Depression

DEPRESSION

Everything You Need to Know
About Depression

complied by SMNC 38

PATCHARIDA AREEPORM

SUMET WILASRI

SURADSAWADEE POLMONTRI

CONTENT

1 What is depression
2 Depression symptoms
3 Depression causes
4 Treatment for depression
5 Depression test
6 Depression and anxiety

7 Depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)
8 Depression with psychosis

9 Depression in pregnancy

10 Preventing depression
11 Outlook for depression

Depression What is depression ?

1

Depression is classified as a mood disorder. It may be described as
feelings of sadness, loss, or anger that interfere with a person’s
everyday activities.

Though depression and grief share some features, depression is
different from
grief felt after losing a loved one or sadness felt after a traumatic life
event. Depression usually involves self-loathing or a loss of self-
esteem, while grief typically does not.

In grief, positive emotions and happy memories of the deceased
typically accompany feelings of emotional pain. In major depressive
disorder, the feelings
of sadness are constant.

People experience depression in different ways. It may interfere with
your daily work, resulting in lost time and lower productivity. It can
also influence relationships and some chronic health conditions.

It’s important to realize that feeling down at times is a normal part of
life. Sad and upsetting events happen to everyone. But if you’re
feeling down or hopeless on a regular basis, you could be dealing
with depression.

1

Depression Depression symptoms

2

General signs and symptoms

Not everyone with depression will experience the same symptoms.
Symptoms can vary in severity, how often they happen, and how long
they last.

If you experience some of the following signs and symptoms of
depression nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, you may be living
with depression:

feeling sad, anxious, or “empty”
feeling hopeless, worthless, and pessimistic
crying a lot


feeling bothered, annoyed, or angry

loss of interest in hobbies and interests you once enjoyed
decreased energy or fatigue
difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
moving or talking more slowly
difficulty sleeping, early morning awakening, or oversleeping
appetite or weight changes
chronic physical pain with no clear cause that does not get better
with treatment (headaches, aches or pains, digestive problems,
cramps)
thoughts of death, suicide, self-harm, or suicide attempts

2

Depression Depression causes

Common causes include:

Brain chemistry. There may be a chemical imbalance in parts of
the brain that manage mood, thoughts, sleep, appetite, and
behavior in people who have depression.

Hormone levels. Changes in female hormones estrogen and
progesterone during different periods of time like during the
menstrual cycle, postpartum period, perimenopause, or
menopause may all raise a person’s risk for depression.

Family history. You’re at a higher risk for developing depression
if you have a family history of depression or another mood
disorder.

Early childhood trauma. Some events affect the way your body
reacts to fear and stressful situations.

Medical conditions. Certain conditions put you at higher risk,
such as chronic illness, insomnia, chronic pain, Parkinson’s
disease, stroke, heart attack, and cancer.

Substance use. A history of substance or alcohol misuse can
affect your risk.

Pain. People who feel emotional or chronic physical pain for long
periods of time are significantly to develop depression.

3

Depression Depression causes

Risk factors for depression can be biochemical, medical, social,
genetic, or circumstantial. Common risk factors include:

Sex. The prevalence of major depression is twice as high in females
as in males.
Genetics. You have an increased risk of depression if you have a
family history of it.
Socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status, including financial
problems and perceived low social status, can increase your risk of
depression.
Certain medications. Certain drugs including some types of
hormonal birth control, corticosteroids, and beta-blockers may be
associated with an increased risk of depression.
Gender identity. The risk of depression for transgender people is
nearly 4-fold that of cisgender people, according to a 2018 study.
Substance misuse. About 21 percent of people who have a
substance use disorder also experience depression.
Medical illnesses. Depression is associated with other chronic
medical illnesses. People with heart disease are about twice as likely
to have depression as people who don’t, while up to 1 in 4 people
with cancer may also experience depression.

The causes of depression are often tied to other elements of your
health.

4

Treatment for depression

Depression

4

Medications

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressant medications and
tend to have few side effects. They treat depression by increasing the
availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin in your brain.
People who are pregnant should talk to their healthcare professionals
about the risks of taking SSRIs during pregnancy. You should also use
caution if you have narrow-angle glaucoma.

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
SNRIs treat depression by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine in your brain.
SNRIs should not be taken with MAOIs. You should use caution if you have
liver or kidney problems, or narrow-angle glaucoma.

5

Treatment for depression

Depression

Psychotherapy

Speaking with a therapist can help you learn skills to cope
with negative feelings. You may also benefit from family or
group therapy sessions.

