Implementing vertebrates pest control program

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

WEBSCRIPT Agricultural Crops Production NC III

UNIT 10 IMPLEMENT VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM
Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Assess requirements for pest control
2. Prepare to implement control program
3. Control vertebrate pests
4. Complete control program

Introduction This module covers the skills; knowledge and attitudes required to plan and
LESSON 1 implement a strategy for the control of vertebrate pests in a rural environment. It
TOPIC 1 requires the application of knowledge and skills to assess the severity of pest
infestation and determine methods and applications for the effective control of
vertebrate pests without harm to other species or the environment. Competency
requires an awareness of legislative requirements with regard to animal welfare,
biosecurity, safety and environmental protection.
ASSESS REQUIREMENTS FOR PEST CONTROL
This lesson will bring you information about:

Description, Biology, Damage and its management
 Types of vertebrates pest
 Types of severity infestation
 damage and vertebrates pest biology

Topic 2 The vertebrate pest management
 Control agent for vertebrate pest
 Control program development

VERTEBRATE PEST AND DAMAGED CAUSED

Vertebrate pests

Vertebrate pests include birds, mammals, or reptiles that cause damage to
agricultural crops. A number of introduced animals – including rabbits, feral cats, foxes,
house mice, wild dogs, Indian Myna, and pigs – have established large and widespread

populations in Australia and are pests to crops and livestock.

Types and damage caused:
Rodents

Include Indian palm squirrel; long-haired or plague rat; and mice.
Significant damage is caused by mice plagues. They attack all
cereal and grain crops, as well as many vegetables and fruits.

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CONTROL PROGRAM

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Native and exotic animal pests

Include bats; possums; and ferrets. Commonly damaged
vegetable crops include broccoli, tomatoes, capsicum, celery,
lettuce.

Feral cats

These are domestic cats which survive and reproduce without
close association to humans. However, their status is variable
and feral cats may live either in close proximity to human
habitation or be completely isolated in the bush.

Foxes

Or the red foxes are pest animals and known to kill livestock,
particularly the young, and also damage vegetable and fruit
crops.

Rabbits

Feral or wild populations of rabbits selectively feed on certain
species of plants at critical stages of development such as
seeding and seedling establishment. Vegetables often targeted
include beans, peas, beet, broccoli, carrot, lettuce, and herbs like
parsley.

Feral pigs

Feral pigs are the descendants of domestic pigs that escaped
and have bred in the wild. They spread widely and rapidly
throughout the northern and eastern regions of the country,
creating considerable amounts of damage wherever they
became established. They rest and shelter in crops, eat crops
during harvest time, trample pasture, and cause serious soil
disturbance when they uproot large tracts of ground – often new
crops – in search of roots and young plant shoots.

Wild dogs

Wild dogs can be a major pest threatening livestock and
production in Australia.

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TOPIC 2 TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
ACTIVITY
NO. 1 Birds

Include cockatoos; other parrots; and Indian Myna. Pest bird
problems are increasing in Australia, particularly with recent
expansions in the grape and wine industry, together with the
olive industry. More than 20 species of birds conflict with primary
production by significantly reducing the profitability of a wide
range of crops in horticultural industries.

https://ausveg.com.au/biosecurity-agrichemical/crop-protection/overview-pests-diseases-
disorders/vertebrate-pests/

THE VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT

Pest management:

There are a range of methods available to control feral animals. However, ensure you
check which methods are legal in your state or territory.

 Methods of pest bird control include non-lethal techniques such as scaring
devices, chemical repellents, habitat manipulation, use of decoy food sources,
and exclusion netting.

 Feral cats are widespread throughout Australia, and therefore, no large-scale
control methods can be applied to them. However, traditional control measures
such as shooting and trapping can be used.

 Baiting, trapping, shooting, exclusion fencing, and adoption of good animal
husbandry practices are some of the methods to manage and control wild dogs.

 Fox populations are very resilient to conventional methods of control. Rapid re-
invasion of areas occurs after control measures are applied. A control program
must ensure that all of the species is at risk from the control measures chosen.
Effective control integrates a knockdown effect from large-scale poisoning
programs combined with den fumigation; exclusion fencing; strategic shooting;
and appropriate animal husbandry.

