: D5428118419/2019©BEIESP 11015 Published By:
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D5428.118419 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

The Making of Particleboard from Palm Oil
Fiber and Dust Wood with Epoxy as a Resin

Siti Norzailina Md Som, M.N.M.Baharuddin, Norazwani Muhammad Zain, M.R.Shaari

 crude material deficiency for the particleboard business [3].
Abstract: Particleboard has been widely used in producing Innovation for molecule board make has grown with the goal
products such as cabinets, furniture and various home use that sawdust, factory deposits and reused wood can be
products. In this study, epoxy resin has been used as a binder for utilized. Other non-wood lignocellulose materials have
replacing urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin which is widely used in likewise been utilized in particleboard assembling, for
the production of existing particleboards. Epoxy resin has strong example, watermelon strips [4], bamboo waste [5], Kenaf [6],
binding properties in composing composite materials. Epoxy resin walnut/almond shells [7], palm trunks [8] and Kelempayan
also does not release any gas as carcinogenic formaldehyde [9].
released by UF resin. The basic materials used in the production Palm oil or scientifically known as Elais Guineensis is
of this particleboard are palm oil fiber obtained from the Charuk believed to originate from the West Indian region of Central
Putting Palm Plant, Temerloh and dust wood obtained from the America. It is an equipped, unbranched, monoecious palm up
timber factory around Kuantan. The main purpose of the research to 15-30 m tall with a terminal crown of 40 – 50 leaves. Palm
scientifically known is to reduce the forest logging activities in oil tree delivered 500 to 3000 natural products together in
addition to utilizing waste materials. There are 2 different size of firmly stuffed packs up to 50 cm long and 35 cm wide [10].
particle material used in this study which are < 2.36mm (particle Palm oil is utilized in numerous eatable items, for example,
A) and 2.36mm < x < 4.75mm (particle B). The particleboard that cooking oils, margarine, vegetable ghee, shortenings, singing
has been produced was tested ith Universal Tensile Machine fats, bread kitchen and roll fats, potato crisps, baked good, ice
(UTM) for looking to the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and cream parlor, frozen yogurt and flavors. The vacant bundle
thickness swelling (TS). From the result, it shown that the value of stalks, mesocarp filaments after oil extraction and the shells
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) for particle A was 16,364 MPa while from the opened nuts are utilized as fuel for the boilers of the
particle B was 35,578 MPa. The value of thickness swelling (TS) palm-oil plant. Different squanders from the palm-oil factory
for particle A was 0% when it immersed for 2 hours compared o might be changed over into composts and other important
particle B which was 1.7% in the same duration. As a result of items [11].
experiments, all tests have passed the minimum level of The term epoxy has been adapted for many uses beyond its
particleboard based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), original use for fiber-reinforced polymer composites. For
2003. Therefore, particleboard of a mixture of palm oil fiber and example, epoxy resin was used as the binder in countertops or
dust wood with epoxy as a resin can be used as a new alternative in coatings for floors. Because of its toughness and strong
the production particleboard for furniture industry in the future. adhesion, epoxy resin is used widely in industrial
applications. This study is conducted to develop particleboard
Keywords: Homogeneous particle board, palm oil fiber from the combination of the palm oil fiber and dust wood,
with epoxy resin as a binder. The physical and mechanical
I. INTRODUCTION properties of this composite particleboard are assessed
according the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), 2003 [12].
The particleboard is a board item produced under
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
strain from particles of wood with a glue as its mixture [1].
The increasing of demand for the particleboard nowadays is A. Materials
because of the increase in furniture industry and housing Before the materials can be used, the palm oil fiber the
construction. Nowadays, the particleboard is typically applied
as flooring, wall and ceiling panels, office dividers, bulletin increase the drying process. Sun drying is very simple to
boards, furniture, cabinets, counter tops, and tabletops 2]. practice to dry the fiber. This process is to ensure that the
Because of that, depletion of forest resources has increased to palm oil fibre is not moistened which will affect the strength
fulfill demand for these kinds of products. As of late, there is a of the particleboard. After drying process, the palm oil fiber
developing inclination towards reusing of the waste and must be shredded to reduce the size before it was sifted using
utilizing it for delivering the composite wooden items like a sieve machine. The fiber Must pass the size of below 2.36
molecule board. Utilization of inexhaustible materials for mm (sample A) and 2.36mm <x <4.75mm (sample B) sieve.
assembling particleboards contributed the arrangement of This shredding process makes the handling of fiber ease for
the Particle Board making. The same process applies to wood
Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019 dust.
Siti Norzailina binti Md Som *, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah,

Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia. (Correspondence Author Email:
[email protected])

M.N.M.Baharuddin, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA, Petaling Jaya
No. 12 Jalan Templer 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Norazwani Muhammad Zain, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France

Institute, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Mohd Rosmaini Bin Shaari Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA, Kemaman,

Retrieval Number: D5420118419/2019©BEIESP 11016 Published By:
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D5420.118419 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication

The Making of Particleboard from Palm Oil Fiber and Dust Wood with Epoxy as a Resin

B. Manufacturing Particleboard After the sample dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm were taken
Particleboards were produced in the Material Laboratory, out from water, the sample must be dried up using dry cloth.
Then, the thickness at the middle of the sample was measured
Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Kemaman, Terengganu using the suitable measurement instrument. The thickness of
following standardized procedure of Japanese Industrial the sample must be obtained after 2 hours, 12 hours and 24
Standard (JIS), 2003. The mixture ratio of palm oil fiber and hours’ immersion process. The Thickness swelling result (TS)
dust wood was fixed at 50:50. While the percentage of epoxy was determined from the following formula:
resin used was 80%, hardener was 10% and filler was 10%. In
the process of producing particleboard samples, the 3) Modulus of elasticity (MOE)
particleboard density was determined between 0.7g / cm3 to Modulus of elasticity is an important test because it measures
0.8g / cm3. The sample size was determined based on the the stiffness or resistance to bending when stress was applied
suitability of the test carried out in accordance with the JIS to the sample. About 6 samples of particleboard with
2003 standard. The sample sizes were shown in Table I. dimension of 200mm x 50mm x 10mm were tested using the
universal tensile machine. Obtained results are tabulated in a
Table I: Dimension and number of Particleboard sample graph.

Types of Testing Dimension of mold Number of III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
sample
A. Physical Properties of Particleboard
Modulus of 3(A), 3(B)
Elasticity (MOE) 200 mm x 50 mm x 10 mm

Thickness 50 mm x 50 mm 3(A), 3(B)
swelling (TS)

and Water
absorption (WA)

The mixture of these materials is incorporated into the
mold with different sizes. The zinc sheets were placed at the
bottom and the top of the mold. Then, the sample of
particleboard was fabricated using a Hot press machine with
the molding temperatures, pressing times and molding
pressures were, respectively, 160ºC, 5 min and 60 Pa. Fig. 1
below shows the process of producing the sample of
particleboard.

Fig. 1: Specimen of particleboard Fig 2: Graph of water absorption against time.
Fig 2 above shows the result of water absorption of sample A
C. Test Procedure which the particle size less than 2.36 mm and sample B which
1) Water Absorption Test the particle size between 2.36 and 4.75 mm. The graph shows
the increasing of water absorption within 2 hours to 24 hours
For water absorption test, the sample must be weighted first. for both samples. However, the result of sample A was much
This weight was recorded as initial weight. Then, the sample better because percentage average water absorption was
was immersed in distilled water at room temperature of lower than sample B. Even though the ratio of material used
20-30◦C. The weight of sample must be recorded as final was same for both samples, the results indicated that the fine
weight after the 2 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours’ immersion particle size had lowest water absorption compared to
process. The water absorption of each sample was calculated medium size of particle.
by the weight difference as shown in equation below.

2) Thickness Swelling Fig 3: Graph of Thickness swelling against time.

