90 Control Over Discipline. In this study, children may complain and disagree even when parents are going through discipline challenges. Still, because they have developed respect and trust in their parents, they choose to obey even if it is against their stubborn will. The parents agree that when their children come from a secure and respectful environment, they will behave wisely and with respect. They have good common sense and a deep understanding of responsibility. With these characteristics, they will contribute generously to society and become a good citizen because of their healthy and secure home life experiences. Family plays a primary and crucial in the psychosocial development of a child. Often, children are born into a family structure (Nemeth & Olivier, 2017). A family is defined as people who live together in a household. Young children look to their family members for direction, guidance, and example of positive behaviors. Children grow, learn, survive, and thrive in a healthy home environment. As they go through life's stages, they face life’s challenges (Nemeth, Ray, & Schexnayder, 2003). Erik Erikson, a psychologist, developed one of the best studies on psychosocial development. Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development entails eight stages of psychosocial development, which is a combination of ‘psychology’ and ‘social’ from a person’s birth to death. Development refers to different stages of human life affected by environmental factors (Munley, 1977). The benefit of Erikson’s theory to parents is that it paints a clear picture of children’s needs and corresponding behaviors that emerge throughout life's different stages. Not only does it aids understanding, but it also guides effective interaction and response to a child’s needs as they grow into adulthood. In each of the stages, there are distinct goals that children must achieve with their parents’ help (Cole, 2018). According to Erikson, the development of children's personalities highly depends on how they overcome different conflicts and challenges.
91 The conflict and challenges must be overcome as soon as possible because it will threaten their children’s psychology (Cherry, 2020). Parents play an essential role in the psychosocial development of children. In this study, parents shared a few of their children's challenges in the various stages of development and ages (McLeod, 2018). Parents’ positive presence in their children’s lives sets an example from which their children can model. When parents have a healthy family bond with their children, children prefer to consult their advice, counsel, guidance, and leadership. The parents in this study revealed that they want to experience family togetherness. According to them, a healthy family bond will help their children become better social community members outside their home circle. Children from this setting contribute better to the community (Ray, 2010). A good family bond makes children feel secure, and this security helps children to have healthier mental well-being. Children who grow up with healthy mental well-being realize their potential, work productively, cope well with life stresses and contribute to the community (Ozorio, 2011). Socialization Socialization is the capability to associate with the outside world (Murphy, 2014). In this study, parents shared that socialization is among the most asked questions. However, regardless of how others perceive issues related to socialization, it has never been an issue. Parents are least concerned about this topic. The homeschooling parents in this study do not see that socialization is a problem because their children are exposed to different activities and meet other people of all ages and walks of life. Their children first learn to have healthy interactions with them at home. With a healthy and secure family bond, homeschooled children become excellent
92 communicators and express their ideas, thoughts, and emotions well. They also usually interact as children who attend public schools. The parents in this study expose their children to different social meetings that allow them to meet with other children and adults. They are not isolated from the world. Homeschooling Challenges Similar to the public school system, homeschooling also has its downside. Most parents in this study shared their financial challenges and the lack of a support system for homeschooling in this country. Financial Financial restraints are one of the major challenges a one-income homeschooling family must face. Since only one parent works, parents must tighten their daily expenses (Pabis, 2013). However, Nine out of ten of the participants are Christian. They claim to believe that God is providing for them and helping them know how to manage their finances. Even on a tight budget, seven out of ten parents shared that they still manage to go on a family trip, eat out, and visit places that offer educational experiences, such as museums and art exhibits. Two out of the ten families in this study use online homeschooling resources for most of their worksheets to save money from buying expensive homeschooling curriculum packages. They watch many educational videos to compensate for the lack of textbooks and read online articles. Homeschooling parents can access many online resources for free, such as Khan Academy, Starfall, EdHelper.com, and many more (Levin, 2021). For some parents, financing for homeschooling is very flexible. Parents in this study shared that they can choose to spend less or more depending on their needs. They are not bound to a commitment of paying school fees and other
93 school expenses; therefore, they can save money for other educational needs of their children. Lack of Support System For some parents, homeschooling can be a lonely journey. The reason behind this is the lack of a support system available to them in their current location. The homeschooling parents who participated in this study live in different parts of Thailand. Thailand's government gives support to Thai citizens only. Eight out of ten families in this study are expatriates working in Thailand. They do not get any help from the Thai government while homeschooling. The only support they get is from family members and online support groups. However, even with the lack of support for the expatriates, it did not deter them from homeschooling. They made an effort to do their research and studied how best to execute homeschooling in their setting. Ironically, even with the support given by the government exclusively for the Thais, they still preferred to homeschool without the government’s involvement.
94 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY There are definite benefits and challenges to Homeschooling. The experiences shared by the ten families give us an overview of why parents choose to homeschool in Thailand. The rationale for homeschooling comes from a conviction that parents can provide a higher education quality compared to institutional schooling. From this study, homeschooling is seen as a way to give a different approach to learning, catering to their children’s individual educational needs. To meet these needs, parents researched and selected a curriculum best suited to their life principles, standards, and religious belief. As a result, their children benefited from a tailor-made learning experience to maximize their potential. Parents focus on the holistic development of children and ensure that their children are exposed to adequate, meaningful, and effective interpersonal interactions with people of all ages to experience healthy psychosocial development. Conclusion The reasons for homeschooling cited by the participants in this study vary, but their answers can be synthesized into two general motivating factors. First, these families’ decision is based on their high interest in child-centered learning, and second, parents’ have the authority to control the curriculum, method of learning, and schedule. The parents believe that the child-centered approach to education is effective and practical due to the nature of the child-centered pedagogy, which focuses more on the interests of the children.
