Local Curriculum Grade 8

s= xfdf| ] gu/kflnsfsf] gfd s] xf] / of] s;/L ag]sf] 5 <
v= xfdLn] gu/ ljsf;df s] s:tf sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5f}F <
u= s/ eg]sf] s] xf] < xfdLn] s/ lsg ltg{k' b{5 <
3= o'jfx¿;Fu b]zn] s] s/' fsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 <
ª= tkfOFsf] ljrf/df b]zelQm eg]sf] s] xf] <
#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] sIffsf %÷% hgf ;fyLx¿ ldnL ljBfnosf] jl/kl/ / 5/l5d]sdf ;/;kmfOsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng

u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .
v= sIff ^ / & sf efOalxgLx¿nfO{ e]nf u/]/ xfd|f] ;db' fo / gu/kflnsfk|lt xfdf| ] st{Jo / hjfkmb]lxtf

ljifodf Ps lbgsf] hfu/0f sIff ;~rfng ug{x' f];\ .
u= tkfOFsf] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ æxfdf| ] st{JoÆ zLif{sdf s]xL kf]:6/x¿ tof/ u/L laxfgsf] k|fy{gf

;dodf b]vfpgx' f];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL 43

kf7 M$
;sf/fTds ;fr] sf] ljsf;

/l;nf M ljgo Û stf lxF8]sf] < lgs} xtf/df b]lvG5f} lg <
ljgo M dxfnIdL gu/kflnsf sfof{no lxF8]sf] d t .
/l;nf M To:tf] s] sfd cfOk¥of] s'lGg <
ljgo M kf;kf]6{sf] l;kmfl/; agfpgsf nflu xf] . d}n] t sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg] ljrf/
u/]F .
/l;nf M ltdL t hflu/ klg vfFb} lyof} clg PsfPs lsg ljrf/ abNof} t <
ljgo M x]/ /l;nf Û g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf eP kf] < tna klg lgs} sd 5 .
To;dfly aGb, x8\tfn, c;'/Iff, dxFuL / kmf]x/d}nfn] oxfF a:g klg lbSs nfUg
yfln;Sof] .
/l;nf M ltdL s] s/' f ub}{ 5f} ljgo < xfd|f] b]z ;kfg]{ xfdLn] g} xf]Og / < b]zdf ;d:of k/]sf
a]nf ljb]z knfog x'g' eg]sf] cfdfafa' la/fdL b]v]/ 5f]/f5f]/Ln] 3/ 5f]8]/ lxF8]h:t} g
xf] .
ljgo M ltd|f] s'/f t 7Ls} xf] t/ b]zdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f klg t x'g' k¥of] .
/l;nf M xfdL o'jfx¿n] kxn u¥of}F eg] ;a 7Ls x'G5 . b]zdf ePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf]
ko| f]u u/L pBdzLntf a9fpg ;lsG5 . To;af6 /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf x'G5 .

44 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

;/sf/nfO{ klg xfd|f] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfd|f] b]z ul/a /
cljsl;t ePsfn] ljb]zdf klg xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] OHht gePsf] xf] . o;/L xfdL
lg/fz x'g] cj:yf 5}g . k|fs[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgdf xfdL lgs} wgL 5f}F . ca
b]zsf nflu s]xL ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 ljgo .
ljgo M /l;nf Û ltdf| ] ;'emfjn] dnfO{ cfˆg} b]zdf s]xL ug]{ /x/ nfUof] . ca d
;fyLx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx u/L Pp6f gofF sfdsf] of]hgf agfpF5' .
/l;nf M ltdf| ] ljrf/ kl/jt{g ePsf] b]v]/ dnfO{ lgs} v';L nfUof] . d nufot ltdL;Fu
k9]sf ;a} ;fyLx¿ ltd|f] ;fydf 5f}F . ltd|f] of]hgf ;kmn xf];\ .
ljgo M d ltdLkl| t cfef/L 5' .

dflysf] ;+jfb cfh x/]s g]kfnL oj' fx¿sf] rrf{ / rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . Psftk{m b]zdf
ljBdfg kf| s[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgx¿ ;dl' rt ko| f]usf] cefjdf To;} v]/ uO/x]sf 5g\ . csf{tk{m g]kfnL
o'jfx¿ ljb]zL e"lddf cfˆgf] >d / kl;gf a]Rg afWo 5g\ . kl/jf/ kfNgs} lglDt ljb]zdf uO{ lgDg :t/sf]
>d ug{k' g]{ afWotf x6fpgsf nflu xfdf| ] b]zdf pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{k' 5{ .

jf:tjdf eGgk' bf{ xfdf| ] b]z k|fs[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgdf cToGt} wgL 5 . lxdfn, kxf8, pkTosf /
t/fO{ u/L ;a} vfn] ef}uf]lns agf]6 xfdf| ] ;G' b/tf xf] . v]tLof]Uo hldg, 3gf hËn, gbLgfnf h:tf
s/' fx¿sf] /fd|f] ;b'kof]u u/]/ b]zsf] ;dl' rt ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif, jg, pBf]u, ko{6g, hnljB't
nufotsf If]qx¿df pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df a9LeGbf a9L oj' fx¿nfO{ b]zdf /f]huf/L lbg
;lsG5 .

b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] cfd gful/sdf b]zk|ltsf] dfof / ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;
x'g' h?/L 5 . xfdf| ] b]z xfdL agfp5f}F eGg] c7f]6 / kl| ta¢tf cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . b]zdf ljBdfg
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg u/L ;z' f;g / ;'Gglt sfod ug{sf lglDt ;dfh ;]jfsf] efjgf, b]zelQmsf] efj
/ sd{7 xftx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cfd o'jfx¿ oxL efjgfsf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] v08df xfdL Ps
;d'Ggt /fi6«sf] gful/s eP/ cfˆg} b]zdf ;Ddflgt hLjg JotLt ug{ ;S5f}F .

xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL 45

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfleq pBdzLntfsf] k|r/' ;Defjgf xF'bfx'Fb} klg oxfFsf o'jfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf
lglDt ljb]lzg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . To;sf lglDt oj' fx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTdljZjf; hufpg' cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] . o; sfo{sf lglDt gu/kflnsfn] oj' f tyf /f]huf/ OsfO :yfkgf u/L ;ª\ul7t ¿kdf
sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb5 . To;sf ;fy} ljBfno txaf6} afnaflnsfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTd
lge{/tfsf] cleofg cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 .

;sf/fTds ;fr] tkm{ cfkm" nfO{ nh} fg] pkfox¿M
yy dgdf ;w}+ /fdf| s/' fx¿ v]nfpg],
yy c;n :jefj ePsf JolQm;Fu ;ª\ut ug]{,
yy kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf] enf] x'g] sfo{ ug]{,
yy ;b}j gofF s/' fx¿k|lt Wofg lbg],
yy g/fd|f afgL Jojxf/x¿ qmdzM TofUb} hfg],
yy c¿kl| t dfof, cfb/ / ;b\efj /fVg] cflb .

cEof;

!= tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f pko'Qm zAb egx{' f;] \ .
s= xfd|f o'jfx¿nfO{ :jb]zd} /f]Sg b]zdf ================ ljsf; ug{'k5{ .
v= xfd|f] b]z lxdfn, kxf8, pkTosf / ================ ldnL ag]sf] 5 .
u= b]z agfpg b]zelQmsf] efjgf / ================ xftx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
3= o'jfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r / ================ a9fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
ª= gu/kflnsfn] o'jf tyf ================ OsfO tof/ kfg{ ;S5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ .
s= ;sf/fTds ;f]r eGGffn] s] a'‰gx' 'G5 <
v= xfdLnfO{ b]zelQmsf] efjgf lsg cfjZos 5 <
u= g]kfndf pBdzLntfsf] s] –s:tf] ;Defjgf 5 <
3= g]kfnL oj' fx¿nfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 s;/L /f]Sg ;lsG5 <

46 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

ª= xfdf| ] gu/kflnsfn] o'jfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg s]–s:tf sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5 <
r= ljBfyL{x¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r Nofpg ljBfnox¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ < n]Vgx' f];\ .
5= tkfOFn] cfk"mnfO{ s;/L ;sf/fTds ;f]rtk{m nUg'ePsf] 5 < sg' } b;cf]6f aF'bf n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= kl/of]hgf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] sg' } ;fyL nfuk' bfy{ b'Jo{;gdf nfu]sf] yfxf kfpge' of] eg] p;nfO{ s;/L ;Demfpgx' 'G5 < Pp6f

5f]6f] ;+jfb tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
v= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ cfwl' gs / ;dG' gt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ Pp6f of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ .
u= …;sf/fTds ;f]r / pBdzLntfÚ ljifodf Pp6f ;fgf] n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 47

Kff7 M %
ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] dxŒj / pkof]u

dflg;x¿ cfocfh{g ug{sf lglDt ljleGg k];f /
Joj;fox¿df ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf
cltl/Qm ljleGg /rgfTds sfd ug{sf nflu wg rflxg]
x'gfn] wg sdfpg' x/]s dfG5]sf] k|dv' p2]Zo /x]sf] xG' 5 .
wg sdfpg], vr{ ug]{ / art ug]{ ;Lk;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo
ljQLo If]qdf kb{5 / To;sf] af/]df x'g] 1fgnfO{ ljQLo
;fIf/tf elgG5 . o;cGtu{t s;/L wg sdfpg / To;nfO{
;xL ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt
cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk Pjd\ lgsfox¿ kb{5g\ . jf:tjdf x/]s
gful/s ljQLo If]qsf] hfgsf/ x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

hflu/ jf k];f Joj;fodf ;+nUg eO{ k};f sdfpg' / cfh{g ul/Psf] cfDbfgLaf6 ;v' L / ;d'Ggt
hLjgofkg ug{' x/]s JolQmsf] p2]Zo ePh:t} /fHon] klg ;a} gful/s cfly{s ¿kdf ;Ifd agfpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s nufgL, pTkfbg, dg' fkmf cfh{gh:tf kIfx¿sf] 1fgaf6 dfq JolQm,
;dfh / /fHo ku| ltsf] kydf cufl8 a9\g ;S5g\ . cfhsf] ljsl;t ou' df t emg} cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf
ul/Psf cfly{s sf/f]af/x¿n] ;d]t /fi6«df ke| fj k/]sf] x'G5 . xfdf| ]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] cy{tGq cGo
b]zx¿df lge{/ ePsfn] klg ljZjs} ljQLo If]qsf] 1fg kf| Kt ug{' xfd|f] afWotfh:t} ePsf] 5 . xfdf| ]
b]zsf kf| s[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;dl' rt pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] t/ nfvf}F oj' fx¿ cfˆgf] /f]hL/f]6Lsf lglDt
ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf] oyfy{ xfdL;Fu 5 .

