Deep Learning Engage the World Change the World by Michael Fullan

Source: Copyright © 2014 by New Pedagogies for Deep Learning™
(NPDL)

Access to knowledge is no longer confined to books or teachers but is ever
evolving. In a recent trip to a used bookstore, one of us came across an
Encyclopedia Britannica published in the ’80s. It reminded us that we used to
worry about teaching students research skills to go down the hall to the
library and select from a relatively static set of resources. Fast forward to
today and the teacher’s role becomes one of ensuring students have the skills
and competencies to discern, critically assess, discover, and create new
knowledge using an almost limitless set of resources available online. Deep
learning is focused on using digital ubiquitously as seamless parts of the
learning rather than spotlighting the app or software of the week. In the past,
we mostly asked students to solve problems that have already been solved.
Today we have moved from asking our students to be consumers of

knowledge to asking them to apply their solutions to real-world problems.
The digital world gives us a mechanism to link to authentic audiences beyond
the boundaries of schools and for doing that on a global scale.

This myriad of options creates crucial decision points for teachers to make
about the thoughtful use of digital including media as an integral part of the
learning. The range of options is accelerating daily, so we do not attempt to
catalogue them here. Rather we recognize that in the learning design process,
teachers need to select the most appropriate form of digital from the vast
array of options and ensure that students have the skills to not simply use it
but to be discriminating in how they use it to build knowledge, collaborate,
or produce and share new learning. In practice, we are seeing this as an area
where students are often taking the lead in both identifying and selecting the
best uses of digital to enhance learning.

It is also the case that for developing countries and for students with special
disabilities that adaptive technology can play an inexpensive and rapidly
accelerating role in reaching tens of thousands of students operating in
dispersed communities. To a certain extent, our Uruguay cluster represents a
good example in this domain where the entire education system has made
great gains in the last decade by leveraging digital.

The final element of learning design is pedagogical practices. Normally
conceived in isolation—what are the best teaching practices available—our
model requires that they be integrated as part and parcel of the foursome that
constitutes the overall learning design.

Pedagogical Practices

During the process of determining what pedagogical practices will be most
effective at attaining the learning goals and success criteria, teachers must
consider the interplay between the four elements and how that feeds into the
selection of pedagogical practices (see Figure 6.4).

Recall the snapshots of deep learning classrooms we saw in Uruguay,
Finland, and Canada in Chapter 3, which conveyed a rich learning
experience that extends beyond the classroom walls, engages students
collaboratively, and ignites their passion. Teachers immediately recognize
that fostering this new process of learning has implications for them as
teachers and for every aspect of the teaching and learning process. In other
words, inspiration and strong moral purpose—“I want my students to learn in
this engaging way”—is not a strategy. Teachers also need to know how to
begin to move from traditional lesson plans and pacing guides without
jeopardizing student success. When we began talking with educators about
NPDL, the first question from teachers was “Does this mean that what I was
doing was wrong?” The answer is a resounding no. It’s not about throwing
out what we already know but putting a new lens of depth over many of the
effective pedagogical practices from the past that are essential for deep
learning and eliminating the outdated, ineffective ones. Beginning with a
deficit mindset is never productive; rather, teachers need support to select the
effective practices that should go forward and then learn how to infuse
innovative approaches. Teachers must develop deep expertise in
instructional and assessment practices if they are to maximize impact,
leverage digital, and accelerate learning.

Figure 6.4 • Pedagogical Practices

Source: Copyright © 2014 by New Pedagogies for Deep Learning™
(NPDL)

As we noted in the previous examples, we are seeing teachers who embrace
deep learning beginning to think in terms of creating deep learning
experiences and richer units of learning that provide time to develop the
competencies and often utilize teaching models such as inquiry, problem-
based, project-based, and multidisciplinary. These models most often require
the teacher to take on the role of activator and for students to engage in
choice and take responsibility for their learning. These longer learning
experiences most often engage students in authentic, relevant problems or
simulations where learning is applied. Most often this combination of choice,

more meaningful tasks, and increased student responsibility leads to
increased engagement—the first attribute suggesting a deeper learning
process. So how do teachers get started?

Teachers don’t need to start from scratch in selecting models but can draw
from a rich history of deep learning approaches. Constructivism, student
choice, and authentic learning are not new concepts; in fact, many educators
have long advocated for an approach that puts the student at the center and
provides meaningful, challenging opportunities to grow. Decades ago, Piaget
(1966) introduced his four stages of cognitive development and the notion of
learners building their own understanding. Seymour Pappert (1994) built on
the concept of constructivism and also saw computers as a natural tool for
problem-based learning to be used in an integral way that becomes seamless.
Montessori (2013) and the Reggio Emilia approach are built on strong
beliefs about early education and valuing the child as strong, capable, and
resilient, rich with wonder, deep curiosity, and potential that drives their
interest to understand their world and their place within it.

Teachers need to develop skills in drawing from a range of models to
prepare students who will be lifelong learners. Learning is a continual
process and now occurs in a variety of ways—through communities of
practice, personal networks, and completion of work-related tasks. Use of
technology is altering or rewiring our brains, and many of the processes
previously handled by learning theories (especially in cognitive information
processing) can now be off-loaded to, or supported by, technology. Models
of learning are evolving, and teachers need an extensive repertoire of
practices.

