Perform estimation and basic calculation

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

WEBSCRIPT Agricultural Crops Production NC II - Common Competency
UC - 3 PERFORM ESTIMATION AND BASIC CALCULATION
Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1. Job requirements are identified from written or oral communication.
Introduction 2. Quantities of materials and resources required to complete a work task are estimated.
Learning 3. The time needed to complete a work activity is estimated.
Outcome No. I 4. Accurate estimate for work completion are made.
TOPIC 1 5. Estimate of materials and resources are reported to appropriate person.
6. Calculations to be made are identified according to job requirements.
7. Correct method of calculation is estimated.
8. Systems and units of measurement to be followed are ascertained.
9. Calculations needed to complete work task are performed using the basic
mathematical operations.
10. Appropriate operations are used to comply with the instructions, results obtaines is
reviewed and thoroughly checked.
Agriculttural inputs are a great determinant of yields in any type of agricultural
production.
PERFORM ESTIMATION

In this lesson you will gain knowledge of the different farm inputs and their importance.
FARM INPUTS
Farm inputs are the reources that are used in farm production, equipment, seeds and
energy and it is mostly purchased

Fertilizers
Any substance which is added to the soil or applied to the plant to suply the

elements essential for plant growth and development. Every nutrient removed from the
soil should be replinished. Double the yield by intensified cropping will also double the
crop removal of all the nutrients from the soil.

Types of fertilizers
 Foliar
 Granuliar - synthetic/inorganic

* effect is immediate
* easier handling and application
* timing of application is critical
* single or lesser element but high nutrient content
* immediately lost especially N
* more expensive
- natural/organic

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

 Biofertilizers (microbial fertilizers)
Foliar fertilizers
These fertilizers are applied to foliage to boost nutrient density in plants and to

correct nutrient deffiencies.
 It can have up to 90% efficiency rate of uptake as opposed to a 10% efficiency from

soil applications. Take note that these kind of fertilizer cannot be applied to all
plants like rice crops.
 It becomes immediate available in the plant because they are 100% water soluble.
 Perfect for correcting nutrient deficiencies

Nutrients from foliar fertilizers are generally only
absorbed while still wet on the leaf:

 Spraying during cooler time of the day
 The best time is between 7am - 10am or after 5 pm
 The optimum temperature s about 22° and if the temperature is 260or above, the

spray will be less effective.
 Foliars should be applied when the plant is not in water stress, neither too wet nor

too dry.

Granular fertilizers

A. Synthetic or inorganic fertilizer
These kind of fertilizers are chemically produced. It is available in all

agricultural stores or market.

Fertilizer forms or grade
 The recommended rate of NPK is:

N=N; P=P2 O5; K=K2 O
 The element NPK is expressed in percentage
 The totla nutrient content is = sum of nutrient content per bag
 Single form (urea); incomplete/mixed(ammonium phosphate); complete (14-14-14)

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Fertilizers source for Nitrogen

Name Formula Content Comments
NH4NO3 33-34% N
Ammonium Non-acidifying,
Nitrate apply to upland
rice
only

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Ammonium NH4CI 28%N Non-acidifying
Chloride (NH4)2S04 21% N, 24% S
NH4HCO3 Acidifying
Ammonium 17%N
Sulfate Non-acidifying,
low-
Ammonium quality N
Bicarbonate

Urea CO(NH2)2 46%N Non-acidifying

Monoammonium * NH4H2PO4 11% N, 22% P Soluble, quick
phosphate (MAP) acting, acidifying

Diammonium (NH4)2HPO4 18-21% N, 20% P Soluble, quick
phosphate (DAP)* acting, acidifying

Urea phosphate CO(NH2)2 + H3P04 18% N, 20% P Soluble, quick-
acting

Fertilizers source for Phosphorous

Name Formula Content Comments

Single Ca (H2P04)2. H20 7-9% P, 13-20% Soluble, neutral
Superphosphate + CaSO4. 2H20 Ca, 12%S (16-21% P205)

Triple Ca (H2P04)2. H20 18-22% P, 9-14% Soluble, neutral
superphosphate Ca, 1.4% S (41-50% P205)

