ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE. PROJECT 2. ENERGY AUDIT REPORT. PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG

Bsc (Hons) in Architecture










Energy and Architecture ARC 61904


Assignment 2 : Energy Audit Report











Tutor : Dr Siti Norzaini

Student Name : Phillip Yap Kai Hang
Student ID : 0335505

TABLE OF CONTENT



1. Site Context


• Typology
• Average Temperature and Precipitatioin
• Humidity-Comfort Level
• Sun Path
• Average Daily Sunshine
• Maximum Temperature
• Wind Direction
• Wind Sped
• Rain Fall


2. Solar Analysis

• Orientation
• Daylight Factor
• Heat Map




3. Electricity Consumption

• Electric Bill Calculation
• Daily Comparison of Electricity Consumption between weekdays - weekends
• Daily Comparison of Electricity Consumption between Private – Public Spaces


4. Occupants Energy Consumption Behaviour


• Occupants Living Pattern
• Monthly Comparison of Electricity Consumption by Appliances
• Monthly Comparison of Electricity Consumption by Spaces




5. Existing Design


• Anatomy of Building Materials
• U Value of Roof
• OTTV of West Façade Wall


6. Proposed Solution

• Internal Shading Devices
• Interior Finishing
• Mechanical Ventilation


7.Household Carbon Emission and Conclusion

• Water Bill Calculation
• Carbon Emission
• Water Saving Tips
• Conclusion
• References



ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

SITE CONTEXT







Morning
Sun
















THE CONEZION RESIDENCES, PUTRAJAYA

This project investigates a 1274 sqf condominium unit located at
Putrajaya, with a centralized spatial arrangement of utilitarian
spaces, and a balcony facing directly to the west façade.
Sun Path Wind Direction
It’s located at one of the urban extension proposal by IOI group, The sun rises from the foyer of house, which is blocked by High altitude high speed wind mostly comes from the South,
envisioned to create a well balanced between working and living other units, and set at the balcony which allow the heat passes through other apartment units before cross ventilating
lifestyle, designate toward one of the suburb land, Putrajaya. transfer through direct sun radiation. the investigated unit.










Longer hour
Rise



Monsoon



Average Temperature and Precipitation Daily Sunshine Windspeed
Average temperature falls between 28ºC - 30ºC, while Daily Sunshine Hours are relatively consistent, fall between 6 Monthly windspeed fluctuate 2 times per year at every April and
precipitation increases since every June to December. hours – 7.5 hours, longer from January to Jun. October due to Monsoon Wind.







Hot day decreases






Miserable Miserable
Monsoon



Humidity – Comfort Level Maximum Temperature Rainfall


Humidity level is relatively high throughout the year due to Daily maximum temperatures are considered high throughout the Monthly rainfall is consistently high throughout the year, peak on
April and November as the raining season of the year.
tropical location, its is an issue to be considered in building year, number of hot days decreases since every June to
design. December.


ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

SOLAR ANALYSIS


12pm








10am
h
t 4pm
a
p
n
u
s





Sun moves up from the foyer of the house, where sun Sun is at the overhead of unit, where heat transfer through Sun arrive the west façade of building, directly shines
radiation is blocked by other units. the roof . into building through sun radiation







r Illuminance (lux.) Illuminance (lux.) Illuminance (lux.)
o
t >601 >601 >601
c
a 401-600 401-600 401-600
f
201-400 201-400 201-400
t
h 101-200 101-200 101-200
g 51-100 51-100 51-100
i
l 0 - 50 0 - 50 0 - 50
y
a
d The illuminance level is well balanced between all spaces There is a slight increase of illumination level from the The illuminance level at west façade reaches its highest at
while all functional spaces perform well for their specific west façade, while decrease of illuminant at dining and the day. While illuminance level at dining and kitchen
programmes. kitchen spaces, but no artificial lighting is needed yet. reaches its lowest, artificial light is needed.