The graphic in Figure 6.5 provides a sampling of rich options for teachers to
make selections in designing learning experiences. We describe the new
pedagogical practices as a fusion of the most effective pedagogical
practices with emerging innovative practices that together foster the
creation and application of new ideas and knowledge in real life.

We describe the new pedagogical practices as a fusion of the most effective
pedagogical practices with emerging innovative practices that together foster
the creation and application of new ideas and knowledge in real life.

The global partnership operates as a living laboratory, and thus the graphic is
in constant evolution as new practices are refined and shared
collaboratively. In practice it means teachers are constantly honing a deep
knowledge of learning and assessment processes. They need to know how to
scaffold experiences and challenges, finely tuned to the needs and interests of
students and maximized through relevance, authenticity, and real-world
connections. Teachers need a wide repertoire of strategies to meet diverse
student needs and interests and a deep understanding of proven models such
as inquiry and problem-based learning. In addition to these foundational
effective practices, teachers are developing expertise in innovative practices
and uses of digital for both learning and assessment. Teachers are faced with
a tsunami of choices. There is no one way to design deep learning, but the
first step is to develop skill and knowledge of both foundational and
innovative practices so that teachers can activate learning seamlessly as the
learning experiences evolve. While this may sound daunting, we are finding
that the explicitness combined with the transparency as teachers share their
practices is making the learning and acquisition of new ways seamless and
exponential.

Figure 6.5 • Fusion of Effective Pedagogical and Emerging Innovative
Practices

Source: Quinn, J. Copyright © 2014 by New Pedagogies for Deep
Learning™ (NPDL)
Incidentally, in a playful moment we responded to our critics who observed
that we had some nerve claiming that we were dealing only with new
pedagogies. We readily acknowledge that there are new and old pedagogies
and that both categories encompass good and bad practices (Fullan &
Hargreaves, 2016). Hence the following fourfold figure in Figure 6.6.
Figure 6.6 • Old and New Pedagogies

Source: Copyright © 2014 by New Pedagogies for Deep Learning™
(NPDL)
There are good old pedagogies (e.g., constructivism), bad old pedagogies
(e.g., teacher talk), bad new pedagogies (e.g., aimless use of digital), and
good new pedagogies (e.g., learning partnerships). Deep learning is about
finding and developing the most powerful old and new pedagogies whether
they be treasure troves from the past or on the frontier of learning.

Deep learning is about finding and developing the most powerful old and new
pedagogies whether they be treasure troves from the past or on the frontier
of learning.

Be that as it may, precision of pedagogical practices is an essential
foundation for deep learning. Today bright spots of inquiry-based learning,
problem-based learning, project-based learning, integrative thinking,
knowledge building, and digital innovations can be found across schools and
countries. An example of building on the inquiry model comes from
Grovedale West Primary School in Australia.

Kids in Australia Building a Mini Library for Kids in Malaysia

Grades One and Two; Grovedale West
Public School, Victoria, Australia

The school has focused deeply on literacy for a number of years and used the inquiry
process. In Grades One and Two, a young boy dreamed of building a mini library for the
Malaysian community he was returning to, because he noted that there were not many
books available in that community and that they were very expensive. Teachers designed a
long-term project to bring his dream to life. They designed learning experiences for the
students that helped them collect books, write persuasive letters to publishers, design and
write their own stories, and organize fund-raisers to help pay for the shipping of over 600
books to Kuala Lumpur. My Mini Library has now been set up in Kuala Lumpur, and
negotiations are underway with the Malaysian education authorities to create a mobile
library that can take the books out to children in the suburbs of the capital city. The impact
did not stop there because the school has been shortlisted for the Order of Australia
Association’s Citizenship Awards based on this project.

In Video 6.2, Mini Library in Malaysia: Grovedale West Primary School
(available at www.npdl.global), you can see how Grovedale West students
are able to articulate how their actions have made a difference to their lives
and the lives of others and the process teachers used to foster the learning.

This learning experience was designed collaboratively across the school.
Teachers utilized the inquiry model but blended it with specific literacy
strategies, incorporated scaffolding so that all students could contribute, used
enhanced cooperative learning approaches to build collaboration, and
utilized digital to connect with experts, corporate partners, and the municipal
leaders in Malaysia. Teachers were not able to make all the pedagogical
decisions in advance, but as the learning goal became clearer, they could
intentionally draw from a repertoire of shared pedagogical practices to tailor
the learning experience. The impetus for this experience arose from the
interest and voice of one student, but they were able to amplify that as the
other voices of students sought to be part of the endeavor.

This element of our model—pedagogical practices—is crucial in building a
pathway for students to develop their competencies. As we just saw at

Grovedale West, new pedagogical practices are fostering new relationships
and ways of interacting because students take greater control of their own
learning. The second element of learning design—learning partnerships—is
evolving because teachers use their professional knowledge and expertise to
engage with students, families, and community in new ways.

Making the Four Elements Gel

There is not one cookie-cutter approach to facilitating deep learning. The
four elements combined with the 6Cs are helping thousands of teachers ask
critical design questions and be more intentional in developing learning
experiences that challenge and extend the learning to make it deep.
Our Australian cluster created a template (see Figure 6.7, also available at
www.npdl.global) that serves as a visual organizer for design.

