Chapter 8: Teacher's Name:
Manufactured Teacher
Substances in Zurina
Industry Group Members:
1.Ummu Rahimah 403
2.Fitrisya 403
3.Siti Zunah 403
4.Nurul Sofia 403
5.Sofeah Aufa 403
MRSM KEPALA BATAS CHEMISTRY PBL ASSIGNMENT
PRESENTING
Content Appreciation
Interestin
g Facts Introduction and Objectives
Around 10,000 years ago in the highlands of Short Notes
Anatolia (Turkey), humans learned to smelt
8.1 Alloy and Its importance
metals such as copper and tin from ore. 8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses
Around 2500 BC, people began alloying the two 8.3 Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses
metals to form bronze, which was much harder 8.4 Composite Materials and Its Importance
than its ingredients. Discussion (Test Yourself)
Estimated Budget/Cost
References Source
Appreciation
We would like to thank our Chemistry teacher, Teacher
Zurina who gave us a chance to work on this project.
We are very grateful that they provided valuable
suggestions for the betterment of the project, which
we greatly appreciate her for doing so.
Furthermore, we want to extend special thanks towards
everyone including our parents and friends. They all
played an important role when it came down to giving
motivation at times where there was no hope left!
ThankYou!
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All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These objects
exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these chemical
substances will be enough for the use of themselves. Chapter 8 of Form 4 syllabus
introduces the students with manufactured substances in industry. This is important for
the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves.
Personally, this chapter is an interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist
produces the material around us. It also gives new knowledges of the uses of chemical
substances that we usually found in the laboratories. By learning this chapter,
hopefully we will be more interested in learning chemistry as it will help us in the
future.
8.1 ALLOY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
PURE METAL IS MADE UP OF ONE TYPE OF ATOM WHICH IS ALLOY PEWTER STAINLESS STEEL
SAME SIZE AND ARRANGED IN AN ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT.
ALLOY IS A MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE DURALUMIN
WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED THE LAYER OF ATOM IN THE ELEMENTS WHERE THE MAIN ELEMENTS IS
METAL EASILY SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER.THIS CAUSE PURE USED TO MAKE USED TO MAKE
METAL TO DUCTILE AND EASILY PULLED INTO FINE WIRES. METAL SOUVENIRS CUTLERY
PURE METAL ARE ALSO MALLEABLE AND ITS SHAPE CAN USED TO MAKE
BE EASILY CHANGED. THERE ARE EMPTY SPACE BETWEEN BODY OF
ATOMS IN THE PURE METAL. WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED AEROPLANE
THE LAYER OF ATOME IN THE METAL WILL SLIDE TO
FILL THE EMPTY SPACE AND FORM A NEW STRUCTURE. USED TO USED TO MAKE
AN ALLOY WILL FORMED WHEN FOREIGN ATOM SRE MIXED WITH MAKE KEYS BODY OF A CAR
THE PURE METAL. THIS FOREIGN ATOM ARE DIFFERENT IN SIZE
COMPARED TO THE ATOM IN PURE METAL. HENCE THE ORDERLY Alloy Pure Metal BRASS STEEL
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOM IN A PURE METAL IS DISRUPTED. THIS
MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR THE LAYERS OF ATOM IN AN ALLOY TO Resistant to cEoarsrioldyed USED TO
MAKE MEDALS
SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED
corrosion RESISTANT TO CORROSION BRONZE
FIGURE 8.1 EXAMPLE OF ALLOY
Shiny SURFACE Dull
Hard HARDNESS Less
hard
FIGURE 8.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN
PROPERTIES OF ALLOY AND PURE METAL
COMPOSITION,PROPERTIES AND USES AF ALLOY
ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
DURALUMIN
93% ALUMINIUM STONGER THAN PURE METAL BODY OF AEROPLANE
BRONZE 3% COPPER LOW DENSITY ELECTRIC CABLES
BRASS RACING BICYCLE
STEEL 3% MAGNESIUM DOES NOT RUST
1% MANGANESE MEDALS
STAINLESS STEEL STONGER THAN PURE COPPER MONUMENTS
PEWTER 90% COPPER DOES NOT RUST TROPHIES
10% TIN SHINY MUSIVAL INSTUMENTS
DOORKNOB
70% COPPER STONGER THAN PURE COPPER
30% ZINC DOES NOT RUST KEYS
SHINY
98 IRON STUCTURE OF BUILDING
0.2-2% ALSO KNOWN AS CARBON STEEL RAILWAY TRACKS
CARBON STONGER AND HARDER BODY OF CARS
MALLEABLE
73% IRON CUTLERY