Temp. (ºC) Temp. (ºC) Temp. (ºC)

p 33 33 33
a 32 32 32
m 31 31
31
t 30 30
a 30
e 29 29 29
h
The temperature of all spaces is relatively cool at around Hot temperature starts to occupy living spaces and the 2 Temperature of living spaces and the 2 bedrooms at the
30ºC, where hot air is kept outside, where heat is not bedrooms at the west façade through heat conduction west façade are at highest due to direct sun radiation
transmitted into building yet through sun radiation. and reradiation of thermal mass of building. toward the west façade.




ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION - RMCO


Measured power Weekday Usage Weekday Energy Weekend Usage Weekend Energy Weekly Consumption Monthly Consumption Monthly Consumption
Spaces Appliances Quantity
(kW) (hour) (kWh) (hour) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
Automated Lighting 1 0.04 14 0.56 14 0.56 3.92 17.36
Foyer 17.515
Security Door 1 0.05 0.1 0.005 0.1 0.005 0.035 0.155
Lighting 2 0.04 6 0.48 4 0.32 3.04 13.6
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 4 0.3 2.85 12.75
Living Room Air Conditioner 1 0.9 4 3.6 2 1.8 21.6 97.2 136.65
Television 1 0.1 2 0.2 2 0.2 1.4 6.2
Laptop Charger 3 0.05 2 0.3 0 0 1.5 6.9
Lighting 2 0.04 2 0.16 2 0.16 1.12 4.96
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.95
Master Bedroom Air Conditioner 1 0.9 3 2.7 3 2.7 18.9 83.7
Air Humidifier 1 0.08 2 0.16 2 0.16 1.12 4.96
Phone Charger 3 0.036 1 0.108 1 0.108 0.756 3.348
Lighting 1 0.04 2 0.08 2 0.08 0.56 2.48
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.95 129.58
Bedroom 2
Air Conditioner 1 0.95 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phone Charger 2 0.036 1 0.072 1 0.072 0.504 2.232
Lighting 1 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fan 1 0.075 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bedroom 3
Air Conditioner 1 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phone Charger 2 0.036 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lighting 1 0.04 0.6 0.024 0.6 0.024 0.168 0.744
Master Bathroom
Water Heater 1 3.6 0.4 1.44 0.4 1.44 10.08 44.64 Number of Occupants : 4
Lighting 1 0.04 0.6 0.024 0.6 0.024 0.168 0.744
Bathroom 2 90.768
Water Heater 1 3.6 0.4 1.44 0.4 1.44 10.08 44.64 Daily Consumption :
Lighting 1 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 Weekday : 18.123 kWh
Bathroom 3
Water Heater 1 3.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Weekend : 14.131 kWh
Lighting 1 0.04 1 0.04 0.2 0.008 0.216 0.984
Ventilator 1 0.03 0.5 0.015 0 0 0.075 0.345 Weekly Consumption :
Induction Cooker 1 2 0.5 1 0 0 5 23 = (18.123 x 5) + (14.131 x 2)
Kitchen 147.314
Rice Cooker 1 0.75 0.5 0.375 0 0 1.875 8.625 = 118.877 kWh
Microwave 1 1.2 0.1 0.12 0 0 0.6 2.76
Refrigerator 1 0.15 24 3.6 24 3.6 25.2 111.6 Monthly Consumption :
Dining Lighting 1 0.04 1 0.04 0 0 0.2 0.92 0.92 = (19.023 x 23) + (15.031 x 8)
Laundry Washing Machine 1 0.46 0.5 0.23 0.5 0.23 1.61 7.13 7.13 = 529.877 kWh
18.123 26.6% 14.131 118.877 529.877
Monthly Electric Consumption by Space Weekday – Weekend Electric Consumption (kWh) Private – Public Spaces Electric Consumption (kWh) Electric Bill (Calculated) : 529.877kWh
(kWh) 10 6 MONTHLY TARIFF PRORATE RATE AMOUNT
17% KWH
8 5 Reciprocal
4 200 200 0.218 43.6
6
25.8% Sleep Outdoor work Leisure 3 529.877 100 100 0.334 33.4
Living Room 4 2 300 238.754 0.516 118.617
2 1 195.617
0 0 Electric Bill (TNB) : 505 kWh
24% 20.5% 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0000 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0000 MONTHLY TARIFF PRORATE RATE AMOUNT