 An integrated rabbit control (IRC) program is the combination of several
measures used to achieve long-term results which is used to minimise the rabbit
impact. Poisoning; removal of above ground surface harbour (fallen timber, log
heaps, rocks, introduced weeds, briars, and discarded building/fencing
materials); warren destruction (rabbits need burrows to breed and survive
predators); fumigation; night shooting; and trapping.

FLASH CARD

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Rodents Feral pigs Birds

Rabbits Foxes

Naming of vertebrate pest type

LESSON 2 PREPARE TO IMPLEMENT CONTROL PROGRAM
TOPIC 1 This lesson will bring you information about:

Equipment and materials in implementing control program
 Suitable PPE in implementing control program

Safety and precautions in Implementing Program
 Safety procedures
 Precautions and safety signages

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS IN IMPLEMENTING CONTROL PROGRAM

Infographic of equipment for implementing control program

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http://npic.orst.edu/outreach/ppe-infographic.png
Workers Protection Standard

Requirements for employers include:

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TOPIC 2  Displaying information about pesticide safety, emergency procedures, and recent
pesticide applications on agricultural sites.

 Training workers and handlers about pesticide safety.
 Helping employees get medical assistance in case of a pesticide related

emergency.
 Providing decontamination sites to wash pesticide residues off hands and body.
 Compliance with restricted entry intervals (REI) – the time after a pesticide

application when workers may not enter the area.
 Notifying workers through posted and/or oral warnings about areas where

pesticide applications are taking place and areas where REI are in effect.
 Allowing only trained and equipped workers to be present during a pesticide

application.
 Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) for pesticide handlers and also for

workers who enter pesticide treated areas before expiration of the REI.
 Protecting pesticide handlers by giving them safety instructions about the correct

use of pesticide application equipment and PPE and monitoring workers and
handlers in hazardous situations.

https://ag.utah.gov/documents/VertebrateAnimalPestStudyGuide.pdf

SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING PROGRAM

Do's and Don'ts of Pest Control
How can you safely solve your pest problems? The key is to be willing to ask

questions. Learning about the pests you have and options that are available to
control specific pests is the first step.

Learn more about the steps you can take to safely control pests:
 Try pest prevention first
 Do safely and correctly use pesticides
 Do dispose of leftover pesticides and pesticide containers properly
 Don't use outdoor chemicals indoors
 Don't assume that twice as much is better
 Don't transfer pesticides to other containers
 Additional resources

Try pest prevention first.

 Remove sources of food, water and shelter.
 Store food in sealed plastic or glass containers. Garbage containing food

scraps should be placed in tightly covered trash cans. Remove garbage
regularly from your home.
 Fix leaky plumbing and don't let water accumulate anywhere in the home.
Don't let water collect in trays under your house plants or refrigerator. Don't
leave pet food and water out overnight.

 Clutter provides places for pests to breed and hide and makes it hard to get

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rid of them. Get rid of things like stacks of newspapers, magazines, or
cardboard.

 Close off places where pests can enter and hide. For example, caulk cracks
and crevices around cabinets or baseboards. Use steel wool to fill spaces
around pipes. Cover any holes with wire mesh.

 Learn about the pests you have and options to control them.

 Check for pests in packages or boxes before carrying them into your home.

Do safely and correctly use pesticides.
 Keep pets and children away from areas where pesticides have been applied.
 After preventive steps have been taken, you can use baits as a first line of
chemical defense against insects or rodents.
 These are often effective and can be used with low risk of exposure to the
pesticide, as long as they are kept out of the reach of children and pets.
 Other relatively low-risk pesticides are available for some pests. Consult
your local cooperative extension service office for recommendations suitable
for your area.
 Pesticides not contained in baits or traps should generally only be applied to
targeted locations, not sprayed over the whole room.
 Use fogging devices only when absolutely necessary.
 Always read and follow the pesticide label's instructions and safety warnings.
 Use ready-to-use products (i.e., no mixing needed) whenever possible.
 If you hire any outside persons to help control pests, ask them to find and
correct the source of the problem before applying pesticides.
 For example, you might have to repair a leaky toilet to remove a water
source.
 Ask them to use baits and crack and crevice treatments when feasible.
 Only apply chemicals approved for use in homes.
 The label will list where the chemical may be used.
 Write down the name and EPA registration number of any chemical used by
someone you hire. You will need this information if you decide to look up
more information on the pesticide.
 The pest control operator should be able to provide information about the
chemical, such as the material safety data sheet.