Figure 6.7 • Elements of Deep Learning Placemat Organizer

Source: State of Victoria (Department of Education and Training)
The use of the placemat organizer has spread across the seven countries as a
way to consider all four elements of design and combine them visually. The

natural global spread is a strong validation that teachers value a framework
for their thinking.

Focusing on the four elements has grounded design efforts and provides a
starting point for collaborative and individual planning. As noted by a cluster
leader, “A strength has been being able to talk about and identify depth, look
at how we’ve grown over a year, and say where we are on the continuum of
the four quadrants of the new pedagogies framework. That’s where we’re
building strength” (personal communication, July 2016). Clarity about the
6Cs combined with common language, understanding, and powerful
pedagogies are helping teachers identify new pedagogies in action. This
growing precision in outcomes and the learning process is establishing
conditions for deep learning to take off on a massive scale.

Final Thoughts

Using the 6Cs and the four elements in learning design provides a powerful
foundation for learning. Partnerships—Chapter 5—are a catalyst for much of
our deep learning developments. While the lone learner can still be a viable
option for some, and while all of us should have the capacity to learn on our
own, in the end it is the combination of autonomy and collaboration that
makes the learning world go round. Learning is a social phenomenon—
increasingly so in the digitally connected world.

The other three elements—environment, digital, and pedagogy—make up the
set. Moreover, all three are undergoing constant innovation. This means that
deep learning itself must be dynamic. We think that we have a solid
framework, and we see it as one capable of generating and absorbing change
—adaptive if you like. Finally, our whole schema is based on the assumption
that the learners “out there” are the main source of fuel for the future.

In the meantime, these learners are serving up deep innovation after deep
innovation. We close off this chapter with six exemplars that show how some
of our partners are incorporating the four elements and the 6Cs to create deep
learning experiences.

What propels learning in all these examples are the collaborative processes
that build capacity and accelerate the shift from current to future practices.

Call in the Clean-Up Buddies

“We’re not just worrying about problems. We’re doing things.” Empowered words
from an 8-year-old. He and his class participated in a yearlong outdoor interdisciplinary
inquiry program. What started off as a short stream study project evolved into a yearlong
call to action.

Here’s what happened: While students were conducting their stream study, they noticed
garbage on the trail and decided to do something about it. So they teamed up with their
Grade One friends and cleaned up the litter. They all returned to school, created sculptures
with the plastic bottles, and presented their concerns to the school assembly. But they
weren’t done yet. They needed to better understand what motivates people to litter. So they
created a survey and hit the streets to learn from community members. But they weren’t
done yet. Jen Wroe, their teacher, introduced them to Google Hangouts, documentaries, and
online biologists and researchers. She continues, “They discovered how to input their
garbage data collection to the Litterati Website . . . then decided to apply for funding from
Learning for a Sustainable Future to fund a sign on the Millennium Trail to educate users.
Students wrote the funding proposal themselves.”

“A great way to show kids how to be involved in your community
and how to initiate change. Shows them by empowering them that
they are not ‘just kids’ they are members of our community and
have a voice.” (Parent)

“The kids were able to really see how their actions can bring real
change to the town and environment. These skills will lead them
to be stronger and more conscientious adults.” (Parent)

Next, they decided to present their concerns to the Parks and Recreation department of
their municipality. Each student prepared a slide of information. That’s when the mayor
heard about these kids. He invited them to present to town council and initiate a media
campaign. The students then hooked up with a local Grade Eleven media class and designed
posters for town council. And by then, it was June.
Deep learning is a forever process and, as these Grade Three students demonstrated, can
make a real difference in the world.
Grade Three Source: Jen Wroe at Queen Elizabeth PS, Renfrew County
Failure Is Where Learning Begins

Teacher Andrew Bradshaw had an interesting problem. His Grade Twelve engineering
students were consumed by achievement at the expense of their own learning; they were
chasing grades rather than embracing creativity and deeper understanding. Bradshaw says,
“Creativity in the engineering process is an often overlooked. . . . There is a real danger for

engineering students to abandon their creativity in the pursuit of ‘safe’ and proven methods
of obtaining good grades and ‘winning’ products.”

So for 2 short weeks, Bradshaw posed a challenge for students that focused on creativity,
character, and critical thinking: They had to apply their technical expertise as well as their
innovative minds to develop a new solution to a $10 Sumo Bot. Students would design,
source, build, and program a digital sumo bot, then compete against each other.

“Failure should not be the end. It should be the beginning of the
learning.” (Student)

“This challenge was a great opportunity for creative people to
thrive, but also a terrifying experience for noncreative people.”
(Stude nt)

Bradshaw introduced students to creative thinking theory, and then together they set out
success criteria that included taking risks, frugal resourcing, building rationale, and reflecting
on the learning. Students learned to manage their time and built prototypes, while Bradshaw
guided them on the side. A community-based engineering partner also came in a few times
to work with the students.

Bradshaw explains, “Without exception, all students liked the project. . . . They liked
converting junk into functional components. They liked the freedom of designing at will
rather than being limited to what I provide in class. I like this aspect of it too.”

As well, students learned to be creative with time and resource constraints—a real-world
problem engineers encounter. Perhaps the most illuminating reflection comes from Erika, a
student, “This challenge was a great opportunity for creative people to thrive, but also a
terrifying experience for non-creative people.” Normalizing risk and failure is a key part of
the learning process. Failure is where learning begins.