Others Bathroom Bedroom Living Room Kitchen WEEKDAY WEEKEND PRIVATE PUBLIC KWH
Livingroom has the highest electricity The electricity usage of weekday is 26.6% higher than The electricity usage of public spaces is only 5.1% higher 200 200 0.218 43.6
100
0.334
33.4
100
consumption in the house (25.8%) weekend due to the living pattern of more outdoor leisure than private where it could conclude the balance use of 769.344
activities in the weekends than in the weekdays both spaces in daily routine. 300 205 0.516 105.78
182.78
ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION - MCO


Measured power Weekday Usage Weekday Energy Weekend Usage Weekend Energy Weekly Consumption Monthly Consumption Monthly Consumption
Spaces Appliances Quantity
(kW) (hour) (kWh) (hour) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
Automated Lighting 1 0.04 14 0.56 14 0.56 3.92 16.8
Foyer 16.95
Security Door 1 0.05 0.1 0.005 0.1 0.005 0.035 0.15
Lighting 2 0.04 6 0.48 6 0.48 3.36 14.4
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.5
Living Room Air Conditioner 1 0.9 4 3.6 4 3.6 15.75 67.5 101.4
Television 1 0.1 2 0.2 2 0.2 1.4 6 -26.8%
Laptop Charger 3 0.05 2 0.3 2 0.3 0 0
Lighting 2 0.04 2 0.16 2 0.16 1.12 4.8
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.5
Master Bedroom Air Conditioner 1 0.9 6 5.4 6 5.4 37.8 162
Air Humidifier 1 0.08 2 0.16 2 0.16 1.12 4.8
Phone Charger 3 0.036 1 0.108 1 0.108 0.756 3.24
Lighting 1 0.04 2 0.08 2 0.08 0.56 2.4
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.5 307.71
Bedroom 2
Air Conditioner 1 0.95 1.5 1.425 1.5 1.425 9.975 42.75
Phone Charger 2 0.036 1 0.072 1 0.072 0.504 2.16 +237.5%
Lighting 1 0.04 2 0.08 2 0.08 0.56 2.4
Fan 1 0.075 6 0.45 6 0.45 3.15 13.5
Bedroom 3
Air Conditioner 1 0.9 1.5 1.35 1.5 1.35 9.45 40.5
Phone Charger 2 0.036 1 0.072 1 0.072 0.504 2.16
Lighting 1 0.04 0.6 0.024 0.6 0.024 0.168 0.72
Master Bathroom
Water Heater 1 3.6 0.4 1.44 0.4 1.44 10.08 43.2 Number of Occupants : 4
Lighting 1 0.04 0.6 0.024 0.6 0.024 0.168 0.72
Bathroom 2 131.76
Water Heater 1 3.6 0.4 1.44 0.4 1.44 10.08 43.2 Daily Consumption :
Lighting 1 0.04 0.6 0.024 0.6 0.024 0.168 0.72 Weekday : 24.014 kWh
Bathroom 3
Water Heater 1 3.6 0.4 1.44 0.4 1.44 10.08 43.2 Weekend : 23.942 kWh
Lighting 1 0.04 1 0.04 0.2 0.008 0.216 0.944
Ventilator 1 0.03 0.5 0.015 0.5 0.015 0.105 0.45 Weekly Consumption :
Induction Cooker 1 2 0.5 1 0.5 1 7 30 = (24.014 x 5) + (23.942 x 2)
Kitchen 154.244
Rice Cooker 1 0.75 0.5 0.375 0.5 0.375 2.625 11.25 = 167.954 kWh
Microwave 1 1.2 0.1 0.12 0.1 0.12 0.84 3.6
Refrigerator 1 0.15 24 3.6 24 3.6 25.2 108 Monthly Consumption :
Dining Lighting 1 0.04 1 0.04 0 0 0.2 0.88 0.88 = (24.014 x 22) + (23.942 x 8)
Laundry Washing Machine 1 0.46 0.5 0.23 0.5 0.23 1.61 6.9 6.9 = 719.844 kWh
24.014 Around the same 23.942 167.954 719.844
Monthly Electric Consumption by Space Weekday – Weekend Electric Consumption (kWh) Private – Semi Private Spaces Electric Consumption (kWh) Electric Bill (Calculated) : 719.844 kWh
(kWh) MONTHLY TARIFF PRORATE RATE AMOUNT
14% 10 8 KWH
7
8 200 200 0.218 43.6
6
100 100 0.334 33.4
5
42.8% 18% 6 4 Reciprocal 719.844 300 238.754 0.516 118.617
Bedroom 4 3 300 119.844 0.546 65.434
2 2 297.234
Sleep Indoor Work Leisure 1
0 0 Electric Bill (TNB) : 700 kWh
22% 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0000 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0000 MONTHLY TARIFF PRORATE RATE AMOUNT