b]zsf] ;fwg / ;|f]tnfO{ clwstd pkof]u u/L cfocfh{g a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdljZjf;
;lxtsf] ljQLo lzIff g]kfnL oj' fx¿nfO{ cfjZos 5 . pBdzLntfsf lglDt nufgL h6' fpg] tyf Jojl:yt
ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u kb| fg ug]{ a}ª\s, kmfOgfG; sDkgL Pjd\ ;xsf/Lh:tf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] af/]df klg
;j{;fwf/0fx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/, /fi6« a}Fs nufot ljleGg ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ Pjd\
lgsfox¿n] klg cf–cfˆgf] sfo{qmdx¿ dfk{mt hgtfnfO{ ;;' "lrt ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . To;sf cltl/Qm ladf
sDkgLx¿n] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ;+/If0fdf ke| fjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

48 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

o; dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfleq klg ljleGg a}ª\s, ;xsf/L tyf cGo
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] :yfgLo hgtfx¿nfO{ ;]jf kb| fg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo
¿kdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ sfdsf cltl/Qm cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf hgtfx¿nfO{
;xh ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ gu/kflnsfn] ;xhLs/0f / lgodgsf/L e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . To;}u/L oxfF ;~rflnt ljBfno Pjd\ SofDk;x¿n] klg cfˆgf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ wg sdfpg] / pkef]u ug]{ ;jfndf cfjZos lzIff lbP/ ;xh
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;Defjgf vf]hL ug{ ;xof]u ug{k' b{5 . lstfaL 1fgsf cltl/Qm Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;d]t
;Dk"0f{ o'jfx¿nfO{ ljQLo If]qsf] 1fg lbg ;s]df cfˆg} b]zdf ;Defjgf vf]Hg ;lhnf] x'g] lglZrt 5 .


cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf vfnL 7fpdF f pkoQ' m zAb eg'{xf;] \ .
s= dflg;x¿ k};f sdfpgsf lglDt ljleGg k];f / ===================== df ;+nUg xG' 5g\ .
v= ;v' L / ===================== hLjgofkg ug{' x/]s JolQmsf] p2]Zo xG' 5 .
u= nfvf}F g]kfnL oj' fx¿ /f]huf/Lsf lglDt ===================== knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ .
3= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfleq ljleGGf ===================== tyf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ .
ª= o'jfx¿nfO{ lstfaL 1fgsf cltl/Qm ===================== 1fg ;d]t lbg'k5{ .

@= tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
s= ljQLo ;fIf/tf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < n]Vgx' f];\ .
v= b]zsf oj' fx¿nfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
u= ladf sDkgLx¿n] s] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ <
3= a}Fs tyf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] d'Vo sfd s] xf] <
ª= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfn] hgtfsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/df s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofO/x]sf] 5 <

#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] 3/ glhs /x]sf s'g} b; cf]6f ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
v= cleefjssf] ;xof]udf cfˆgf] gfdsf] afn art vftf vf]nL cfˆgf] k};f hDdf ug{ yfNgx' f];\ .
u= sIffsf ;a} hgf cfˆgf] lzIfs jf cleefjs;Fu glhssf] P=l6=Pd= -ATM_ ;]jfdf uO{ k};f lemSg]

tl/sf l;Sg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL 49

kf7 M ^
cfTdljZjf; / lg0fo{ lng ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;


dfG5] r]tgzLn kf| 0fL xf] . cfˆgf] al' ¢, ljj]s /
cfTdljZjf;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} pm ;j{>]i7 kf| 0fLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
ePsf] xf] . dfgj hfltsf] ljsf;sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf p;sf]
cfTdljZjf; xf] . cfTdljZjf;cGtu{t d ;S5' eGg] efjgf kb{5
. dfG5]sf c;Lldt rfxgf, ;w}F gofF s]xL u/f}F eGg] efjgf / cfˆgf]
c7f]6 Pjd\ Ifdtfk|ltsf] bx|f] ljZjf;sf sf/0f ljutdf sNkgf;Dd
gul/Psf pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug]{ ;kmntf ldn]sf] xf] .

dfgj hflt;Fu cTolws ;kmntf / c;Lldt ;Defjgfx¿sf] ;fy;fy} y'k}| r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . cfhsf]
kl/jt{gzLn ;+;f/df hLjgdf b]lvPsf ;a} cf/f]xcj/f]xx¿ Kff/ ub}{ ;w}F gjLgtd pknlAwsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug{' xfdf| ] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] rg' f}tL xf] . hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;a} k|sf/sf rg' f}tL kf/ ub}{ ;kmntfsf] kydf cufl8
a9\g] ulx/f] cfTdljZjf; / ;dofg's"n ;xL lg0f{o lng ;Sg] JolQmn] tn' gfTds ¿kdf a9L ;kmntf xfl;n
u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhsf x/]s ;kmn JolQmx¿df o:t} Ifdtf emlNsG5 .

xfdL ;kmn j}1flgs :j= l:6kmg xlsª / oj' f ;flxTosf/ emds sd' f/L l3ld/]nfO{ x]g{ ;S5f}F .
pgLx¿ Zff/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm eOsg klg cfˆgf] cfTdljZjf; / b[9 c7f]6sf sf/0f ljlzi6 pknlAwsf
;fy xfdL dfem kl/lrt 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ;fy} ;+;f/sf y'k|} ;kmn JolQmx¿nfO{ xfdL k]|/0ffsf] ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf
lng ;S5f}F . o:tf pbfx/0fx¿af6 xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ dbt ldN5 .

:j= l:6kmg xlsª emds s'df/L l3ld/]

50 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

;dfhn] ljj]szLn, sd{7 / pBdzLn o'jf pTkfbg xf];\ eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . dxfnIdL
gu/kflnsfn] oxfFsf oj' fx¿df b[9 cfTdljZjf; / lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; xf];\ eGg] clek|fon]
g} o; ljifonfO{ :yfgLo kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z u/]sf] xf] . Tolt dfq geO{ gu/kflnsfn] ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu
ldn]/ ;do ;dodf o'jf pBdzLntf, :jfjnDag, cfTdlge{/tf h:tf If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd Pjd\
uf]i7Lx¿ cfof]hgf ub{5 .

To;f] eP xfdLn] xfdf| ] cfTdljZjf; / lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;S5f}F t < oxfF k:| tt'
;'emfjx¿ pkof]uL xg' ;S5g\ M

yy cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nIo cfkF}m lgwf{/0f ug]{,
yy cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L ;dod} k"/f ug]{ afgL a;fNg],
yy ;kmn JolQmx¿sf] hLjgL cWoog ug]{,
yy ;s];Dd cfˆgf] sfd c?sf] ;xof]ulagf k"/f ug]{,
yy ;xof]u lng]eGbf lbg]tk{m hf]8 lbg],
yy ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljz]if ?lr /fVg],
yy ;w}F gf}nf] sfd ug{ pT;flxt xg' ],
yy ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / lg0f{o kl| qmofdf ?lr /fVg],
yy df}lnstfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg] cflb .

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf vfnL 7fpFdf pkoQ' m zAb eg'x{ f;] \ .
s= dfgj hfltsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf p;sf] ====================== xf] .
v= xfd|f] cufl8 c;Lldt ;defjgfsf] ;fy} yk' |} ====================== klg 5g\ .
u= ;dodf lg0f{o lng ;Sg] dfG5]n] tn' gfTds ¿kdf a9L ====================== xfl;n u/]sf] kfOG5 .
3= emds sd' f/L l3ld/] ;kmn ====================== x'g\ .
ª= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf ljleGg tflnd tyf ======================cfof]hgf xg' ] ub{5g\ .
r= xfdLn] xfd|f] hLjgsf] ====================== cfk}Fm lgwf{/0f ug{k' b{5 .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 51

@= 5f6] s/Ldf pQ/ lbgx' f];\ .
s= dflg; s]n] ubf{ ;j{>]i7 k|f0fLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] xf] <
v= xfdf| ] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL s] xf] <
u= tkfOFsf] ljrf/df ;a}eGbf ;kmn JolQm sf] xf] / lsg <
3= tkfOFsf] hLjgsf] k|dv' nIo s] xf] <
ª= ædflg; Ps r]tgzLn kf| 0fL xf]Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug{x' f];\ .
r= xfd|f] gu/kflnsfn] oj' fx¿sf] ljsf;sf lglDt s]–s:tf sfdx¿ u/]sf] 5 < n]Vgx' f];\.
#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf gu/ kd| 'v jf pkkd| 'vnfO{ e]6L o'jf kl/rfng / ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt

sfo{qmdx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lngx' f];\ .
v= tkfOFsf] ;dfhsf s'g} Ps hgf ;kmn JolQmsf] 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

52 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

kf7 &
:yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cEof; -Simulation Drill_

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ ljkb\ eGgfn] s'g} :yfgdf
cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf l;h{gf eO{ hg jf wgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} hLjgofkg / jftfj/0fdf kl| ts"n c;/
kfg]{ 36gf xf] . of] k|fs[lts / u}/k|fs[lts -dfgjLo_ bO' { k|sf/sf] x'G5 . ljkb\sf 36gfx¿df e"sDk, af9L,
klx/f], Debris Flow, cfunfuL, ;?jf /f]u, dxfdf/L, lxd klx/f], lxd :vng, lxd gbL, lxdtfn km'6\g,'
-Glacial Lake Outburst Flood-GLOF_, ;d'GbL| cfFwL, r6\ofË, cl;gf, ;V' vf, zLtnx/, tftf]
xfjf jf n", cDn jiff{, -/;fog, sfnf]kfgL, lxnf] jiff{_, b3' {6gf -:yn, ;dG' b|L,hn_ cflb kb{5g\ .

g]kfn kf| s[lts ks| f]ksf] hf]lvdo'Qm If]q xf] . g]kfn ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lx;fan] rf}yf],
e"sDkLo lx;fan] P3f/f}+ / af9L klx/f] ks| f]ksf lx;fan] tL;f}+ hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf kb{5 .

klxn]klxn] o:tf 36gfnfO{ ljkb\ gelgsg b}jL k|sf]k eGg] rng lyof] . ou' kl/jt{gsf nflu jf
kn| o x'gnfO{ o:tf] 36gf 36\g] cyjf b}jL ks| f]k cyf{t\ b]jL b]jtf l/;fP/ jf k|s[lt l/;fP/ o:tf] 36gf xg'
hfg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyof] . wfld{s dfGotfdf klg ;[li6, l:ylt / ;+xf/ ug]{ qmddf o:tf] xg' ] elgPsf] 5 t/
xfn cfP/ dfgjLo Iflt x'g] s'g} k|sf/sf] 36gfnfO{ ljkb\sf] kl/efiffdf /flvPsf] 5 . cGo 36gfnfO{ ljkb\
elgPsf] 5}g .