Normally thickness swelling was conducted together with
water absorption test. The moisture and absorption properties
in particleboard will affect the value of thickness swelling.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

The result in Fig 3 shows the percentage of thickness swelling IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
after immersion in water for both sample A and B increased
within 2 hours to 24 hours. It shows that when the sample In this study, the palm oil fiber and wood dust were used to
immerse in the water for 2 hours, sample A remain zero make a homogenous particle board as an alternative to
swelling compared to sample B which indicate 1.7% of prevent the raw material from facing scarcity. The physical
swelling. At duration of 12 hours, sample an increase to 1% of and mechanical properties of sample were examined
swelling while sample B maintained at 1.7% swelling. From according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), 2003.
the result, it can be concluded that sample a gives out better From the result, it can be concluded that the use of palm oil
result than sample B. However, all results comply with the fiber and wood dust in particleboard manufacturing results in
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), which stated that the a successful outcome in terms of water absorption (WA) test,
thickness swelling must not be more than 12%. thickness swelling (TS) test and Modulus of Elasticity
B. Mechanical Properties of Particleboard (MOE).

Table II: The value of Modulus of Elasticity (Modulus The result also indicated that a particle size of less than
Young) for the particle size less than 2.36 mm. 2.36 mm shows the better result than the size more than 2.36
mm in every test conducted. As a conclusion, the above
Specimen Time Load at Maximum Modulus results suggest that the palm oil fiber can be commercialized
at break Break load Young as raw material to produce particleboard in the future.
1 (kN) (kN) (MPa)
2 (s) -0.170 0.112 15344.946 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
3 8.200 0.658 1.124 16254.132
Mean 31.600 0.868 1.388 14972.338 We would like to acknowledge Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi
35.700 0.452 0.875 15560.472 MARA, Kemaman for their cooperation to give us permission
25.167 to use the testing machine equipment. We also express our
gratitude to all who had contributed including advice, works
Table III: The value of Modulus of Elasticity (Modulus and guideline throughout this research.
Young) for the particle size 2.36 mm <x< 4.75 mm
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AUTHORS PROFILE

Siti Norzailina binti Md Som is a lecturer in the
Department of Civil Engineering at Politeknik Sultan
Haji Ahmad Shah, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia. She
received a bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering &
Structure from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She
has coauthored over 5 publications including Civil Engineering, Material
Engineering and Social Sciences.

Mohd Nazif Mohd Baharuddin was born in Malaysia in
1978. He received the B.E with honor from Malaysia
Nasional University (UKM). and M.E degrees from Tun
Hussein Onn University (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia, in
2000 and 2013, respectively. In 2016 he continues study
in PhD degree at Kuala Lumpur University as a part time
student. He joined technical and vocational training department in People's
Trust Council, commonly abbreviated as MARA (Malaysian government
agency) in 2001. Since that time, his duty as Vocational Trainer Offices
(VTO) lectured more focus in mechanical, Automotive and Oil and Gases
courses. Now his duty is as a Director of KKTM Petaling Jaya .Mr. Mohd
Nazif is a member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) and Malaysia
Board of Technologies (MBOT).

Norazwani Muhammad Zain is a Senior Lecturer and
Head of Section (Postgraduate) of the Universiti Kuala
Lumpur Malaysia France Institute (UniKL MFI) since
2005. She is also a leader of Materials Sub-Cluster for
Advanced Manufacturing, Mechanical and Innovation
Research (AMMIR) at UniKL MFI. She also an active
research member of Frontier Materials Research Group (FMRG) located at
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). In 2018, she has been appointed a
Visiting Lecturer at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain and
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Indonesia. She received a B. Sc.
(Hons) in Material Science from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2001,
and M. Tech in Material Science from Universiti Malaya in 2004. She then
obtained her Ph.D. in Material Science from Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia in 2014. Her research interests include adhesive bonding, weld
bonding, coatings and natural composites. She received several international
and local research grants from 2015 – 2019. She also actively involves in
professional bodies such as Malaysia Board of Technologies (MBOT),
Malaysian Society for Engineering & Technology (MySET), and the Plastics
and Rubber Institute Malaysia.

Mohd Rosmaini Bin Shaari was born in Mapaysia in 1978.
He received the B.E with honor from Universiti Sains
Malaysia and M.E. degree from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia in 2000 and 2010, respectively. He appointed as
lecturer at MARA Higher Vocational College(KKTM) in
2002. His duty as technical lecturer which are focusing in
mechanical design, oil and gas courses. Currently, his duty as a Head of
Program at MARA Higher Vocational College(KKTM) in Terengganu,
Malaysia.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

Prioritization of Supplier Development
Practices: A Fuzzy Method

Rahayu Tukimin, Wan Hasrulnizzam Wan Mahmood, Norhafiza Mohamed, Mohd Noor Hanif
Mohd Rosdi, Maimunah Mohd Nordin

 firms and the suppliers for performance improvement in
Abstract: Today, manufacturing firms are demanding a higher meeting the short-term and long-term term supply needs[1].
Manufacturing firms can generate a competitive advantage by
level of performance from their suppliers. Manufacturing firms developing their suppliers. Blome et al., [2] found that SD,
need to ensure that their suppliers are able to provide the best specifically green SD not only has a direct positive effect of
quality of materials, on time, at the right place and the right level supplier quality, but can also serve as a significant mediator of
of service. To achieve this objective, manufacturing firms may the relationship between green procurement initiatives and
engage in supplier development (SD) program. However, the supplier performance.
number of practices involved in SD is extensive. The management
of a manufacturing firm should understand the roles and SD is important for manufacturing firms that are struggling
relationship between these practices, so that it may provide to achieve world-class performance levels. However, the
additional information on how to manage them. Thus, this paper practices available for SD are extensive. The manufacturing
proposed a model for evaluating and selecting supplier firms should understand the roles and relationship between
development practices using an integration of fuzzy logic and these practices, so that it may provide additional information
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Experts' decision making is on how to manage them. Researchers have classified these SD
used in the process of developing the model. The result suggested practices into a number of clusters using a variety of empirical
that practices associated with transferring knowledge have the studies and scales [3]-[5]. For example, Bai and Sarkis, [3]
highest priority. The results obtained can be referred by categorised SD practices into Green Knowledge Transfer and
manufacturing practitioners as guidelines of seeking the Communication; Investment and Resource Transfer;
opportunity to implement SD program in enhancing the Management and Organizational Practices.
capabilities of suppliers who contribute to the movement of a
supply chain in achieving the greater performance of Formal modeling tools are needed to aid manufacturing
manufacturing sustainability and responsiveness. firms on how they should develop and implement their SD. It
is very important to aid manufacturing firms to prioritize their
Keywords: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, Malaysia, investment in the SD program [6]. Unfortunately, the is a very
manufacturing firm, supplier development. limited number of formal tools and models have been
developed in SD [3]. For these reasons, this paper introduces
I. INTRODUCTION the formal methodology to investigate the importance of
organisational SD practices. One of the purposes is to help
Today, in an increasingly dynamic marketplace, manufacturing firms prioritise their investments in the SD
program. Besides, this model potentially may free up
manufacturing firms are expected to change faster to suit the resources that may enhance the return of the SD program
market’s demand. They are demanding a higher level of while meeting the organisation’s performance goal. The
performance from their suppliers. Manufacturing firms need formal modeling introduced in this paper is using the
to ensure that their suppliers are able to provide the best integration of fuzzy logic and the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
quality of materials, on time, at the right place and the right
level of service. To achieve this objective, manufacturing II. METHODOLOGY
firms may engage in supplier development (SD) program. SD
is about generating a new capability or competency in
suppliers. SD is the collaboration process between buying

Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019 A. Concept of Analytic Hierarchy Process

* Correspondence Author Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a powerful tool in
multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), proposed by Saaty
Rahayu Tukimin*, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara Kuantan, Pahang, T.L., [7]. This tool is used in determining the priority of each
criterion, alternatives and determine the overall ranking of
Malaysia. Email: [email protected] these two. In the process of determining the ranking, the
judgment of decision-makers is required to derive the priority
Wan Hasrulnizzam Wan Mahmood, Sustainable and Responsive scale. The procedures to employ are as follow:

Manufacturing Research Group, Faculty of Engineering Technology,

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia;

[email protected]

Norhafiza Mohamed, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara Balik Pulau,

Penang, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Mohd Noor Hanif Mohd Rosdi, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara

Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Maimunah Mohd Nordin, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara Kuantan,

Pahang, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

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Prioritization of Supplier Development Practices: A Fuzzy Method

