51 The result shows that, the number of participants who could not answer clearly about agreement or disagreement for this statement take the highest percentage with 32 percent. 23.6 percent of participants agreed and 15.4 percent strongly agreed while 17.6 percent of participants disagreed and 11.3 percent strongly disagreed. Statement 18: I used to use pirated software before. Table 4.24: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 18 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 25 4.9 Disagree 44 8.6 Average 133 26.0 Agree 177 34.6 Strongly agree 133 26.0 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.24: Number of respondents of Statement 18 25 44 133 177 133 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
52 According to the result from Figure 4.24, most of participants agreed and strongly agreed (34.6 percent and 26 percent respectively) that they used to use pirated software before. 26 percent of participants were not sure. Only small number of participants disagreed and strongly disagreed with 8.6 percent and 4.9 percent respectively. Pricing perceptions Statement 19: Licensed software has high cost. Table 4.25: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 19 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 2 .4 Disagree 15 2.9 Average 101 19.7 Agree 164 32.0 Strongly agree 230 44.9 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.25: Number of respondents of Statement 19 2 15 101 164 230 0 50 100 150 200 250 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
53 The result appears that most of participants agreed and strongly agreed (32.0 percent and 44.9 percent respectively) that licensed software has high cost. While 19.7 percent of participant were in neutral state, only few participants disagreed and strongly disagreed with 2.9 percent and 0.4 percent respectively. Statement 20: Software piracy helps users save costs. Table 4.26: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 20 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 25 4.9 Disagree 46 9.0 Average 116 22.7 Agree 130 25.4 Strongly agree 195 38.1 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.26: Number of respondents of Statement 20 25 46 116 130 195 0 50 100 150 200 250 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
54 From the figure above, the percentage of participants who strongly disagreed and disagreed that software piracy helps users save costs is low (4.9 percent and 9.0 percent respectively). 22.7 percent of participants is in neutral state. The proportion of agreement group is the highest with 63.5 percent including 25.4 percent for ‘agree’ and 38.1 percent for ‘strongly agree’. Statement 21: Reasonable price of licensed software will help reduce software piracy. Table 4.27: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 21 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 5 1.0 Disagree 10 2.0 Average 70 13.7 Agree 132 25.8 Strongly agree 295 57.6 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.27: Number of respondents of Statement 21 5 10 70 132 295 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
55 According to the results from the figure above, very few participants strongly disagreed and disagreed with this statement (1.0 percent and 2.0 percent respectively). Participants who were undecided were only 13.7 percent. Participants who strongly agreed got the very high proportion with 57.6 percent while ‘agree’ group got 25.8 percent. Statement 22: I will buy licensed software if its price is reasonable. Table 4.28: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 22 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 5 1.0 Disagree 16 3.1 Average 64 12.5 Agree 122 23.8 Strongly agree 305 59.6 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.28: Number of respondents of Statement 22 5 16 64 122 305 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
56 From the table above, most of participants agreed and strongly agreed (23.8 percent and 59.6 percent respectively) that they will buy licensed software if its price is reasonable. Only 12.5 percent of participant were in neutral state, very few participants disagreed and strongly disagreed with 3.1 percent and 1.0 percent respectively. Risks perception Statement 23: Pirated software may run unstable or contain viruses to damage computer system or data. Table 4.29: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 23 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 9 1.8 Disagree 28 5.5 Average 100 19.5 Agree 149 29.1 Strongly agree 226 44.1 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.29: Number of respondents of Statement 23 9 28 100 149 226 0 50 100 150 200 250 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
