MentalHealth matters. Investonit. DISCOVER PSYCHOANALYSIS OF
11 TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY FOUNDERS 5 7 WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY THEORY OF INSTICT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY 1 1 2 3 4 3 6 5 4 DEFENSE MECHANISMS 7 8 PROCESS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY / THERAPIST FUNCTION AND APPROACH 22 6 BASIC TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY 27 PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 31
E D I T O R ’ S N O T E DO EVERYTHING THAT MAKES YOU HAPPY, AND ALWAYS DO IT WITH PASSION WELCOME TO DISCOVER THE STORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS WHERE WE EXPLORE THE DEPTHS OF THE HUMAN MIND AND THE TRANSFORMATIONAL POWER OF SELFDISCOVERY AS WE DIG INTO THE COMPLEX REALMS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY.
#1 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud born on 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.[ KEY FOUNDER The father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud created ground-breaking theories regarding the structure and functions of the human mind during the course of his incredibly prolific and remarkable career. These theories had a profound effect on psychology and Western culture at large. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885 he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. Following the German annexation of Austria in March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939.
#2 Anna Freud After the Freud family were forced to leave Vienna in 1938 with the advent of the Nazi regime in Austria, she resumed her psychoanalytic practice and her pioneering work in child psychoanalysis in London, establishing the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952 as a center for therapy, training and research work. KEY FOUNDER Anna Freud specialized in child psychoanalysis and made important contributions to understanding the development of personality in children. She worked extensively with children and adolescents, applying psychoanalytic principles to their treatment. Anna Freud (1895–1982) was an Austrian psychoanalyst and the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Anna Freud made significant contributions to the field, particularly in the area of child psychoanalysis and the understanding of the emotional development of children. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its normal "developmental lines" as well as incorporating a distinctive emphasis on collaborative work across a range of analytical and observational contexts.
WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY?
Sigmund Freud established psychoanalysis with the intention of assisting people in understanding their unconscious minds and gaining insight into their ideas, feelings, and behaviors. According to Freud, a lot of psychological problems and symptoms have their origins in unconscious conflicts and unresolved early childhood concerns.. Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory and therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freudin the late 19th andearly 20th centuries. It is a method for treating mental health disordersand understanding human behavior Sigmund Freudestablishedpsychoanalysis with the intention of assisting people in understanding their unconscious minds and gaining insight into their ideas, feelings, and behaviors. According to Freud, a lot of psychological problems and symptoms have their origins in unconscious conflicts and unresolvedearlychildhoodconcerns.. 1
THEORY OF INSTINCT Furthermore, Freud thought that society limits these tendencies, which makes it necessary for people to have a variety of defense mechanisms in order to deal with the tension and conflicts that arise. For instance, repression is a protective mechanism in which undesirable ideas and desires are forced into unconsciousness. These instincts, according to Freud, are strong motivators that influence how people behave. They played a crucial role in his comprehension of the inner workings of the mind and the conflicts that occur there. Freud's model of the psyche was based on the interaction between Eros and Thanatos as well as the internal struggles between the id, ego, and superego. Sigmund Freud's theory of instincts played a fundamental role in his understanding of human behavior and motivation. He proposed two primary instincts that underlie human actions: Eros and Thanatos. HE VIEWED HUMAN NATURE AS DETERMINISTIC
Thanatos (Death Instinct): Thanatos represents the death instinct or the destructive and aggressive tendencies inherent in human nature. Freud theorized that this instinct accounts for destructive behaviors and aggressive impulses. It involves a compulsion to return to an inorganic state, and it can be expressed both inwardly (selfdestructive tendencies) and outwardly (aggression toward others). 2 Eros (Life Instinct): Eros represents the life instinct or the drive toward self-preservation and the preservation of the species. It is associated with the pursuit of pleasure, reproduction, and maintaining life. Freud believed that Eros is expressed in various forms, including the sexual drive, the instinct for food and drink, and the desire for comfort and pleasure.
S T R U C T U R E O F P E R S O N A L I TY A key element of Sigmund Freud's more comprehensive psychoanalytic theory is his notion of personality. The id, ego, and superego are three interconnected mental structures that control personality and behavior, according to Freud. The tripartite psyche is the structural model that serves as the basis for Freud's theory of personality. According to Freud, the dynamic interplay and conflicts among the id, ego, and superego shape an individual's personality and conduct. Anxiety resulting from these conflicts may be handled by the ego through defense strategies such as repression of threatening thoughts or distortion of reality.