ljkbs\ f k|sf/
s= k|fsl[ ts ljkb\ M o;cGtu{t e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, Debris Flow, ;?jf/f]u,

dxfdf/L, lxd klx/f], lxd :vng -Avalanche_, lxd gbL, lxdtfn km'6\g,' (Glacial Lake Outburst
Flood) GLOF, ;dG' bL| cfFwL, r6\ofË, cl;gf kfgL, ;'Vvf, zLtnx/, tftf] xfjf jf n", cDn jiff{,
-/;fog, sfnf]kfgL, lxnf] jiff{_ cflb kb{5g\ .
v= dfgjhGo ljkb\ M o;cGtu{t cf}Bf]lus b3' {6gf, cft+ssf/L xdnf, o4' , b3' {6gf -:yn,
;dG' bL| ,hn_, cfunfuL cflb kb{5g\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 53

g]kfndf ljkb\;DaGwL sfo{ o;eGbf klxnf b}jL ks| f]k p4f/ P]g @)#( sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&% cGtu{t /x]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljkb\
Joj:yfkg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf ljkb\;DaGwL ;a} k|sf/sf sfo{x¿ u[x dGqfnon] ug]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/
-sfo{ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( lgod -!^_ df ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / lgod -@&_ df ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL
/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;dGjo /fVg] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug{] lgsfox¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof M
!= dlGqkl/ifb\ -;jf]{Rr lgsfo_
@= g]kfn ;/sf/, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg /fli6«o kl/ifb\ -k|=d= cWoIf_
#= sfo{sf/L ;ldlt -u[x dGqL cWoIf_
$= ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f
%= /fli6«o cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|
^= kf| b]lzs cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb«-&_
&= lhNnf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb«-&&_
*= gu/kflnsf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb,| j8f cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb«
-:yfgLo tx &%#_
(= ;d'bfo :t/df cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;ª\Vofdf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb«x¿

o;afx]s cGo ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿df ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ OsfO :yfkgf ul/Psf] xG' 5 .

g]kfn ljkb\ hf]lvoo'Qm If]q ePsf] xg' fn] sg' } klg JolQm st} hfFbf sg' k|sf/sf] ljkb\ hf]lvd
5 eg]/ ofb ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . pkTosfdf klg af9L, klx/f], 8a' fg / e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9L 5 ,To;}n] st} hfFbf
o:tf s/' fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ xG' 5 . h:t}, 7"nf] ejgdf, 7"nf] ;ef xndf, l;g]df xn, ef]h et]/ ug]{ :yfg,
dlGb/, kf6L{ Kofn]; cflb :yfgdf hfFbf ljk\bjf6 aRg] ;'/lIft pkfo ckgfPsf] 5÷5}g x]g]{, ;f]Wg] ug{'k5{
;fy} To; 7fpFdf a;G' h]n s'g} ljkb\ cfOxfn]df s;/L ;'/lIft /xg] eGg] pkfo ;j{k|yd hfgsf/L lng'
cfjZos 5 . o;n] ubf{ ljkb\ hf]lvdaf6 Iflt Go"gLs/0f x'g'sf ;fy} cfk"m / c?nfO{ ljkb\af6 ;'/lIft
/fVg dbt k'Ub5 . ljkb\sf] 36gfkl5 kLl8t JolQmx¿ / ;/;fdfgx¿ ;/' lIft /fVg sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf *#
cf]6f v'Nnf :yfg 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . xfdf| ] gu/kflnsfdf lgDg vN' nf :yfg /x]sf 5g\ .
!= ;;De' rf}/
@= b]VoM -b]ljyfg_ rf}/

54 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

ljkb\af6 aRg s[lqd 36gf ;[hgf u/]/ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf cEof; xg' ] u/]sf] 5 . To:t} 3/,
6f]n, j8f / gu/kflnsf :t/Lo k"jf{Eof; ug{' klg cfjZos 5 . s'g} ;dodf e"sDk cfof] eg] DUCK,
COVER and HOLD, v'Nnf rf}/df hfg], hfg g;s]df ;'/lIft eP/ e"sDk cfpGh]n sxfF, s;/L a:g]
eGg] cEof; ug]{, 36gf 36]sf] ;dodf aflx/ rf}/df jf af6f]df eP rf}/sf] ;8ssf] v'Nnf :yfgdf hfg],
3/leq /x]sf] cj:yfdf 36gf 36]df vf6dl' g jf 6]andl' g jf 9f]sfd'lg a:g nufpg], 6fpsf]df s'g} klg
afSnf] lstfasfkL jf cGo j:t' 6fpsf]dfly /fVg], s]xL klg geP b'j} xft cG8/ ns u/]/ 6fpsf]dfly /
fv]/ ;/' lIft :yfgdf hfg] cflbh:tf cEof; ugf{n] ljkb\sf] ;dodf aRg ;lsG5 .

o:tf] cEof; ubf{ 3/df jf 6f]ndf tflnd lbP/ ug{ nufpg], :sn' df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L cEof;
ug]{, j8f :t/df ubf{ klg :sn' , sn]h, ;fd'bflos ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf, oj' fx¿ / gu/kflnsf tyf j8f
sfof{non] ;dGjo u/L cEof; k|bz{g ug]{ ug{'kb{5 ;fy} To;sf] ;dLIff u/L k'gM cEof; ubf{ ;'wf/ ug{
;/n xG' 5 . ;d"x–;d"x agfP/ ;d'bfo :t/df k7fO{ o; af/]df e"sDk lbj;, / cGo em/Lsf] ;dodf ;r]
tgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ nufpg] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cuj' fO sIff lzIfsn] ug{k' b{5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpF eg'x{ f;] \ .
s= ljkb\ ================ / dfgjhGo u/L @ ks| f/sf] x'G5 .
v= g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lx;fan] ================ hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf kb{5 .
u= ljutdf ljkb\;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿nfO{ ================ eGg] ul/GYof] .
3= g]kfndf ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;a} sfdx¿ ================ dGqfnocGtu{t kb{5g\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 55

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ .
s= ljkb\ eGgfn] s] a‰' g'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
v= k|fs[lts ks| f]ksf] lx;fan] g]kfnnfO{ s:tf] If]qsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 <
u= ljkb\ slt ks| f/sf x'G5g\ < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= g]kfndf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
ª= ljkb\af6 aRg cfd gful/ssf] e"ldsf s:tf] xg' ;S5 < n]Vgx' f];\ .
#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= ;'/lIft b]lvPsf] / c;/' lIft b]lvPsf] ejg jf :yfgsf] cjnf]sg u/fpgx' f];\ .
v= e"sDk hfFbf s;/L aRg] eGg] Pp6f s[lqd 36gf tof/ kf/L To;af6 aRg] pkfoaf/] ;d"x agfO{

sfof{Gjog ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

56 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

PsfOM ^
dlxgfjf/L :jf:Yo, :yfgLo kl/sf/ / ljBfno jftfj/0f

kf7 !M dlxgfjf/Ldf xg' ] unt ;:+ sf/sf] lg/fs/0f
kf7 @M s/];faf/L / sf;} L vt] L
kf7 #M :yfgLo :t/df v]/ hfg] j:t'

kf7 M !
dlxgfjf/Ldf x'g] unt ;:+ sf/sf] lg/fs/0f


z/L/df ePsf /fu /;x¿ -Hormones_
sf] dfqfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] dlxnfx¿ dlxgfjf/L
x'G5g\ . dlxgfjf/L x'g' eg]sf] lszf]/L ue{jtL x'g tof/ x'g]
;ª\s]t xf] . dlxgfjf/L xFb' f dfl;s ¿kdf kf7]3/n]
agfPsf] /ut lj:tf/} of]gLdfu{ x'Fb} z/L/af6 aflx/
lg:sG5 . ;fdfGotof dlxgfjf/L !@ b]lv !% jif{sf] pd]/
df ;?' xG' 5 / $% b]lv %% jif{sf] pd]/ leqdf ;lsG5
. dlxgfjf/Lsf] cGt/ nueu @* lbgsf] x'G5 . of] Pp6f
h}ljs / k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf], t/ cGwljZjf;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dfhdf dlxgfjf/L ePsL dlxnf
/ dlxgfjf/Lsf] a]nfdf aUg] /utnfO{ cz'4 dfGg] kr| ng 5 . h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿k|lt o:tf] a]nfdf
ljleGg y/Lsf unt Jojxf/x¿ ul/G5g\ . xfd|f] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfleq klg o:tf unt rngx¿
ce}m sfod} /x]sf 5g\ .

dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nfdf dlxnfnfO{ k?' ifn] 5f]Pdf kfk nfU5 eg]/ $ lbg;Dd 5'g gx'g] cGwljZjf;
/x]sf] 5 . s]xL u/L e'mlSsP/ 5f]Pdf 5g' ] JolQmn] gx' fpg'kg]{, hg} km]g{k' g]{, ;g' kfgL 5s{gk' g]{ / k~ruJon]
rf]lvg'kg]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 . dlxgfjf/L ePsL dlxnfn] % lbg;Dd dlGb/ tyf k"hfsf]7fdf kj| ]z ug{ gxg' ]
rng /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] a]nfdf k"hf u/]df a|Xd xTof u/]sf] kfk nfU5 eGg] unt dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . dlxgfjf/L
ePsL dlxnfn] $ lbg;Dd efG5f sf]7fdf k|j]z ug{ / vfgf agfpg gx'g] kr| ng 5 . To:t} vfgf vfFbf
klg cnUu} a;]/ g5f]O{ vfgk' g]{, 56' \6} a:g'kg]{ rng 5 . klxnf] / bf];f| ] k6s dlxgfjf/L xF'bf lszf]/Ln] sg' }
klg k?' ifsf] cg'xf/ x]g{ gxg' ] / ;"o{sf] ls/0f;d]t x]g{ gxg' ] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] klxnf] / bf];|f] k6s
dlxgfjf/L xFb' f lszf]/Lx¿ 36Ldf & lbg / a9Ldf @! lbg;Dd sf]7fleq a:g] ub{5g\ .

dlxgfjf/L xFb' f 5g' gx'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ dlxgfjf/LnfO{ g5'g] ePsf] eGg] rng klg /x]sf] 5 .
o:tf unt ;+:sf/n] dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yodf g/fd|f] c;/ kg{'sf ;fy} dfgl;s ¿kdf gsf/fTds ke| fj
kfb{5 . o:tf] pk]Iffk"0f{ Jojxf/n] dlxnfx¿sf] :jtGqtf / clwsf/ s'l07t ePsf] 5 / pgLx¿sf]

58 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s k|ultdf afwf pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a} ldn]/ o:tf] unt ;+:sf/sf] pGd"ng
u/L ;dfhnfO{ ;Eo agfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .

dlxgfjf/Ldf xg' ] unt ;+:sf/sf] lg/fs/0fdf kl/jf/sf] el" dsf M
kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] Pp6f ;fgf] PsfO xf] . w]/} kl/jf/x¿ ldn]/ Pp6f l;ª\uf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
To;}n] ;dfhaf6 unt ;+:sf/x¿ x6fpg kl/jf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf
dlxnfsf] k]6 b'Vg] tyf z/L/ sdhf]/ xg' ] xF'bf kof{Kt cf/fd ug{ lbg'k5{ . o:tf] ;dodf kf]l;nf] / ;Gtl' nt
vfgf vfg lbg], k|hgg cª\u / z/L/sf] ;/;kmfO ug{ k]|l/t ug]{ tyf ;ª\qmd0faf6 aRg :oflg6/L Kof8sf]
Joj:yf ul/lbg' kb{5 . dlxgfjf/L dlxnfsf] bf]if / kfkn] x'g] xf]Og, of] t lgoldt / k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf] .
To;}n] 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] 5f]Ol56f] ug{ / efG5f sf]7f, k"hf sf]7f, ;'Tg] sf]7fh:tf :yfgdf hfg lgif]w ug{
xF'b}g . ev{/ dlxgfjf/L ePsf lszf]/Lx¿ cflQG5g\ / cfˆg} uNtL ePsf] eGg] e|ddf kg{ ;Sb5g\, To;}n]
o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjsn] ;fGTjgf lbg], ;xof]u ug]{ / ;xL ;e' mfjx¿ lbg] ug{k' b{5 .

dlxgfjf/Ldf xg' ] unt ;:+ sf/sf] lg/fs/0fdf ljBfnosf] e"ldsf M
ljBfyL{x¿n] w]/} ;do ljBfnodf latfpF5g\ . To;}n] dlxgfjf/Ldf xg' ] unt ;+:sf/sf] lg/fs/0fdf
ljBfnosf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfnon] unt ;+:sf/ / ljs[ltkl| t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fO{ c;n
;+:sf/ l;sfpg' kb{5 . dlxgfjf/Lsf] sf/0fn] 5fqfx¿sf] cgk' l:ylt b/ a9\g] xF'bf lgMzN' s :oflg6/L
Kof8sf] Joo:yf ug{k' b{5 . ljBfnon] s';+:sf/ / unt cEof;x¿nfO{ k|>o lbg' xF'b}g . :jf:Yo lzIff /
kh| gg lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . 5fqfd}qL zf}rfno lgdf{0f ul/gk' b{5 . o:tf] zf}rfnodf :oflg6/L
Kof8 hnfpg ldNg] -Pad Incenerator_ Joj:yf ul/Psf] xg' 'kb{5 . k|To]s ljBfnodf dgf];fdflhs
k/fdz{sf] tflnd k|fKt lzIfs xg' ' h?/L 5, h;n] 5fqfx¿nfO{ unt ;+:sf/af6 aRg k/fdz{ lbg] ub{5g\ .
ljBfnodf g;{ Aoj:yf ug{ ;s] cem /fd|f] xG' 5 .

dlxgfjf/Ldf x'g] unt ;:+ sf/sf] lg/fs/0fdf ;d'bfosf] el" dsf M
k|To]s 3/kl/jf/ / ljBfno ;r]t / hfu?s ePkl5 ;db' fodf kr| lnt unt ;+:sf/x¿ qmdzM
sd xF'b} hfG5g\ . ;db' fosf lzlIft / r]tgzLn ;b:ox¿n] dlxgfjf/Ldf xg' ] unt ;+:sf/sf] lg/fs/0f
ug{ hgr]tgf km}nfpg' kb{5 . ;d'bfosf sg' } klg ;b:ox¿n] cGwljZjf; / unt ;+:sf/nfO{ k|>o lbg'
xFb' }g . cfdf ;d"x, o'jf ;d"x, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ;fdb' flos k:' tsfno h:tf ;fdb' flos ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf
unt ;+:sf/x¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu cleofg ;~rfng ug{k' b{5 . dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf !) j6}

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 59

j8fx¿n] dlxgfjf/L;DaGwL unt ;+:sf/x¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 . o;df :yfgLo
lgjf{lrt hgkl| tlglwx¿, j8f cWoIf, j8f ;b:o, d]o/ / pkd]o/x¿sf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xG5 . ;DemfOa'emfO
ubf{ klg gdfg]df o:tf] unt ;+:sf/nfO{ k|>o lbg] 3/kl/jf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jf ;l' jwf ;d]
t s6f}tL ug{k' b{5 . clxn] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf ;a} ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf 5fqfx¿nfO{ :oflg6/L
Kof8 lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpFdf pko'Qm zAb eg'x{ f];\ M
s= z/L/df ePsf ==================== sf] dfqfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] dlxnfx¿ dlxgfjf/L xG' 5g\ .
v= dlxgfjf/Ldf x'g] unt ;+:sf/n] dlxnfx¿sf] ==================== g/fdf| ] c;/ kb{5 .
u= dlxgfjf/Ldf ;ª\qmd0faf6 aRg ==================== sf] ko| f]u ug{k' b{5 .
3= ljBfnodf :jf:Yo lzIff / ==================== lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .
ª= unt ;+:sf/x¿kl| t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fO{ ==================== ;+:sf/ l;sfpg' kT| o]s ljBfnosf]

st{Jo xf] .
r= unt ;+:sf/nfO{ k|>o lbg] 3/kl/jf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwf ====================

ug{'kb{5 .

@= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
s= dlxgfjf/L xg' ' eg]sf] s] xf] < n]Vgx' f];\ .
v= ;fdfGotof dlxnf slt jif{sf] xF'bf dlxgfjf/L ;?' xG' 5 / slt jif{sf] pd]/df /f]lsG5 <
u= tkfOFsf] ;db' fodf dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf k|rngdf /x]sf unt ;+:sf/x¿ s:tf s:tf 5g\ < pNn]v

ug{x' f];\ .
3= dlxgfjf/L ePsL dlxnfnfO{ 3/kl/jf/n] s]–s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{k' b{5 < aF'bfut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .
ª= dlxgfjf/Ldf ;ª\qmd0faf6 aRg ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/lIft pkfox¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
r= dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf x'g] unt ;+:sf/sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ tkfOFsf] ljBfnon] s:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf]

5 < ;fyL / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]wL n]Vg'xf];\ .

60 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

#= kl/of]hgf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] ;db' fodf dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/x¿ ;d]6]/ Pp6f 5f]6f] uLt jf sljtf

tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
v= tkfOFsf] ljBfnodf dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿n] ef]Ugk' /]sf ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v u/L ;dfwfgsf

nflu cg'/f]w ub}{ k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .
u= dlxgfjf/Ldf x'g] unt ;+:sf/sf] lg/fs/0fdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] e"ldsf zLif{sdf jSt[Tjsnf cfof]hgf

ug{x' f];\ .
3= s] tkfOFsf] :yfgLo txn] ljBfnox¿sf 5fqfx¿nfO{ :oflg6/L Kof8 lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf

u/]sf] 5 < 5 eg] To;n] tkfOFsf] ljBfnodf kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
ª= dlxgfjf/Lsf] sf/0fn] ljBfnodf lszf]/Lx¿sf] cgk' l:ylt b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ sd ug{

tkfOFsf] gu/kflnsfn] rfn]sf] sbdsf ;DaGwdf tkfOFsf] gu/kflnsfsf] pkd]o/nfO{ e]6]/ lh1f;f
/fvL 5nkmn ug{x' f]; / 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 61

kf7 M @
s/];faf/L / sf};L vt] L

s/];faf/L
3/fo;L k|of]usf nflu t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 3/ glhs}sf]
v]taf/Lsf] ;fgf] e"–efunfO{ s/];faf/L elgG5 . s/];faf/Ldf pTkfbg xg' ] t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ ahf/af6
lsg]sf] eGbf tfhf / :jf:Yoj4{s xG' 5g\ . o;n] kl/jf/sf] t/sf/Lsf] cfjZostf klg k"/f x'G5 / ahf/af6
vl/b ubf{ nfUg] k};fsf] klg art x'G5 . 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] g} >d u/]/ pTkfbg ug]{ / 3/af6 lg:sg] sl' xg]
kmf]xf]/ dnvfbsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/g] xFb' f sd nufgLd} s/];faf/Laf6 t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n pTkfbg ug{
;lsG5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] km';{bsf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u xg' s' f ;fy} zf/Ll/s kl/>dn] z/L/ klg :j:y
/ lg/f]uL x'G5 .
s/];faf/Ldf cfn,' d'nf, af]8L, l;dL, ;fukfth:tf t/sf/L, ds}h:tf cGg / ;'Gtnf, :ofp, s]/f, d]jf,
Pef]sf8f]h:tf kmnkm"n nufpg ;lsG5 .
t/sf/Lsf] cefjk"lt{ ug{ s/];faf/Lsf] 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n :jfbsf nflu dfq
ko| f]u x'g] xf]Og . o;n] xfdf| ] z/L/df kf]if0fsf] k"lt{ u/L xfdLnfO{ :j:y /fVb5 ;fy} z/L/sf] j[l4 / ljsf;df
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . t/sf/L / kmnkm"ndf kfOg] ljleGg kf}li6s tTjn] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t / km"lt{nf]
agfO/fV5 . cem ue{jtL tyf ;T' s]/Ln] t k|z:t dfqfdf kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lsf] ;]jg ug{'kb{5 . h;n] cfdf
/ aRRff b'j}sf] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] xG' 5 . cfkm\gf] s/];faf/Ldf pTkfbg ePsf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ ljifflb/lxt
tfhf / :jflbnf xG' 5g\ . To;}n] s/];faf/L kT| o]s 3/kl/jf/sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

s/;] faf/Laf6 x'g] kmfObf tyf pkof]lutfM
s/];faf/Ljf6 tfhf / ljifflb/lxt kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/Lsf] pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 . t/sf/L tyf
kmnk"mn lsGg nfUg] k};fsf] art xG' 5 . pkef]u u/L a9L ePsf] t/sf/L / kmnk"mnsf] laqmLaf6 cfDbfgL
ug{ ;lsG5 .
v]taf/L, 3/ tyf efG5faf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ tyf kfgLsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 / jftfj/0f kb| "lift xg'
kfpFb}g . :jR5 / tfhf t/sf/Lsf] ;]jgjf6 z/L/df kf]if0fsf] sdL xg' kfpFb}g / /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
ahf/df t/sf/Lsf] cefj ePsf] a]nfdf ;xh} t/sf/Lsf] pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 . t/sf/Lsf] aLp cfkm}Fn]
pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] xF'bf aLp lsGg] emGem6 x'Fb}g .