Grade Twelve Computer Engineering Source: Andrew Bradshaw at Stratford Central
SS, Avon-Maitland

Curiosity Is Instinctive

Two teachers set out to try a new approach to teaching biology and literacy skills
with their 12-year-old students. With a forest next door to the school, they assigned the
students the following task: to adopt a small area of the woods and study it closely over time
by taking notes, photographs, and measurements. Students were asked to keep a digital
diary of what they were observing.

“Lessons were carried out without teacher interference. I only
gave advice and motivated students.” (Teacher)

Curiosity is instinctive. Deep learning is natural.

Technology was a natural for this outdoor learning task. Students used two-in-one Surface
devices to capture the information they were collecting and interviewed external experts
using Skype. They generated new knowledge and learning artifacts and used OneNote and
Sway to convey the learning.

And the insights that emerged could not come from a textbook. By carving out their own
little space in the woods and studying it over time, students began to notice the
microwonders that live there—the trees, insects, soils, flora and fauna, the changes in
seasons, and the effects of climate change. They were learning how to see a familiar forest
with new eyes and feel a greater appreciation for the fragile species that inhabit it. And

through that experience, students acquired competencies in character, citizenship, and
critical thinking.

The students weren’t the only ones surprised by what they observed. The teachers noticed
that when they released responsibility to the students and provided them with choices,
students thrived. As one teacher said, “It was enjoyable to watch the children work self-
reliantly and enthusiastically.” Curiosity is instinctive. Deep learning is natural.

Grade 7 Source: Moison Koulu and Tommi Rantanen in Turku

Take a Load Off

We all know about teacher workload. And sometimes that workload is literal. Every day
teachers juggle with iPads, books, and materials as they move from class to class or from
their car to the building. At Sacred Heart School, teachers put this nuisance to students’
innovative minds and challenged them to collaboratively create a wheeled invention that
could manage their stuff more efficiently.

“The challenge the teachers set for the children was an amazing
learning experience—my son came home and shared the most he
ever had with us.” (Parent)

“We flipped it and students taught us how their inventions
worked.” (Teacher)

To begin, the teachers created a humorous video clip to situate the problem and invite
students into the design challenge. Then a “bring your own wheels” day followed, immersing
students into the theory and practice of how wheels work. Students investigated propulsion
systems, energy transfer, and rubber band mechanisms. They also participated in a QR code
hunt to learn more about transporting loads safely.

The students worked in collaborative, mixed age and ability groups to design their solutions.
They focused on critically analyzing each other’s ideas and plans. Parents, too, were
engaged as partners, digging up gently used materials like old prams and wheel belts for
students to use. Together students and parents built and tested prototypes. Students
presented their final inventions to the teachers, explaining their thinking behind their
inventions and their reflections about the learning process.

Authentic design challenges are all around us. And when students are given an opportunity
to solve a real problem, it can not only be motivating and resonating for students, but also
take a real load off teachers.

Grades Three to Five Source: Olivia Currie and Kath Clark at Sacred Heart

Rethinking Giving

Who doesn’t love a pajama day? The Waimea Heights Primary School community had
been enjoying pajama days for years, so much so that it just became part of the school
culture. Somewhere along the way, they had lost sight of why everyone came to school in
fuzzy slippers. Teachers wondered whether students really were aware of other needs in
the world and why giving was important.

So the students tried to better understand poverty—its causes, its ubiquity, and some
solutions. Using digital technologies and connecting to partners, the students learned about
microfinancing and crowd sourcing and how these small loans changed lives. By raising as
little as $25, the students could be empowered to loan money to business start-ups anywhere
in the world, and their loan would be returned to fund new loans, donate, or withdraw the
money.

“It’s a real life issue and not a work sheet.” (Student)

“It has shown us that there are people out there who have to work
extra hard just to do what we do every day.” (Student)

That motivated students to get busy on their own plans to raise $25 or more. The plans had
to show originality, cost effectiveness, and independence. One group chose to make and sell
homemade jellies in the community. Another student set up a donation box in a local hospital;
she created the slogan, “Make a change with your change.” Another group grew
sunflowers from seeds and sold them. Once the fundraising projects were launched, the
students researched the microloan requests and made informed decisions about where to
channel the dollars they had collected. One student reflected on this learning, “It is good for
us to know how it feels to lend money to those who barely have enough money to buy food
and clean water. It also requires students to come up with their own ideas and plans. To get
a result, the students must also be able to carry out plans they have created.”
This deep learning strategy gave everyone pause to reflect. As one teacher remarked,
“We’re rethinking how we give.”
Years Five and Six Source: Pip Banks-Smith, Philippa Clymo, Peter Illingworth, Lynne
Murray, and Emily Roberts at Waimea Heights Primary

Chocolate Can Be Bitter

At Livingstone Primary School, students learned that world economics isn’t always
sweet. Through simulations, online research, class discussions, and visits from guest
speakers like Oxfam, students explored the issue of fair trade and free trade practices and
their impact on workers within the chocolate industry. When the kids uncovered the harsh
reality, they chose to take action.
They decided to thoroughly research organizations of their choice then follow up with letters
—and they didn’t mince words. One student levelled this remark, “We are astounded that

your widely renowned business is not following Fair Trade practice.” Another exclaimed, “I
was horrified by how many horrible things were done to people who lived in Bangladesh and
Africa. This must stop!” And another railed, “You stock merely eleven fair trade items,
which is positively pathetic!” Such passion from 12-year-olds! But what are they learning?