18% CHROMIUM THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SINKS
STEEL WHICH ARE LOW-CARBON
8%NICKEL STEEL,AVERAGE-CARBON STEEL SURGICAL INSTUMENTS
1% CARBON
AND HIGH-CARBON STEEL DECORATIVE ORNAMENTS
95% TIN TROPHIES
3.5% STONGER THAN PURE IRON SOUVENIRS
RESISTANT TO CORROSION
ANTIMONY
1.5% COPPER STONGER THAN PURE TIN
DOES NOT RUST
SHINY
1 8.2 COMPOSITION OF GLASS AND ITS USES
If silica is heated
together with other chemically
SODA-LIME GLASS
chemical,various type of inert
glass with different transparent •made of silica(siO²),soda(Na²CO³)and
properties are obtained limestone(calcium carbonate,CaCO³)
BASIC
2 electrical PROPERTIES hard but •soda,Na²NO³lowers the melting point of
insulator OF GLASS brittle silica,SiO²
These types of glass
however have the same waterproof
•melting point of soda is 1000°
basic properties. heat •easily molded and used to make glass container
insulator
3 •cannot withstand hight temperature
We will learn a few types •easily crack when subjected to sudden
of glass which is fused
silics glass,soda-lime temperature change
glass,borosilicate glass
and lead crystal glass LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS
• made from silica,SiO²,soda Na²CO³ and
lead(ii)oxide,PbO
• lead replace calcium Ca to produce glass that is
softer and denser
• lead glass is heavier and has a high refractive
index
• this glass is suitable to ised for making prism
BOROSILICATE GLASS FUSED SILICA GLASS
•made of silica,siO²,soda,Na²CO³,limestone CaCO³,borone • made of silica(silicon dioxide, SiO²) only
oxide,b²O³ and aluminium oxide Al²O³ • silica,SiO² needs high temperature around 1800°C
•Many laboratory glassware are made from borosilicate to melt
glass because of its resistance to heat.The glassware • it is a glass with high melting point
does not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress • this glass does not expand nor contract much when
there is a large change in temperature
because of its low expansion coefficient. •it is suitable used tibmake telescope lens
•Can be removed and heated immediately without cracking
8.3 Composition of
Ceramics and Its Uses
A ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic sting ~ manifesting ~
substances. Ceramic is produced through the process oh shaping and
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hardening by using heating technique at high temperatures. Most
ceramics are made up of metal compounds,non-metal compounds or
matalloid compounds. Such as Aluminium oxide, Al²O³, Titanium
carbide,TiC and Silicon carbide, SiC
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HIGH THERMAL BASIC PROPERTIES HEAT INSULATOR
RESISTANT OF HARD AND STRONG
CHEMICALLY INERT CERAMICS
BREAK EASILY
ELECTRICAL
INSULATOR
THE ATOMS IN CERAMICS ARE BONDED BY STRONG COVALENT BONDS AND IONIC BONDS.
HENCE, CERAMICS ONLY MELT AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES, ARE HARD AND RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION.
WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED,THE ATOMS IN CERAMICS CANNOT SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER BECAUSE THESE ATOMS ARE STRONGLY
BONDED IN INDEFINITE ARRANGEMENT.
THE ENERGY FROM THE FORCE WILL BE USED TO BREAK THE BONDS BETWEEN THE ATOMS .
HENCE, CERAMICS ARE BRITTLE AND WEAK TOWARDS STRETCHING.
THE ELECTRONS IN CERAMICS CANNOT MOVE FREELY TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY OR HEAT.
TYPES OF CERAMICS
MADE FROM CLAY SUCH AS KAOLIN, MADE FROM INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUCH AS OXIDES,
Al²O³.2SiO².2HO.CLAY IS MIXED CARBIDES AMD NITRIDES. ADVANCED CERAMICS HAVE
WITH WATER TO PRODUCE A SOFT, HIGHER RESISTANCE TO HEAT AND ABRASION, MORE
MOULDABLE MIXTURE. THE MIXTURE
IS THEN HEATED AT A VERY HIGH CHEMICALLY INERT AND HAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
PROPERTIES. ADVANCED CERAMICS SUCH AS SILICON
TEMPERATURE. GENERALLY, CARBIDE ARE USED TO MAKE CUTTING DISCS DUE TO
TRADITIONAL CERAMICS ARE USED TO
ITS HARD AND STRONG PROPERTIES. SILICON
MAKE BRICKS, POTTERY AND CARBIDE IS ALSO USED TO MAKE BRAKE DISCS
CROCKERY. BECAUSE IT CAN WITHSTAND THERMAL SCHOKS AND
HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO HEAT. ADVANCED CERAMICS
TRADITIONAL CERAMICS ARE ALSO USED TO MAKE TUNGSTEN CARBIDE RINGS
BECAUSE IT IS HARD AND USE OF TRADITIONAL
CERAMICS AND ADBVANCED CERAMICS.