1. Mapping the decision problem into a hierarchy from the Table- I: The scale of relative importance used in the
overall goal to the lowest level. The goal will be the top of the pairwise comparison matrix
hierarchy, followed by the intermediate level that represents
criteria and sub-criteria, and the lowest level represents the Intensity of Linguistic variable TFN Reciprocal
alternatives. importanc TFN
2. Calculating the relative importance weights of decision Equally important
criteria in each level of the hierarchy. This process will be e Equally to moderately (1, 1, 2) (1/2, 1, 1)
using a pair-wise comparisons approach. The decision-maker 1 (1, 2, 3) (1/3, 1/2, 1)
uses the scale (1 to 9) to assess the priority score for each pair 2 important
of criteria at the same level. Moderately important (2, 3, 4) (1/4, 1/3, 1/2)
3. Converting the pairwise comparison to a matrix form. The 3 Moderately to strongly (3, 4, 5) (1/5, 1/4, 1/3)
aij inside the matrix can be translated as a degree of the 4
preference of the ith criterion over the jth criterion. The important (4, 5, 6) (1/6, 1/5, 1/4)
pairwise judgment made by the decision-maker will undergo a 5 Strongly important (5, 6, 7) (1/7, 1/6, 1/5)
consistency test to measure the consistency rate of judgment. 6 Strongly to very strong
Next, the average weight for each normalised criterion is (6, 7, 8) (1/8, 1/7, 1/6)
calculated. 7 important (7, 8, 9) (1/9, 1/8, 1/7)
4. Evaluating decision alternatives will undergo the same 8 Very strong importance
procedure as decision criteria. However, the weight of (8, 8, 9) (1/8, 1/8, 1/9)
decision criteria needs to be multiplied with the weight of 9 Very strongly to
alternatives to obtain the overall score. extremely important
Extremely important
B. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
TFNs are used in constructing the pairwise judgment matrix
Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) integrates the for criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives as follow:
fuzzy theory to basic AHP. A traditional AHP does not
include vagueness for personal judgment. To handle the (1)
vagueness, fuzzy logic is embedded to provide linguistic
variables. The flow of the FAHP algorithm used in this study where and
is shown in Fig. 1.
The pairwise judgment matrix constructed in step 3 then
Basically, this algorithm consists of ten important steps and needs to undergo a consistency check to measure the
involving equations (1) to (7). For step 1 and step 2, the consistency of the judgment. The consistency level is
procedure is the same as in traditional AHP. After the determined using a consistency index that generated from
judgment matrix is passed the consistency check, the matrix equation (2) and (3):
then transformed into a fuzzy judgment matrix using a
triangular fuzzy number (TFN) to replace the scale of the (2)
judgment. The TFN used in the pairwise judgment and
comparison is represented by three numbers, (b-, b, b+) to
define the fuzziness, where b- < b < b+. TFNs numbers used in
this present study as per [8] and presented in Table-I.

START (3)

Identification of hierarchy level where

Pairwise comparison among Check the consistency of integrated CI = consistency index
criteria/alternatives pairwise comparison matrix N = size of matrix
CR = consistency ratio
Construct pairwise comparison RI = random consistency index as per Table- II
matrix
NO Table- II: Random consistency index
Check consistency of pairwise
comparison matrix Consistent? n 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
R 0 0 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4
NO YES I 8024215 10
Consistent? 1.4
YES Calculate fuzzy synthetic extent 9

Pairwise matrix is fuzzified Calculate degree of possibilities A collected fuzzy judgment matrix then integrated using the
fuzzy geometric mean method. The integrated judgment
Obtain triangular fuzzy number Identify the normalised weight matrix can be determined as (4).
and form single integrated END
pairwise comparison matrix

Fig. 1. Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process

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ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

(4) Transfer (IRT), Evaluation and Feedback (EF) and
Knowledge Transfer (KT).
where k = 1, 2, …….., s
In order to apply FAHP, all SD practices and activities
The integrated fuzzy judgment matrix is defuzzified [9] to initially structured into different hierarchy levels. The bestCRITERIA GOAL
check the consistency as per (5). alternative practice must be selected according to 5 criteria.
The hierarchical of the problem is illustrated in Fig. 2.

Selection of Supplier
Development Practices

Supplier Green Capability Investment and Evaluation and Knowledge Transfer
Certification (GC) Resource Transfer
(5) Feedback (EF) (KT)
If the consistency level is not meet, the judgment matrix needs (SC) (IRT)
to be revised by the decision-maker. The fuzzy synthetic
extent is calculated as (6) Fig. 2. A hierarchy structure in selecting the supplier
development practices and activities.
(6)
where Pair-wise comparison judgment matrices developed by six
decision-makers denoted as decision-makers A, B, C, D, E
and and F from six different companies. The pair-wise judgment
matrix developed by decision-maker A is shown in Table-III.
The non-fuzzy synthetic value that represents the relative Since the value of CR is less than 0.1, the pairwise judgment
preference one criterion over others is then calculated. This matrix by decision-maker A is considered consistent.
value is calculated using Chang’s method to identify the Similarly, the other 5 matrices developed by 5
degree of possibility using (7) [10]. decision-makers also undergo the consistency check. If the
CR is found to be more than 0.1, the decision-maker needs to
(7) rework on his/her judgment. The fuzzified comparison
The weight of the respective criteria is determined by taking pair-wise matrix of decision-maker A is determined and
the minimum value among the degree of possibilities. The showed in Table-IV. The fuzzified pair-wise comparison
weight obtained needs to be normalised to determine the matrices of six decision-makers are then merged to form an
priority of each criterion. The ranking is determined based on integrated fuzzified matrix using the geometric mean method.
the normalised weight. The result is shown in Table-V.

The integrated fuzzified matrix showed in Table-V, then
defuzzified and the result is presented in Table-VI. The value
of CR for the integrated defuzzified pair-wise comparison
matrix is found to be 0.05 (less than 0.1), indicated that the
matrix is consistent. Therefore, the integrated
decision-makers’ judgment is evaluated and is shown in
Table-VII. The fuzzy synthetic extent is calculated and the
result as per Table-VIII. The degree of possibilities for all
criteria is evaluated and the result is tabulated in Table IX.
Finally, the normalized weight and ranking are calculated and
the result is showed in Table-X.

From Table- IX, the obtained results indicate that each
criterion has a relatively good weight. Therefore, it can be
concluded that all criteria considered to have an impact on the
SD program. However, the is a difference exist in terms of
degree of impact of each criterion since they have different
normalised weights and rankings.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table- III: Pair-wise comparison matrix of decision-maker A

Within the scope of this study, a FAHP model will be SC GC IRT EF KT
designed for supplier development practices selection in
Supply Chain Management. All SD practices and activities SC 1 3131
are gathered through a literature review, and a questionnaire
survey was developed and distributed to ISO14001 certified GC 1/3 1 1/3 3 1/3
manufacturing firms as listed in Standard and Industrial
Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). The gathered data IRT 1 3131
then undergo the factor analysis to cluster the SD practices
and activities. The factor analysis result extracts SD practices EF 1/3 1/3 1/3 1 1/3
and activities into 5 factors; namely supplier certification
(SC), Green Capability (GC), Investment and Resource KT 1 3131

CI = 0.039 Random CI = 1.12 CR = 0.034

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Prioritization of Supplier Development Practices: A Fuzzy Method

Table- IV: Fuzzified comparison matrix of decision-maker A Table- X: Weight and ranking for each criterion

SC GC IRT EF KT Minimum of Normalized
the degree of weight
SC (1, 1, 2) (2, 3, 4) (1, 1, 2) (2, 3, 4) (1, 1, 2) Criteria possibilities Ranking

GC (1/4, 1/3, (1, 1, 2) (1/4, 1/3, (2, 3, 4) (1/4,

1/2) 1/2) 1/3, SC 0.897 0.221 2

1/2) GC 0.791 0.195 4

IRT (1/2, 1, 1) (2, 3, 4) (1, 1, 2) (2, 3, 4) (1, 1, 2) IRT 0.547 0.135 5

EF (1/4, 1/3, (1/4, 1/3, (1/4, 1/3, (1, 1, 2) (1/4, EF 0.815 0.201 3

1/2) 1/2) 1/2) 1/3, KT 1 0.247 1

1/2)