57 The results in Figure 4.29 shows that most of participants agreed and strongly agreed (29.1 percent and 44.1 percent respectively) that pirated software may run unstable or contain viruses to damage computer system or data. While 19.5 percent of participant were in neutral state, only few participants disagreed and strongly disagreed with 5.5 percent and 1.8 percent respectively. Statement 24: Users have to spend time or cost or both to recover damages caused by pirated software. Table 4.30: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 24 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 16 3.1 Disagree 21 4.1 Average 122 23.8 Agree 173 33.8 Strongly agree 180 35.2 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.30: Number of respondents of Statement 24 16 21 122 173 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
58 From the result table, 35.2 percent of participants strongly agreed that users have to spend time or cost or both to recover damages caused by pirated software, 33.8 percent agreed, while only 4.1 percent disagreed and 3.1 percent strongly disagreed. However, the number of participants had no idea is also high. It takes 23.8 percent of participants. Statement 25: Hackers may use viruses hidden in pirated software to steal users’ data. Table 4.31: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 25 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 8 1.6 Disagree 10 2.0 Average 84 16.4 Agree 178 34.8 Strongly agree 232 45.3 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.31: Number of respondents of Statement 25 8 10 84 178 232 0 50 100 150 200 250 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
59 For this statement, the result reveals that the number of participants who strongly disagreed and disagreed is very low with only 2.0 percent and 1.6 percent respectively. While 14.3 percent of participants were in neutral state. The proportion of ‘strongly agree’ group were the majority with 34.8 percent for ‘agree’ and 45.3 percent for ‘strongly agree’. Statement 26: Users who are using or sharing pirated software may be prosecuted by law. Table 4.32: Number of respondents and percentage of Statement 26 Number of respondent Percent Strongly disagree 24 4.7 Disagree 49 9.6 Average 165 32.2 Agree 145 28.3 Strongly agree 129 25.2 Total 512 100.0 Figure 4.32: Number of respondents of Statement 26 24 49 165 145 129 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Strongly disagree Disagree Average Agree Strongly agree
60 According to the result, most of participants (32.2 percent) were not sure about this statement. 28.3 percent of participants agreed and 25.2 percent strongly agreed with this statement. Small number of participants disagreed and strongly disagreed with 2.9 percent and 0.4 percent respectively. 4.2 Hypothesized Findings 4.2.1 Reliability analysis: Reliability test was used to identify that whether the response from the respondents which we get from questionnaire is reliable or related to our research objectives or not. For any questionnaire to be reliable Cronbach’s value in table should be greater than 0.6. The result shows that the questionnaire of this study has Cronbach’s value 0.783, which means the questionnaire is valid and reliable for the study. Table 4.33: Reliability statistic Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .783 32 Table 4.34: Case processing summary N % Cases Valid 512 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 512 100.0 4.2.2 T-Test analysis:
61 T-Test analysis was selected to test hypotheses H1.1 and H1.2 that whether there are significant relationships between users’ perception of copyright and piracy and demographic characteristics gender and marital status. 4.2.2.1 Gender: Table 4.35: t-test result comparing Males and Females on Perception Variable Male Female t p 95% CI Mean M Difference (d) SD M SD Perception Average 3.77 .61 3.77 .54 -.036 .971 [-.10, .10] -.00 An independent sample t test showed that the difference in gender between the Male group (n = 286, M = 3.77, SD = 0.61) and the Female group (n = 226, M = 3.77, SD = .54) were not statistically significant, t(510) = -0.36, p = .971, 95% CI [- .10, .10], d = -.00. So the hypothesis H1.1 is rejected. There is no relationship between gender and users’ perception of copyright and piracy in Vietnam. 4.2.2.2 Marital Status: Table 4.36: t-test result comparing Marital Statuses on Perception Variable Single Married t p 95% CI Mean Difference (d) M SD M SD Perception Average 3.72 0.56 3.97 0.62 -3.87 .000 [-.37, -.12] -0.24 An independent sample t test showed that the difference in marital status between the Single group (n = 409, M = 3.72, SD = 0.56) and the Married group (n = 103, M = 3.97, SD = .62) were statistically significant, t(510) = -3.87, p = .000, 95% CI [-.37, -.12], d = -.24. So the hypothesis H1.2 is accepted. There is a significant relationship between marital status and users’ perception of copyright and piracy.