62 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

s/];faf/Lsf nflu 7fp“ 5gf6] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿M
yy 3/af6 glhs} xg' k' b{5 .
yy lbgsf] sDtLdf % b]lv * 3G6f 3fd nfUg] kfl/nf] hUuf xg' 'kb{5 .
yy kfgL ghDg] 7fpFsf] 5gf]6 ug{k' b{5 .
yy l;FrfOsf] ;l' jwf ePsf] 7fpF xg' k' b{5 .
yy hgfj/x¿af6 hf]ufpg af/ nufpg ldNg] 7fpF xg' 'kb{5 .
yy 3/af6 cfjthfjt ug]{ af6f] ;lhnf] x'g'kb{5 .
yy dlnnf] df6f] / ;s];Dd ;dy/ e"–efu ePsf] hldgsf] 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf lxFpbdf ljleGg ks| f/sf ;fu;AhLx¿ h:t}M sfpnL, aGbfuf]eL, as'Nnf,
l;dL, dn' f, ufFh/, cfn,' ;nud, n;'g, Kofh / d6/sf];fsf] v]tL ug{ pkoQ' m x'G5 . To;}u/L aif]{ t/sf/L
afnLsf ¿kdf l3/f}nf, ltt]s/]nf, nf}sf, km;L{, eG6f, e6df;, l;dL, af]8L, sfjm| fsf] v]tL ug{ pkoQ' m
x'G5 . 6g]nsf] ko| f]u u/]/ ;a}y/L t/sf/L hg' ;s' } df};ddf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ a]df};dL t/sf/L
v]tL elgG5 . -To:t} dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf ;'Gtnf nK;L, cf?, Hofld/, cf?av8f, sfutL, gf:ktL,
cDaf, xn'jfa]b nufotsf kmnkm"nx¿ nufpg ;lsG5 ._

sf;} L vt] L
ahf/df t/sf/Lsf] d"No lbg kl| tlbg a9\b} uO/x]sf]
5 . ls;fgaf6 ;:tf]df lsg]sf] t/sf/L larf}lnofn] a9L
dg' fkmf lnP/ a]Rbf cfd pkef]Qmfx¿ dx'uf]df t/sf/L lsGg
afWo 5g\ . oL ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu xfdLn] cfkm\gf]
3/sf] sf};Ldf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb5f}+ . xfd|f] dxfnIdL
gu/kflnsf klg ;x/f]Gdv' a:tL xf], To;}n] oxfF klg
v]tLof]Uo hldgx¿ 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . hldgdf 3/ lgdf{0fsf]
qmd tLj| ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . afSnf] a:tL ePsf] 7fpFdf 3/sf] sf};L dfq vfnL /x]sf 5g\ . vfnL sf};Ldf
udnf, Knfl:6ssf] hls{g, af]/f tyf a6\6fx¿df df6f] e/]/ cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ kU' g] hlt t/sf/L pTkfbg
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sf};L v]tL elgG5 . cfkm\g} 3/sf] sf};Ldf tfhf :j:ys/ / cuf{lgs t/sf/L kmnfP/ pkef]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . sf};L v]tLsf] klg s/];faf/Lsf] hlQs} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . sf};L v]tLsf nflu vfnL hldgsf]
cfjZostf kb}{g . To;}n] hldg gxg' ] 3/kl/jf/n] klg sf};L v]tL ;lhn} ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 63

sf};L v]tLsf kmfObf tyf pkofl] utfx¿ M
sf};L v]tLn] vfnL ;dosf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 . sf};Ldf ;fgf] 7fpFdf nufOg] xFb' f sfd ug]{ dfG5]
gnufO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:on] kl/>d ubf{ klg x'G5 . k/' fgf efF8f, v]/ uPsf af]/f / Knfl:6ssf efF8fsF8' fsf]
;b'kof]u xG' 5 . 3/ tyf efG;faf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ dnvfb agfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] xF'bf jftfj/0f k|b"lift
x'g kfpFb}g . ahf/sf] dxFuf] / ljifflbsf] ko| f]u ePsf] t/sf/Lsf] ;f6f] 3/d} kmn]sf] ljifflb/lxt tyf tfhf
t/sf/L pkef]u ug{ kfOG5 . ahf/df t/sf/Lsf] cefj ePsf] a]nf klg cfkm\g} pTkfbg pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 /
t/sf/L lsGg] k};fsf] klg art x'G5 . vfnL hldg gx'g] / 3/ dfq xg' ] kl/jf/n] klg ;lhn} sf};Ldf v]tL
u/L t/sf/Lsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

sf};L v]tL ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿M
yy 3/sf] 5t -sf};L_ vfnL x'g'kb{5 .
yy udnf, l;d]G6sf] af]/f, afN6L / cGo efF8fx¿df dlnnf] df6f] e/]/ 5tdf /fVgk' b{5 .
yy 3/ tyf efG;faf6 lg:sg] s'lxg] kmf]xf]/af6 agfOPsf] cuf{lgs dn xfn]/ df6f] dlnnf]
agfpg' kb{5 .
yy t/sf/L /f]Kg tof/ ul/Psf efF8f / af]/fx¿ 5tdf 3fd nfUg] :yfgdf /fVg'kb{5 .
yy ;s];Dd h/f w]/} tn;Dd ghfg] t/sf/Lx¿ h:t}M ;fu;AhL, sfpnL, aGbf, ;nud, n;'g, Kofh
/ nx/] t/sf/Lx¿ /f]Kg' jf 5g{'kb{5 .
yy efF8f]df /f]lkg] ePsfn] rfF8} ;'Svf x'g] xF'bf k|To]s lbg kfgL xfNg'kb{5 .
yy emf/kft pv]Ng] / ;do;dodf uf]8d]n ug{'kb{5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpdF f pko'Qm zAb egx'{ f]; .
s= t/sf/Lsf] 3/fo;L cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug{ ========================= 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .
v= cfkm\gf] s/];faf/Laf6 ========================= / ljifflb/lxt t/sf/Lsf] k|of]u ug{ kfOG5 .
u= 3/ tyf efG5faf6 lg:sg] s'lxg] kmf]xf]/af6 h}ljs ========================= agfpg ;lsG5 .
3= vfnL hldg gxg' ] 3/kl/jf/n] klg 3/sf] ========================= ;lhn} sf};L v]tL u/L t/sf/Lsf]

cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
ª= s/];faf/Lsf nflu hldg 5gf}6 ubf{ 3/af6 ========================= xg' ' pko'Qm x'G5 .

64 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

@= 5f6] s/Ldf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
s= s/];faf/L eg]sf] s] xf] < n]Vg'xf];\ .
v= s/];faf/Lsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
u= s/];faf/Lsf nflu hldg 5gf}6 ubf{ sg' s'g s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 < aF'bfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= sf};L v]tL ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ s]–s] 5g\ <
ª= sf};L v]tLsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
r= sf};L v]tLsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{x' f];\ .

#= kl/of]hgf sfo{
s= 3/ tyf ljBfnodf s/];faf/L tof/ u/L Ct' cg;' f/sf t/sf/L v]tL ug{'xf];\ .
v= tkfOF glhs}sf] s[lif lj1 tyf s[lif;Fu hfgsf/ JolQmnfO{ e]6]/ dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf v]tL ug{

pko'Qm x'g] t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ / ltgLx¿nfO{ nufpg] pko'Qm ;dosf af/]df lh1f;f /fvL l6kf]6
ug{'xf]; / sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ .
u= …dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf sf};L v]tLsf] ;Defjgf / cfjZostfÚ zLif{sdf Pp6f 5f]6f] cWoog
kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{x' f];\ .
3= 3/ tyf ljBfnodf v]/ uPsf sl' xg] j:tx' ¿sf] ko| f]u u/L h}ljs dnvfb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
ª= k|of]udf gcfPsf Knfl:6ssf efF8f, emf]nf, v]/ uPsf af]/f cflb ;ª\sng u/L h}ljs dn / df6f] e/]/
sf};Ldf /fvL Ct'cg';f/sf t/sf/Lx¿ nufpgx' f];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 65

kf7M #
:yfgLo :t/sf v/] hfg] j:t'

ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 afFsL /x]sf / ;fdfGotof
ko| f]udf gcfpg] j:t'x¿nfO{ v]/ hfg] j:t' -Waste
Materials_ elgG5 . 7fpF / ko| f]usf] cfwf/df v]/
hfg] j:tx' ¿ klg km/skm/s x'g ;Sb5g\ . v]/ hfg]
j:t'x¿sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg / k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg
eg] o;n] k|b"if0f a9fpF5 . To;}n] To:tf j:t'x¿sf]
Joj:yfkg / k'gM ko| f]u ug{ ;s] k|b"if0f 36fpg
;xof]u kU' gs' f ;fy} o;af6 kmfObf;d]t lng
;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof v]/ hfg] j:tx' ¿nfO{ ;f| ]tsf
cfwf/df rf/ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 M

!= pBf]uwGbf / snsf/vfgfx¿af6 lg:s]sf j:tx' ¿nfO{ cf}Bf]lus v]/ hfg] j:t' elgG5 .
s]ldsnoQ' m kfgL / k|of]u eP/ afFsL /x]sf sRrf kbfy{x¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

@= lsga]r ubf{ lg:s]sf / afFsL /x]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ Jofkfl/s v]/ hfg] j:t' elgG5 . h:t}M sfuh, sf6{'g
aS;, 8f]/L, Knfl:6s cflb .

#= s[lifaf6 pTkfbg xg' ] / v]/ hfg] j:tx' ¿ s[lifhGo v]/ hfg] j:t' x'g\ . 5\jfnL, 9f]8 cflb o;sf pbfx/0f
x'g\ .