KT (1/2, 1, 1) (2, 3, 4) (1/2, 1, 1) (2, 3, 4) (1, 1, 2) The criterion with the highest normalised weight is KT
(0.247) and hence stood first in the ranking of SD practices
Table- V: The integrated fuzzified comparison matrix of selection. In this case, the manufacturers should cautiously
identify, design and plan the different issues relevant to KT in
six decision-makers close synchronization with suppliers to make the SD program
implementation successful. This result is in line with the
SC GC IRT EF KT finding by Dyer and Nobeoka [11] noting that transferring
knowledge by collaborating with other firms as well as
SC (1.00, (1.00, (1.41, (0.90, (0.66, importing their practices is crucial to competitive advantages.
The criterion with the second-highest normalised weight is SC
1.00, 1.00, 1.57, 1.04, 0.76, (0.221). The role of certification is important as it can act as a
catalyst in boosting the firm’s performance especially if the
2.00) 2.00) 2.70) 1.67) 1.26) firm is highly committed to it [12]. In addition, the
certification also influential in ensuring process consistency
GC (0.50, (1.00, (1.12, (0.90, (0.53, and finally reducing the risk of supplier non-conformance
[13],[14].
0.83, 1.00, 1.31, 1.04, 0.63,
The criterion with the third-highest normalised weight is
1.00) 2.00) 2.14) 1.67) 1.00) FE (0.201). This SD practice is important in identifying
qualified suppliers or to control the supplier’s performance
IRT (0.37, (0.47, (1.00, (0.59, (0.37, [15]. FE might also be used by the manufacturer to enhance
the value of the operational innovativeness of the supplier,
0.64, 0.76, 1.00, 0.66, 0.44, especially in the case of knowledge-intensive suppliers.
Besides providing information to the supplier about the
0.71) 0.89) 2.00) 1.05) 0.71) buyer’s expectations, evaluation also increases the buyer’s
understanding of the supplier’s capabilities [16].
EF (0.60, (0.60, (0.95, (1.00, (0.63,
Even though GC and IRT are placed in the fourth and fifth
0.96, 0.96, 1.50, 1.00, 0.83, ranking, these two criteria cannot be neglected in
implementing the SD program. This is because both of them
1.12) 1.12) 1.70) 2.00) 1.26) also have a good normalised weight; 0.195 and 0.135
respectively. In regard to this result, IRT has found to have
KT (0.79, (1.00, (1.00, (0.79, (1.00, less influent in producing either good environmental or
business performance [3].
1.31, 1.57, 1.57, 1.20, 1.00,

1.51) 1.91) 1.91) 1.59) 2.00)

Table- VI: The integrated defuzzified pair-wise

comparison matrix of six decision-makers

SC GC IRT EF KT

SC 1.17 1.30 1.73 1.12 0.83

GC 0.80 1.17 1.41 1.12 0.68

IRT 0.60 0.74 1.17 0.72 0.47

EF 0.92 0.92 1.44 1.17 0.87

KT 1.25 1.53 1.53 1.19 1.17

CI = 0.05 Random CI = 1.12 CR = 0.04

Table- VII: Integrated decision makers’ judgement

SC 4.97 5.57 9.63 IV. CONCLUSION
GC 4.05 4.81 7.81
IRT 2.81 3.50 5.36 SD program has proved to have an influential to competitive
EF 3.78 5.24 7.20 advantage. However, significant resources need to be
KT 4.59 6.64 8.91 allocated to implementing this program. Thus, the selection
Sum 20.20 25.76 38.91 and management of SD practices need significant
arrangements. Therefore, evaluating SD practices needs an
Table- VIII: Fuzzy synthetic extent value of each appropriate tool to aid the process. This tool is valuable for
both researchers and practitioners. This paper uses FAHP in
criterion evaluating the criteria in SD practices for implementing the
SD program. The results of this study suggested that KT and
Criteria Fuzzy synthetic extent value SC are the two most significant criteria for SD program
implementation based on their normalised weight. The
SC 0.128 0.216 0.477 finding can be benefitted for a manufacturing firm in Malaysia
to maximize the allocation of resources to achieve the
GC 0.104 0.187 0.387 maximum benefit from the implementation of the SD
program.
IRT 0.072 0.136 0.265

EF 0.097 0.204 0.357

KT 0.118 0.258 0.441

Table- IX: Degree of possibilities

SC GC IRT EF KT

SC 1 0.897 0.631 0.947 1

GC 1 1 0.760 1 1

IRT 1 1 1 1 1

EF 1 0.945 0.713 1 1

KT 0.897 0.791 0.547 0.815 1

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Associate Professor Ts. Dr. Wan Hasrulnizzam
Wan Mahmood holds a Ph.D. in mechanical and material
This research was co-funded by Majlis Amanah Rakyat engineering by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(UKM). He is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of
(MARA) and the Ministry of Higher Education for MyBrain Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka (UTeM). The areas of research that he interests and works on are
15 program. lean manufacturing, operational management, quality management, and
production planning.
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AUTHORS PROFILE

Rahayu Tukimin received a Bachelor in Electrical
Engineering from the Universiti Malaya (UM) and
finished her Master in Manufacturing System
Engineering at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM).
Currently, she is pursuing her Ph.D. in Manufacturing
Engineering at the Technical University of Malaysia
Malacca (UTeM). Her research and publication interests include supply
chain management, operation strategy, and supplier development. She is also
a member of the Board of Engineer Malaysia (BEM) and the Malaysian
Institute of Technology (MBOT). She is now a Vocational Training Officer
at Majlis Amanah Rakyat.

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Surface Roughness Performance during
Machining Aluminium Alloy using Automated

Coolant System

Farizan Md Nor, Fairul Azni Jafar, Mohd Hadzley Abu Bakar, Wan Nur ‘Izzati Wan Md Hatta

 and secure machined segments and machine device parts
Abstract: Surface completion is a significant proportion of from consumption. Gariani et al. [1]. According to Shihab et
al.[2], heat generation during machining improves the cutting
item quality since it extraordinarily impacts the presentation of area temperature and can influence strength, hardness, wear
mechanical parts. In CNC machining, wet cooling technique is resistance and life of the cutting tool. Moreover, Özbek et
normally applied to provide lubrication at the cutting zone to al.[3] express that over the top temperatures and powers may
obtain good surface finish. In this system, a lot of cutting liquid is bring about quick apparatus wear and disappointment of the
provided ceaselessly at the slicing zone to decrease the cutting instrument. In this way, by applying cutting liquid in
temperature between cutting instrument and work piece. Despite the slicing territory to upgrade item surface quality and limit
the fact that the cutting liquids are useful in ventures, their instrument wear, the raised temperature created at the
harmfulness can give negative effect to condition, human chip-apparatus interface can be diminished. Be that as it may,
wellbeing and increment creation cost. Moreover, it is discovered the utilization of cutting liquid can antagonistically influence
that, solitary a limited quantity of coolant assumes their job in the the human wellbeing, natural and increment creation cost.
cooling framework application. Therefore, an Arduino time base Makers are getting progressively worried about the issue of
computerized coolant supply is created as another framework to manageability in light of the fact that their monetary,
diminish the utilization of cutting liquids. In this examination, an ecological and social performance is enhanced by adopting
Aluminum Alloy was machined with CNC processing and the sustainability in processes of metal machining, Muhammad
surface harshness is seen by utilizing this framework. As per the & Ibrahim. [4].
trial results, it is seen that the best time interim for providing and
quit providing the coolant is 30 seconds with the surface According to Sankar & Choudhury [5], by releasing
harshness estimation of 1.0470 µm utilizing the shaft speed of unwanted emissions and remaining material, cutting fluid
1200 RPM, feed pace of 100mm/min and profundity of cut of adversely affects the shop floor environment. In addition, it
0.4mm.This technique can reduce the cutting fluid consumption also causes soil, water and air pollution during disposal.
during machining operation and the improvement of the surface Valaki et al. [6] additionally referenced that cutting liquid can
roughness is also obtained. cause aggravation or sensitivity and microbial poisons are
created by microorganisms and organisms especially in
Keywords : Cutting Fluid, Arduino Time Base, Surface water-dissolvable slicing liquids are destructive to
Roughness administrators. In addition, Priarone et al. [7] expressed that
regular dissolvable oils are incredibly weakened in water,
I. INTRODUCTION however 5% (by volume) of the cutting liquid is a mix of oil,
emulsifiers, (for instance, sodium sulfonate, nonylphenol
In machining activity, cutting liquid assumes a ethoxylates, PEG esters) and included substances, (for
instance, calcium sulfonate, alkanoamides and blown
significant job for cooling, greasing up and expelling chips waxes).Furthermore, the expenses of reducing the
from the cutting zone. Also, slicing liquids are provided to availability and storage of cutting fluid are not negligible with
the machining zone so as to improve machining execution regard to the general manufacturing expenses. Jagadish &
Ray [8] stated that cutting fluid reduction puts a great deal of
Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019 economic stress on manufacturing businesses because fluid
* Correspondence Author reduction is a major contributing to safety and economic
hazards. This will have a strong effect on the safety of the
Farizan Md Nor *, Department of Technology & Process, Kolej worker, which in turn affects the full production scheme.
Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Kuantan, Km 8, Jalan Kuantan Gambang, 25150
Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, Email: [email protected] Moreover, Deiab et al. [9] mentioned that in machining
processes, the function of lubricant consumption in the
Fairul Azni Jafar, Centre of Smart System and Innovative Design sustainability evaluation is of excellent significance. Costs
associated with cutting fluid are often greater than those
(CoSSID), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal associated with cutting tools. Based on Sartori et al. [10]
Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, which expressed that cutting liquid transfer, cleaning of
segments, contamination and harm to human wellbeing are a
Malaysia. Email: [email protected] portion of the issues that affect
stricter guideline so as to
Tan Jian, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal support the utilization of
Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, creative and ecologically
Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Mohd Hadzley Abu Bakar, Centre of Smart System and Innovative
Design (CoSSID), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal,
Melaka, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Wan Nur ‘Izzati Wan Md Hatta, Faculty of Manufacturing
Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya,
76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