Do dispose of leftover pesticides and pesticide containers properly.
 Read the label to find out how to dispose of the pesticide and the container.
 Many communities have household hazardous waste collections that will
accept unwanted pesticides. Call your waste disposal authority for information
about your community.

Don't use outdoor chemicals indoors.
 Many chemicals intended for use outdoors are dangerous to use indoors
because they will remain toxic longer inside than they would outdoors.

Don't assume that twice as much is better.

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 Always read and follow label directions.
 Using too much of a pesticide can endanger your family's health.
Don't transfer pesticides to other containers.
 Store pesticides in their original containers.
 Only mix as much as you are going to use at one time if the pesticide must be

mixed with water.
 Don't use empty pesticide containers to store anything else.
o Children and others have been poisoned by accidentally consuming

pesticides stored in food or beverage containers.
o No matter how well you wash the container, it could still contain remnants of

the pesticide and could harm someone.

Additional Resources

 Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety
 Keep Safe: Read the Label First

https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/dos-and-donts-pest-control
Safety symbols and their meanings

We have to deal with different types of chemicals, lab equipment and potentially
dangerous clinical specimens in the laboratory. So, each laboratory personnel must be
aware of common laboratory hazards, accidents and safety measures to prevent them.
Following symbols warn of possible dangers in the laboratory to help the lab professionals
keep safe and informed.

1. General Warning 2. Biohazard 3. Flammable material 4. Explosive Material

hazard Hazard

5. Electrical hazard 6. high voltage hazard 7. toxic material hazard 8. Ionizing Radiation

Hazard

9. non-Ionizing 10. Low temperature 11. Hot surface hazard 12. UV Light hazard
Radiation hazard

13. Oxidizing Material 14. Corrosive material 15. Glassware hazard 16. Carcinogen

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Hazard

Hazards hazard

https://laboratoryinfo.com/list-of-laboratory-safety-symbols-and-their-meanings
Sample label of product

ACTIVITY TRUE OR FALSE
NO. 2
1. Try pest prevention first.
LESSON 3 2. Do dispose of leftover pesticides and pesticide containers properly.
3. Do use outdoor chemicals indoors.
4. Don't assume that twice as much is better.
5. Don't transfer pesticides to other containers
6. Once read and follow label directions.
7. Store pesticides in their original containers.
8. Use empty pesticide containers to store anything else.
9. Children and others have been poisoned by accidentally consuming

pesticides stored in food or beverage containers.
10. No matter how well you wash the container, it could still contain remnants of

the pesticide and could harm someone.

Identifying safety and precautions in implementing program

CONTROL VERTEBRATE PESTS

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CONTROL PROGRAM

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TOPIC 1 This lesson will bring you information about:

Control measures
 Types of control measures
 OHS Requirements

Implement and impacts
 Types of Control program
 Environmental impacts

CONTROL MEASURES

Control Measures

Pest Habitat Trap Baiti Fenci Tree Frighte Shooti Fumi Repe
Deer modificat ping ng ng guar ning ng gatin llent
ion ds g s
X1
X XX X

Eastern X X
fox
squirrel

Californ X XX XX
ia
ground
squirrel

Pocket X XX X X X
gophers X2 X XX

Rabbits X

Rats X XX X

Voles X XX X

Coyote X X

Wild pig XX X

Birds3 X X X XX X

1 During hunting season or with a permit.

2 Cottontails are relatively easy to trap. Jackrabbits are difficult to trap, but trapping may
be useful.

3 Not all of these techniques will be effective for all species. More specific information can
be found in the bird section.

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BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

OHS Requirements

Safety and health hazards that pest control operators are exposed to

1. Pesticide poisoning
Those pesticides as used by pest control workers are substances for repelling,
killing or preventing pests.
 Routes of entry of pesticides into body