THE ID Nature: The id is the unconscious and impulsive element of the psyche. Pleasure Principle: The id functions according to this principle, pursuing instant satisfaction for its needs and wants. It is innate and aims to reduce pain or suffering while maximizing enjoyment. Absence of Morality: The id is immoral and unaffected by morality or social conventions. Basic biological and psychological requirements are what motivate it. Eros and Thanatos: According to Freud, the id is primarily motivated by the life instinct, or Eros, and the death instinct, or Thanatos. Thanatos is linked to violent and destructive impulses, whereas Eros is connected to life, pleasure, and reproduction. The id is a key component of Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche, and it represents the most primitive and instinctual aspect of the human mind. According to Freudian theory, the mind is divided into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. In Freud's structural model, the id is in constant interaction with the other two components of the psyche—the ego and the superego. The superego's moral standards, the id's demands, and reality's restrictions are all mediated by the ego. The id is said to be the source of motivation and energy that propels human behavior.
THE EGO Nature: The conscious, logical portion of the psyche is known as the ego. Reality Principle: The ego functions according to the reality principle, as opposed to the id, which is guided by the pleasure principle. In an attempt to satisfy the id's cravings in a practical and socially acceptable manner, the ego sets out. It considers the limitations imposed by society standards and the outside world. Mediator: The ego acts as a go-between for the superego's moral standards, the impulsive id's demands, and reality's limitations. In order to attain psychological harmony, it aims to achieve a balance between these opposing forces. Defense Mechanisms: The ego uses defense mechanisms to deal with tension and conflict brought on by the demands of the id, society expectations, and the superego. The way the ego resolves these conflicts affects a person's emotions, ideas, and actions. Though the ego is central to Freud's paradigm, modern psychology has built upon these concepts to include them into more comprehensive theories of personality and behavior. To determine whether the id's wishes can be realistically satisfied in the outside world, the ego tests reality. It facilitates the person's adjustment to the real world and helps them base their decisions on sensible considerations. Furthermore, the ego participates in the process of making decisions by balancing the id's need for instant gratification against possible outcomes and social standards. It is also typically regarded the executive or management element of the psyche, coordinating responses to internal and external stimuli.
THE SUPER EGO Nature: The internalized ethical principles, values, and social conventions are represented by the superego. It reflects the impact of parents, caregivers, and social norms and acts as a moral conscience. Development: As a result of internalizing the norms and values established by parents and society, the superego starts to form in early childhood. It involves the moral and ethical standards that were taught to them by important authority figures. Conscience and Ego-Ideal: The conscience and the ego-ideal are the two primary parts of the superego. Guilt is brought on by the conscience's enforcement of moral laws and punishment of alleged transgressions. The ego-ideal functions as a model for the person's goals and ideals, representing an idealized level of behavior. Striving for Perfection: The pursuit of perfection is linked to the superego of the individual. The superego plays a role in behavior regulation and the formation of an individual's sense of ethics because of its emphasis on morality and societal ideals. Though Freud's model has had a great historical influence, it's vital to remember that modern psychology has built upon these concepts and incorporated them into more comprehensive theories of personality and behavior. The superego influences a person's sense of good and evil and functions as an internal regulator. Depending on whether action conforms to or deviates from internalized moral standards, it might cause feelings of pride or guilt. It is a reflection of how people internalize the lessons taught by authoritative figures, especially parents and other caregivers. It turns into an innate moral compass that directs actions. It also frequently clashes with the irrational id desires and the more sensible ego considerations. The ability to reconcile these competing needs is a critical component of psychological growth.