KWH
Others Living Room Bathroom Kitchen Bedroom
WEEKDAY WEEKEND BEDROOM LIVING 200 200 0.218 43.6
33.4
Bedroom has the highest electricity The difference between electricity usage of weekdays and A trend of decreased electricity usage in living (-26.8%) and 700 100 100 0.334 105.78
300
0.516
205
consumption in the house (42.8%). weekend are almost the same due to a synchronized living while increased in bedrooms (+237.5%) are noticed due to 300 100 0.546 54.6
pattern. the working pattern of working from home. 285.40
ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

OCCUPANTS’ ENERGY CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR



OCCUPANTS LIVING PATTERN COMPARISON OF MONTHLY CONSUMPTION BY APPLIANCES ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY APPLIANCES
(RMCO-MCO) (MCO)
rest
work
350
Office Worker Office Worker Pensioner Freelancer Student NON MCO MCO Air conditioner has
Mother Father Grandmother Brother Me 300 the highest energy
0000 Sleep Sleep Sleep - Sleep 250 consumption
0100 (51.4%) among
0200 200 51.4% other appliances,
0300 with an increase of
0400 150 Air Conditioner 72.9%
0500 Sleep consumption since
100
0600 Jogging - MCO
Sleep Sleep
0700 Planting - 50
0800 Breakfast Breakfast House Visiting - - Sleep 0
Breakfast
Work
RMCO 1000 AC Fridge Fan Laptops Lighting Induction Cooker Washing Television AC Fridge Fan Laptop Lighting Induction Cooker
0900
Work
Rice
Machine
Cooker
1100
1200 Lunch - Study
1300 Leisure - TOP 6 INCREASED ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY APPLIANCES DURING MCO
1400
1500
1600 Air conditioner (Non Inverter) Essential Task Lighting is Induction Cooker which was
Work Work Used for long hour working
1700 Cooking - is frequently used during MCO rarely used before MCO,
Study for the comfort of working from purposes
1800 Dinner Dinner Dinner - Dinner become energy draining source.
home
1900 Leisure Leisure Watch Television - Study
2000 Leisure Leisure Sleep - Mechanical fan is used as the Laptop became the main source Fridge which is not of the 5 star
2100 replacement of AC for energy of daily information as ranking consumes higher
2200 Sleep Sleep saving compared to smartphone energy.
2300
Study
0000 Sleep Sleep Sleep
Mother Father Grandmother Brother Me COMPARISON OF MONTHLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY CONSUMPTION PERCENTAGE BY SPACES
0000 Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep BY SPACES (RMCO-MCO) (MCO)
0100 NON MCO MCO
0200 350
0300 Bedroom has the
0400 300 highest energy
Sleep consumption 44.6%
0500 250
0600 Jogging 200 42.8% among other
0700 Planting Sleep spaces, with an
150 Bedroom increase of 237.5%
0800 Breakfast Study
0900 Sleep Sleep House Visiting 100 consumption since
MCO
MCO 1000 Work from Home Work from Home Sleep Study 50
Breakfast
Breakfast
1100
1200 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch 0
Bedrooms Kitchen Living Room Bathrooms Dining Bedroom Kitchen Bathrooms Living Room Dining
1300 Work from Home Work from Home Leisure Work from Home Study
1400
1500 3 MAIN ACTIVE SPACES WITH INCREASED ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING MCO
1600 Work from Home Work from Home Work from Home Study Living Room remains the
1700 Cooking Bedrooms had became the longest active area due to the shifting of remote gathering area in spite of decrease
1800 Dinner Dinner Dinner Dinner Dinner learning and online learning. use.
1900 Leisure Leisure Watch Television Self Study Study The main source of energy consumption is the non inverter Air Conditioner, and The main source of energy
2000 Sleep task lighting for working purposes consumption are the non inverter
2100 Air Conditioner, television, and
2200 Sleep Sleep Kitchen is more frequently used due to “no dine in” policy: ceiling fan.
The main source of energy consumption is the induction cooker with high kWh and
2300
Sleep Sleep Sleep Self Study Study refrigerator that runs 24/7
0000

ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

EXISTING DESIGN ANALYSIS U VALUE AND OTTV CALCULATION




West Façade : Large Opening U – Value of Roof Materiality Thermal Thickness Resistance
W/m²K
(m)
conductivity
North Façade : No Opening (Neighbouring Unit) Wm/k
East : Door (Shaded Entrance and Main Circulation) Corrugated Metal
South : Small Opening Cavity Corrugated Metal 3 0.0150 0.0450
Corrugated Cavity - - 0.0900
Insulated Roof
Sisilation 1.3 0.004 0.0052
As overhead shading device Polyurethane Insulation 12 0.150 1.8000
that prevent most of the heat
transfer through conduction and Sisilation Plaster Ceiling Board 1 0.050 0.0500
radiation Polyurethane Insulation 2.037
Plaster Ceiling Board


U – Value = 1 / R-value Effective U value for Roof = 0.4 – 0.6 W/m²K

Precast Concrete = 1 / 2.037
Wall = 0.491 W/m²K The roof of the building has a U-value of 0.491 W/m²K, is
lower than the requirement stated in UUBL Clause 38A,
Hence it is effective to minimize heat gain of the building
High thermal mass prevent to provide thermal comfort.
Proposed Solution Focus most of the heat transfer
(pg10) through conduction and
radiation
U – Value of Wall Materiality Thermal Thickness Resistance
conductivity (m) W/m²K
Wm/k
Exterior Paint
Exterior Paint 0.08 0.005 0.0040
Mortar Cement
Mortar Cement 0.0875 0.010 0.0875

Precast Concrete 0.1425 0.150 0.1425
Precast Concrete
600mm (Depth) Polyurethane Insulation Polyurethane Insulation 6.5 0.050 0.3250
Horizontal Shading Device Interior Paint Interior Paint 0.08 0.005 0.0040
600mm Height 0.5630
Awning Window As partial shading device to
shade regional interior spaces

As the small fenestration
outlets for interior warm and U – Value = 1 / R-value Effective U value for Wall = 2.4 – 2.6 W/m²K
humid air = 1 / 0.5630
= 1.7762 W/m²K The roof of the building has a U value of 1.7762 W/m²K,
which is lower than the effective U-value for walls.
Hence it is effective to minimize heat gain of the building
to provide thermal comfort.