Monoammonium * NH4H2P04 22% P, 11% N Soluble, acidifying
phosphate (MAP) (51% P205)

Diammonium (NH4)2HPO4 20-23% P, 18-21% Soluble, acidifying
N (46- 53% PO5)
phosphate (DAP)

Urea phosphate CO(NH2)2 + (most common Soluble (46%P205)
(UP) H3P04 20%

Partly aciduiated Ca3(P04)2 20% P, 18% N >1/3 water soluble
rock phosphate (23-26% P205)

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Rock phosphate, Ca3(P04)2 10-11% P Very slow acting
finely powdered (25-39% P205)

Fertilizers source for Potassium

Name Formula Content Comments
50%K Muriate of
Potassium chloride KCI potash (60%
37% K, 13% N K20)
Potassium nitrate KNO3 40-43% K, 18% In compounds
18% K, 11% Mg, 22% S (44% K20)
Potassium sulfate K2S04 Variable In compounds
(50% K20)
Langbeinite K2504,MgSO Quick-acting

4 Common in rice

Compound fertilizers N+P+K

Fertilizers source for Zinc

Name Formula Content Comments
Zinc sulfate ZnSO4. H20 36 23 Soluble, quick- acting

Zinc carbonate ZnSO4. 7 H20 52-56 Quick-acting
Zinc chloride ZnCO3 48-50 Soluble, quick-acting
Zinc chelate ZnCI2
14 Quick-acting
Zinc oxide Na2Zn-EDTA 9 Quick-acting
Na2Zn-HEDTA 60-80 Insoluble, slow-acting

ZnO

Fertilizers source for Sulfaur

Name Formula Content Comments
Ammonium sulfate
Single superphosphate (NH4)2S04 24% S Quick-acting
Ca (H2P04)2. H20 12% 5, 7-9 % P, Soluble,
Potassium sulfate + CaSO4. 2 H20 13-20% Ca quick-acting
Magnesium sulfate K2S04
MgSO4.7H20 18% S Quick-acting
13% S, 10% Mg Very quick-acting

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(Epsom salt) MgSO4. H20 23% S, 17% Mg Quick-acting
Kieserite K2504. MgSO4 18% K, 11% Mg, Quick-acting
Langbeinite 22%S
CaSO4 x 2 H20 17% S Slow-acting
Gypsum S 97% S Slow-acting
Elemental S CO(NH2)2 + S Slow-acting
S-coated urea 6-30% S, 30-40%
N

Examples of synthetic/inorganic fertilizers commonly available in the market

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B. Organic fertilizers
These are fertilizers that derived from plant and animal parts or residues.

These can be fortified (FPA=>8%) and natural (FPA=<7%).
Fortified

* Enhanced decomposition process either by physical, chemical or biological means
* Has higher plant food due to processing: addition or introduction of enzymes or
other bilogical agent.
Natural
* Undergone natural process of decomposition

Organic

Indigenous Commercial

*Crop residues
*Farm compost
*Animal manures
*Green manures

Bio-fertilizers/Microbial Fertilizers

• Microbial fertilizers real so called microbial inoculants or bio-fertilizers. These
materials are applied to seed, soil or composting materials.
• The aim in using microbial fertilizers is to increase the number of microorganisms and
accelerate certain microbial activities.

Effects of fertilizers

 The toxic chemicals in these are designed to deliberately released into the
environment. Though each pesticide is meant to kill a certain pest, a very large
percentage of pesticides reach a destination other than their target. Instead, they
enter the air, water, sediments, and even end up in our food.

 Pesticides have been linked with human health hazards, from short-term impacts

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such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm.
 The use of these also decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. If there are no

chemicals in the soil there is a higher soil quality, and this allows for higher
water retention, which is necessary for plants to grow.

Pesticides and insecticdes
Pesticides is any substance intended for preventing, controlling or destroying any

pests, unwanted species, causing harm during the production, storage, transport of
agricultural products or commodities.

Types of Pesticides - group according to types of pests

1. Insecticides – insects
2. Herbicides – plants
3. Rodenticides – rodents (rats & mice)
4. Bactericides – bacteria
5. Fungicides – fungi
6. Larvicides – larvae

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Pesticides can also be considered as:

Examples of pesticides

Benefits of Pesticides
The major advantage of pesticides is that they can save farmers. By protecting

crops from insects and other pests. However, below are some other primary benefits of
it.