In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological operation that functions to protect a person from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use to cope with anxiety, protect the ego, and manage internal conflicts. These mechanisms are central to psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and are employed to reduce feelings of anxiety that arise from the clash between the demands of the id (primitive and instinctual part of the mind) and the constraints of the superego (internalized societal and parental values). Anna Freud defined defense mechanisms as "unconscious resources used by the ego" to decrease internal stress ultimately. Patients often devise these unconscious mechanisms to decrease conflict within themselves, specifically between the superego and id D E F E N S E M E C H A N I S M S
Repression is a defense mechanism in psychoanalysis that involves the unconscious exclusion of unwanted or distressing thoughts, memories, or feelings from conscious awareness. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, repression is a key process that helps individuals cope with anxiety and protect themselves from thoughts or memories that are too threatening to acknowledge consciously. Repression operates at an unconscious level, meaning that individuals are not intentionally choosing to forget or ignore certain thoughts or memories. Instead, these distressing elements are pushed into the unconscious mind, making them inaccessible to conscious awareness. It is considered a primary defense mechanism aimed at reducing anxiety. When individuals face thoughts or memories that evoke intense emotional discomfort, the mind may automatically repress these elements to prevent overwhelming anxiety. It also involves the temporary suppression of unwanted content. The repressed material remains in the unconscious, potentially influencing behavior and emotions without the individual being consciously aware of it. REPRESSION
In psychoanalysis, denial is a defensive tactic that entails rejecting reality or the veracity of a circumstance. It's a coping mechanism to shield oneself from the worry or discomfort that comes with admitting certain feelings, ideas, or outside occurrences. Because denial is an unconscious protective strategy, those who use it may not even be aware of how much of reality they are rejecting. Denying something that is emotionally upsetting or dangerous is the act of not accepting its presence. Denying the truth of a painful experience, the effect of one's actions on other people, or the existence of a personal issue are a few examples of this. Similar to other defensive strategies, denial functions on an unconscious level. Denying certain aspects of reality may not be a conscious decision made by individuals, but rather an instinctive and protective reaction to emotional distress. People use denial as a coping mechanism when they are anxious or upset. They can momentarily ease the emotional pain connected to those truths by denying the existence of some components of reality. DENIAL
In psychoanalysis, reaction formation relates to the unconscious process of expressing the opposite of one's sincere feelings, thoughts, or impulses in response to thoughts that cause stress or are socially unacceptable. Reaction formation occurs when a person adopts ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are completely at odds with their desires in response to desires that they find unacceptable or threatening. Unconsciously, the person displays attitudes, actions, or emotions that are not consistent with their true feelings or desires. This acts as a protective mechanism to control anxiety and internal tensions. By generating a conscious expression that is more socially acceptable or consistent with cultural norms, reaction formation seeks to lessen anxiety. Adopting a socially acceptable attitude or behavior allows the person to avoid facing or admitting their unwanted inclinations. Reaction creation can be helpful in controlling social interactions and anxiety, but it can also be harmful if it results in a strict and ongoing denial of real emotions or fuels internal conflicts. REACTIONFORMATION
Projection is a protective technique in psychoanalysis that includes assigning one's own unconscious or unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto another person. Put differently, projection causes people to see traits or attributes in other people that they find unacceptable in themselves. They can avoid facing and admitting their own inner conflicts and fears thanks to this strategy. Since projection happens on an unconscious level, people usually aren't aware that they are imputing their own ideas and emotions on other people. It's an involuntary and frequently automatic process. As a defensive strategy, it lessens the tension brought on by inappropriate feelings or ideas. People can avoid the discomfort of facing and resolving their own inner difficulties by projecting these thoughts onto other people. Within the therapeutic setting, a therapist's emotional response to a client—which could mirror the therapist's own unresolved issues—is referred to as countertransference. It's a projection of sorts. Psychoanalytic therapists need to be mindful of the dynamics of countertransference and make an effort to distinguish their own emotions from the client's PROJECTION
One psychological defensive strategy called displacement is rerouting feelings or impulses from the original target to a new one. This technique transfers sentiments from a source that is viewed as threatening or unacceptable to a target that is safer or more acceptable, helping people manage anxiety or other uncomfortable emotions. Displacement is the process of transferring feelings that are intended for one person or circumstance—such as rage, frustration, or anxiety—to another person or circumstance. Usually, the misplaced emotions are shifted to a more acceptable or less dangerous target. Similar to other defensive strategies, displacement frequently functions on an unconscious level. People might not even be fully conscious of the emotional shift, which might happen on autopilot as a coping mechanism for emotional distress. Displacement can ease emotional discomfort temporarily, but it doesn't deal with the underlying problems or conflicts that might be causing the feelings. Examining displacement can help a therapist better understand a patient's emotional experiences and coping mechanisms. DISPLACEMENT