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Surface Roughness Performance during Machining Aluminium Alloy using Automated Coolant System

benevolent advancements. Consequently, eliminating the use Fig. 2.Tree diagram of design and development of
of cutting fluid, where necessary, may be a major financial hardware and software
motivation. Given the elevated price connected with the use
of cutting fluid and the predicted escalation expenses when In mechanical part, a connector is developed before it is
enforcing more stringent economic legislation, the option assembled with all components in the automated coolant
seems apparent, Khan et al. [11]. Some alternatives have been supply system. After the part is printed, the mechanical part is
explored by researchers to minimize or eliminate the use of roughly done and constituted of the connection between
cutting fluid in machining operations. Padmini et al. [12] fitting and valve to the connector. Fig. 3 shows sample of the
express that a portion of the choices being researched in the connector for the hardware mechanical parts and Fig. 4 shows
endeavor to supplant customary cutting liquid are dry the mechanical part that is installed in the CNC machine.
machining, cryogenic cooling, strong ointment based
machining, least amount grease (MQL) system pursued by the
utilization of vegetable oils and nanofluids. According to
Gatade et al. [13], MQL is a decent trade for flood coolant,
which diminishes the natural effect and the expense of
creation as improved device life. Those cooling techniques
are developed through investigation regarding to the surface
roughness, tool wear, temperature deviation and amount of
coolant used.

In this study, a computerized coolant supply framework
with the assistance of Arduino microcontroller to control the
measure of cutting liquid and the planning interim time
required during machining material is created so as to deliver
an ideal surface unpleasantness and longer apparatus life. By
using this technique, it is expected that the surface roughness
of the cutting area is able to achieve the similar or better
compared to the one under current conventional flood cooling
technique. Furthermore, tool wear is also expected to be
reduced and the system is more environmental friendly to
user.

II. METHODOLOGY Fig. 3.Connection of the mechanical parts

Experiments have been carried out on Aluminium workpiece
with 200mm width, 120mm long and 30mm height and were
conducted on a CNC Milling machine with spindle speed of
1200 RPM, feed rate of 100mm/min and depth of cut of
0.4mm. The applied cutting fluid is known as AI Soluble
Extra to reduce the temperature at the cutting zone and the
material was cut in 10mm cutting length.

In this research work, a CNC milling machine was
installed with a new developed automated coolant supply
system as shown in Fig. 1. The coolant is supply directly
through part A and flow into a valve to the fabricated nozzle
and the coolant will be ON and OFF according to time setting
in the Arduino microcontroller.

Fig. 1.Overall concept of automated coolant supply Fig. 4.Mechanical part installed on CNC machine
This system consists of hardware development and software Whiles in the electrical part, all the electrical components are
development. Hardware development is divided into two linked together and located near to the CNC machine. An
parts which are mechanical and electrical part. Fig. 2 shows alternating current of 240V power supply is linked to the valve
the tree diagram of design and development for software and and controlled by normally opened circuit with a switch. When
hardware for this system. the switch is switched on, it allowed the coolant supply from the
reservoir to flow to the cutting
tool and workpiece.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

In software development, Arduino software is used to program value of 1.0470µm. In this condition, the coolant is sufficient to
the timing system in the automatic coolant supply system. reduce the temperature and remove the chips at the cutting zone.
Generally, Arduino is a small microcontroller board connect to Moreover, it is believe that there is excessive coolant from 30s
the computer by USB plug. Arduino can be controlled through coolant on to provide good lubrication at the cutting area
computer or programming using computer and then although the coolant is off for 30s. This is in conjunction with
disconnected and able to work independently. The Arduino the results of Jessy et al. [14], where they indicated that the
UNO Rev3 is selected as one of the components used in this development of chips during machining tends to arise through
research as shown in Fig. 5. This Arduino board having its own coolant. When the coolant is delivered to the machining area
library which allows the user to download and use all the coding and the amount of coolant is too large, the chips cannot emerge
from that library. The Arduino board is a device which can from the cutting zone. Therefore, a big quantity of coolant that is
received the pre-programming from the personal computer with commonly used in industry may not be of great importance in
the aid of Arduino 1.6.12 software. machining. However, in this automated coolant supply system,
during the time interval below than 25s, the time is too little to
Fig. 5.Arduino UNO Rev3 even think about removing the chips from the cutting zone and
In this new development system, the coolant is supplied chips became deter between the cutting apparatus and the
in the condition ON and OFF at the cutting area according workpiece. The modest quantity of coolant is inadequate to
to time setting in Arduino microcontroller. A relay is used decrease the temperature at the cutting zone and may cause for
to control the time of supply and stop of the coolant on the the expanding of surface harshness.
cutting tool with time interval 1 s, 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 25 s,
30 s, 35 s, 40 s, 45 s, 50 s, 55 s and 60 s in this experiment. It is observed that starting from interval time 30s, the
After the program is done, it is uploaded to the Arduino surface roughness values increased until 60s interval time. This
UNO R3 Compatible. For example, if the set time is 1s, then is because during the interval time above 30s, the condition is
the coolant will be supplied for 1s and stop for 1s before more trending towards dry machining compare to the condition
supply again for 1s. This cycle is repeated continuously before 30s which is more trending to minimal quality
until the material is completely been machined. lubrication technique. Based on Sun et al. [15], MQL has
demonstrated the potential of empowering for higher machining
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION conditions, which can swap conventional flooded method
cooling and dry cutting. It is accomplished a sufficient cooling
Observation made during the 1s to 60 s interval times is on the impact with the limited coolant flow rate. When the feed rate is
surface roughness of the workpiece and summarized in Table above 0.08mm/tooth, MQL accomplishes the best cutting fluid
I. The surface roughness results were analyzed using surface impact which essentially and outspread cutting powers.
roughness tester. The result is plotted in graph form as shown
in Fig. 6. The surface roughness is increase after 30s time interval
TABLE- I. Result of interval time vs surface roughness because the coolant is insufficient to lessen the temperature at
the cutting zone. It is additionally seen that the estimation of
Intervals time (s) Surface roughness (µm) surface unpleasantness is more than 1 µm. This is on the
1 1.5395 grounds that equivalent cutting device is utilized for all
5 1.4770 interim time and may be as of now wear off or obtuse. Besides
10 1.2940 that, the cutting parameter is not considered during the
15 1.2605 experiments. This condition may affect the result of surface
20 1.2490 roughness obtained.
25 1.1135
30 1.0470 Further investigation is needed to verify this problem, as the
35 1.0635 present study work was not considered to change milling tool
40 1.0745 and cleaning of the material after each interval time. It is
45 1.3945 believing that with the changing of milling tool and cleaning the
50 1.3800 material for each interval time, minimum surface roughness will
55 1.3315 be obtained.