62 4.2.3 ANOVA (F-Test) analysis: ANOVA analysis is selected to test hypotheses H1.3, H1.4 and H1.5 that whether there are significant relationships between users’ perception of copyright and piracy and demographic characteristics age, education level, occupation and income. 4.2.3.1 Age Table 4.37: ANOVA result between Age and Perception N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig Less than 15 1 3.4444 . 8.427 .000 15 - 19 38 3.7193 0.56345 20 - 29 366 3.6949 0.56373 30 - 39 88 3.9886 0.5362 40 - 49 11 4.2222 0.54433 More than 50 8 4.5139 0.56324 Total 512 3.7708 0.57863 A one way ANOVA showed that the differences in Age between the age group ‘less than 15’ (n = 1, M = 3.44, SD = 0.00), the age group ’15 – 19’ (n = 38, M = 3.72, SD = 0.56), the age group ’20 – 29’ (n = 366, M = 3.69, SD = 0.54), the age group ’30 – 39’ (n = 88, M = 3.99, SD = 0.54), the age group ‘40 – 49’ (n = 11, M = 4.22, SD = 0.54), and the age group ‘more than 50’ (n = 8, M = 4.51, SD = 0.56) were statistically significant, F = 8.427, p = .000. So the hypothesis H1.3 is accepted. There is a significant relationship between age and users’ perception of copyright and piracy. 4.2.3.2 Education
63 Table 4.38: ANOVA result between Education and Perception N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error F Sig. Less than High School 2 3.6667 0.4714 0.33333 1.178 .317 High School 26 3.6581 0.75092 0.14727 Bachelor Degree or Diploma 449 3.7659 0.57894 0.02732 Master Degree or Doctorate Degree 35 3.9238 0.3995 0.06753 Total 512 3.7708 0.57863 0.02557 A one way ANOVA showed that the differences in Education between the group ‘Less than High School’ (n = 2, M = 3.67, SD = 0.47), the group ‘High School’ (n = 26, M = 3.66, SD = 0.75), the group ‘Bachelor Degree or Diploma’ (n = 449, M = 3.77, SD = 0.58), and the group ‘Master Degree or Doctorate Degree’ (n = 35, M = 3.92, SD = 0.40) were not statistically significant, F = 1.178, p = .317. So the hypothesis H1.4 is rejected. There is no significant relationship between education level and users’ perception of copyright and piracy. 4.2.3.3 Occupation Table 4.39: ANOVA result between Occupation and Perception N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error F Sig. Student 318 3.6922 0.55944 0.03137 6.554 .000 Company's employee 158 3.9128 0.56841 0.04522 Self-employed 30 3.9185 0.67298 0.12287 Others 6 3.463 0.5727 0.2338 Total 512 3.7708 0.57863 0.02557
64 A one way ANOVA showed that the differences in Occupation between the group ‘Student’ (n = 2, M = 3.67, SD = 0.47), the group ‘Company’s employee’ (n = 26, M = 3.66, SD = 0.75), the group ‘Self-employed’ (n = 449, M = 3.77, SD = 0.58), and the group ‘others’ (n = 35, M = 3.92, SD = 0.40) were statistically significant, F = 6.554, p = .000. So the hypothesis H1.5 is accepted. There is a significant relationship between occupation and users’ perception of copyright and piracy. 4.2.3.4 Income Table 4.40: ANOVA result between Income and Perception N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig. Less than 5,000,000 VND 343 3.6981 0.56284 6.713 .000 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 VND 86 3.8424 0.60702 10,000,000 - 15,000,000 VND 33 3.9832 0.64077 More than 25,000,000 VND 50 4.0067 0.48996 Total 512 3.7708 0.57863 A one way ANOVA showed that the differences in Income between the group ‘Less than 5,000,000 VND’ (n = 343, M = 3.70, SD = 0.56), the group ‘5,000,000 - 10,000,000 VND’ (n = 86, M = 3.84, SD = 0.61), the group ‘10,000,000 - 15,000,000 VND’ (n = 33, M = 3.98, SD = 0.64), and the group ‘More than 25,000,000 VND’ (n = 50, M = 4.01, SD = 0.49) were statistically significant, F = 6.713, p = .000. So the hypothesis H1.6 is accepted. There is a significant relationship between income and users’ perception of copyright and piracy. 4.2.3 Correlation analysis:
65 Pearson Correlation was used to test hypotheses H2, H3, H4, and H5 that whether there are significant relationships between users’ perception of copyright and piracy and behavior factors, moral factors, pricing perceptions, and perceived risks. Table 4.41: Correlation analysis between moral and behavior factors, pricing perception, perceived risks and perception of copyright and piracy Perception Average Moral Average Behavior Average Price Average Risk Average Perception Average Pearson Correlation 1 .478** .193** .128** .435** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .004 .000 N 512 512 512 512 512 Moral Average Pearson Correlation .478** 1 .201** .005 .430** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .904 .000 N 512 512 512 512 512 Behavior Average Pearson Correlation .193** .201** 1 -.034 .108* Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .447 .015 N 512 512 512 512 512 Price Average Pearson Correlation .128** .005 -.034 1 .302** Sig. (2-tailed) .004 .904 .447 .000 N 512 512 512 512 512 Risk Average Pearson Correlation .435** .430** .108* .302** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .015 .000 N 512 512 512 512 512 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). The result from Table showed that: First, moral factors and perception of piracy and copyright have a medium positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.478). Therefore, the hypothesis H2 is accepted. That means users who have higher moral obligations, have higher perception of piracy and copyright.
66 Secondly, behaviors and perception of piracy and copyright have a low positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.193). Therefore, the hypothesis H3 is accepted. Thirdly, pricing perceptions and perception of piracy and copyright have a low positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.128). Therefore, the hypothesis H4 is accepted. That means users who have higher perception of price of software have higher perception of piracy and copyright. Furthermore, perceived risks and perception of piracy and copyright have a medium positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.435). Therefore, the hypothesis H5 is accepted. That means the more users perceive about possible risks, the higher perception of piracy and copyright. The research also indicated that moral factors and behaviors have a low positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.201). That means moral and behaviors go together and affect each other. In addition, the findings also moral factors and perceived risks have a medium positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tailed) and 99% confident interval (0.430). That means users who understand about their moral obligations will be aware of risks in using pirated software. Moreover, behaviors and perceived risks have a low positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.05 level (2-tailed) and 95% confident interval (0.108). That means behaviors and perception of risks influence each other.
67 Finally, pricing perceptions and perceived risks have low positive (Table 4.42) and significant relationship at 0.01 level (2-tail) and 99% confident interval (0.302). That means users with higher perception of price have higher perception of risks. Table 4.42: Interpreting correlation value Correlation (r) Interpret 1 Perfect positive linear association 0 No linear association -1 Perfect negative linear association 0.90 to 0.99 Very high positive correlation 0.70 to 0.89 High positive correlation 0.4 to 0.69 Medium positive correlation 0 to 0.39 Low positive correlation 0 to -0.39 Low negative correlation -0.40 to -0.69 Medium negative correlation -0.70 to -0.89 High negative correlation -0.90 to -0.99 Very high negative correlation
68 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion This study analyzed the relationships between software users’ perception of copyright and piracy and demographic factors, moral factors, behavior factors, pricing perception and perceived risks. The study was conducted through the use of a structured questionnaire which was designed to determine those relationships. After valid information gathering and evaluation, the following conclusions are drawn from the finding of the study: The descriptive analysis showed the general information about users’ perception of piracy and copyright. According to the results, although there are number of Vietnamese software users have an indifferent attitude, most of them have a good awareness of piracy and copyright. They understand the role and benefits of copyright in general, as well as the violation in using pirated software and also the hidden risks that may happen. The results sound conflicted with the extremely high software piracy rate in Vietnam because it’s supposed that bad awareness of piracy and copyright goes along with high software piracy rate. Another interesting finding is that Vietnamese people are willing to buy licensed software, but along with that, they also used to use pirated software. Moreover, most of Vietnamese software users perceive that the current price of licensed software is high and the more reasonable price will help to make them willing to pay for it.