ADVANCED CERAMICS
CERAMIC USES APPLICATION
EXAMPLES OF MEDICINE •Zirconia ceramic is used in dental
CERAMIC USES implants.
TRANSPORTATION
• Alumina ceramic is used to make knee
ENERGY bone.
PRODUCTION
• Ceramic is used in Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) machines because it has
superconductivity properties.
• Engine components in jet planes are
made from ceramics.
• Ceramic is used to make
electrical insulators in high
voltage areas such as power
stations.
8.4 Composite Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete is
Materials and Its produced when steel bars
Concrete Steel bars or Reinforced
Importance wire mesh concrete or wire mesh
(strengthening
1 substance) is immersed
A composite material is a material in concrete (matrix
made from combining two or more
non-homogeneous substances; substance).
-matrix substance
-strengthening substance High High High Reinforced concrete is
compression stretching compression widely used in the
2 strength
The matrix substance surrounds and strength strength construction of bridges,
binds the strengthening substance Low Corrodes High dams and buildings.
together stretching
stretching easily
Matrix substance strength strength
+ Resistant to
Resistant to corrosion
Strenghtening substance corrosion
=
Fibre glass is Fibre glass Fibre glass
Composite materials produced when plastic Plastic Glass fibre
(matrix substance) is
strengthened with
glass fibres
(strengthening
substance).
This composite material Low stretching High stretching High stretching
is used to make strength strength strength
Heat and
helmets, car bumpers Low heat and
and printed circuit electrical Low heat and electrical
electrical insulator
boards. conductivity Resistant to
Resistant to conductivity corrosion
corrosion Darable
Durable
Optical fibre Optical fibres are used to Superconductor (YBCO)
transmit information and data in
Plastic Glass fibre Optical fibre Superconductor (YBCO) No electrical resistance at
the form of light. Light moves very low temperature
through the optical fibre (core
High Low High Yttrium(III) carbonate
compression stretching compression section) in a series of total
strength internal reflection. This
strength strength
Flexible Hard Flexible composite material has replaced
copper wires in video cameras
and connects computers in Local
Area Network (LAN).
Optical fibre consists of three layers; Copper(II) carbonate High electrical resistance
The innermost layer is the core Barium csrbonste at room temperature
-silica glass fibres (strengthening substance)
Oxygen
The core is encased in a second layer or cladding Photochromic glass
-glass or plastic (matrix substance)
The outermost layer
-plastic that acts as a protective jacket (matrix'
substance).
Photochromic Glass Silver chloride Photochromic Superconductor magnets are used
glass is glass in particle accelerators and
involved in Nuclear Magnetic
formed when Resonance (NMR) machines and
glass (matrix
substance) is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
combined with machines.
silver Photochromic glass protects the Transparent Transparent Transparent
chloride, user from UV rays and is suitable Does not to visible Absorbs UV
AgCl and for use in car windows, building absorb UV
copper(I) windows and camera lenses. rays light rays
chloride, Not Absorbs UV The
absorption of
CuCl sensitive to rays UV rays
(strengthenin light Sensitive to depends on
g substance). light
light intensity
intensity
Discussion
(Test Yourself)
Test Yourself 8.1
1. Atoms in pure iron are arranged in an orderly manner and in layers in an orderly
manner and in layers.
(a) What is the effect of atom arrangement in pure iron on the ductility malleability
of the metal?
When a force is applied, the layers of atoms slide over each other. Pure metal is
soft, that is ductile and malleable.
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Test Yourself 8.1
1(b) Iron alloy can be made by mixing some carbon into molten iron. How
does the arrangement of atoms in the iron alloy affect the hardeness of
the alloy?
Foreign atoms (carbon atom) disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms
in pure iron. The layers of atoms are harder to move or slide over
each other. Thus the addition of carbon strengthens the structure of
iron and makes iron stronger and harder
.
2. The purity of gold is measured in carats (K), 24 carat gold is pure gold without
the addition of any other metal whereas 18 K gold is a mixture comprising of 18 units
by mass of gold with 6 units by mass of other metal such as copper.
(a) What is the role of copper in 18 K gold?
To make gold harder and stronger.
(b) Calculate the composition percentage by mass in 24 g of 18 K gold.