“I was horrified by how many horrible things were done to people
who lived in Bangladesh and Africa. This must stop!” (Student)

“Important partners of my learning were my peers. . . . They made
me think deeper into arguments which helped us when we wrote
the Fair Trade letter.” (Student)

In their reflections, students shared how an authentic task like this one amped up their
overall engagement and also their skills in communicating and critical thinking. One student
said, “Using SOLO maps has been helpful for me as it helped show me where I was
missing information. . . . It was challenging for me to think of how to word my letter, but
eventually I had it written in a way I was happy with.” Another student reflected, “Another
thing I found challenging was finding reliable websites because all chocolate brand websites
wanted to make a good impression saying they had goals to become fair trade though they
weren’t doing too well.” Other students valued the support from peers and acknowledged
how collaboration supports the learning process.

Who knew chocolate could promote the 6Cs—citizenship, character, communication, critical
thinking, creativity, collaboration—in the deep learning classroom?

Years Five and Six Source: Jessica Morgan, Alee Cole, Caleb Webb, Jessica Burke,
Zahara Forte, Alicia Wallwork, Claire McCubbin, and Ryan Forte at Livingstone Primary

“Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much more.”

—Helen Keller

Chapter 7 Collaboration Counts Inquiry
That Shifts Practice

Cultivating Collaboration and Capacity

Of all the conditions that fuel deep learning, collaboration is at the heart of
them. It is not collaboration as an end in itself (people can collaborate to do
nothing or to do the wrong thing). Because deep learning involves
innovation, and highly focused and specific new practices, it requires means
for developing and accessing good ideas. If teachers are to make a rapid shift
to using the new pedagogies, they need support from working with others to
identify effective practices in their repertoire and to push new thinking and
innovative practices. In a recent study of deeper learning in high schools, Jal
Mehta (2016) noted,

With all the talk of 21st-century skills and deeper learning, you
might think that we have moved into an era where doing this kind
of teaching and learning was the rule and not the exception. That
couldn’t be further from the truth. We can hope someday that we
move to a world in which the larger systems are organized to
incentivize and support deep learning, but we are not living in that
world today. This means that teaching in the ways that promote
deeper learning for all students is a subversive and countercultural
act.

While there will always be the teacher outliers, the pioneers who are able to
transcend the system and create pockets of excellence, we are interested in
how to help large numbers of teachers, ultimately all teachers in a school,
district, or jurisdiction, take on the new pedagogies that foster deep learning.
We cannot rely on individual teachers to turn the tide one by one, but rather
need an approach that mobilizes whole schools, districts, and systems to
rethink their practice and provides models for that reflection and action
planning.

We cannot rely on individual teachers to turn the tide one by one, but rather
need an approach that mobilizes whole schools, districts, and systems.

Schools that are on the move toward building precision in deep learning
begin by cultivating a culture of learning for both the educators and the
students. If the teachers and leaders are not thinking deeply, it’s unlikely they
will create those conditions for their students. The schools and districts that
are cultivating cultures of learning and moving most quickly with the new
pedagogies build capacity using a range of strategies.

If the teachers and leaders are not thinking deeply, it’s unlikely they will
create those conditions for their students.

Strategies for Cultivating a Culture of Learning

Establish norms and relationships that foster transparency of practice
Build common language and skills in using a research-based instructional repertoire
Create intentional mechanisms for identifying and sharing innovative practices
Provide sustained opportunities for teachers to build their capacity—knowledge and
skills—in using the new practices with feedback and support

What Is Capacity Building?

We started using the term capacity building over a decade ago to illustrate
that much more than professional learning was required to make substantive
long-lasting change in classrooms, schools, and systems. Capacity refers to
the skills and competencies that individuals and groups must acquire to
accomplish something of value. Thus mobilizing and sustaining whole system
change consists of

collective capacity, which we define as the increased ability of
educators at all levels of the system to make the changes needed to
improve results; and
capacity building, which is defined as the process of developing the
knowledge, skills, and commitment of individuals and organizations to
achieve improved results.

Capacity building is still a broad term, so it is essential that schools and
districts assess starting points and then identify precisely the content for their
capacity building efforts. The four components of the coherence framework
can provide an organizer for identifying the sets of skills and knowledge that
must be developed in any organization focused on continuous improvement
and innovation.

Four Areas for Capacity Building

1. Change leadership—building shared focus, strategy, and commitment of diverse
groups

2. Collaboration—developing relationships and cultures of learning that learn from the
work

3. Pedagogy—increasing precision in pedagogical practices that deepen the learning
for all

4. Assessment—expanding skills in identifying evidence, monitoring progress, and
measuring impact

Transforming the learning-teaching process requires a sustained,
multidimensional approach to capacity building that cultivates a culture of
learning while fostering the acquisition and practice of new skills,

knowledge, and attitudes. In our deep learning work, capacity building
opportunities are fostered at all levels—classroom, school, district/cluster,
and globally—and include

Developing a shared knowledge and understanding of a set of tools and
processes to design and measure deep learning
Institutes that are multiday sessions with immersion in aspects of deep
learning, and global deep learning labs that bring together practitioners
and experts regionally and globally to share their expertise and build
new knowledge
Resources and exemplars of deep learning experiences created by
teachers that are hosted on the deep learning hub that is a
communication, collaboration, and data collection platform