In psychoanalysis, rationalization is a defensive tactic that entails offering rational or logical justifications for acts or behaviors that are genuinely motivated by unconscious feelings, desires, or motives. This defense mechanism aids people in rationalizing or defending behaviors that would otherwise appear unreasonable, impetuous, or inappropriate to both themselves and other people. People use rationalization to provide logical justifications for their choices or actions, which helps them appear acceptable and reasonable. This can help ease guilt or anxiety-related feelings and lessen cognitive dissonance. Similar to other defensive strategies, reasoning frequently functions on an unconscious level. People may be explaining their actions without even realizing it; it just comes naturally as a form of self-defense. People can avoid facing uncomfortable truths about themselves or their behavior by rationalizing. They can preserve a more positive self-concept and safeguard their self-esteem by providing what appear to be reasonable explanations. RATIONALIZATION
Sublimation is a defense mechanism and a concept in psychoanalysis that involves redirecting socially unacceptable impulses or instincts into socially acceptable and culturally valued activities. Rather than expressing these desires in a direct and potentially harmful way, individuals channel them into more constructive and socially approved outlets. Sublimation is considered one of the more adaptive defense mechanisms. Sublimation is the process of changing unconscious or taboo impulses—like the need for violence or sex—into useful and acceptable social activities. This metamorphosis happens unconsciously. The redirected impulses are conveyed in a way that is acceptable in both social and cultural contexts. As a result, people can fulfill their fundamental needs and desires without going against social standards. Psychoanalytic theory regards sublimation as a flexible coping strategy. It helps people deal with internal conflicts and stresses without having to deal with the bad effects of acting on inappropriate impulses. In order to help patients become more self-aware and to obtain insight into their coping methods, psychoanalytic treatment may investigate a patient's usage of defense mechanisms, including sublimation. Knowing someone's sublimation style can reveal hidden conflicts and desires about them. SUBLIMATION
In psychoanalysis, regression is a defensive tactic that entails going back to a previous psychological developmental stage or assuming behaviors typical of that stage. Reversion to a less demanding and more familiar state is thought to serve as a coping mechanism for people experiencing intense emotions, such as stress, worry, or internal conflicts. Regression is the return of an individual to actions, ideas, or feelings that are typical of a previous developmental stage. This can involve emotional reactions, coping strategies, or infantile actions. Regression is frequently brought on by anxiety, stress, or uncomfortable circumstances. Going back to a previous phase of growth could offer a little reprieve from the pressures and difficulties of the present. A brief and reversible coping strategy is regression. It enables people to find solace in actions that helped them cope with stress at earlier phases of development. Regression analysis is one tool that psychoanalytic therapy may employ to better understand how people manage stress and anxiety. Analyzing regressive habits can help people understand unresolved problems and create more flexible coping strategies. REGRESSION
In psychoanalysis, the idea of introjection refers to absorbing and internalizing external features or things. Integrating external influences—like other people's attitudes, ideals, or characteristics—into one's own psyche is a protective strategy. A person's sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by this process. e internalization of exterior characteristics, objects, or figures is known as introjection. These outside factors could be characteristics of other people, societal expectations, cultural standards, or authority figures. One element of Freud's structural model of the mind is the superego, which is formed in part through projection. The moral and ethical component of the personality, the superego stands for internalized parental and society ideals. Introjection is a protective mechanism that aids in the management of anxiety and internal conflicts in people. They may do this to feel more secure or to fit in with the societal norms they believe to be accepted, by assimilating external beliefs or ideals. Introjection can influence how individuals perceive and relate to others. By forming expectations, attitudes, and reactions based on internalized external factors, it may have an effect on interpersonal interactions. INTROJECTION