% gold = 18/24 × 100 = 75%; % copper = 6/24 × 100 = 25%
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Test Yourself 8.1
3. Justify the following statements.
(a) Stainless steel is used to make washing machines.
Washing machines are in contact with water. Water and oxygen cause
metals to rust. Stainless steel is resistant to corrosion.
(b) High voltage electric cables are made from aluminium alloy.
Electrical cables are hung on tall poles. Aluminium alloy has low
density.
(c) 15 K gold is used to make rings.
Pure gold is soft. Gold alloy is harder and stronger.
END OF TEST YOURSELF 8.1
Test Yourself 8.2
1. Silica is used to make all types of glass.
(a) State the type of glass that is made up of only silica.
Fused silica glass
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Test Yourself 8.2
1(b) Soda-lime glass contains alkali metal ions. Name the ion.
Sodium ion
2. A sample of borosilicate glass has composition of 80% silica, SiO2,
15% boron oxide, B2O3, and 5% alumina, Al2O3.
Calculate the mass of each component in the borosilicate glass sample
with mass of 1 kg.
Mass of silica, SiO2 = 80/100 × 1000 g
= 800 g
Mass of boron oxide, B2O3 = 15/100 × 1000 g
= 150 g
Mass of alumina, Al2O3 = 5/100 × 1000 g
= 50 g
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Test Yourself 8.2
3. Aini's mother : Aini, do not store food in lead crystal glass
containers.
Aini : Why not, mother?
Based on the conversation above, explain the advantages and
disadvantages of using containers made from lead crystal glass:
Advantages:
• The transparent property enables the food in the container to be
visible
• Can be easily cleaned and does not leave any traces
• High heat resistance
Disadvantages:
• Heavy because lead glass has high density
• Risk of lead poisoning, as lead can dissolve and diffuse into food
END OF TEST YOURSELF 8.2
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Test Yourself 8.3 solid element and non compound.
1. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Ceramic is a non
metal; organic
(b) Give three examples of substances that make up ceramics.
Carbon, titanium carbide, silicon carbide
2. Silicon carbide is an example of advanced ceramic that has a hard structure and
diamond-like properties. Can silicon carbide be used to make drinking glass?
Explain.
Can because:
• Hard and strong, that is, not easily broken
• Chemically inert, that is, safe to be used
• Has low expansion coefficient or resistant to heat, that is resistant to thermal
shock
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Test Yourself 8.3
Cannot
• Expensive to produce
• Not transparent
3. Kaolin is a white clay used to make white pottery. What substance
must be added to produce green coloured pottery. Explain.
Iron(II) oxide. Iron(II) compound conta
ins Fe2+ ions that give it a
green colour.
END OF TEST YOURSELF 8.3
Test Yourself 8.4
1. Concrete is an example of composite material that has been used since ancient
times.
(a) What is the meaning of composite material?
Combination of two or more non-homogeneous substances
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Test Yourself 8.4
1(b) Is concrete suitable to be used to build the pillars of buildings?
Explain.
Not suitable. Concrete is resistant to compression but is brittle due
to its weak stretching strength.
(c) Explain how concrete may be reinforced.
The stretching weakness of concrete can
be strengthened by inserting
steel rods in concrete.
(d) State two uses of reinforced concrete.
To build bridges and buildings
2. Fibre glass is made by immersing glass fibre in molten plastic.
(a) Name the matrix substance and strengthening substance used to make fibre glass.
Matrix substance: plastic; Strengthening substance: fibre glass
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Test Yourself 8.4
(b) Explain why fibre glass is suitable to be used to make water storage
tanks.
• Has high strength-weight ratio
• Strong and durable (resistant towards compression and stretching
forces)
• Does not pollute the water that it stores (chemically inert)
• Low building cost
3. Optical fibre has replaced copper wire in the transmission of information and
data.
(a) Name three structures that make up an optical fibre.
• Protective jacket
• Sheath layer
• Core
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Test Yourself 8.4
(b) How does optical fibres transmit information and data?
To transmit information and data in the form of light reflection
(c) Compare the usage of optical fibres and copper wires in high
definition cable TV network.
Fibre optics use light that can send information faster than copper
wire. Fibre optics have wider band with
compared to copper wire.
4. Photochromic glass is a composite material which is always used to make car
windows.
(a) State the main component in photochromic glass.
Glass, silver chloride and copper(I) chloride
(b) Which component in is sensitive to UV light?
Silver chloride
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Test Yourself 8.4
(c) State two other uses of photochromic glass.
• to make building windows
• to make camera lenses
END OF TEST YOURSELF 8.4
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References Source
1. Chemistry Textbook Form 4
2. Google
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy
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