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Published by abigaileubank15, 2019-03-12 16:58:18

Assigment 1 Citizenship

Assigment 1 Citizenship

Table of content

Content

Introduction …………………………………………………… 1
Original Article 1 ……………………………………………… 2-5
(Marginalized, stigmatized, discriminated, and violated, people living with
HIV/AIDS)
Picture1 ……………………………………………………… 6
Article 2 ………………………………………………………... 7-9
(Stigma, discrimination hurting fightagainst AIDS)
Picture2………………………………………………………. 10

Article 3 ………………………………………………………. 11-13
(Face of HIV/AIDS improves - health official)
Picture3 ……………………………………………………… 14
Meme ………………………………………………………… 15
Video ………………………………………………………… 16
Reference …………………………………………………… 17

Introduction

HIV/AIDS have beenoneof the leading causeof death in the world. This is due
to the fact that these individuals have been marginalisedand their rights have
been violated. This electronic scrapbook is geared to looking on persons living
with HIV/AIDS. This scrapbookwill help to informreaders on the ways in
which people living with HIV/AIDS have been marginalized and the ways
their rights have beenviolatedandaffected. Readers will also hear the voiceof
otherwriters, see pictures and watchvideos on the growing problemin our
society.

This scrapbookwill be beneficial to different individuals in society as they gain
an understanding of what people go throughwho have HIV/AIDS and also
waysin which they can help to make their lives better.

Marginalized, discriminated, stigmatized
and violated people living with
HIV/AIDS

Mrs Abigail Eubank March 15, 2019

In 1981 the world first came face to face with a new virus that destroys the human
immune system when five young males checked into hospitals in Los Angeles with
highly compromised immune systems. They were known as the AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome) patients. Dr Jay Levy at the University of California,
had identified the cause as a new retrovirus, subsequently named Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV (Peters 2018).
Dr Barnes 2018 define HIV as “a virus that attacks the immune system, our body’s
natural defence against illness and AIDS as describes a set of symptoms and illnesses
that happen at the final stage of HIV infection, if left untreated” For many years
people have been suffering silently with this virus because they are afraid of what the
public thinks and might do. This has therefore led to the increase in the amount of
people that have the disease as people are no longer sharing their status but still have

unprotected sex and infecting others. Persons living with the HIV virus have been
marginalized and their rights have been and is still being violated.

Marginalization of people living with HIV/AIDS
Marginalization is when an individual or group is put into a position of less power or
isolation within society because of discrimination. Marginalization can have a large
impact on their mental health and well-being, making it more probable that they will
infect others because of the fear of sharing their HIV status with persons they are
intimate with (Leonard 2007). When an individual is marginalized, they are unable to
access the same services and resources as other people and it becomes very difficult to
have a voice in society.

People living with HIV have been marginalized in many ways because of the myths
and misconceptions that society has brought forth. Myths such as the way it is
transferred from one individual to another. According to CDC 2018, only certain body
fluids such as blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk from a person
who has HIV can transmit HIV. Because people do not know this or refuse to be
educated about it, people living with the virus is scorned, unable to find jobs, unable
to enter relationships, unable to have stable friendships, and sometimes ultimately
refuse to get the necessary help needed.

Human rights being violated

Human rights are intricately linked with the spread and impact of HIV on individuals
around the world. A lack of respect for human rights helps to spread and worsens the
impact of the disease (Jeria 2018). People living with HIV/AIDS rights have been
affected and violated in different areas:

Discrimination and Stigmatization

People living with HIV/AIDS have experienced stigmatization and discrimination
from the public as they have many misconceptions and myths on the virus. This
causes the individual to suffer both the burden of the disease and the consequential
loss of other rights. “Stigmatization and discrimination may obstruct their access to
treatment and may affect their employment, housing and other rights. This, in turn,

contributes to the vulnerability of others to infection, since HIV-related stigma and
discrimination discourages individuals infected with and affected by HIV from
contacting health and social services” (Kenneth 2016).

Impedes an effective response

Strategies to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic are hampered in an environment where
human rights are not respected. “For example, discrimination against and
stigmatization of vulnerable groups such as injecting drug users, and sex workers,
drives these communities underground” (Gilmour 2016). Because of this it prevents
this populations from receiving medical help. This therefore increases their
vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Likewise, the failure to provide access to education and
information about HIV or treatment, care and support services, further fuels the
HIV/AIDS epidemic. These elements are essential components of an effective
response to HIV/AIDS, which is hampered if these rights are not respected

Strategies that can be put into place
HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give
them a hug. Heaven knows they need it (Princess Dianna).