Seeds and seedlings
Seeds and seedlings are different from each other. To put it simply, a seed is a

tiny embryonic plant that is encapsulated in a shell called the seed coat. What’s inside
can also be some stored food. Seeds in actuality are the end result of a ripened ovule of
seed bearing plants (gymnosperms) and flowering plants (angiosperms) that follow the
fertilization process. On the other hand, a seedling is also a seed but has just sprouted. It
is therefore a baby or an infant plant.

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Other farm inputs
A. Labor requirement for land preparation

* clearing the land
* plowing and harrowing using machinery such as tractor
* preparation of furrow and trellis
* mulching

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B. Labor requirement for plant care
*production of seedlings
*transplanting
* fertilizer application
* pest control
*irrigation
* weeding
*harvesting

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TOPIC 2 TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR REQUIREMENT
Estimating the cost of farm inputs and labor requirements are very important aspects in
farm enetrprise. You cannot estimate if you are earning or losing in your enterprise if all
the costs thar incurred in the enterprise is not properly computed and recorded. Mis
interpretation of your cost will lead to a greater loss of your farm enterprise.

Cost of farm inputs
The cost of farm inputs depend upon on the farmer itself. For instance in

fertilizer application if you are not knowledgable enough on when you will apply it. It
turns out that either you spend more than the required or spend less in contrast it will
affect the performance of your crops. It is imporant that you will know when you will
apply a certain fertilizer in your crops. On what stages that a certain fertilizer is needed
and the amount of fertilizer necessary to apply. It is also important that you will have to
know the condition of the soil that you are going to cultivate so that you will not wasting
enough money for your farm enterprise.

The table below is an example of how you will compute your farm input cost. It
will depend on what are your farm inputs are.

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Cost of labor
The labor requirement will depend on what farm enetrprise you are engaging of.

Take not also that while you are completing the work in the farm with labor force you
must have a thorough monitoring of all the workers, or elase you are paying more than
what is required because of workers laziness the activities are not completed on time.

The table shown below is a sample labor cost requirement and how you will
compute.

ACTIVITY 1 Guessing Game
Identification of different kinds of fertilizers
ACTIVITY 2
Problem solving on cost of farm inputs and labor
Learning
Outcome No. 2 PERFORM BASIC WORKPLACE CALCULATION
In this lesson you will become familiar on the different method of calculation according
to job requirement.

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BASIC CALCULATION
Common surface area

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Determine surface of the farm
In agricultural production it is important that you have to know the land area that

you have cultivated, Why? It’s because it is important that you have find the total land
area so that accurate quantity of the seeds or seedlings that you are going to cultivate is
according to the total land area. For example you are going to have a mango plantation,
how will you know that you neneded that certain quantity of mango seedlings.in a
hectare of land you need 100 seedlings for planting. Basic calculation of the area to be
cultivated is very important. In this topic you have to understand the different formulas
in solving different types of land or surface area as shown below.

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Fertilizer computation
Computation of required quantity of fertilizers

A. Using single element fertilizer
Kgs fertilizers/ha = Rec Rate
% elements/sack

Bags fertilizers/ha = kgs fertilizers/ha
50 kgs/bag

Example;
Recommended Rate is 120-40-60/ha for dry season

Data given

1. Using the single-element fertilizers

Kg N fertilizer = 120 = 260.87 kg urea or 5.2 bags
0.46 = 222.22 kg solophos or 4.4 bags
= 100 kg MOP or 2 bags
Kg P fertilizer = 40
0.18

Kg K fertilizer = 60

Total fertilizer cost 18, 213.33

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2. Using complete fertilizer
Kg N fertilizer = 40 = 285.71 kg 14-14-14 0r 5.7 bags
0.14
( 5.7 0f complete 14 will give 40-40-40 kg NPK/ha)
Kg P fertilizer = 60-40 = 20 = 33 kg MOP or 0.6 bag
0.60
Kg K fertilizer = 120-40 = 80 = 173.9 kg urea or 3.47 bags
0.46
Total fertilizer cost 10,811.14

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TOPIC 2 TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

METHOD OF CALCULATION
Farming enterprise requires more than skill in producing a product and providing

a service. Overseeing the finances of your farming enterprise is key to survival and
success. Understanding basic business math is necessary for profitable operations and
accurate record keeping. Knowing how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, round and use
percentages and fractions is the minimum you need to price your product and meet your
budget. If math is not your strength, partner with someone who can take over that role or
hire a trusted employee to help your operation stay in the black and grow responsibly.