$= 3/fo;L sfddf ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 afFsL /x]sf j:t'x¿ 3/fo;L v]/ hfg] j:t'cGtu{t kb{5g\ . t/sf/L
/ kmnkm"nsf af]qmf tyf vfg gldNg] efux¿, plaP| sf vfg] s'/fx¿, k|of]u ul/;s]sf] kfgL, sfuh,
Knfl:6s, /a/, wft,' l;;fx¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

3/fo;L / s[lifhGo v]/ hfg] j:tx' ¿ 7f]; / t/n b'j} :j¿kdf xg' ;Sb5g\ . logLx¿ @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M

s= s'lxg] j:t'x¿
lglZrt ;dodf sl' xP/ hfg] h}ljs kbfy{x¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t}M t/sf/L / kmnkm"nsf] afFsL
/x]sf] efu, v]/ uPsf] vfg]s/' f, ds}, wfg, uxF' cflb cGgsf af]6 -9f]8, 5\jfnL, k/fn cflb_ o;cGtu{t

66 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

kb{5g\ . o:tf j:t'x¿ hxfF kfof] ToxL+ kmfNbf s'lxg] / b'u{Gw km}ng] x'G5 . o;af6 jftfj/0f kb| "lift xG' 5 /
dflg;x¿df /f]u k}mlnG5 . To;}n] o:tf s'lxg] j:tx' ¿af6 kf| ª\ufl/s dn tof/ u/]/ s/];faf/Ldf k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . o;af6 kmf]xf]/sf] ;bk' of]u xg' fsf] ;fy} :j:y / tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

v= gsl' xg] j:tx' ¿
Knfl:6s, sfuh, l6g tyf wft,' l;;f, /a/ cflb gs'lxg] j:tx' ¿ x'g\ . o:tf j:t'x¿ nfdf]
;do;Dd klg gsl' xg] ePsfn] h:tfsf] t:t} /lx/xG5g\ . ltgn] jftfj/0fnfO{ kb| "lift tN' ofpF5g\ / xfdf| ]
ufpF ;x/nfO{ s'¿k agfOlbG5g\ . 3/fo;L gs'lxg] j:t'x¿ htftt} kmfNbf jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ xg' ], kfgLsf]
d'xfg, gbL gfnf / df6f] kb| "lift xG' 5 . To;}n] To:tf gs'lxg] 3/fo;L j:tx' ¿sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug{' xfdL
;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . s'lxg] h}ljs kmf]xf]/af6 h}ljs dn agfO{ s/];faf/Ldf ko| f]u u/L ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5,
t/ gsl' xg] 7f]; j:t'sf] Joj:yfkgdf lgDg # cf]6f ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

!= sd ko| fu] -Reduce_ M
xfdf| ] dxfnIdL g=kf=df klg a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fn] gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/sf] Joj:yfkg hl6n / rg' f}tLk"0f{
aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . cGo j:tx' ¿eGbf Knfl:6ssf] Joj:yfkg ug{ hl6n 5 lsgls ;:tf], xn'ª\uf] / ko| f]u ug{
;lhnf] ePsf] xF'bf ahf/b]lv 3/;Dd o;sf] ko| f]u lbgfgl' bg a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf Knfl:6shGo
j:tx' ¿sf] sd k|of]u ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . Knfl:6ssf] emf]nfsf] ljsNkdf kmfOa/, sk8f jf h6' sf] emf]nf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ahf/ hfFbf 3/af6} emf]nf nu]/ klg Knfl:6ssf] ko| f]u sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= kg' M k|zfw] g -Recycle_ M
;a} 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k'gM k|of]u jf bf];f| ] k|of]u gxg' klg ;S5 . To;}n] gs'lxg] 7f]; j:t'nfO{
km]l/ k|zf]wg -Recycle_ u/]/ ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 / s]xL j:tn' fO{ ;lhn} k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] s]xL
j:t'x¿ kz| f]wg ug{ cln hl6n x'G5 / Knfl:6s / sfuhsf] t'ngfdf wft' / l;;fnfO{ kz| f]wg ug{ hl6n
x'G5 . 3/fo;L kl| jlw / cfwl' gs d]l;gsf] k|of]u u/]/ 7f]; j:ts' f] k|zf]wg u/L kfOk, v]nf}gf, g]kfnL sfuh,
efF8fsF8' f agfpg ;lsG5 . sf8{af]8, sfuh, Knfl:6ssf af]tn, kmnfd, tfdf, cfNdl' godsf efF8fsF8' f,
kqklqsf, Knfl:6ssf emf]nf, l;;fsf] af]tn, hf/ cflb k|zf]wg -Recycle_ ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL 67

#= k'gM k|ofu] -Reuse_
klxnf g} k|of]u ul/;s]sf] j:tn' fO{ gkmflnsg k]ml/k]ml/ ko| f]u ug{n' fO{ k'gM k|of]u elgG5 . j:t'sf]
kg' M ko| f]un] jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ xg' lbFb}g / vr{sf] klg art xG' 5 . o;sf ;fy} j:t'sf] kg' M k|of]u ubf{
j:t' agfpFbf nfUg] sRrf kbfy{sf] klg art x'G5 / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljgfz sd x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu sfuhsf] k'gM ko| f]u ubf{ yk jg:kltsf] ljgfz x'g kfpFb}g . wfts' f ;fdfgsf] kg' M k|of]u ubf{ vlgh
kbfy{sf] cefj xg' kfpFb}g . sk8fsf] kg' M ko| f]un] skf;sf] art xG' 5, To:t} sk8f agfpg] >d, ;do /
vr{ art xG' 5 . Knfl:6s kf| s[lts tyf h}ljs kbfy{af6 k|fKt x'g] xFb' f o;sf] kg' M k|of]un] sRrf kbfy{sf]
art x'gs' f ;fy} kb| "if0f sd ug{ dbt kU' b5 . xfdLn] kg' M ko| f]u ubf{ b'O{ tl/sfaf6 ug{ ;S5f}F . Pp6f j:ts' f]
htg u/]/ k6sk6s k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ahf/af6 ;fdfg NofPkl5 Knfl:6ssf] emf]nf
;'/lIft /fv]/ km]l/ ahf/ hfFbf To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} j:t'sf] pkof]lutf abn]/ k'gMko| f]u ug{
;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sfuhaf6 ;hfj6sf ;fdfg agfP/, Knfl:6ssf] rs6L agfP/, sk8fsf] kt' nL
agfP/ klg k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . v]/ uPsf gs'lxg] j:t'x¿sf] k'gM ko| f]u ljleGg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu Knfl:6ssf] emf]nfnfO{ ;/' lIft /fvL km]l/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 9sL, rs6L, v]nf}gf
cflb agfpg ;lsG5 . sfuhaf6 ;fdfg /fVg] yFu' f, kmfOn, rª\uf, ;hfj6sf ;fdfgx¿, ljleGg hgfj/,
vfdx¿sf] cfs[lt agfpg ;lsG5 . Knfl:6ssf] af]tnaf6 ;hfj6sf ;fdfg, sndbfgL, km"nbfgL cflb
agfpg ;lsG5 / o;nfO{ kfgL /fVg] efF8f]sf ¿kdf klg ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sk8fnfO{ k]n]/ 8:gf, rs6L
cflb agfpg ;lsG5 . sk8fsf] kg' M ko| f]u u/L km"n, kt' nL, v]nf}gf, an, ;hfj6sf ;fdfgx¿, cfsif{s
?dfn agfpg ;lsG5 . sf8{af]8{af6 vfd, 3/x¿sf] gd'gf, kmfOn cflb agfpg ;lsG5 .

cEof;

!= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M
s= ko| f]u u/]/ afFsL /x]sf / ;fdfGotof ko| f]udf gcfpg] j:tx' ¿nfO{ v]/ hfg] j:t' elgG5 .
v= t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nsf af]qmf, efG5faf6 lg:s]sf j:t' tyf v]/ uPsf vfg] s/' fx¿nfO{ cf}Bf]lus v]/

hfg] j:t' elgG5 .
u= v]/ hfg] j:t'x¿ 7f]; / t/n bj' } :j¿kdf x'G5g\ .
3= Knfl:6s, /a/, l;;f, l6g tyf wftx' ¿ gs'lxg] j:tc' Gtu{t kb{5g\ .
ª= Knfl:6ssf j:tn' fO{ 7"nf] af9L cfPsf] a]nfdf vf]nfdf nu]/ aufOlbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
r= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf klg a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ v]/ hfg] j:t'x¿sf] Joj:yfkg hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{

aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

68 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

@= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
s= s:tf j:tx' ¿nfO{ v]/ hfg] j:t' elgG5 <
v= s'lxg] / v]/ uPsf j:ts' f] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
u= gsl' xg] v]/ uPsf j:t'sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
3= Knfl:6snfO{ sd k|of]u / k'gM k|of]u ug]{ pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
ª= s[lifhGo / 3/fo;L v]/ hfg] j:tc' Gtu{t s:tf j:tx' ¿ kb{5g\ < ;"rL tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
r= s:tf j:tn' fO{ cf}Bf]lus v]/ hfg] j:t' elgG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg{'xf];\ .
5= k/' fgf v]/ uPsf sk8fx¿sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .

#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] 3/kl/jf/df v]/ hfg] j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ / To:tf v]/ hfg] j:tx' ¿sf]

Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ ug{'ePsf] 5 < k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
v= v]/ hfg] sfuh tyf k'/fgf] sf8{af]8{sf] ko| f]u u/]/ vfd tyf kmfOn agfpg'xf];\ .
u= Knfl:6ssf] af]tnaf6 km"nbfgL tyf sndbfgL agfpgx' f];\ .
3= ;d"xdf ldn]/ gsl' xg] v]/ uPsf j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L ljleGg pkof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ ug{x' f];\ /

cfkm\gf] ;d"xn] agfPsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljBfnodf kb| z{g ug{'xf];\ .
ª= tkfOFsf] 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/ a9L v]/ hfg] % cf]6f j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] plrt

Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ ;e' mfpg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 69

PsfOM &
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfn] kb| fg ug{] ;j] f ;'ljwfx¿, ljBdfg

cj;/x¿, ;d:ofx¿, r'gft} L / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

kf7 !M dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf sl[ if / jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿
kf7 @M ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfn] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfg

kf7M !
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf s[lif / jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s[lif
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsf !) cf]6f j8f ldn]/ ag]sf]
5 . j8f g+ ! b]lv * ;Dd b|"t ¿kdf ;x/Ls/0f xF'b}
uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF v]tLof]Uo hldg sd 5 . j8f g+=
* / ( df t'ngfTds ¿kdf s[lifsf nflu cln w]/} hldg
pknAw 5 eg] j8f g+= !) df kftnf] a:tL eP klg
le/fnf] hldg /x]sf] 5 . dlnnf] df6f] /x]sf :yfgx¿df
ef}lts lgdf{0fn] ubf{ v]tLkftL qmdzM 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 eg]
le/fnf] hldg / ?vf] df6f] ePsf] 7fpFx¿df s[lif ug{ ;xh
5}g . dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf] Odf8f]n, 6LsfynL, n'e', l;l4k/' / nfdf6f/ If]qdf wfg, uxF' h:tf cGgx¿
kmN5g\ . oxfF uf]neF]8f, cfn', sfpnL, n;g' , Kofh, asN' nf, aGbf h:tf t/sf/Lx¿ pTkfbg ul/G5 . nfFs/' L
eGHofª If]qsf] hldg le/fnf] ePsf] xF'bf ToxfF d'Vo afnLsf ¿kdf ds} pTkfbg x'G5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf ;Lldt JolQmx¿n] dfq Jofj;flos ¿kdf s[lif / kz'kfng
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . w]/} kl/jf/x¿ cem} klg lgjf{xd'vL / k/Dk/fut v]tL tyf kz'kfngdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ .
l;FrfOsf nflu vf]nfgfnf, kzk' fngsf nflu kof{Kt jg, dlnnf] df6f] / kfl/nf] If]q ePsf] xFb' f dxfnIdL
gu/kflnsfdf s[lif / kz'kfngsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s[lif;DaGwL ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿ M
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf cem} klg k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] v]tLkftL ul/G5 . s[lif sfo{df cfwl' gs
s[lif cf}hf/ / pks/0fx¿sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf k|of]u x'g;s]sf] 5}g . s[lifnfO{ g} Joj;fo agfpg] kl/jf/ lgs}
sd /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] s[lifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf] d'Vo ;d:of xf] .
o; gu/kflnsfleq bf]efg vf]nf, >[ª\u]/L vf]nf, uf]dtL vf]nf, uf]bfj/L vf]nf / cGo ;fgfltgf vf]nfx¿
eP klg l;FrfOsf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf x'g;s]sf] 5}g . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf vf]nf glhs} s'nf] sf6]/ l;FrfO ug]{
ul/Psf] eP tfklg /fhsn' f]x¿sf] lgdf{0f vf;} x'g;s]sf] 5}g / ePsf /fhs'nf]x¿ klg ;x/Ls/0f;Fu}