A psychological defense mechanism known as compensation has been linked to psychoanalytic theory. It entails making an attempt to balance out perceived flaws or shortcomings by highlighting and enhancing strengths in other areas. People use compensation as a coping mechanism when they feel inadequate or unsuccessful in a certain area of their lives. Compensation is the deliberate or inadvertent attempt to highlight accomplishments or strengths in one area in order to offset perceived weaknesses or limitations in another. .Psychoanalytic theory classifies compensation as a protective mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological techniques people use to shield themselves from stress, worry, or dangers to their selfworth. Compensation may function on an unconscious level as well as through conscious efforts to make up for perceived shortcomings. People might not even be completely conscious of the compensatory activities they are doing. When compensation promotes growth and performance on a positive personal level, it can be adaptive. But, it can turn maladaptive if overdone or if it gets in the way of normal functioning. In psychoanalytic therapy, investigating compensation may be part of the process to learn more about a patient's motivations, behavioral patterns, and sense of self. Analyzing people's coping mechanisms can help us get a better insight of their inner selves. COMPENSATION
FREUD S. Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talk therapy based on Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis. The approach explores how the unconscious mind influences your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors THE PROCESS PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
GOALS I N C R E A S E A D A P T I V E F U N C T I O N I N G A N D B E H A V I O R S T R E N G T H E N T H E E G O M A K E T H E U N C O N S C I O U S G O C O N S C I O U S
THERAPIST’S FUNCTIONS & APPROACHES BLANK SCREEN APPROACH: nonjudgmental stance. A "blank screen" in therapy is a way of behaving with clients. This involves not revealing one's personal emotions. It contrasts against showing how one feels to the client. TRANSFERENCE RELATIONSHIP: clients project onto the therapists. Transference in psychoanalytic theory is when you project feelings about someone else onto your therapist. A classic example of transference is when a client falls in love with their therapist. The concept of transference involves patients projecting their feelings and attitudes, often based on past relationships, onto the therapist. Therapists pay attention to these transference reactions as they can provide valuable insights into the patient's unresolved issues. FREE ASSOCIATION: This technique encourages patients to express their thoughts and feelings without censorship. By allowing the mind to freely associate, the therapist can gain insights into the patient's unconscious conflicts and desires. The patient is allowed to talk without pause in a stream of words. Freud believed this non-linear way of thinking would lead to the unconscious mind. DREAM ANALYSIS: is the interpretation of dreams to determine their underlying meanings. Freudian dream analysis relies on symbolism. It is based on the notion that your unconscious mind protects you from your repressed desires by expressing those desires in dreams and hiding them away from your conscious mind. Dream Analysis: Freud believed that dreams are expressions of unconscious material. Therapists in psychoanalysis may analyze the content of dreams to uncover hidden meanings and gain a deeper understanding of the patient's psyche. INTERPRETATION: Therapists interpret the patient's thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, helping them uncover hidden meanings and gain insight into their unconscious conflicts. Interpretations are aimed at making the unconscious conscious.In other words: The object of psychoanalytic interpretation is the patient's self-interpretation. Its goal is to change this interpretation by making it conscious.
RESISTANCE: In psychoanalysis, resistance is the term used to describe the client's defense mechanisms that surface from unconscious content that is brought to light through a procedure. The suppression of unconscious urges from integration into waking awareness is known as resistance. The originator of psychoanalytic theory, Sigmund Freud, created the idea of resistance while he dealt with patients who became resistant during talk therapy sessions. He reasoned that someone who is afflicted with a psychological condition—a condition that Freud considered resulted from the presence of suppressed unlawful or unwanted thoughts—may unintentionally try to obstruct any attempt to tackle a threat that they perceive unconsciously. This would be done to prevent any information that has been suppressed from coming to light from the unconscious mind. When patients resist certain topics or thoughts, it can indicate areas of psychological conflict. Therapists in psychoanalysis work with resistance to explore and understand the underlying issues that patients may be avoiding. CATHARSIS: is a powerful emotional release that, when successful, is accompanied by cognitive insight and positive change. According to psychoanalytic theory, this emotional release is linked to a need to relieve unconscious conflicts. The release of emotional tension and expression of repressed feelings is considered therapeutic. Therapists may guide patients to explore and express their emotions in a safe and supportive environment. Working with the Id, Ego, and Superego: Therapists examine the interplay between the id (instinctual desires), ego (reality-oriented consciousness), and superego (internalized moral standards). Exploring how these elements interact can provide insights into the patient's personality and behavior. One way that the id, ego, and superego concept is applied in modern therapy is by exploring unconscious conflicts and unresolved emotions that contribute to psychological distress. For example, a therapist may help a client uncover and process past traumas impacting their current behavior and emotions. Long-Term Exploration: Psychoanalysis is typically a long-term therapy lasting several years with multiple weekly sessions. This extended duration allows for an indepth exploration of unconscious processes and patterns to uncover the root causes of emotional struggles. Involving regular sessions over an extended period. This allows for a comprehensive exploration of the patient's life history, relationships, and deep-seated conflicts.