 Dermal exposure

 Oral exposure
 Inhalation exposure
 Symptoms of poisoning
Symptoms depend on the toxicity of the pesticide as well as dose and mode of
intake. Common symptoms include:
 headache, giddiness, nervousness
 a feeling of general numbness

 diarrhoea, vomiting
 contraction of eye pupils
 Safe practice in using pesticides
 Risk assessment
 Precautionary and control measures
2. Other safety and health hazards
 Contraction of infectious diseases
Frequent visits to pest-infested places to perform their work render pest control
workers more susceptible to pest-borne diseases.
 Pest attack
In the course of disinfestation, pest control workers are prone to being bitten by
rodents and mosquitoes, or stung by wasps.
 Precautionary and control measures
 Attack by rodents - use long pliers to fetch rodents caught.
 Attack by wasps - cover your whole body by wearing thick long-sleeved

overalls, gloves and beekeeper's veil. People not taking part in the operation
should stay away from the site under disinfestation or remain indoors.
 Attack by mosquitoes - apply mosquito repellent on the skin.
 Adverse working environment
Pest control workers often have to work in places of adverse environment.
 Manual handling operations
As pest control workers often have to carry a lot of equipment and pesticides to work
in different places throughout the territory, it is inevitable that they frequently need to
lift heavy objects.
 Fire and explosion
Many pesticides need to be diluted with such inflammable liquids as petrol or
kerosene, so they carry the risk of fire or explosion.

Trapping

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Traps are another option and should be located on rodent pathways. When faced
with a heavy infestation the traps should be checked and reset several times each night.
Many types of traps are available and selection is based on spring strength and the
sensitivity of the trigger. However, careful placement and baiting are also important
factors. The only disadvantage of trapping is that continuous use of trapping leads to
trap shyness (avoidance of traps). However, changing the placement and type of trap,
along with the bait type, may be helpful to overcome this problem. In an effort to remove
trap shyness baiting unset traps should be used until the bait has been removed at least
once. Different fresh fruits, onion, peanut butter etc. and commercially available baits
can be tried on unset traps to determine which ones work. Traps should be placed close
to the wall, behind objects, or in dark corners where rodents may hide. The number of
traps to be placed inside the shed depends on the size of the shed. Bait may need to be
placed close to the trigger of the trap to increase the chances of success. Check the
traps daily and collect any dead rats/mice and reset the traps.

Rat traps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OijRH-lduq4

https://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/trapping_rats.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OijRH-lduq4
{Video presentation on Mouse and Rat Bucket Trap}

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Baiting Rat bait station

Baiting is a control method that uses rodenticides
(chemicals which are poisonous to rodents), which are
available in the form of fumigants, tracking powders, and
acute and delayed toxicity baits. Rodenticides should be
used in conjunction with traps for effective control. All
rodenticides are poisonous at various levels for poultry,
livestock, and humans.
Caution in the use of rodenticides is required, and
manufacturer’s label instructions should be strictly
followed.

Rodenticides
Fumigants can be used to control rodents in uninhabited areas such as out

buildings, feed storage areas or burrows in the ground. Fumigants are available
in solid (eg hydrogen cyanide as calcium cyanide, hydrogen phosphite as
aluminium or magnesium phosphide), liquid (eg chloropicrin) and gaseous (eg
methyl bromide) forms. Fumigants are also helpful to control insects in the same
treatment.

http://www.poultryhub.org/production/husbandry-management/housing-environment/pest-
management/rodent-control/

Bird Management

Birds are known to be very damaging to rice and another difficult pest to manage. Only the species
of bird in the Philippines are known to feed on rice; some rice eating birds include:

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BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPsCBJDLxFs

{Video Presentation on How to make Scarecrow}

Environmental hazards

 Rodenticides are poisonous to livestock, pets and wildlife. Always read and follow the

label instructions.

 Bait should never be placed in such a way that non-target species can gain access to

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Job sheet TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
No. 1 BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

the bait point.
 Species such as badgers are particularly strong and capable of overturning bait boxes

or digging bait out from burrows.
 If badgers are known to use the area bait boxes should be fixed to the ground and

baited burrows should be covered over.
 Predatory and scavenging species can be harmed if they feed on the poisoned rodents.

Also bear in mind that if non-target bait feeders, such as wood mice or voles, access
the bait, predators and scavengers such as cats, dogs or buzzards might be affected by
eating these as much as by eating poisoned rats.
 It is a legal requirement that regular searches for carcasses should be made and this
should include searches for any dead animals, not just rats.
 Carcasses and any spilled bait should be cleaned up and burned or buried.
 Avoid contamination of ponds, ditches or waterways when disposing of bait or bait
containers. As mentioned above, further advice is provided by the
www.thinkwildlife.org.uk/ Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use (Think Wildlife)
Code.
Prepare and use scarecrow in the field

Job Sheet No. 1

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Title Prepare and use scarecrow in the field