There are several recommendations that can be made in helping to improve and
facilitate the inclusion of HIV/AIDS victims into regular societal activities. One such
recommendation is educating the public on HIV/AIDS. Growing up, I was told a lot of
negative things about people living with HIV and the ways in which it can be passed
from one person to another. Being young I believed almost everything I was told until
I grew up and was educated on the topic. “Educating the public through seminars,
YouTube videos, testimonials and also brochures is a great way to get the public to
understand more about HIV/AIDS” (Oliveras 2013). This will help in clearing up the
various myths and misconceptions the public has on how the virus is transferred and
also how to treat persons living with the virus.

Another recommendation is to promote and protect the human rights of the individuals
affect by HIV/AIDS. Their rights have been violated in so many different ways, as
they have been discriminated and stigmatized by the public. Laws could therefore be

put into place to protect these individuals. These laws will ensure that they are treated
equally and given the same respect as any normal human being.

Finally, counselling could be provided to people living with HIV/AIDS. Many HIV
positive victims suffer from low self-esteem, suicide, stress and depression. It is
therefore important that they are given counselling which will help them to know that
they are valued in society. Also, it will help them to change their mind set and look at
life in a more positive light.

HIV/AIDS was made known through five young men, but today it is one of the
leading cause of death in the world. It is very important that these persons are treated
like human beings and not differently. Because of many misconceptions they have
been mistreated, discriminated and stigmatized which leads to their rights being
violated. It is therefore important that the public is informed, laws put in place and
counselling given to the victims.



Stigma, discrimination hurting fight
against AIDS

Published: Saturday | June 17, 2017 | 12:00 AM
Dr Denise Chevannes

Stigma and discrimination continue to hinder the national drive to raise public
awareness about the facts relating to HIV and AIDS more than 35 years after Jamaica
officially acknowledged its first case. Detected in 1982, HIV is present in all 14
parishes, and while there has been substantial progress in getting affected persons to
realise that being HIV positive is not a death sentence, public misconceptions about
the realities of HIV and AIDS are putting more people at risk.
"There is a perception that HIV is a curse. As a woman, they think you might have
been promiscuous, and [then] there is the perception that men who are HIV positive
are also engaged in sex with men. There is also stigma and discrimination, one has to
admit, on the part of some health care workers. So stigma and discrimination is what
keeps many persons out of care," Dr Denise Chevannes-Vogel, executive director of
the National Family Planning Board Sexual Health Agency, told The Gleaner last
week.

This is particularly painful in light of the strides Jamaica has made in terms of out-
patient care for persons who are HIV positive, Chevannes-Vogel explained.

Jamaica has adopted a test-and-start approach, in that once the CD4 (a test used to
assess the immune system) shows it has been compromised to a certain level, only
then would therapy begin.

"Now, the evidence is [that] as soon as somebody is diagnosed as being HIV positive,
you link them into care and they must be retained in antiretroviral therapy. When they
are retained in antiretroviral therapy, they go into what is called viral suppression,
where they don't transmit the virus anymore. One can't say that there is a cure because
they still have the virus, but the virus is no longer replicating and causing damage and
being transmitted, and so it is possible to have persons in viral suppression, which is
the ultimate goal," Chevannes-Vogel pointed out.

...Greater public interest needed

The gains made in the treatment of HIV in Jamaica are at serious risk of being
undermined as affected persons continue to wilt under the glare of public pressure
predicated on misinformation.

Dr Denise Chevannes-Vogel, who brought greetings at the recent public launch of
findings from 'Barriers Behind Bars' - a report completed in 2016 by the CARICOM's
Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV and AIDS (PANCAP) in partnership with the
Stand Up For Jamaica - appealed for greater public interest with a view to becoming
more informed on the subject matter. This is particularly important in light of the
country's ambitious goal to achieve the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets, she told the
audience at the Knutsford Court Hotel in New Kingston.

"The goal is that by 2020, 90 per cent of all people living with HIV will know their
HIV status; 90 per cent of all people diagnosed with HIV will receive sustained
antiretroviral therapy; 90 per cent of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will
have viral suppression. The ultimate aim is that AIDS will be eliminated as a public-

health threat by 2030. This is very much in alignment with achievement of the
Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to poverty, health, and
gender inequalities, as well as our Vision 2030 mandate," Chevannes-Vogel said.



