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AW101 Introduction to Occupational Safety And Health - CHAPTER 1- Occupational Safety And Health 1

CONTENTS • Define the concepts of OSH • Explain the history of OSH • Explain the importance of safety in the workplace • Describe the majors safety terminologies • Classify types of accident AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 2

WHAT IS OSH? “OSH is a study concerned with protecting the safety, health & welfare of all peoples engaged in work place or employment.” 3 *Peoples = Including workers, co-workers, employers, personnel, stakeholders, family members, customers, suppliers, nearby communities and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace environment. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12

AIM of OSH • The goal of OSH is to foster a safe work environment. • As a secondary effect, it may also protect anybody who are impacted by the workplace environment. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 4

CONCEPT of OSH • Safety First – all actions must take safety first (unsafe act and behaviors are main causes to an accident). • All peoples are exposed to hazards at work place. • All peoples should be protected from risks at work place (e.g. use PPE). • Work place must safe & healthy. • Reduce human error at workplace. • The workload and occupational environment must suitable with worker’s physiological and psychological capabilities. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 5

THE ROLE of OSH Occupational safety & health should aim at; • the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; • the prevention amongst workers from harm caused by their working conditions; • the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; • the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; • the adaptation of work to man and the adaptation of each man to his job. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 6

History of OSH (1) OSH role existence since 120 years ago. The history, can be explained in 5 eras: 1. Steam Boiler Safety Era - before 1914 2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 till 1952 3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 till 1967 4. Industrial Safety and Hygiene Era – 1970 till 1994. 5. Occupational Safety and Health Era – after 1994. Source: http://www.dosh.gov.my/ AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 7

History of OSH (2) 1. Steam Boiler Safety Era - before 1914 ➢ Job relating safety first was establish in Malaysia on 1878 when Mr. William Givan was appointed as Inspector of Boiler. ➢ Safety aspect of steam boilers, which was usually used in tin mines ➢ In 1892, there were 83 steam boilers in the state of Perak. ➢ Boiler surveyor system was terminated in 1900. ➢ Selangor Steam Boiler 1892. ➢ Perak Boiler Enactment 1903. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 8

History of OSH (3) 2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 till 1952 ➢ 1st of January 1914, the steam boiler enactments of the Allied Malay States were abolished and were replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1913. ➢ Inspectors were not only to inspect steam boilers but also had to inspect machineries, including selfcombustion engines, water turbines and other related auxiliary machineries. ➢ Job title of Inspector of Boiler was also abolished and was replaced with Inspector of Machinery and Assistant Inspector of Machinery. ➢ Machinery Enactment of 1913 was abolished and replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1932. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 9

History of OSH (4) 3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 till 1967 ➢ Machinery Department form in 1953, ➢ In 1953, all of the machinery enactments of the Allied Malay States (Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu), NonAllied Malays States (Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu) and Strait States (Negeri-Negeri Selat) were abolished and replaced with the Machinery Ordinance 1953. ➢ 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act (FMA)1967 was approved by the Parliment. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 10

History of OSH (5) 4. Industrial Safety and Hygiene – 1970 till 1994 ➢ 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 and eight regulations under the act were enforced. ➢ 1970, Factory & Machinery Department (FMD) is formed ➢ Machinery Ordinance 1953 was abolished. ➢ The inspectors who enforce the act are renamed as Factory and Machinery Inspector. ➢ Overcome the weaknesses in the Machinery Ordinance 1953. ➢ 1984, Petroleum Safety Unit was established under FMD. Petroleum Act 1984 was established. ➢ 1975, Industrial Hygiene Unit was established for biological control, contamination control & hearing protection. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 11

History of OSH (6) 5. Occupational Safety and Health Era – after 1994 ➢ The Factory and Machinery Act 1967 cover 24% of the nation’s total man power because it only cover Industrial and machinery occupational sector. ➢ OSHA is established to overcome the weakness of FMA 1967. ➢ 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, OSHA (Act 514) is established. ➢ OSHA is approved by the Parliament in 1993 and was gazetted on February 1994. ➢ It cover all occupational sector EXCEPT Armed Forces sector and Merchant Shipping sector. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 12