Purpose To Prepare and use scarecrow in the field

Supplies/Materials shirt with sleeves, Nails, woods, hammer, string, pants, belt,
Procedure: old pillowcase, rice straw

1. Go to the workshop area. Inform your learning
facilitator that you are ready for this activity.

2. Wear PPE for this activity
3. Ensure that all the conditions within the workstation

conforms with safety and health
4. Prepare the materials and tools required prepare and

use scarecrow in the field
5. Build cross frame
6. Nail the frame together
7. Hammer frame into ground
8. Tie off waistline
9. Tie off sleeves arms
10. Tie both of the sleeves shut using pieces of garden

twine.
11. Stuff, using handfuls of straw or dried grass, begin to

stuff the chest cavity of your scarecrow.
12. Add pants, tie off both pant legs and firmly stuff the

pants with whatever material you’ve chosen.
13. Attach pants, to attach the pants, use twine to create

a pair of suspenders for your scarecrow. We used the
belt loops to secure the twine and brought it over the
shoulders and secured the suspenders to the rear of
the Scarecrow.
14. Add boots; stuff the legs into a pair of shoes or boots.
If they’re old boots you won’t be reusing, drill a
drainage hole in the bottom so they won’t fill with
water rains hen it
15. Add the head; use an old pillowcase to form the head
of the scarecrow.
16. Finish with details: add a face, some hair or even a
hat to make your scarecrow look menacing enough to
ward off any potential
17. Clean the workstation.

Assessment Face-to-face feedback from learning facilitator
Method:

LESSON 4 COMPLETE CONTROL PROGRAM
This lesson will bring you information about:

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 Carcass disposal
 Control agents disposal
Control program and management of work areas
 Manage vertebrate pest disposal
 Types of technology

TOPIC 1 CARCASS DISPOSAL
TOPIC 2 Decision-making requires an evaluation of a number of operative parameters within
a broad range of disciplines. Examples of these parameters include:

 Impact on the environment
 The intensity of livestock production and the potential number of animals

involved
 The impact on trade and the economic implications
 Animal welfare considerations
 The characteristics of the pathogenic organism
 Disease control implications
 The impact on individual producers
 Financial and logistical considerations
 The reaction of the public

The best method of animal disposal is to avoid the need to slaughter the animals
permitting them to reach their potential in terms of the reasons for which they were
bred.

On the other hand, trends are now developing which are introducing factors that are
creating pressure for a philosophical change in the approach to animal disease
control and ultimately to depopulation and animal carcass disposal. Such factors
include:

 logistical factors - following the developing trend of larger farms with more
animals on small geographic areas,

 economic factors - following globalization and international trade
considerations in which disease control actions are often market driven,

 societal factors - creating pressures based on public perceptions and ethical
issues, e.g. the trend may be for the public to become less tolerant of the
potential for the waste of vast amounts of edible protein because of
depopulation practices,

 animal welfare consideration - and the public’s reaction to mass slaughter
and carcass disposal,

 Environmental factors - which force higher standards and more extensive
environmental assessments to protect the status of the environment.

CONTROL PROGRAM AND MANAGEMENT OF WORK AREAS
Disposal Technology

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 This is a closed system for mechanical and thermal treatment of animal
tissues leading to stable, sterilized products, e.g animal fat and dried animal
protein. It grinds the tissue and sterilizes it by heat under pressure.

2. Incineration

 This technology can be applied as:
o fixed, whole-carcass incineration,
o mobile air curtain whole carcass incineration,
o municipal incinerators,
o co-incineration.

3. Pyre Burning
 This is an open system of burning carcasses either on-farm or in collective
sites fuelled by additional materials of high energy content. This is a well-
established procedure that can be conducted on site with no requirement for
transportation of the input material.

4. Composting

 This is a process of aerobic microbiological decomposition conducted in
either open or closed systems. It preferably requires prior grinding of tissues
and as well the addition of organic material for microbial maintenance.

5. Mass Burial or Open Farm Burial

 This is a system to deposit whole carcasses below ground level and to be
covered by soil, with no additional inactivation of pathogens. It is an
established procedure which if conducted on site does not require
transportation and is used to control the spread of disease

6. Licensed Commercial Landfill

 This process involves deposition of carcasses in predetermined and
environmentally licensed commercial sites.

7. Mounding
 This process is one of mass burial above ground and it has similar
considerations to those of mass burial.

8. Fermentation

 This process is a closed system of anaerobic microbiological decomposition
which requires prior mechanical and thermal treatment and which results in
the production of biogas. This process does not inactivate pathogens, but
typically uses non-dried rendered product as the input material.