60 1.3555 Fig. 6.Graph of surface roughness vs interval time

According to Fig. 6, It is obviously seen that the surface
roughness value decreased from interval 1s until 30 s and
increased back from 30s to 60s. It is summarized that the lowest
surface roughness is achieved at the time interval of 30s with the

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Surface Roughness Performance during Machining Aluminium Alloy using Automated Coolant System

IV. CONCLUSION International-2016.pp. 490–501.
13. Gatade and T. Vivek, “Experimental Investigation of Machining
Experimental findings in this research stated that the newly
lubricating approach can produce economic advantages for Parameter under MQL Milling of SS304.” IOP Conference Series:
producers owing to the reduction in cutting fluid Materials Science and Engineering-2016. pp. 1-9.
consumption. In addition, the issue of adverse impacts on 14. K. S. Jessy, D. Satish kumar, D. Dinakaran, and V. Seshagiri Rao,
the environment and human beings was subsidized. “Influence of Different Cooling Methods on Drill Temperature in
Although this system is not fully a MQL based machining, Drilling GFRP.” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
this system produces good surface roughness which is align Technology-2014. pp. 609–621.
to the result of MQL. This is because a small amount of 15. J. Sun, Y. S. Wong, M. Rahman, Z. G. Wang, K. S. Neo, C. H. Tan,
cutting fluid can penetrate effectively to the cutting area and and H. Onozuka, “Effects of Coolant Supply Methods and Cutting
adequate for lubrication with the reduction in temperature Conditions on Tool Life in End Milling Titanium Alloy”, in
to provide good surface roughness on machining material. It Machining Science and Technology-2006. pp 355-370.
can be concluded that this new development of automated
coolant supply is one of the alternatives for environmentally AUTHORS PROFILE
lubrication strategies and can be practically use in
manufacturing industry. First Author is a currently working as lecturer in
Department Technology & Processes at Kolej Kemahiran
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Tinggi MARA Kuantan, Pahang. Farizan Md Nor received
her Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing)
The creators might want to recognize the money related help from University Technology Malaysia in 2002. She then
gave by Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), Universiti Teknikal completed her master in Manufacturing System Engineering from
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and specialized help gave by the University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) in 2015. Her current research
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, UTeM. interests include machining and automation system.s.

REFERENCES Second Author is currently a Senior Lecturer at the
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti
1. Gariani, Salah, Islam Shyha, Fawad Inam, and Dehong Huo, Teknikal Malaysia Melaka where he conducted research
“Experimental Analysis of System Parameters for Minimum Cutting in Manufacturing Automation, Kansei Robotics, and
Fluid Consumption When Machining Ti-6Al-4V Using a Novel Mobile Robotics and Vision. Fairul Azni Jafar received
Supply System.” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing the B.Eng and MSc degrees in Mechanical System Engineering and Ph.D
Technology- 2018. pp. 2795–2809. degree in Production and Information Science from Utsunomiya
University, Japan in 1996, 2007 and 2011, respectively.
2. Shihab, K. Suha, A. Zahid, Khan, Aas Mohammad, and A. N.
Siddiqueed, “RSM Based Study of Cutting Temperature During Hard Third Author received his doctoral degree from
Turning with Multilayer Coated Carbide Insert.” Procedia Materials London South Bank University majoring in Machining
Science-2014. pp.1233–1242. Technology. Mohd Hadzley Abu Bakar is currently head
of Industrial Machining Program in Universiti Teknikal
3. Özbek, Nursel Altan, Adem Çiçek, Mahmut Gülesin, and Onur Malaysia Melaka. Most of his research focused on the
Özbek, “Effect of Cutting Conditions on Wear Performance of cutting tool development, tool wear and machining sustainability.
Cryogenically Treated Tungsten Carbide Inserts in Dry Turning of
Stainless Steel.” Tribology International-2016. pp. 223–233. Fourth Author received her B.Eng in Manufacturing
Engineering, majoring in Robotics and Automation and
4. H.M. Mohammad and R.H Ibrahim, “Optimization of Sustainable Msc Manufacturing Engineering (Quality System
Cutting Conditions in Turning Carbon Steel by CNC Turning Engineering) from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Machine.” Journal of Material Science & Engineering-2017. pp. 1-9. Malaysia in 2018 and 2019, respectively. She produced a
tremendously successful project in developing a new time-based automated
5. M. Sankar, M. Ravi, and S. K. Choudhury, “Experimental Study and coolant supply system for CNC turning for her final year project and further
Modeling of Machining with Dry Compressed Air, Flood and her research study in CNC milling machine during Master.
Minimum Quantity Cutting Fluid Cooling Techniques.” Procedia
CIRP-2015. pp. 228–233.

6. Valaki, B. Janak, M.Vishal, and V.Gautam. “Vegetable Oil Based
Metal Cutting Fluids for Sustainable Machining Processes
Engineering." International Journal of Emerging Technologies and
Applications in Engineering, Technology and Sciences-2014. pp.
325-328.

7. Priarone, Paolo C., Matteo Robiglio, Luca Settineri, and Vincenzo
Tebaldo, “Effectiveness of Minimizing Cutting Fluid Use When
Turning Difficult-to-Cut Alloys.” Procedia CIRP-2015. pp.341–46.

8. Jagadish and Amitava Ray, “Cutting Fluid Selection for Sustainable
Design for Manufacturing: An Integrated Theory.” Procedia
Materials Science 6(Icmpc)-2014. pp.450–459.

9. Deiab, Ibrahim, Syed Waqar Raza, and Salman Pervaiz, “Analysis of
Lubrication Strategies for Sustainable Machining during Turning of
Titanium Ti-6al-4v Alloy.” Procedia CIRP 17-2014. pp.766–71.

10. S. Sartori, A. Ghiotti, and S. Bruschi, “Temperature Effects on the
Ti6Al4V Machinability Using Cooled Gaseous Nitrogen in
Semi-Finishing Turning.” Journal of Manufacturing
Processes-2017. pp. 187–194.

11. M. M. A. Khan, M. A.H. Mithu, and N. R. Dhar, “Effects of
Minimum Quantity Lubrication on Turning AISI 9310 Alloy Steel
Using Vegetable Oil-Based Cutting Fluid.” Journal of Materials
Processing Technology-2009. pp 5573–5583.

12. R.P. Padmini, Vamsi Krishna, and G. Krishna Mohana Rao,
“Effectiveness of Vegetable Oil Based Nanofluids as Potential
Cutting Fluids in Turning AISI 1040 Steel.” Tribology