QUI Z MUL T IPL E C H OI C E OLIVIA WILSON WORKBOOK COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY DEFENSE MECHANISM INDETERMINISTIC FREE ASSOCIATION ART THERAPY THERAPY AUTISTIC DREAM ANALYSIS PSYCHOANALYSIS SEX AND AGGRESSION DETERMINANTS EGOISTIC CATHARSIS HUMANISTIC THERAPY FREE ASSOCIATION DETERMINISTIC UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS A. A. A. A. B. B. B. B. C. C. C. C. D D D D A PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACH DEVELOPED BY SIGMUND FREUD IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES. IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY, A ___________________ IS AN UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATION THAT FUNCTIONS TO PROTECT A PERSON FROM ANXIETY-PRODUCING THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS RELATED TO INTERNAL CONFLICTS AND OUTER STRESSORS. SIGMUND FREUD VIEWED HUMAN NATURE AS... ALL ARE TYPES OF THERAPIST’S APPROACHES EXCEPT
6 BASIC TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY MAINTAINING ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK FREE ASSOCIATION INTERPRETATION DREAM ANALYSIS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESISTANCE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF TRANSFERENCE 1. 5. 3. 2. 6. 4.
is a fundamental method used in psychoanalytic therapy that is essential to upholding the analytic framework. It is recommended for clients to express everything that comes to mind, no matter how uncomfortable, absurd, unimportant, or nonsensical it may seem. MAINTAINING THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK the significance of upholding a particular therapeutic framework, which includes features like as the analyst's neutrality, anonymity, regularity of meetings, timeliness, fee clarity, and adherence to boundaries, all of which are essential to accomplishing the aims of the therapy. FREE ASSOCIATION
INTERPRETATION AnalysisandInterpretationof Resistance It includes everything that obstructs the course of therapy and keeps previously unconscious material from coming to light. the client's resistance to bringing previously suppressed information into consciousness. Dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious," according to Freud, because they represent the expression of one's unconscious needs, wants, and fears. It seeks to reveal unconscious ideas and provide understanding of unsolved problems. Defenses are lowered while we sleep, allowing repressed emotions to come to the surface. include the analyst pointing out, elaborating on, and even instructing the client on the significance of dream-related behavior, free association, resistances, defenses, and the therapeutic alliance itself. DREAMANALYSIS AnalysisandInterpretationof TRANSFERENCE happens when a client's perception of and interaction with their therapist in the present is influenced by past relationships. It offers clients a priceless chance to rediscover emotions they may have suppressed.
WORD HUNT CATHARSIS EGO REGRESSION SUBLIMATION TRANSFERENCE CONSCIOUS EROS REPRESSION THANATOS UNCONSCIOUS DENIAL PSYCHOANALYSIS SIGMUND FREUD THERAPY
PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES TITLE: The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: systematic review and meta-analysis INTRODUCTION: Preventing suicide and self-harm is a global health priority. Although there is a growing evidence base for the effectiveness of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapies for a range of disorders, to date there has been no systematic review of its effectiveness in reducing suicidal and self-harming behaviors. METHODOLOGY: We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Psycharticles, CINAHL, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomize controlled trials of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapies for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twelve trials (17 articles) were included in the meta-analyses. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies were effective in reducing the number of patients attempting suicide (pooled odds ratio, 0.469; 95% CI 0.274–0.804). We found some evidence for significantly reduced repetition of self-harm at 6-month but not 12-month follow-up. Significant treatment effects were also found for improvements in psychosocial functioning and reduction in number of hospital admissions. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapies compared to Total Anxiety Treatment (TAU) and other interventions for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm. The review found some evidence for a significant treatment effect for the number of patients attempting suicide at 12-month follow-up, and a small significant effect for the reduction of selfharm at 6-month follow-up. However, there was no significant treatment effect for self-harm or suicidal episodes or the number of patients repeating selfharm at 12-month follow-up. The study also found no overall significant treatment effect for depression or anxiety symptoms in psychoanalytic psychotherapy studies at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. The review also found no significant heterogeneity between studies for different populations, such as age, self-harm history, and duration of therapy. Despite different nomenclatures, all interventions applied psychoanalytic principles to improve awareness, emotion regulation, and relationships, and to effect change through the therapeutic relationship.