2400mm Height
600mm (Width) Glass Sliding Door OTTV of West Facade
Horizontal Shading Device
As the source of sunlight ±15% OTTVi
As partial shading device to shade that allow deep sun Concrete Wall = Heat Conduction through Walls +
regional interior spaces 1500mm Height penetration into living Calculated Wall U-value Heat Conduction through Windows +
room
= 1.7762 W/m²K
Casement Window Low E Window U-value Solar Heat Gain through Windows
= 0.85 W/m²K = 15α (1- WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)
= 15 x 0.65(1-0.85) x 1.7762 + 6 x 0.85 x 6.2 + 194 x 0.9 x 0.85 x 0.4
As the source of sunlight West Façade = 2.5976 +31.62 +59.364
Correction Factor = 0.4
that allow deep sun = 93.5876 W/m²
penetration into ±85%
bedrooms Tinted Glass Window



ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

PROPOSED SOLUTION ENERGY SAVING TIPS



Proposal 1 : Internal Shading Device Installation Practice



Vegetation - 1 Layer Helium Gas Stove Unplug
st
To replace the dependance of
To coolen down windward wind before entering induction cooker that with high All appliances while they are not used,
building and act as partial shading device into the energy consumption as it can be account for 10% average
interior. household electricity consumption.

Low E Glass Coating– 2 nd Layer 5 Star Energy Efficient Fridge Regular Cleaning Service

The active silver and dielectric layers present in low-e To reduce up to 70% lesser energy To allow electrical appliances to
coatings, to reduce heat transfer in the form of use with the same capacity function properly when their filters are
ultraviolet and infrared light by 40 -70 %. out of dust or other stains.
Double Curtain rd Motion Sensor and Timer Lights Off
Low E Glass Double Curtain – 3 Layer Placed at foyer to minimize energy During daytime and utilize the natural

Vegetation As a manual devices to control daylight intake in two consumption for its infrequent usage daylighting as task and ambient
choices, 20-50% or 100%. lighting.

LED Light Reduce Showering Time
Proposal 2 : Interior Finishing To benefit from its energy saving of 65-

80% with a greater CRI index, it has Do not forget to turn off heater after
use to avoid electricity wastage
typically 3-15 times longer lifespan than
White Heat Reductive Paint Wall Finish bulbs
Light Coloured Floor Finish
Wood Finishing & As a reflective layer to reflect solar radiation to reduce
Furnishing the use of lighting by 25%. It is also reductive to heat Inverter Air Conditioning
energy as compared to coloured walls.
Aspects Non -Inverter Inverter
Low Reflectivity Floor Finish Mechanism With inverter
Non inverter only technology, an air
To reduce the direct reflection of sun radiation in the operate a simple on conditioner will cool
off controls. It tries to
house that can increase heat transfer. maintain a temperature at maximum capacity
through repetitive on during start up, then
slows
and
down
and off of power, which operate at minimum
Wooden Furnishing consumes more power. capacity
Brand Daikin Daikin
Selection of furniture that has higher thermal
resistance toward heat Horse Power 2 HP 2 HP
Unit Price RM 2799 RM 3579
Proposal 3 : Mechanical Ventilation
Running Hour 8 hours/day 8 hours/day

Monthly bill 440.4 kWh * 35 sen = RM154.14 308.28 kWh *35sen = RM107.90
Maintenance Market Price x 4 per year ( Market Price + RM 20 ) x 4 per year
Warm
Cooler Air
Humid Air
Exhaust Fan Calculation of Long Term Rebate;

To create a pressure difference between the interior RM 780 < Number of Months x RM 154.14 – RM 107.90 + ( RM80/12month )
and the exterior through exhaust ventilation system. < Number of Months (RM 154.14 – RM 114.56)

1. Lower interior pressure produced < Number of Months (RM 39.60)
Warm 2. Warm Humid Air trapped are exerted out
Humid Air 3. Fresh Cool Air from the exterior is introduced RM 780.00
Number of Months > 19.69 Months needed to benefit
It can reduce the energy consumption for ventilation RM 39.60 from the long term rebate by
by 9-21%. > 19.69 Months choosing an inverter air conditioner.




ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

WATER CONSUMPTION CARBON EMISSION


Water Bill - RMCO Water Bill - MCO RMCO RMCO


Consumption Rate : Current Meter Reading – Previous Meter Reading
: 204 -187
: 17m 505kWh 350.47 KgCo²

TARIFF/Mᶟ CONSUMPTION PER UNIT CHARGE AMOUNT Electricity
0 - 20 17 0.8 9.70
21 - 35 0 2 0
>35 0 3 0 20mᶟ 83.8 KgCo² 22.5 Trees

Average Consumption : Consumption Rate x 1000 Water needed to
Days in the month x Number of people absorb total
CO² emission
: 20m x 1000 RM 360 442.079 KgCo²
31x4
Petrol
: 161.029 litre per person / day


MCO MCO


Consumption Rate : Current Meter Reading – Previous Meter Reading
: 187 -167
: 20m 700kWh 485.8 KgCo2

TARIFF/Mᶟ CONSUMPTION PER UNIT CHARGE AMOUNT Electricity
0 - 20 17 0.8 9.70
21 - 35 0 2 0
>35 0 3 0 17mᶟ 71.23 KgCo2 20.6 Trees


Average Consumption : Consumption Rate x 1000 Water needed to
Days in the month x Number of people absorb total
CO² emission
: 17m x 1000 RM 200 245.599 KgCo2
30x5
Petrol
: 113.333 litre per person / day

The difference between water usage of in MCO period is decreased by 17% in spite of additional (1) person return home due to the Although the carbon emission from electricity usage of is
decreased frequency of showering in the day as compared to normal days. According to average individual consumption above, there is a increased by 26% since MCO, the major household contribution
29.6% decrease of individual water usage since the implementation of MCO to the carbon emission, Petrol is decreased by 44.4%, while
water usage remain minimal as compared to Electricity and Petrol.
Causing a total decrease of 10% carbon emission in the
WATER SAVING TIPS household.



Installation Daily Practice

Front Loading Washing Machine Low flow Faucet Regular Full Load Washing Water Bucket

To reduce up to 70% lesser water use of To fix the water flowing speed not more If a customized washing machine is not Avoid hosing pipe (1000 liter/hour) during
same load of clothes than 6 liter per minutes invested car wash to prevent excess water wastage.



Aerated Showerhead Dual Flush Ciscern Only 1 Glass of Water Watering Pot
To reduce up to 50% lesser water use of To control water use of 6 liter or 3 liter for Turn off faucet while brushing teeth to To reuse organic grey water from
during shower. defecation or urination limit water use vegetable or rice washing.




ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini

CONCLUSION



As a conclusion, the enforcement of MCO has caused a shift of living pattern to our family, where it 350
could be noticed from the increased monthly consumption of bedroom (individual spaces) by
237.5 % and decreased use of living room (shared space) by 22.1%, with a blurred living schedule 300
between weekend and weekdays. According to the Carbon Calculator, the number of tree needed to
absorb the CO2 produced by the family is 20.6 trees, where 60.5% are contributed from the 250
electricity consumption of the overall household. The major electricity consumption of had shifted 200 +237.5%
to the bedrooms since MCO, making up 40% of the household electricity consumption. Hence, the 60.5 %
core of research proposal is focused on the passive strategy on the living room area, to encourage 150
the usage of shared space, leading to the reduction of carbon emission that is produced will be
produced to the natural environment. 100

50
Throughout this project, I learned that a family’s living pattern can cause a great impact to the
environment especially while comparing with classmate’s household consumption during every 0
tutorial. Due to the core purpose of this project, the current housing typology that I am living in, a
condominium, is a great limitation to my research, where only interior architecture modification can Electricity Water Petrol RMCO MCO Living Room
be considered. For the future research direction, I would take a further investigation into the pre-
construction passive design condominium typologies, to identify the environmental principles to be Household Carbon Emission Bedroom Electricity Consumption Research Focus
held onto any future high rise residential typologies in Tropical Climate Countries.




REFERENCE LIST



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9. Tan. 2017. Should you buy an inverter aircon? . Retrieved from https://www.recommend.my/blog/why-choose-an-inverter-aircon/
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ARC 61904 ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE PHILLIP YAP KAI HANG 0335505 TUTORED BY : Dr Siti Norzaini