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

Digital Interactions and Internationalisation of
Small, Medium Enterprises

Azlina Mohamad, Adriana Mohd Rizal, Rohaida Basiruddin, Suzilawati Kamarudin

 Realising the importance of SMEs to the national economic
Abstract: Digital interactions of Small Medium Enterprises and social contribution, the governments in developing
countries have put in much effort and initiatives to accelerate
(SMEs) in developing countries in regards to the SME development [9],[18],[45]. The efforts and initiatives
internationalisation is not well explored. This research shows how have been channelled to supporting agencies to facilitate
the digital communications amongst service providers and SMEs SMEs in terms of various types of support programmes such
enable internationalisation among SMEs. The importance of the as business support, advisory services, financial facilities and
digital interactions such as social media, online marketing and entrepreneurship programmes [6],[16],[33]. The utilisation of
mobile phone afforded the internationalisation. The results the entrepreneurship programmes benefit SMEs in terms of
suggest social media, online marketing and mobile phone can survival and growth [4],[27]. In fact, most of SMEs in
speed up the internationalisation when SMEs and service developing countries gain advantage from the utilisation from
providers utilize the digital interactions. In other words, instead of various aspects of interaction and the role of supporting
using conventional interactions as determinant of agencies [32],[33],[44]. This is indicated as the most
internationalisation, digital interactions may be an enabler for significant networking strategy to assist the
SMEs in regards towards internationalisation. internationalisation of SMEs [22],[25],[43].
The role of the network between the service providers and
Keywords : Digital interactions, SMEs, service providers and SMEs is essential in the internationalisation process [24]. It is
internationalisation. viewed as a major resource for SMEs to achieve competitive
advantage and rapid internationalisation [8],[49]. However,
I. INTRODUCTION interaction on the network is limited and there is a need for
further exploration of the interaction including its
Internationalisation has a long history of interest among implications for SMEs [49]. Moreover, leveraging the digital
interactions such as social media, online marketing and
international business scholars with particular interest in mobile phone fosters internationalisation [31],[35],[48].
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) [15], [41]. The Hence, it is essential to understand the digital interactions
contribution of SMEs is vital to ensure the stability of the between SMEs and its network, particularly for the service
national economy and growth of firms [5]. The activities of providers with respect to internationalisation.
SMEs determine the economic capacity and growth of a The study utilises DART principles as a dimension of the
developing country [5],[47]. Internationalisation creates interaction which consists of dialogue, access, risk assessment
wealth creation [25], innovation propensity [21] and and transparency [34]-[36]. The use of the ideas is to facilitate
expansion of firms [12], [25]. It also enhances the economic the digital interactions via rich and -way dialogue among the
robustness of all industries, especially in manufacturing and actors involved, to offer get entry statistics in addition to the
knowledge-intensive industries [33]. From the point of view attractiveness and blessings of the dangers and transparency
of economic development, SMEs contribute to the growth of inside the internationalisation actions [1],[48]. The principles
the economy in ensuring stability and trade balance[45],[47]. also involve the strategy of symbiosis involved in active
From the perspective of social development, SMEs provide digital interactions, engagement and the inclination to act
employment opportunities and increase the standard of living [38]-[39]. As such, it appears to provide useful principles to
[22],[27],[47]. SMEs are an important group because they apply in this paper.
represent more than 95% of businesses worldwide and A key objective of this paper is to explore how SMEs interact
account for at least 60% of the private sector employment in through digital with their internationalisation process in terms
the world [27],[47]. of access to and actual use of supporting agency network
resources as suggested by Oparaocha [33]. In addition, the
Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019 paper aims to understand how SMEs derive value from
* Correspondence Author network relationships with supporting agencies. Specifically,
this paper focuses on the role of supporting agencies with
Azlina Mohamad*, Azman Hashim International Business School, regard to the internationalisation of SMEs. Thus, this paper
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: attempts to contribute to the current literature concerning
[email protected] institutional networks for the internationalisation process of
SMEs.
Adriana Mohd Rizal, Azman Hashim International Business School,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected]

Rohaida Basiruddin, Azman Hashim International Business School,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected]

Suzilawati Kamarudin, Azman Hashim International Business School,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected]

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Digital Interactions and Internationalisation of Small, Medium Enterprises

II. LITERATURE REVIEW firms and customers for the purpose of new product
development and new marketing strategies [36]-[39]. The
Studies of the internationalisation of SMEs are important as interactions allow the actors to be involved in the engagement
the multinational enterprises (MNEs) for both give significant platforms through simple principles which focus and share on
contributions to the country [41]. The existing studies largely their experience [50]. The interactions eventually increase
emphasise on the MNEs in terms of their resources, knowledge and resource sharing beneficial to the actors
technology adaptations, strategies, organisational capacities involved in the engagement platform [36]-[39].
and capabilities [7],[11],[29]. Much of the The first principle of DART is dialogue. Dialogue is set
internationalisation research relates to MNEs with much less shared verbal exchange and equality getting to know. It
knowledge of how SMEs are engaged through digital entails empathic know-how based on experiencing and
interactions to enable internationalisation. Nowadays, recognising the studies of individuals as emotional, social and
information technology is essential to facilitate people as well cultural [23],[36]-[39]. Prahalad & Ramaswamy suggested
as for advantage to enable SMEs towards internationalisation dialogue as "implies interaction, in depth engagement and the
[25],[47]. Yet little is known about how SMEs utilising the capability of actors’ willingness to act on both sides". It calls
digital interactions to interact with the service providers to for a deep expertise of the perspectives of man or woman
assist them in securing a position in the foreign market experiences that can't be completed without lively
[29],[35]. The SMEs differ from MNEs from the point of communication and sharing of views on what is meaningful to
view of their specific liability of smallness such as limited people [36]-[39],[48]. Engaging individuals on their phrases
resources, lack of foreign market knowledge and being and gaining knowledge of at the side of them is set nurturing
sensitive to external challenges [47]. Internationalisation lively conversation as all people evolves in their fee needs and
consists of dealing with the challenges and barriers that studies [51],[52].
decelerate the process of internationalisation as SMEs are Beyond a willingness to change, meaningful talk additionally
characterised as having limited resources as well as a lack of requires the actors to have on the spot and timely get entry to
capabilities and capacities [40],[47]. Developing to centers and assets that can facilitate extra evocative
internationalisation strategies is relevant for SMEs to prepare, statistics and trade of ideas with the alternative actors
plan and organise their resources to overcome the challenges, [20],[23]. Thus, get entry to, the second element of the DART
to be able to compete and to sustain themselves in the global precept enables communicate and requires the actors to
market [19],[41],[47]. It is essential to increase productivity optimise when, where, and the way they can create cost.
and maintain activity in the global market in order to Access is about gaining information in the assemblage system
contribute towards the economy [19],[21],[40]. Hence, about the experiences of others, contextual data, tools,
sufficient resources are essential for SMEs to adapt to the expertise, skills, and creativity of other actors [1],[35],[42]. It
foreign market business environment for acquiring allows the actors to guide their own experiences and
competitive advantage and to speed internationalisation experience value by means other than ownership [23],
[5],[7],[22]. Therefore, SMEs should be able to rely on the [36]-[39]. If the actors were unable to access the critical
supporting agencies to effectively mitigate the liabilities of information needed, the interaction would be ineffective [50].
smallness as well as to help to overcome the challenges and Risk assessment, the 0.33 DART precept, recognises that talk
barriers [14],[33]. and open get admission to hold the actors partly chargeable
The supporting agencies in developing countries acting as for the consequences of the system of interaction [1],[37].
service providers play a pivotal role to facilitate SMEs for Effective chance assessment affords consumers with whole
survival and growth [4],[14],[16],[27]. The objectives of the and accurate statistics about the costs and advantages of their
service providers are to provide support functions to contributions, thereby facilitating knowledgeable selections
encourage cross-border venture and to improve commercial about the dangers related to the service change [37]. The
enterprise achievement both regionally and internationally fourth and final component of the DART model is
[20],[23],[29]. The service providers are proactive in their transparency in operations and information exchange. This
efforts to support the involvement of SMEs in international building block is a compulsory prerequisite for dialogue and
commercial enterprise as a means of now not simplest making information access. Information is the key component of
sure the survival of local industries, but also promoting transparency [36]. Transparency implies visibility in the flow
economic balance and worldwide competitiveness of information based on events that underlie interactions in
[18],[27],[29]. The service providers are not driven by profit the engagement system [23],[50]. Interactions need to be
motives as most of them are funded by the government [4],[6]. transparent in order to better access information and
Their benefits are contemplated within the common increase knowledge, engage in meaningful conversation, and to be
of SMEs, the enterprise area, and the local or countrywide able to assess risks and rewards [42]. In other words
economic system [8],[9]. The facilities and programmes transparency means trust-building, openness and
offered by most of the developing countries are communication [1]. Individuals reluctant to disclose vital
entrepreneurship programmes, financial support, information without the element of trust and will just maintain
technological advancement, business contracts and customer their own opinions [1],[2].
service [4]-[7],[17].
B. Digital Interactions and Internationalisation of SMEs
A. The dimensions of interactions
Networks have a significant impact on SMEs, such as
The Dimensions of the interactions contains of dialogue, get reducing information asymmetries, accessing opportunities
admission to, threat assessment and transparency which might and resources, advising and
be together called the DART Principles [1],[34]. These offering learning experiences.
interactions are well known as the marketing actors between SMEs develop networking