95 Their choice of curriculum and instructional decisions is based on two broad categories: the first, independent learning approach and the second, practical hands-on learning approach. The experiences of two families that have gone through homeschooling resonate with the previous studies on homeschoolers' success in academic achievements, being a good citizen of their community, and having practical social skills. The parent acting as the primary homeschool teacher in this study stressed their satisfaction in seeing their children’s day-to-day progress and being their children’s teacher at home. Limitations This research has a few limitations. Each of the limitations is listed below. First, this research was conducted amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to travel restrictions, most of the interviews were done via zoom. There was a lack of home-setting observation. The study outcome would have been extensive if it had been done alongside some observation sessions. During the two interview sessions on-site, I did not have the opportunity to observe the family’s homeschool setting and schedule due to time constraints. Second, out of the ten families, only three had both parents present at the interviews. Furthermore, not all parents participated in the study. A complete perspective could be drawn if both parents participated. As seen in the data, while parents agreed on their children's homeschooling, each parent had a distinct role. While the experiences shared might give an overview of the homeschooling experiences, it ultimately stems from one parent’s perspective, who may not be the parent doing the actual homeschooling. Furthermore, having both parents share the experiences could enhance the reliability of the shared experiences, as parents could
96 vouch for or clarify responses given by their spouses in both the semi-structured and the focus group interviews. Meeting with the parent was difficult because some were working or homeschoolers. Meetings were conducted when they were available. Contact time was limited to the schedules they provided. Consequently, several parents were absent in subsequent focus group interviews. Therefore, it was difficult to ask follow-up questions to previous interviews. Another issue was that parents took a while to reply to interview requests. As a result, much of the data came from the data gathered during the initial interview sessions in which most parents participated. Recommendations A principal value of this study is that the data was collected through interview sessions. The qualitative research approach gives the research not just numbers to analyze but statements accompanied by thoughtful words and expressions. It provides the study with a different perspective pertinent to homeschooling experiences. There are a few recommendations that resulted from this study. This recommendation section is going to be divided into two sections. The first section is a recommendation to parents who are considering homeschooling, and the second recommendation is for future research. Recommendation for Practice First, parents should weigh all the pros and cons of homeschooling based on the family’s needs and setting. This should include how homeschooling would affect the family finance, home dynamic, homeschooling support, and provider and educational needs of the children. The decision to homeschool should be agreed upon together by both parents.
97 The findings show that parents want to control their children’s education. However, parents should weigh all the pros and cons of homeschooling based on the family’s needs and setting. The decision to homeschool should be made with clear objectives, purpose, and long-term goals. Parents should consider a few things: how homeschooling would affect the family’s finances, home dynamics, and the availability of homeschooling providers and support. Both parents should agree upon the decision to homeschool. Through this study, it is clear that parents choose the homeschooling curriculum packages based on what they expect their children to experience in learning. It is recommended that, when considering homeschooling, parents should find out if homeschooling support systems are available in the area where they live. If there is a support system, either online or on-site, seek advice if there is any local homeschooling curriculum provider in the area. Local homeschooling providers would be less expensive than the ones coming from the west. Parents can join many online homeschooling support groups if there is no support system locally. Ask other parents in any support group about their experience using the curriculum of their choice. Should parents order homeschooling packages from abroad, parents need to consider the learning approach they want their children to experience. Do they want their children to be more hands-on? Become an independent learner? Etc. In addition, parents in this study have the self-efficacy to do homeschooling. Parents must know what they are putting themselves into and should do enough study on homeschooling before they start homeschooling, including familiarizing themselves with different methods of teaching that can be implemented at home. This is specifically for parents who do not have any teaching background.
98 Recommendation for Future Research Methods for collecting data should include observations of actual homeschooling in the families. The assessment should include class schedules, learning approaches, types of curriculum, and teaching methods. In addition, the researcher should assess how the curricula suit children in each family. This would provide a more in-depth perspective on the study and a comprehensive view of how homeschooling works. Second, for a broader scope of the study, extend the study to the role of mothers being the primary teacher in most homeschooling settings. Should this be done in the wake of Covid-19 restrictions, advanced technology such as Zoom, Google meet, or other applications would enable such interview sessions and discussions to occur even with participants in remote places. Third, use a different qualitative research model to find additional research. In future studies, a quantitative research design should be used to ensure that many parents can participate. For qualitative research, using grounded theory methods may provide a way of developing a homeschooling theory. The findings have highlighted the value and strengths of homeschooling. Each family has its unique setting, successes, and challenges. Realizing that many studies related to homeschooling have been done primarily in the western world, more studies should be conducted in Asia. This study contributes to the lack of academic literature on homeschooling in this region.
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