The diversity of access and range of supports are designed to meet the varied
needs. A key feature of all approaches is to amplify and accelerate the
learning of new practices by leveraging collaborative learning. In previous
chapters, we outlined the global competencies that are the heart of deep
learning and described the four elements that foster their development. This
chapter zeros in on one powerful process, collaborative inquiry, which is
part of our comprehensive capacity building approach to deep learning.
Collaborative inquiry helps teachers, schools, and districts to examine
current models, practices, and assumptions for learning and to design systems
that create the conditions that will support deep learning to flourish. While
this process is used at every level of the New Pedagogies for Deep Learning
(NPDL), we focus in this chapter on the powerful role it plays in enhancing
the learning design and assessment process in schools and classrooms, as
depicted in Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1 • Collaborative Inquiry Supporting Learning Design

Source: Copyright © 2014 by New Pedagogies for Deep Learning™
(NPDL)

The Collaborative Inquiry Process

What is collaborative inquiry, and why is it important?

Collaborative inquiry is a process that explores the professional wonderings
and questions of educators by examining existing practices and assumptions
through engagement with colleagues. This process has gained prominence as
a powerful strategy for change because it simultaneously promotes
professional learning and contributes directly to improved student learning
(Comber, 2013; Ontario Ministry of Education, 2014b; Timperley, 2011).
Collaborative inquiry is not only a method for problem solving and refining
individual practices but also a system approach for using evidence of student
learning to build collaborative school teams and generate shared
professional knowledge that can be applied. Finally, while students and
student work are the focus of collaborative inquiry, increasingly we are
seeing students playing a role in the process as partners. Students are
beginning to participate in identifying areas of inquiry, capturing evidence of
their learning, and assessing that learning. Students become experts of their
own learning experience. Collaborative inquiry is thus a powerful and
practical form of capacity building that gives adults a deep learning model
and experience that mirrors what we are hoping they will do with students.
Engaging in this process creates a stance of openness to new learning and
enables educators to work together to focus their professional learning.

NPDL supports teachers and students in a continuous process of
collaboration in shaping deep learning experiences, as well as providing a
method to assess the progress of learning and inform future learning
experiences.

The modified collaborative inquiry process depicted in Figure 7.2 has four
simple phases (adapted from the Deming Institute, n.d.).

Figure 7.2 • Collaborative Inquiry Process

Source: New Pedagogies for Deep Learning™ (NPDL). Retrieved from
www.npdl.global/Deep Learning Hub.

We examine next two ways this modified collaborative inquiry process is
supporting a significant shift of practices in our NPDL partnership:

1. Learning Design—collaborative design of learning experiences; and
2. Moderation—a collaborative process of assessing student growth and

assessing the quality of the learning designs to foster deep learning.

Collaborative Learning Design

Getting started in deep learning design accelerates when teachers collaborate
within and across schools and when they have protocols, examples, and a
process for working together. Connecting face to face or virtually with those
who share your goals helps with problem solving the challenges and with
committing to stick with new behaviors. This common focus on deep learning
and the intentional sharing of practices leads to collective cognition and a
realization by teachers that they are not working in isolation.

The collaborative process to design deep learning experiences uses the four
phases.

Designing Deep Learning Experiences
Collaboratively

Phase I: Assess

The first phase begins with assessing where students are, considering the
curriculum expectations, and building on student interests to establish
learning goals and success criteria. Learning goals are established based on
an assessment of student needs, strengths, and interests as well as proficiency
in the six global competencies. Success Criteria are identified to describe
the evidence that would document that the learning goal has been achieved.
Mixed method assessment is used to assess the degree of understanding and
skill development.

Phase II: Design

The second phase involves designing learning experiences that engage
students in acquiring the competencies to meet the learning goals and success
criteria. This step includes the selection of the most effective pedagogies,
consideration of the learning partnerships needed, development of an
environment that fosters a culture of learning, and use of digital that
leverages learning. Working collaboratively on these learning designs
increases innovation because teachers are stimulated by the ideas of other
teachers and the students themselves. While time consuming initially,
teachers find that the protocols help them focus their energies, and after the
first few designs, they can build on each other’s expertise, are more
innovative, and actually save time as they share the design workload.

Phase III: Implement

During the learning experience, the teacher monitors the learning, scaffolding
as needed, asking questions, and guiding deeper discoveries by asking
questions such as: “ How well are the students learning?” “What evidence do

I/we have of the learning?” “What do students need next to deepen their
learning?” During this phase, teachers may observe in each other’s class or
share responsibility for students by grouping across classes for specific tasks
or interests. Students develop skills in both peer and self-assessment.
Students may even begin to lead the learning. As one teacher put it, “I used to
think it was scary to let the students lead the learning, and now I think that it
is one of the most valuable ways to create authentic learning for students as it
allows them to take ownership and develop new ways to learn, express,
share, and create their thoughts and ideas.”

Phase IV: Measure, Reflect, Change

In the final phase of the process, teachers collaborate to document student
learning. They consider a broad range of formal and informal assessment
evidence from student work products and performances to measure growth in
both academic content and competencies to inform their decisions. Student
data then feeds into the next cycle of learning and provides rich input for the
next learning design.