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D5429.118419 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

through which they get admission to various resources of engaged in internationalisation are at least exporting. On the
knowledge via internationalisation that is frequently related to other hand, to get in-depth understanding on the
precise advantages including get right of entry to global internationalisation in the developing country context, it is
networks and the potential to leverage those benefits to important to include the level of relationship with the service
expand possibilities [7],[32],[43],[44]. SMEs might also providers in providing the facilities to the SMEs. Thus, third
make the most their networks and their companies tend to criteria aim for SMEs to have at least utilized single facility
behavior their commercial enterprise in networks, as having from the service provider. Dyadic interviews were conducted
the functionality to act in a network is critical [14],[16]. with two structures of SMEs owner and the service providers
Through network, SMEs may have comprehensive as showed in the Figure I. Two sets of dyadic interview were
interactions particularly with the supporting agencies to conducted which contain two SME owners and two officers
leverage internationalisation [32],[33]. from service providers to see whether digital interactions will
The success of the digital interactions in the marketing field is enable internationalisation among SMEs.
adopted in this study for the internationalisation of SMEs.
The utilization of information technology and digital is Figure I: The structures of dyadic interview
important for service and delivery system [13],[46]. The
digital interactions allows the service providers to understand This study introduces two structures to illustrate the nature of
the limitations of SMEs with respect to internationalisation dyadic interview [10],[30]. Firstly, obtain responses from the
and in exchange SMEs can benefit from the facilities and SMEs to examine experiences pertaining to the
programmes provided [3],[45]. By identifying interactions internationalisation. Secondly, in order to capture full
between the supporting agencies as service providers and understanding, the exploration is also held from the service
SMEs as the service recipients, the services contain all the providers who provide facilities to the SMEs. Table I
data that is required by both parties to play a role in building illustrated the aspects of the semi-structure questions for
trust and to facilitate interactions [48]. SMEs gain resources SMEs and the service providers which are based on the
in the service exchange in terms of the necessary programmes internationalisation among SMEs.
and initiatives from the service providers [6],[25]. Hence, the Table I: The aspects of semi-structure questions for SMEs
interactions allow SMEs to gain resources from the aspect of
knowledge and financial requirements for internationalisation and Service Providers
[16],[17].
First, the interaction initially starts with the dialogue The secondary data such as company annual report, website,
dimension [1],[37],[42]. In this study, the need for newspaper column, Facebook, blog, Instagram and relevant
communication and interaction between the service providers photos were also used for the data collection. Finally, data
and SMEs is critical to establish successful and meaningful analysis was made in two stages. First, within case where each
dialogue. The dialogue occurs in two-way and open case was analysed separately and secondly, cross case where
interactions which allow SMEs and service providers to comparison of similarities and differences were analysed
openly share information about the nature of each between the cases [28].
organisation and to exchange ideas. The second dimension
gives both actors access to inside information and encourages A. Conceptual Framework
them to express their impressions. The information given The conceptual framework is proposed as Figure II. The
includes the source of tools, expertise, infrastructure, digital interaction involved in this study is between the service
knowledge and skills. Third, the effectiveness of risk providers and SMEs with respect to internationalisation. The
assessment allows SMEs to have a clearer understanding of digital interactions are facilitated by four dimensions of
the facilities and programmes provided by the service interaction which consist of dialogue, access, risk benefit and
providers. Thus, SMEs will therefore be able to better assess transparency [36]-[39]. These four dimensions occur in the
the potential risks and benefits of the facilities and interactions platform which means both actors need to engage
programmes. Lastly, transparency demonstrates the integrity actively to generate outcome geared towards
and commitment of SMEs to open-mindedness, yet leaves internationalisation.
open the possibility of further opportunities for
internationalisation.

III. METHODOLOGY

The pilot study is conducted to be qualitative, with the aim to
explore the effects of digital interactions between SMEs and
service providers on internationalisation among SMEs. The
methodological design and procedures were based on
Merriam proposals, emphasizing on constructing a
conceptual framework about the studied phenomenon based
on the multiple case qualitative study [22].
Three criteria of the SMEs were set. First the selection of
SMEs manufacturing as defined by Malaysian National SME
Development Council (NSDC) based on the annual sales
turnover of between RM250,000 to RM25 million and
number of employees of between 5 to 150. Second, SMEs

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D5429.118419 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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Digital Interactions and Internationalisation of Small, Medium Enterprises

Fig. II: Digital Interactions between Service Providers benefit in utilizing the e-marketplace and transparency in
and SMEs Concerning Internationalisation marketing the spices product to the customers.
B.Cross case analysis
Table II presents a summary of data collection and main
findings of the case studies which shows how SMEs in
Malaysia interact with the service providers on getting
facilities afforded by the digital interactions on
internationalisation.

Table II: Cross case analysis

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION V. CONCLUSION

A.Within case analysis This study discusses the digital interactions between service
Company A is a Malaysian manufacturing industry producing providers and SMEs with respect to internationalisation. The
jelly drink and operating in Selangor. It was founded in 2008 digital interactions utilise the four dimensions of interactions
and currently employs 30 people. The company obtains which represent dialogue, access, risk benefit and
numerous support and facilities from various service transparency. In summary, dialogue occurs between both
providers such as Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), SME actors to exchange data and information. Then SMEs allow
Bank, SME Corporation Berhad, Credit Guarantee the service providers to access further knowledge at the
Corporation (CGC), Malaysian Agricultural Research and individual and the level of the firm. Both actors are further
Development Institute (MARDI), Tekun Nasional and cleared to assess the risk gaining through dialogue and access
Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation while transparency refers to information sharing which is
(MATRADE) since it’s inception. The support and facilities compulsory for both actors to be open and trustful in the
received are in the form of financial and credit assistance, exchange of information. The service providers and SMEs are
business grant, marketing and market research and advisory engaged in an interactive platform and this produces
services. The company initially exported in 2017 when the implications for internationalisation. The digital interactions
owner decided to serve foreign market after participating in assist SMEs to gain resources from the facilities and
the export promotion programme organized by MATRADE. programmes provided by the service providers for rapid
According to the owner, the decision to export offered some internationalisation. On the other hand, the service providers
opportunity and greater profitability for the company. To gain a better understanding of the barriers and challenges
date, company A has exported to three foreign markets. With faced by SMEs to provide appropriate and comprehensive
regard to the internationalisation, the owner acknowledged programmes for the survival and growth of SMEs for
the support and facilities that enabled the company to internationalisation. Future studies can expand this research
internationalise. The interactions allow the dialogue, to test empirically the conceptual framework to gain insight as
assessing the information and determining the risk and benefit to how the digital interactions are formed in structured and
while being transparent in digital interactions, eg, WhatsApp, comprehensive networks between the service providers and
Facebook and emails which facilitated the SMEs in making SMEs.
fast decision by reducing bureaucracy and barriers. The
executives of service providers confirmed the usage of digital
interactions to communicate with the SMEs in providing the
facilities. The digital interactions also contribute significantly
to the effectiveness and efficiency of communication as
compared to the conventional interactions.
Company B is also a Malaysian manufacturing industry and
located in Selangor producing spices product. The company
was founded in 2006 and had only received e-Trade facility
from MATRADE in 2018. Currently, company B consists of
10 employees in sales and marketing, and 10 in administration
and production. According to the owner, the exporting
activity began in 2018, stimulated by e-Trade facility.
According to the MATRADE executive, e-Trade is the
international e-marketplace facility that assists SMEs to
market their product. According to the owner, the decision for
her to export by using online marketing was strongly
influence by its network. To date, company B has successfully
export to ten foreign markets through e-Trade. The digital
interactions involved between company B and service
provider are through WhatsApp, company website interactive
forum, Facebook and Messenger. The interactions involved
for company B are dialogue, access the information and

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D5429.118419 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Azlina Mohamad currently in the fifth semester of PhD
majoring in International Entrepreneurship at Azman
Hashim International Business School, University
Technology of Malaysia.

Dr Adriana Mohd Rizal is a Senior Lecturer in Azman
Hashim International Business School, University
Technology of Malaysia.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Rohaida Basiruddin is a Senior
Lecturer in Azman Hashim International Business
School, University Technology of Malaysia.

Dr Suzilawati Kamaruddin is a Senior Lecturer in
Azman Hashim International Business School,
University Technology of Malaysia.

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2ND I N T E R N A T I O N A L I N N O V A T I O N
TECHNOLOGY EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE 2019