9. Technologies under Development
 Alkaline Hydrolysis: Alkaline hydrolysis consists of treating carcasses or
tissue in an aqueous alkaline solution at elevated temperatures under
pressure. It converts proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids of all cells and tissues
into a sterile aqueous solution of small peptides, amino acids, sugars, and
soap.

10. Special Considerations for Prion Diseases
 One of the problems in demonstrating the effectiveness of the inactivation of
prions is the lack of a simple, rapid and inexpensive test for the presence of

E-Learning for AGRICULTURAL CROPS Date Developed: Version No. 1
PRODUCTION NC III May 2020 Page 18 of 21

Module Title: Developed by:

IMPLEMENTING VERTEBRATES PEST ANDY R. RAFOL
CONTROL PROGRAM

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

the infective agent, especially at low concentrations.

Activity No. Single Choice Set
3
1. Creating pressures based on public perceptions and ethical issues, e.g. the trend
may be for the public to become less tolerant of the potential for the waste of
vast amounts of edible protein because of depopulation practices.
 Societal factors
 animal welfare consideration
 Environmental factors

2. The public’s reaction to mass slaughter and carcass disposal,
 Societal factors
 animal welfare consideration
 Environmental factors

3. Which is force higher standards and more extensive environmental assessments
to protect the status of the environment.
 Societal factors
 animal welfare consideration
 Environmental factors

4. This is a process of aerobic microbiological decomposition conducted in either
open or closed systems. It preferably requires prior grinding of tissues and as
well the addition of organic material for microbial maintenance.
 Composting
 Fermentation
 Mounding

5. This is an open system of burning carcasses either on-farm or in collective sites
fueled by additional materials of high energy content.
 Composting
 Pyre Burning
 Mounding

6. This process is one of mass burial above ground and it has similar
considerations to those of mass burial.
 Mass Burial or Open Farm Burial
 Environmental factors
 Mounding

7. This process involves deposition of carcasses in predetermined and
environmentally licensed commercial sites.
 Licensed Commercial Landfill
 Mass Burial or Open Farm Burial
 Environmental factors

8. This process is a closed system of anaerobic microbiological decomposition
which requires prior mechanical and thermal treatment and which results in the
production of biogas.
 Mounding

E-Learning for AGRICULTURAL CROPS Date Developed: Version No. 1
PRODUCTION NC III May 2020

Module Title: Developed by:

IMPLEMENTING VERTEBRATES PEST ANDY R. RAFOL Page 19 of 21

CONTROL PROGRAM

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

 Composting
 Fermentation
9. This is a system to deposit whole carcasses below ground level and to be
covered by soil, with no additional inactivation of pathogens.
 Fermentation
 Mass Burial or Open Farm Burial
 Composting
10.Following the developing trend of larger farms with more animals on small
geographic areas.
 Logistical factors
 Societal factors
 Environmental factors

Choosing of correct terminology for complete control program

E-Learning for AGRICULTURAL CROPS Date Developed: Version No. 1
PRODUCTION NC III May 2020 Page 20 of 21

Module Title: Developed by:

IMPLEMENTING VERTEBRATES PEST ANDY R. RAFOL
CONTROL PROGRAM

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
BONDOC PENINSULA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

https://www.pestsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Monitoring-techniques-for-
vertebrate-pests---mice.pdF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXfja44UKnA
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/vertebrate.htm
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/GENERAL/precautions.html
http://chemical.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/DAO-1992-29-IRR-of-6969.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MC2W2Gms914
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnJj75uUJ-o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQhSecW6Ex0
https://www.pestsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Monitoring-techniques-for-
vertebrate-pests---mice.pdF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPsCBJDLxFs
https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/outdoors/gardening/making-a-scarecrow
http:www.Rats+Options+for+Controlling+Infestations.pdf
https://www.mysafetysign.com/poison-warning-signs
https://laboratoryinfo.com/list-of-laboratory-safety-symbols-and-their-meanings/

E-Learning for AGRICULTURAL CROPS Date Developed: Version No. 1
PRODUCTION NC III May 2020 Page 21 of 21

Module Title: Developed by:

IMPLEMENTING VERTEBRATES PEST ANDY R. RAFOL
CONTROL PROGRAM