Skilled users of collaborative inquiry describe this process as a way of
thinking about the work rather than being separate from the normal work.
Sharing the learning designs across grade teams, departments, schools, and
even globally provides vivid and powerful glimpses of what may be
possible. Teachers view these exemplars of learning experiences not as
something to be replicated but as a catalyst for thinking about how to deepen
the learning of their own students.

One exciting evolution of the global partnership has been the development of
global challenges. A global challenge poses a problem or inquiry that is of
interest to a wide range of learners and invites teachers and schools from
countries to participate. Students create products or outcomes over the same
period of time. They use digital platforms for idea generation and iteration.
The creative process of solving a common challenge, while taking into
account different country perspectives and contexts, triggers meaningful
dialogue, deepens knowledge, and fosters critical thinking. View the design
prompt for a recent Deep Learning Task: UN Rights of the Child, in Figure
7.3.

Students and teachers across the globe took up the challenge and then shared
their work on Twitter during a Deep Learning Lab held for 400 teachers and
leaders in May 2017. This connectivity of teachers, leaders, and students is
impressive. We are seeing that the language of deep learning has crossed
country borders so that students and teachers can come together virtually or
face to face and have highly impactful conversations of depth. There is a
positive contagion that is helping the ideas spread like wildfire. On the next
few pages, following Figure 7.3, we have captured a few of the student
products that were posted as tweets to give you a glimpse of the passion for
humanity that emerged.

Figure 7.3 • Global Challenge: UN Rights of the Child, Canada

Source: Designed by Avon Maitland School District, Ontario, Canada
(April 2017). Thanks to the staff of the Avon Maitland District School
Board.

Two students made this sketchnote for #npdlchildrights on a ceiling tile for
child labor.

An infographic advocating children’s right to join clubs and make friends
with other children. #npdlchildrights

My action plan is that I will contact my MP (member of parliament) to help
keep kids safe from kidnapping.

My team is building H2O filters to remove mercury for FNMI (First Nations
Metis Inuit) communities. #npdlchildrights @ocdsb @TheGlobalGoals

Students shouldn’t be taken from their families. #npdlchildrights

Madison and Miranda, you have the right to a name. You have a right to a
nationality. #npdlchildrights @scdsb

It is the right of every child to have an identity #npdlchildrights
#kirkkonummi #veikkolankoulu at Kirkkonummi, Suomi.

Teachers and students use the deep learning competencies to anchor the
design of deep learning experiences such as this global challenge. Teachers
then share the learning designs and student work samples in what we call
exemplars. These examples demonstrate the richness that evolves as the
common language and understanding guides the work and serves as a catalyst
for creating even more deep learning. The four elements of learning design
examined in Chapters 5 and 6 guide teachers to create environments that use
new partnerships, pedagogies, and digital to accelerate and amplify learning.
The next stage of inquiry is to collaboratively look at the results of the
learning designs and make decisions for subsequent steps during the
moderation process.

Collaborative Assessment

The fourth phase of the collaborative inquiry process—measure, reflect,
change—can be very powerful, and yet it is often the most neglected in day-
to-day practice. Time to collaborate is scarce; it is more expedient to assign
grades than look deeply into the quality of learning; and meaningful
professional dialogue takes skill and knowledge. However, we have seen
that the process of collaborative assessment (what we call moderation) of
student work products and performances results in a deeper understanding of
what the students have learned and builds professional reliability and
validity for a more consistent determination of progress. The power of the
process lies in the professional discussion about the learning and the sharing
of effective strategies in preparing for the next stage of learning. This
professional discussion generates new knowledge and is a catalyst for
refining practice. In short, moderation is a strategy to examine and improve
pedagogical practice.

The power of the process lies in the professional discussion about the
learning and the sharing of effective strategies in preparing for the next
stage of learning.

In NPDL, we have used the process of moderation to engage teachers, other
school leaders, and NPDL leadership teams at all levels of the partnership in
professional dialogue centered on deep learning design, implementation,
measurement, and outcomes. After teachers have designed, implemented,
assessed, and reflected on a chosen deep learning experience, they have the
opportunity to assemble and share examples. Deep Learning Exemplars are
the examples of learning design, implementation, assessment, and outcomes
that describe how deep learning develops and what it looks like in action.
The intention is to develop a shared language and understanding around deep
learning—its design, outcomes, and the new pedagogies that most effectively
develop the 6Cs for all learners. The process provides teachers and leaders

with examples of deep learning that can be leveraged in their own local
contexts.

Moderation occurs at three levels:

School—After teachers have shared their Deep Learning Exemplars
with one another, participants engage in professional dialogue
(moderation) to discuss the degree to which exemplars demonstrate and
foster deep learning.
Cluster—Once schools have selected their deepest examples and
shared them with their cluster or district team, cluster and school
leaders, along with teachers, engage in a similar moderation process to
select the richest examples of deep learning experienced in their cluster
or district. These exemplars are then submitted for moderation (further
collaborative assessment) at the global level.
Global—Global moderation consists of a multi-week process in which
groups of country leaders and teachers engage in discussion around new
pedagogies, deep learning, and review the submitted deep learning
experiences. The process results in the selection and sharing of globally
moderated Exemplars throughout NPDL and to the wider education
community. We take up the global moderation in more detail in Chapter
9.

Let’s Consider the Typical Process at a School

Creating a culture of trust and transparency is essential for moderation to
thrive. Successful moderation requires strong protocols, skilled learning
partnerships among teachers and leaders, and the development of a culture of
learning. One way to build the culture of trust and transparency is to establish
shared norms. The four norms below have helped NPDL schools initiate,
support, and accelerate the use of collaborative inquiry and the moderation
process.