The importance of basic math in business or enterprise:
 Calculate production cost
 Determine pricing
 Measure profits
 Analyze finances

The 4 basic mathematical operation

The basic mathematical operations are the addition, subtraction, multiplication
and divsion. These are the fundamental operations in solving mathematical problems and
even applied in the most advnaced mathematical theories.

Addition (+)
This is a mathematical operation that explains the total amount of objects when

they are put together in a collection.
For example you want to buy 1 sack of complete fertilizer and 2 sacks of urea.

How many sack of fertilizers do you have?

Subtraction (-)

This operation is the opposite of addition. Subtraction is used when you want to
know how many objects are left in the group after you take away a certain amount of
objects from that group. I will site an example for you, Mang willy have 5 bolos in his
storage area in the farm, after a while one of his co farmers wanted to lend two of his
bolos, how many bolos does mang willy left in his storage area?

Multiplication (X)
Multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to the addition of a number to

itself as many times as the value of the other one number is. For instance you have five
groups of trainees and each group consist of 4 trainees. How many trainees do you have?

You can also use multiplication table for your convient in multiplying
numbers.

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Division
It is the fourth basic math operation. To divide is to split objects into parts or

group. For example you are going to measure the moisture content of rice grain, but
unfortunately you have only 4 apparatus in your hand, how will you dive it in a class
consisting of 20 trainees?

TOPIC 3 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

English System
The English system of measures is a collection of measures for length, volume,

weight, area, etc. These will require conversion ratio to move measurements. The
conversion ratio is always equal. For example 1 foot is equivalent to 12 inches.

Kilo hecto Deca UNIT Deci Cent Milli
1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001

Metric system
Metric sysytem is a system of weights and measures that evolved over time. It is

one of the international standards used for conversion. It is a decimal system of
measurement. It is common in most parts of the world. There are variations used in
different countries, however the difference is in the base units, which does not make a
difference in daily usage of these.

 The Metric system is a means of measurement that is based on 10 and multiples

of 10.

 Weight, Length, and capacity can be changed to a different unit by multiplying or

dividing by 10
 Example: 2.5 Meters= 25 decimeters= 250 centimeters
 This is the official system of measurement in every country except the United

States.
 It is based on 10's and its multiples, 100 (10^2), 1000 (10^3).
 It uses prefixes that make quantities scalable. This also makes it easier to

understand how 1 centimeter compares to 1 meter.
 Mathmatitions and Scientists use the Metric Syste because numbers based on

10's are easier to calculate.
 It was created in Fance in 1799.
 The Metric System and English System both measure length, weight, and

capacity.

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 Every country has adopted the metric system as their standard number system
except the United States. English system is thier standard numerical system

Measure of length

TOPIC 4 You can also use metric conversion charts and calculators
https://www.metric-conversions.org/

Measures english, metric and equivalent
file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/Measures-English,_Metric,_and_Equival

ents.pdf

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
The International System of Units (abbreviated SI) is the metric system used in

different fields of industry. This is the international standard units. In agriculture like
others fields it involves taking measurements and understand it. There are 7 units of SI
system, but not all of them are applicable in our field. We focus only on the following
area, volume and weight.

Area
In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square

metre (written as m2).

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Volume
The term unit volume refers to the volume of one something: one quart, one

milliliter, or one cubic inch.The basic unit of volume in the international system (often
called the metric system) is the liter (abbreviated as l), although the cubic centimeter (cc
or cm3) and milliliter (ml) are also widely used as units for measuring volume.

Weight
Weight is the measure of how heavy an object is. Weight is measured in standard

units. The mass of an object is the amount of material it contains. Mass is measured in
standard metric units.

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