69 The other analysis methods including T-Test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation provided more sophisticated details about Vietnamese software users’ perception of piracy and copyright by revealing significant relationships with demographic factors, moral factors, behavior factors, pricing perceptions and perceived risks. In Vietnam, among demographic factors, only gender and education have not significant relationships with the perception of piracy and copyright. Male and female are not different in the way they perceive about piracy and copyright. It’s easy to understand, the roles of male and female in society are mostly balance nowadays, they have almost the same chance to acquire knowledge and also reach advanced technologies such as information technology. However, there is a different story for education. It is supposed that perception goes along with education level, people who have high education level will have high perception of high technology. Nevertheless, it does not happen for information technology in Vietnam. The results showed that there was no difference among education levels about perception of piracy and copyright. According to the result of analysis, another demographic factor, marital status, has a significant relationship with perception of piracy and copyright. It means there is a different perception between married people and single ones. Age groups also has significant relationships with perception of piracy and copyright. That means people in different age groups have different perceptions. The result also found a significant result about occupation, people with different careers or jobs have different perceptions of piracy and copyright. For the last demographic that the study analyzed, income also has a significant relationship with perception of piracy and copyright. It
70 means various income levels influence people in way the perceive piracy and copyright. The findings about relationships between demographic factors and perception of piracy and copyright are very important for developers to select which sections of customers they need focus and which appropriate marketing and security strategic that adapt for each of customer sections. The correlation analysis showed that all four main study groups including moral factors, behavior factors, pricing perceptions and perceived risks have positive and significant relationships with perception of piracy and copyright. That means the more software users have moral obligation and perceive price and risks, the higher the perception of piracy and copyright is. Besides that, behaviors of users in shopping and using software such as how they buy and the background of using pirated software influence positively their perception of piracy and copyright. In conclusion, Vietnamese software users have a good awareness about piracy and copyright, they can distinguish pirated software and licensed software and recognize the benefits when using licensed software as well as the risks of pirated software. However, they cannot recognize clearly about their responsibility with the high software piracy rate in Vietnam. And although they are willing to buy licensed software, they perceive the price of licensed software is still high compare with their income. Moreover, most of them used to use pirated software, and that affects them in their decision to continue using pirated software. So all above are the reason why software piracy rate in Vietnam is still too high but decreasing recently.
71 5.2 Recommendation 5.2.1 For authority From the results of analysis above, the price is the greatest barrier that prevents Vietnamese people affording licensed software. In reality, there are very few representatives of big software vendors in Vietnam, Vietnamese people have to go to the internet to purchase software and suffer the high price which is more appropriate for developed countries. Moreover, without local representatives, software users in Vietnam who have low ability in foreign languages find hard to contact and communicate with developers for support. From that reasons, the authority should facilitate the presence of software vendors in Vietnam by tax and law policies, so that Vietnamese users can have better price and support from developers. The important thing is the authority should invest more in the young information technology of Vietnam, so that there will be more qualified domestic software developers who can develop products which have international quality but with local price. Besides that, the authority should organize more effective campaigns of advocacy and education about software piracy and copyright focusing on young people and leaders of organizations and companies. Those campaigns can help them improve their awareness and build their moral obligations about piracy and copyright. They also help change gradually the habit of using pirated software of Vietnamese users. 5.2.2 For developers