Four Norms to Accelerate the Collaboration

1. Assume the teacher has provided his or her best thinking at the time.
2. Presume that all details of the task and the thinking behind it cannot be fully shared

within this example.
3. Be slow to judge. Recognize that we cannot fully know all that occurred in the class

before this task or what will happen after.
4. We all need to assume a learning stance.

Teachers select a deep learning experience that will be moderated
(examined) by peers. They provide an outline of the learning goals, success
criteria, competencies addressed, and the new pedagogies used. They may
describe the learning design using the four elements to identify the
pedagogical practices selected, the types of learning partnerships and how
they were fostered, the learning environment that was utilized both inside and
outside the classroom, as well as how they have leveraged digital to
facilitate or amplify learning. They include samples of students work and the
mixed methods they used to assess student progress during the learning
experience. This may be done in a grade level team, by department at a high
school, or by vertical or mixed teams as a professional experience.

Using a protocol to establish behavioral norms guides the discussion and
makes the best use of time. Providing behavior prompts and sentence starters
can enhance open sharing and more positive engagement (see Figure 7.4).
This is especially important while people are gaining confidence in sharing.

Figure 7.4 • Protocol for Collaborative Assessment (Moderation)

Source: Adapted from Gardner, M. (2016). Retrieved from
www.npdl.global/Deep Learning Hub.
Participants use the behavioral prompts to guide them through the four steps
of examining the work.
Step 1: All participants review the learning design and student work
independently and use the tools and rubrics to assess both student progress
and the quality of the learning design, assessing how well it fostered
acquisition of the 6Cs.
Step 2: Participants discuss the learning design and multiple sources of
evidence provided in the student work samples and the rubrics. As a group

they reach consensus on where they would collectively rate the learning
design on the four elements (learning partnerships, learning environments,
leveraging digital, and pedagogical practices) and how they would rate the
student progress.

Step 3: As teachers moderate the student work to assess progress, they begin
to use that data to inform the next steps in student learning.

Step 4: As teachers look more deeply at student progress, they often note that
students could have made more progress if the learning experience had been
designed differently.

The increased precision in pedagogy that emerges from the deep professional
dialogue is building teacher confidence and leading to more innovative
practices that meet the relevant needs of all students. The same elements that
contribute to deep learning for students have been as crucial for adults.

Learning Redesign

When teachers collaboratively examine learning designs and student
progress, they build a deeper understanding of how students learn and how
design decisions can influence that learning. The insights have strongly
influenced changes in practice and led us to create a protocol for the
learning redesign process as an extension of the final phase of the
collaborative inquiry cycle—Measure, Reflect, Change. Learning redesign
has become a powerful capacity building approach because as teachers
become more transparent in their practice day by day, they see new ways to
improve learning designs that will impact their students’ progress. The
power of this is illustrated in an experience shared by our Australian cluster.

Wooranna Park Primary School’s Redesign of the Enigma Mission

Teachers determined that they needed to provide a deep learning experience that gave all
students a rich foundation for selecting their inquiry.

1. They started with a literacy base linked to the curriculum. Students had a choice of
thought provoking novels such as The Hunger Games and I Am Malala. All the
novels related to an overarching theme of interdependence, which is part of the
collaboration competency. A wide range of pedagogical practices was used to
deepen student thinking such as live forums, symposiums, and Socratic circles.

2. Next, teachers deepened the learning by exploring five themes across all the texts:
racism, poverty, government structures affecting change, slavery, and people making
a difference. Once again they were deliberate in using a range of pedagogical
practices: provocations, immersion videos, excursions, and discussions.

3. Students were supported to make connections and explore different perspectives.
4. At this stage, students then developed their own enigma mission and inquiry question

and the method they would use to action their mission. This step came after an
extensive range of learning experiences that extended student thinking and options.
Again teachers used a range of pedagogical practices including peer review, student-
led portfolios, schoolwide feedback, and presentations to an external panel.
5. The final step was moving to action. Students used the research from their enigma
mission to develop a way to action their findings in the real world. These actions
ranged from working in local soup kitchens and running English lessons for Afghani
immigrants to developing films that raise awareness of refugee issues.

Early in the NPDL journey, Wooranna Park Primary School, State of
Victoria, Australia, created their first deep learning unit, titled The Enigma

Mission. They used the six competencies as a foundation and established
learning goals and success criteria that challenged the 10- to 11-year-old
students to pursue a passion project using the inquiry model. They captured
the student experience on video and noted that students explored a range of
areas from paleontology to DNA. The high degree of student engagement,
student voice and choice, articulateness of goals, and depth of inquiry are
evident in Video 7.1, Wooranna Enigma Mission, at www.npdl.global. The
final step of the process was to assess collaboratively the student work and
progress.

Figure 7.5 • Wooranna Park Primary School Redesign: Measure,
Reflect, Change

Source: Wooranna Park Primary School, State of Victoria (Department
of Education and Training). Thanks to Jennie Vine, Assistant Principal;
Anessa Quirit, Grade 5/6 teacher; Grade 5/6 staff 2015; Ray Trotter,
Principal; teaching staff, students, parents, and community partners of
Grades 5 and 6 during 2015.