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 71

dfl;b} uPsf 5g\ . ls;fgsf] pTkfbgn] /fd|f] d"No kfpg;s]sf] 5}g . w]/} pTkfbg ug{ ls;fgn]
t/sf/Ldf ljifflb k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] gful/ssf] :jf:Yodf c;/ ub{5 . s[ifsx¿n] ljifflb/lxt
cuf{lgs pTkfbgnfO{ kf| yldstf lbO/x]sf 5}gg\ . s[lif / kz' ladfsf] Joj:yf x'g;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif If]qdf
hf]lvd /lx/x]sfn] s[lif cfsif{s k];f xg' ;s]sf] 5}g . dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf cfn' / ;'Gtnf v]tLsf] /fdf| ]
;Defjgf 5 t/ zLt e08f/sf] ;l' jwf 5}g . v]taf6} ;:tf]df pTkfbg laqmL ug{'kg]{ afWotf ls;fgnfO{ 5 .
zLt e08f/sf] Joj:yf ePdf ls;fgn] plrt ;dodf s[lif pTkfbg laqmL u/]/ /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
hUufx¿ Knl6ª ug]{ sfo{n] s[lif pTkfbg 3l6/x]sf] 5 . 3/x¿ klg cJojl:yt ¿kdf alg/x]sf 5g\ . o;n]
ubf{ hUuf afFem} /xg] / s[lifof]Uo e"ld gfz xF'b} hfg] qmd al9/x]sf] 5 . To:t} ls;fgx¿n] ;xh ¿kdf s[lif
C0f gkfpg,' ljifflb ko| f]usf] plrt 1fg gx'g' oxfFsf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of xg' \ . jf:tljs ls;fgn]
s[lif cgb' fg kf| Kt ug{ g;Sg' tyf v]tLsf] ;dodf /f;folgs dn / pGgt aLplahgsf] cefj x'g' klg
s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of x'g\ .

s[lif;DaGwL ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M
gu/kflnsfdf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt yk' |} ;d:ofx¿ eP klg s[lifsf ;Defjgfx¿ klg kr| /' dfqfdf
/x]sf 5g\ . s[lifdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5M

yy s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{k' b{5 . s[lifdf cfwl' gs pks/0f / cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ug{ s[ifsnfO{
kf| ]T;fxg ug{k' b{5 . lgjf{xd'vL s[lif sfo{af6 s[ifsnfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf v]tL ug{
clek]|l/t ug{'kb{5 .
yy gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf ;a} ;fgf7"nf vf]nfgfnfaf6 gx/ tyf sn' f] lgdf{0f u/L v]tLof]Uo
;a} hldgdf l;FrfOsf] ;l' jwf k¥' ofpg' kb{5 .
yy gu/kflnsfn] s[lif ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ ls;fgaf6 l;w} pkef]Qmf;Dd s[lif
pTkfbg k¥' ofpg] Joj:yf ug{k' b{5 . o;n] ls;fgn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] plrt d"No kfpF5g\
eg] pkef]Qmfn] klg ;:tf]df s[lif pkh pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g\ .
yy ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljifflb/lxt t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ k]|l/t ug{'kb{5 . o;sf nflu gu/kflnsfn] tflnd
tyf ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
yy kz' tyf s[lif ladfnfO{ ;xh, ;n' e / ke| fjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .
yy gu/kflnsfn] ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L zLt e08f/sf] Joj:yf ug{k' b{5 . o;n]
ubf{ ls;fgn] plrt ;dodf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n laqmL u/L plrt d"No kf| Kt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

72 xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL

yy gu/kflnsfn] hUufsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgodg u/L hUufnfO{ afFem} 5f]8\g
gkfOg] lgod k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug{'kb{5 .
yy ls;fgnfO{ a}ª\s tyf ;xsf/Lx¿n] ljgflwtf] ;xh ¿kdf / ;:tf] Aofhb/df C0f pknAw
u/fpg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ s[lifdf nufgL a9\g uO{ s[lif pTkfbg a9\5 / s[lifsf]
Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ dbt kU' b5 .
yy s[lif tyf kz'kfngsf] cg'bfgnfO{ a9fpg' kb{5 . jf:tljs ls;fgn] s[lif cgb' fg
kfP gkfPsf] / kfpg]n] ;bk' of]u u/] gu/]sf] gu/kflnsfn] cgu' dg ug{k' b{5 . cgb' fg
jf:tljs ls;fgn] kfpg] u/L ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .
yy v]tLkftL nufpg] l;hgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;dod} pGgt aLplahg / dnvfb ls;fg;Dd
kU' g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf] jftfj/0f
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf] If]qkmn @^=%! ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfsf] k"j{df
sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] dfg]bf]efg, blIf0f / klZrddf nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf / uf]bfj/L gu/kflnsfsf]
l;dfgf sd{gfzf vf]nf, pQ/df eQmk/' lhNnfsf] dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf / ;"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf
kb{5g\ . of] gu/kflnsfsf] pRrtd prfO !%&$ ld= /x]sf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfsf] cf};t clwstd
tfkqmd @#=^) l8u|L ;]lN;o; / Go"gtd tfkqmd !)=& l8uL| ;]lN;o; /x]sf] 5 . dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf
;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . b]zsf cGo :yfgaf6 oxfF a;fOF;/fO u/]/ cfpg] qmd tLj| ¿kdf al9/x]sf]
5 . h;n] ubf{ kb| "if0f, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, k|fs[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] bf]xg a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ M
dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f al9/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L Odf8f]n, 6LsfynL, l;l4k/'
/ ne' ' If]qdf cGoqaf6 a;fOF ;/L cfpg]sf] ;ª\Vof pRr /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ jfo' k|b"if0f al9/x]sf] 5 eg]
kmf]xf]/ Jo:yfkgdf klg ;d:of ylkPsf] 5 . afSnf] a:tL / a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof eP klg gu/kflnsfsf clwsf+z
a:tLdf 9n lgsf;sf] ;l' jwf pknAw 5}g . gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf ;fgf7"nf vf]nfx¿ kf| oM ;a} k|b"lift
/x]sf 5g\ . 3/, k;n, pBf]u / Joj;foaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ vf]nfdf ld;fpFbf uf]bfj/L, uf]dtL, >[ª\u]/L,
dgf]x/f nufotsf ;a} vf]nfx¿df lbgk|ltlbg k|b"if0f a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf]
Odf8f]n, l6sfynL / l;l4k'/df yk' |} OF6f e§fx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf OF6f e§faf6 pT;h{g
x'g] wj' fFdf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / wn' f]sf s0fn] jfo' d08ndf kb| "if0f al9/x]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfnfO{

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 73

kb| "if0fdQ' m agfpg oxfFsf] jghuª\nsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . j8f g+ !) nfFs'/L eGHofªsf afl;Gbfx¿
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf g} jgdf cfl>t /x]sf 5g\ . tL ;d'bfonfO{ j}slNks Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf
jghª\un km8fgLsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . afSnf] a:tL, a9\bf] Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] sf/0f 3/kl/jf/ /
k;naf6 w]/} dfqfdf kmf]xf]/ lgisf;g eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] kmf]xf]/ ;ª\sngsf] ;'ljwf kof{Kt 5}g / lgisfl;t
kmf]xf]/sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg / ;b'kof]u xg' ;s]sf] 5}g . gu/kflnsfdf cem} klg k/' fgf a;x¿ ;~rfngdf /x]
sf 5g\ . o;n] jfo' kb| "if0f al9/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ o;
gu/kflnsfdf klg k/]sf] 5 .

dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfsf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M
;x/L ljsf; of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{k' b{5 . hyfefjL ef}lts ;+/rgf
agfpg] kl/kf6LnfO{ lgodg ug{'kb{5 . 3/ lgdf{0f ug{' eGbf klxnf g} vfg]kfgL, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, kfls{ª,
lahn' L aQLh:tf cfwf/e"t s/' fx¿ k"/f ug{'kg]{ dfkb08 to ug{'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} lgDg pkfo ckgfO{
jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

yy gu/kflnsfn] l56f]eGbf l56f] 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .
yy vf]nfgfnf tyf kfgLsf] ;f| ]tdf kmf]xf]/d}nf kmfNgnfO{ aGb]h ug{'kb{5 / To;sf]
ke| fjsf/L cg'udg tyf lgodg ug{k' b{5 .
yy OF6f e§fnfO{ hyfefjL cgd' lt lbg' xFb' }g . sd k|b"if0fo'Qm k|ljlwsf] ko| f]u u/L OF6f e§faf6
x'g] jfo' k|b"if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'kb{5 .
yy jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] j}slNks Joj:yf ul/lbg'
kb{5 . gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !) df hl8a'6L v]tLsf] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf nflu tflnd
/ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{k' b{5 .
yy j8f g+= !) df ko{6g Joj;fosf] klg ;Defjgf ePsf] xF'bf xf]d :6]sf nflu k|]l/t ug{k' b{5 .
yy s'lxg] h}ljs kmf]xf]/af6 / dfgj dnd"qaf6 h}ljs dnvfb lgdf{0fdf gu/kflnsfn] ljz]if
kxn ug{'kb{5 . gsl' xg] kmf]xf]/ k|zf]wgsf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .
yy k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{'kb{5 . To;sf] abnfdf eG;f/ ;l' jwf;lxt gofF
;jf/L ;fwg vl/bsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{k' b{5 .
yy hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ jg hª\unsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{'kb{5 . jfo' kb| "if0f
ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fodf jftfj/0fd}qL kl| jlwsf] k|of]u ug{k' b{5 .

cEof;

!= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fpg'xf];\ M
s= dxfnIdL g=kf=df ;x/Ls/0f a9\b} hfFbf s[lifof]Uo hldg qmdzM 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
v= hUufsf] v08Ls/0f -Knl6ª_ nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'kb{5 .
u= s[lifof]Uo hldgnfO{ afFemf] /fVg'x'Fb}g .
3= dxfnIdL g=kf= leq /x]sf vf]nfgfnfsf] kb| "if0f Ps hl6n ;d:of aGb} uPsf] 5 .
ª= s[lif pTkfbg a9fpFg ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljifflbsf] ko| f]u ug{ kf| ]T;flxt ug{k' b{5 .

@= lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
s= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s[lifsf] cfjZostf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
v= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s[lif;DaGwL s]–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ < aF'bfut ¿kdf JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
u= dxfnIdL g=kf= df b]lvPsf s[lif;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
3= dxfnIdL g=kf= df jftfj/0f kb| "if0f qmdzM a9\b} hfg'sf sf/0fx¿ s]–s] xg' \ < k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ .
ª= dxfnIdL g=kf= sf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿sf] rrf{ ug{x' f];\ .
r= dxfnIdL g=kf= sf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{'xf];\ .

#= kl/ofh] gf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] 3/ tyf ljBfnosf] glhs} Jofj;flos v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ e]6]/ pgLx¿n] ef]Ub} cfPsf

;d:ofx¿ kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;d]6]/ Ps 5f]6f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
v= tkfOFsf] j8fsf] j8f cWoIfnfO{ e]6]/ gu/kflnsfsf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n]

ckgfPsf pkfo / efjL of]hgfsf af/]df kZ| g ;f]wL Pp6f 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
u= olb tkfOF cfˆgf] j8fsf] cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt x'ge' of] eg] ToxfFsf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{

s]–s:tf of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{'xG' 5 < pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
3= dxfnIdL g=kf=df cem} klg cfw'lgs / Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kzk' fng a9\g g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿

vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 75

kf7M @
;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg

-;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfn] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ sIff
* sf ljBfyL{x¿ Hof]T;gf kf}8]n, kf;fª nfdf / ;fyLx¿ :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL gGbnfn >]i7sf] 3/df hfG5g\
/ pgLx¿aLr jftf{nfk ;?' xG' 5 ._
HofT] ;gf÷kf;fª\u M -Ps} :j/df_ gd:t] ;/ Û
gGbnfn M gd:t] Û cfpgx' f]; afa' gfgL xf] . slt sfdn] cfpg'eof] <
Hof]T;gf M ;/, xfdL xfd|f] gu/kflnsf If]qdf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ 5g\ / ltgLx¿n] xfd|f]
gu/df /x]sf ljleGg ;db' fosf] ljsf;df s:tf] of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] lh1f;f lnP/ cfPsf xf}F .
gGbnfn M w]/} /fd|f] lh1f;f /x]5, tkfOFx¿sf] . n ;G' g'xf];, s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 ;/sf/sf]
76 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

Psn ko| f;n] dfq xfl;n xg' ;Sb}g . kT| o]s JolQm, ;ª\3;+:yfx¿, gful/s ;dfh, ;dfh;]jL tyf ljleGg
k];fsdL{x¿ ;a} ldn]/ sfd u/]df dfq cf–cfkm\gf] 7fpFnfO{ ljsl;t, ;d[4 / ;dtfd"ns agfpg ;lsG5 .
ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] :j]lR5s ¿kdf :yfkgf / ;ª\ul7t eO{ cfk;L
;b\efj tyf ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf sfo{qmd / ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .

kf;fª M xfd|f] gu/kflnsfdf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf] ultljlw ;~rfng ul//x]sf
5g\ t ;/ <

gGbnfn M sltko ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf btf{ u/L o; gu/kflnsfdf
sfo{/t 5g\, h;nfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf klg elgG5 . j}wflgs ¿kdf st} klg btf{ geOsg klg Ps} 7fpFdf
;ª\ul7t eO{ cfkm\gf] ;db' fo / cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf] lxtdf ljleGg sfo{ ug]{ ;fdb' flos ;+:yfx¿ klg
gu/kflnsfleq 5g\, h:t} M u7' L, cfdf ;d"x, oj' f ;d"x, cleefjs ;d"x cflb . To;}u/L vfg]kfgL
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, 6f]n ljsf; ;ldlt, ;fdb' flos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n] klg cf–cfkm\gf] If]qsf
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] lxtdf ljljw sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

HofT] ;gf M oL ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] sg' s'g If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g < cem} k|:6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ g ;/ .

gGbnfn M n xG' 5 . Wofg lbP/ ;G' g'xf]; . vf;u/L o:tf u}/;/sf/L tyf ;db' fodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs
;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg';f/ dxfnIdL g=kf= df ljleGg ultljlw / sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+/If0fsf] If]q, clwsf/sf] If]q, ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]q, ;zQmLs/0fsf] If]q,
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] If]qdf cfk\mgf ultljlwx¿ s]lGbt| u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf]
;+/If0f / ;+j4{g tyf dfgj clwsf/, afn clwsf/, dlxnf clwsf/, blnt / hghfltsf] clwsf/sf]
If]qdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ul/a, cNk;ª\Vos tyf lk5l8Psf] hfthfltsf JolQmx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g,
pgLx¿nfO{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;xof]u ug]{, ;Lk tyf tflnd kb| fg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . af9L,
klx/f], e"sDk, cfunfuL h:tf kf| s[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t ljklQaf6 kLl8tx¿nfO{ p4f/ ug]{ / pgLx¿sf]
hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;xof]u ub{5g\ .

kf;fª M o:tf sfo{ ug{ tL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;|f]t / ;fwg s;/L h'6fp5g\ t ;/ <

xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL 77

gGbnfn M :j]lR5s ¿kdf rGbf, ;xof]u ;ª\sng u/]/, ;b:ox¿af6 lglZrt z'Ns p7fP/, ljleGg bft[
lgsfo tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/]/ ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwg
h6' fO{ To;sf] kl/rfng ub{5g\ .

HofT] ;gf M ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfn] t xfd|f] gu/kflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf /x]5g\
t . xfdLnfO{ olt w]/} hfgsf/L lbge' Psf]df ;/nfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb 5 .

gGbnfn M tkfOFx¿ l;Sg vf]Hg] lh1f;' xg' x' Fb' f]/x]5 . z'esfdgf 5 tkfOFx¿nfO{ Û

Hof]T;gf÷kf;fª M -Ps} ;fy_ x; t ;/, gd:sf/ Û

cEof;

!= 7Ls / a7] Ls 56' \ofpgx' f]; M
s= ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
v= ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ :j]lR5s ¿kdf :yfkgf tyf ;ª\ul7t ePsf x'G5g\ .
u= ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] sg' } klg p2]Zolagf g} cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .
3= ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfn] gbLgfnf, jghª\unh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{ klg

ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5g\ .
ª= :j]lR5s ¿kdf rGbf, ;xof]u ;ª\sng u/]/ bft[ tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ klg ;fdflhs

;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;|f]t / ;fwg h'6fpF5g\ .
r= sg' } klg ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ub}{gg\ .

@= lbPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f]; .
s= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{

u/]sf 5g\ <
v= dxfnIdL gu/kflnsfdf s'g s'g If]qdf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ < aF'bfut

¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

78 xfdL / xfd|f] dxfnIdL

u= ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;f| ]t / ;fwg s;/L h'6fpF5g\ < k|:6
kfg{'xf];\ .

3= tkfOFsf] ;db' fodf ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
kfg{'xf];\ .

ª= xfd|f] gu/kflnsfdf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|:6 kfg{x' f];\ .

#= kl/of]hgf sfo{
s= tkfOFsf] gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no tyf j8f sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fvL gu/kflnsfdf sfo{/t ;fdflhs

tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{x' f];\ . tL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] s'g s'g If]qdf sfd ub{5g\ <
tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v= tkfOFsf] ljBfno tyf ;db' fodf sfd ug]{ sg' } klg ;fdflhs ;+:yf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] sfof{nodf
;Dks{ /fvL pgLx¿n] ;~rfng ug]{ ultljlwx¿ / To;n] kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] af/]df Pp6f 5f]6f]
cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .
u= Hof]T;gf / kf;fªn] h:t} tkfOFsf] 3/ tyf ljBfno glhs}sf] Ps hgf ;dfh;]jL;Fu ;Dks{ u/L
;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfn] :yfgLo 7fpFdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df jftf{nfk u/L kf| Kt lgisif{ sIffdf
k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .
3= tkfOFsf] glhs}sf] u'7L jf ;fdb' flos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf 6f]n ljsf;
;ldltsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ e]6L pgLx¿n] ug]{ sfo{ / To;af6 nfeflGjt JolQmx¿ tyf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
kl/rfngsf] cj:yf ;d]6L Ps 5f]6f] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfdf| ] dxfnIdL 79

;Gbe{ ;fduL| ;r" L

clwsf/L, zª\s/gfy / nD;fn, b]jL k|;fb -@)@#_, efiff j+zfjnL -efu @_, sf7df8f}FM g]kfn ;/sf/,
k/' ftTTj ljefu .
sfo:y, 5q axfb/' -g]= ;+= !!!%_, n'e' b]zof k'nf+u' Do], nlntk'/M n'e' uflj; .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&!_, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg lbUbz{g, sf7df8f}FM u[x dGqfno .
of]uLgfy -@)!#_, b]jdfnf j+zfjnL .
dxfnIdL ;Gb]z, -@)&^ kmfu'g_, /]UdL, nIdL k|;fb -;Dkf=_, jif{ #, cª\s $ dxfnIdL
gu/kflnsf M nlntk/'
/fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL / g]kfn dxfTDo] .
>]i7, bof/fd -@)&!_, ne' ' If]q, sf7df8f}FM /fdKof/L >]i7 .
>]i7, bof/fd -@)&!_, g]kfn /fHosf b]jLb]jtfx¿, sf7df8f}FM /fdKof/L >]i7 .
>]i7, /fdaxfb/' -;Dkf=_ -@)%$_, n'e' dxf]T;j, nlntk/' M uf=lj=;=ne' ' .
;fodL -g]= ;+= !!@(_, g]kfMof hfqf, sf7df8f}FM g;gf klAns]zg .

Bajracharya, D. & Malla, K. P. (1985). The Gopal Raja Bamsabali. TUM Franz
Steiner Verlag Widsbaden GMBH.
Government of Nepal (2002), Population Census 2001, Kathmandu: National
Planning Commission.
Shrestha, D. R. (1995). Lubhoo A storage of Costume and Rites. Village Profile.