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 Perak Boiler Enactment 1903 Machinery Enactment 1913 / 1932 Machinery Ordinance 1953 Factory and Machinery Act 1967 Petroleum Act 1984 Selangor Steam Boiler Enactment 1892 AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 History of OSH (7) 13

Health factor Safety at workplace is importance to protect peoples from harm that effect body healthy. Moral factor to prevent from an accident that cause a depression and suffer to individual and their family. Business factor to prevent from an accident that cause a loss to properties and peoples which could decrease the productivity and profit. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 Why Safety Important? 14

Safety Terminology (1) • EMPLOYEE means a person who is employed for wages under a contract of service on or in connection with the work of an industry. • EMPLOYER means the immediate employer or the principal employer or both. • PRICIPAL EMPLOYER means the owner of an industry or the person with whom an employee has entered into a contract of service. [Source : OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994] AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 15

Safety Terminology (2) • HAZARD is something that can cause accident if not controlled. • CAUSE is actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident. [Source: Official Journal of the European Union] (HAZARD = CAUSE) • OUTCOME is the harm/damage that results from an uncontrolled hazard (cause accident). AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 16

Safety Terminology (3) • EFFECT the outcomes resulted from an uncontrolled hazard such as injury, disease, damage, near-miss, loss. • HARM - the outcome that results from an uncontrolled hazards. • HARM is the loss to a human being; consequent on damage. Example: injury and disease. • DAMAGE is the loss of inherent quality suffered by an entity (physical or biological). [Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work] (OUTCOME = EFFECT = HARM = DAMAGE) 17 AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12

Safety Terminology (4) • INCIDENT is an event that occurs either planned or unplanned event and either caused good or bad outcomes. • ACCIDENT is an unplanned, unexpected event or occurrence which results in injuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property. [Source: wikipedia.org] • NEAR MISS is an event which did not result in injury or damage to property but had the potential to do so. • RISK is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved. [Source: wikipedia.org] AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 18

Types of Accident (1) Industrial accidents are disasters caused by occupational accident or disease that occur during the employment. [Source: Seksyen 2(6) AKSP 1969] • Slip,Trip & Fall of person - An accident caused by slips, trips or step on an object is moving or fragile. - Occur either fall from a height or at the same level. - Example: slipped from the slippery floor, stepped on moving objects, stationary objects stumbled, stepped on a fragile object, falling from a ladder. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 19

Types of Accident (2) • Struck by an object - An accident caused by crushed, beaten or struck by an hard object - Example: crushed by collapsed buildings concrete, struck by a moving object, struck by falling objects. • Striking Against - An accident due to be withdrawn by the moving and stationary objects. - Example: Clothing attracted by moving machinery, clothing caught and pulled by a stationary object AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 20

Types of Accident (3) • Caught in or between objects - An accident caused by trapped in an object or trapped between a stationary and moving objects. - Example: trapped in a broken elevator, stuck in the cracks of stone, trapped between the cracks of the concrete. • Burnt - An accident caused by fire. Occurs when the heat and fuel react in oxygen to produce a flame. - Example: fire caused by a short-circuit, oil spills and others. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 21

Types of Accident (4) • Overexertion / Strenuous Movements - An accident caused by overexertion or strenuous movements to move an heavy object causing serious injury to the muscles, joints and bones. - Example: trapped in a broken elevator, stuck in the cracks of stone, trapped between the cracks of the concrete. - This accident also occurred due to not knowing the proper technique in doing heavy work/object. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 22

Types of Accident (5) • Exposure to or contact with extreme temperature - An accident caused by exposure to extreme temperatures without any protection. - Example: scalded caused touch a hot object, working under the scorching sun without protection, working in freezing cold room without a protector. • Exposure to or contact with electric current - An accident caused by exposure to the source of electricity without any protection. - Example: High-voltage electric shock. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 23

Types of Accident (6) • Exposure to or contact with harmful substances or radiations - An accident caused by exposure to substances or harmful radiation without protection. - Example: inhaling toxic gases, burns caused by contact with corrosive acid that burns, contact with toxic chemicals, cough due to exposure to very dusty work environment, exposed to dangerous x-ray radiation. AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 24

Safety Sign • What is safety sign available now? • Find it… AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 25

Personal Protection Equipment • List type of PPE used in industry AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 26

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