Psychotherapy, also known as “talk therapy,” is when a
person speaks to a trained therapist to identify and learn to
cope with the factors that contribute to their mental health
condition, such as depression.

Psychotherapy has been shown to be an effective
treatment in improving symptoms in people with
depression and other psychiatric disorders.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uses electrical currents to induce a
seizure, and has been shown to help people with clinical depression. It’s
used in people with severe depression or depression that is resistant to
other treatments or antidepressant medications.

Side effects include headaches, nausea, muscle aches and soreness,
and confusion or disorientation.

Patients may also develop memory problems,
but these usually reside in the weeks
and months after treatment

6

Depression Depression test

5

There isn’t a single test to diagnose depression. But your healthcare provider
can make a diagnosis based on your symptoms and a psychological
evaluation.

In most cases, they’ll ask a series of questions about your:

moods
appetite
sleep pattern
activity level
thoughts

It’s important not to ignore symptoms of depression. If your mood doesn’t
improve or gets worse, seek medical help. Depression is a serious mental
health illness with the potential for complications.

If left untreated, complications can include :

weight gain or loss
physical pain
substance use disorder
panic attacks
relationship problems
social isolation
thoughts of suicide
self-harm

7

Depression Depression and anxiety

6

Depression and anxiety can occur in a person at the same time. In fact,
research has shown that over 70 percent of people with depressive
disorders also have symptoms of anxiety.

Though they’re thought to be caused by different things, depression and
anxiety can produce several similar symptoms, which can include:

irritability
difficulty with memory or concentration
sleep problems

The two conditions also share some common treatments.

Both anxiety and depression can be treated with:

therapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy
medication
alternative therapies, including hypnotherapy

If you think you’re experiencing symptoms of either of these conditions or
both of them, make an appointment to talk with your healthcare
professional. You can work with them to identify coexisting symptoms of
anxiety and depression and how they can be treated.

8

Depression Depression and obsessive-compulsive

7 disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It
causes unwanted and repeated thoughts, urges, and fears (obsessions).

People diagnosed with OCD frequently find themselves in a loop of
obsessions and compulsions. If you have these behaviors, you may feel
isolated because of them. This can lead to withdrawal from friends and
social situations, which can increase your risk for depression.

This dual diagnosis is a concern with children, too. Their compulsive
behaviors, which may be first developing at a young age, can make them
feel unusual. That can lead to withdrawing from friends and can increase
the chance of a child developing depression.

9

Depression with psychosis

Depression

8

Depression with psychosis
Some individuals who have been diagnosed with major depression may
also have symptoms of another mental disorder called psychosis. When the
two conditions occur together, it’s known as depressive psychosis.
Depressive psychosis causes people to see, hear, believe, or smell things
that aren’t real. People with the condition may also experience feelings of
sadness, hopelessness, and irritability.
The combination of the two conditions is particularly dangerous. That’s
because someone with depressive psychosis may experience delusions
that cause them to have thoughts of suicide or to take unusual risks.
Understanding the risk factors and possible causes can help you be aware
of early symptoms.

10

Depression Depression in pregnancy

9

Depression in pregnancy
Pregnancy is often an exciting time for people. However, it can still be
common for a pregnant woman to experience depression.

Symptoms of depression during pregnancy include:
changes in appetite or eating habits
feeling hopeless
anxiety
losing interest in activities and things you previously enjoyed
persistent sadness
troubles concentrating or remembering
sleep problems, including insomnia or sleeping too much
thoughts of death or suicide
The risks for depression can continue after the baby arrives. Postpartum
depression, which is also called major depressive disorder with
peripartum onset, is a serious concern for new mothers.

11

Depression Preventing depression
10

Depression isn’t generally considered to be preventable. It’s hard to
recognize what causes it, which means preventing it is more difficult.
But once you’ve experienced a depressive episode, you may be better
prepared to prevent a future episode by learning which lifestyle changes
and treatments are helpful.
Techniques that may help include:

regular exercise
getting plenty of sleep
maintaining treatments
reducing stress
building strong relationships with others
Other techniques and ideas may also help you prevent depression.

Read the full list of 15 ways you may be able to avoid depression.

12

Depression Outlook for depression
11

Depression can be temporary, or it can be a long-term challenge.
Treatment doesn’t always make your depression go away completely.
However, treatment often makes symptoms more manageable.
Managing symptoms of depression involves finding the right combination
of medications and therapies.
If one treatment doesn’t work, talk with your healthcare professional.
They can help you create a different treatment plan that may work better
in helping you manage your condition.

13

How to fight depression?

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