Face of HIV/AIDS improves - health
official

Published: Sunday | June 7, 2016

Dr Kevin Harvey ...We find that most people are willing to sit beside, hold hands,
talk to and even take care of somebody who is HIV-infected. - Photos by Ian
Allen/Staff Photographer
There has been a significant shift in the face and image of HIV/AIDS in Jamaica from
one of persons being ill, losing a lot of weight, and hardly being able to help
themselves, to one of an image of being a regular Jamaican.
JAMAICA has come a far way as it relates to the treatment of persons living with
HIV/AIDS, according to Dr Kevin Harvey, senior medical officer in the Ministry of
Health's HIV/STI Control Programme.
Addressing a recent Gleaner Editor's Forum, Harvey disclosed that there had been
significant gains in the last five years in the management and care of persons who are
HIV-infected.
"We find that most people are willing to sit beside, hold hands, talk to, and even take
care of somebody who is HIV-infected, particularly family members. This has been a

significant shift we are seeing now," Harvey told the forum, which was held at the
newspapers, central Kingston head offices.

Harvey added: "We still have a challenge where persons refuse or have difficulties
buying food or eating from somebody who they know to be HIV-infected; but they are
more willing to allow their children to go to school with HIV-infected individuals and
work alongside them."

Ministry of Health estimates indicate that of the 27,000 persons who are living with
the disease, 18,000 are unaware of their status.

IMAGE SHIFT

Harvey said that there had also been a significant shift in the face and image of
HIV/AIDS in Jamaica from one of persons being ill, losing a lot of weight, and hardly
being able to help themselves, to one of an image of being a regular Jamaican.

"We are saying you cannot tell by looking; anybody sitting beside you or working
with you can be HIV-infected and you don't know," said Harvey.

He attributed this to the affordable treatments that were now available.

Harvey told the gathering that in 2003, it cost somewhere between $20,000 to $30,000
each month for anti-retroviral drugs.

Now, the most expensive regime costs approximately $9,000 per month, and is free in
the public sector.

Harvey also revealed that the test to monitor persons who were HIV-infected had been
reduced from $10,000 to $3,000.

Persons living with HIV are now living longer, Harvey also revealed. He said before
the introduction of anti-retroviral drugs, the average life span after being diagnosed
with the disease was one year.

"Now, we have people who are diagnosed with AIDS up to five years, and some
people who have been on, before our major programme up to 14 years of anti-
retroviral drugs and are living healthy, happy lives," Harvey reported.







References

Barnes, T. (2019, February 26). What are HIV and AIDS? Retrieved from
https://www.avert.org/about-hiv-aids/what-hiv-aids

CDC. (2018, October 31). HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC. Retrieved
from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html

Chevannes, D. (2017, June 17). Stigma, discrimination hurting fight against AIDS.
Retrieved from http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20170617/stigma-
discrimination-hurting-fight-against-aids

Civil Rights. (2018, March 19). Retrieved from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/living-well-
with-hiv/your-legal-rights/civil-rights

Dianna, P. (n.d.). quotes on hiv and aids images. Retrieved from
https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=quotes+on+hiv+and+aids&FORM=HDRSC
2

Gilmour, A. (2016). OHCHR Home. Retrieved from
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx

Harvey, K. (2016, June 7). Jamaica Gleaner News - Face of HIV/AIDS improves - health
official - Lead Stories - Sunday | June 7, 2009. Retrieved from http://old.jamaica-
gleaner.com/gleaner/20090607/lead/lead6.html

Jeria, M. (2018, September 1). OHCHR HIV/AIDS and Human Rights. Retrieved from
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HIV/Pages/HIVIndex.aspx

Kenneth, T. (2016). OHCHR HIV/AIDS and Human Rights. Retrieved from
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HIV/Pages/HIVIndex.aspx

Leonard, L. (2007). The Role of Stigma & Marginalization | ARCH. Retrieved from
https://www.archguelph.ca/role-stigma-marginalization

Oliveras, E. (2013, March 31). Implementing HIV/AIDS Education: Impact of Teachers'
Training on HIV/AIDS Education in Bangladesh. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3702355/

Peters, T. (2018, October 19). Origin of HIV & AIDS. Retrieved from
https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/origin


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