72 For foreign software developers, they need representatives or local partners to help them reach Vietnamese users. They also need a flexible price policy and marketing strategy that are more appropriate for developing countries such as Vietnam to attract more users to buy licensed software. The most advantages of pirated software are a very low cost and also giving a big chance for learners to approach and discover all the features of software. So, the good way to fend off pirated software is that developers may provide a free version to students, learners and individual users with non-commercial purposes. This is forming a trend nowadays that many big software vendors are applying. For domestic software developers, the biggest advantage that they have is that they are playing at the home market where they are familiar with the culture, language and habit of users, as well as provide a support easier to users. In the contrast, they have to face with the biggest disadvantages is the quality and branding. To be successful, they need to focus on niche sections by developing programs that are appropriate completely with Vietnamese users’ demographics, habits and income, as well as Vietnamese culture and standards. In addition, they also need a reliable support system, distribution system, marketing and free-to-use policies to attract more users and convince them try to use and pay for their products. 5.2.3 For users Although pirated software is so attractive because of its very low cost comparing with licensed software and also providing a big chance to discover, users should always consider about hidden risks of pirated software and losing all supports from developers before using. Another way that is much safer is using free
73 alternatives of licensed software. There are many freeware with full support that have capacity comparing with licensed software. 5.3 Limitation As this research was done as a part of fulfilment of MBA program, it has some constraints may affect the final results: Although the research collected enough samples with 512 responses to represent the population, hard copies of questionnaire could not spread out equally to Vietnamese users in every region of Vietnam due to far distance and limited budget. So the questionnaires of this research were mostly distributed in Ho Chi Minh City, one of the biggest city in Vietnam. The allocations of age and occupation are so various. The proportion of age group ’20 – 29’ is the biggest with 71.5 percent while the second biggest group ’30 – 39’ has only 17.2 percent. The same thing happened with occupation. Most of participants of this study are students with 62.1 percent while employees who have better income to afford licensed software occupy 30.9 percent of total number of participants. Some of statements in the questionnaire might be confused or not clear enough, so the number of participants who were in neutral state got the highest proportion, about one third of total number of participants.
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76 APPENDICES A. QUESTIONNAIRE Part I: Background Information (A) 1. Gender □ Male □ Female 2. Marital Status □ Single □ Married 3. Age □ Less than 15 □ 30-39 □ 15-19 □ 40-49 □ 20-29 □ more than 50 4. Highest Education □ Less than High School □ High School □ Bachelor degree or Diploma □ Master degree or Doctorate degree 5. Present Occupation □ Student □ Company’s employee □ Self-employed □ Others 6. Monthly income: □ Less than 5,000,000 VND □ 15,000,000 – 20,000,000 VND □ 5,000,000 – 10,000,000 VND □ 20,000,000 – 25,000,000 VND □ 10,000,000 – 15,000,000 VND □ More than 25,000,000 VND Part II: User Perception of Software Piracy and Copyrights (B) 1: Strongly disagree; 2: Disagree; 3: Neutral; 4: Agree; 5: Strongly agree (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1. Copyright protects the legal rights and benefits of developers. + 2. Software piracy is a violation of copyright. + 3. Using or sharing pirated software is software piracy. + 4. Software piracy has bad effects on the development of information technology. + 5. Software piracy is harmful to no one. -
77 6. Software piracy is acceptable. - 7. Users can get full supports from developers with licensed software. + 8. I use pirated software when it is necessary. - 9. I’m will pay money for licensed software. + Part III: Factor affecting perception of software piracy (C) 1: Strongly disagree; 2: Disagree; 3: Neutral; 4: Agree; 5: Strongly agree (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) MORAL FACTORS 1. Software piracy is not a serious problem because it’s popular now. - 2. Crackers have to be responsible with software piracy. + 3. Users have to be responsible with software piracy + 4. I feel guilty when using pirated software. + PAYMENT BEHAVIORS & PREVIOUS BEHAVIORS 5. I prefer cash payment for buying software. + 6. I’m familiar with e-payment. + 7. I go to stores for software. + 8. I buy software via internet. + 9. I used to use pirated software before. - SOFTWARE PRICING PERCEPTIONS 10. Licensed software has high cost. + 11. Software piracy helps users save costs. + 12. Reasonable price of licensed software will help reduce software piracy. + 13. I will buy licensed software if its price is reasonable. + RISKS PERCEPTIONS 14. Pirated software may run unstable or contain viruses to damage computer system or data. + 15. Users have to spend time or cost or both to recover damages caused by pirated software. + 16. Hackers may use viruses hidden in pirated software to steal users’ data. + 17. Users who are using or sharing pirated software may be prosecuted by law. +