TITLE: The effectiveness of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy INTRODUCTION: Recent research from the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA) indicates that 28% of respondents hold specialist qualifications in psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy, with 30% identifying this area as their primary theoretical orientation. Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy are umbrella terms that encompass various theories on mental functioning and treatment. There are classical and postclassical perspectives, with classical views focusing on intrapersonal conflict, while post-classical views focus on developmental needs. Key assumptions in these theories include both conscious and unconscious aspects of mental life, causality in both external events and processes, and the importance of understanding the patient's developmental history and functioning. The nomenclature used in research literature is largely dependent on the anticipated length of treatment. Three treatment modalities are commonly described: short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy (STPP), long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy (LTPP), and psychoanalysis. The goals of LTPP and psychoanalysis can differ, with psychoanalysis focusing on restructuring maladaptive relationships, LTPP focusing on here-and-now conflicts, and LTPP lasting at least 40 to 50 sessions over a year. METHODOLOGY: This narrative review synthesized literature in this field using a search method, including inclusion and exclusion criteria, and providing information about the databases searched, ensuring objectivity in the main messages and conclusions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This review identified 47 potentially relevant papers from two databases, but 21 were excluded due to common reasons such as discussion papers, lack of effectiveness information, focus on psychodynamic psychotherapies, or study protocols. The remaining 26 studies focused on psychoanalysis, long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, and short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The total number of studies exceeds the total number included. This review discusses the similarities between psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychotherapies, and psychodynamic psychotherapies, highlighting their shared theoretical principles and techniques. It suggests reading both reviews, with the former providing more robust findings on the effectiveness of long- and short-term psychotherapies, while the latter draws upon previous research findings for further depth.
TITLE: Research in psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adults: a systematic review of clinical trials INTRODUCTION: Over the past few decades, empirical research in Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (PP) has shown consistent evidence of its efficacy and effectiveness, particularly in brief and long-term treatments for various mental disorders. However, there is a historical dissociation between academic research and clinical practice. A closer relationship between clinicians and researchers could improve their professional abilities and contribute to the development of therapists. Knowledge of PP can also contribute to education, promoting theory-technique discussion, and implementing cost-effective interventions. Access to research results can help bridge this gap. This study aims to gather clinical trials published between 2008 and 2013, identifying modalities, population, factors of interest, and main results found. METHODOLOGY: In July 2013, a review was conducted using databases PsycINFO, Embase, and P, focusing on articles published between 2008 and 2013. The process involved searching for terms for "psychotherapy" and "psychoanalytic psychotherapy" and selecting studies. Author pairs evaluated titles and summaries, then examined the entire text. Inclusion criteria included clinical trials involving PP with adults, while exclusion criteria included theoretical studies, non-PP groups, children/adolescent studies, and different research designs. The selected studies were evaluated using a study file. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Studies on LTPP show that women respond better to this approach than men, and it improves aspects related to BPD, alcoholism, and bulimia nervosa. However, no differences were found in results for patients with insecure attachment patterns. Two randomized clinical trials showed the efficacy of psychoanalytic approaches in reducing drug use symptoms
TITLE: What contributes to good outcomes? The perspective of young people on short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for depressed adolescents INTRODUCTION: Depression is the fourth leading cause of adolescent illness and disability globally, with over half of adults experiencing depressive disorders before the age of fourteen. Severe depression during teenage years has a high risk of recurrence and intentional self-harm and suicidal ideation. Psychoanalytic theories of depression have a strong evidence base in adult treatment, but the evidence for depressed children and adolescents has been slower to develop. The Improving Mood Through Psychoanalytic and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (IMPACT) study design supports the evidence base for short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy (STPP) for depressed adolescents. STPP assumes that behavioral and emotional responses are meaningful and logical, based on early experiences of relationships. It aims to explore these connections through the therapeutic relationship, which is seen as a window to past relationships and current expectations about self and others. Successful outcomes of STPP include effective management of depressive and aggressive feelings, a better sense of agency, and a capacity to be thoughtful rather than "act out" emotions. Manualised STPP consists of 28 weekly sessions with three treatment stages: establishing a framework, exploring the adolescent's reflective capacity, and focusing on progress and separation from the process. METHODOLOGY: The study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to understand participants' experiences of CBT and BPI. It aimed to understand shared and idiographic aspects of a phenomenon in a specific context. Previous studies used IPA to examine adolescents' experiences in clinical trials, aiming to refine models for adolescents with moderate to severe depression. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study explores the role of therapeutic change in psychoanalytic treatment for depressed adolescents. It examines the STPP arm of the IMPACT trial and identifies three themes: therapy as a transformational process, exploring the therapeutic space, and the therapeutic relationship. All adolescents emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship in their experience.
TITLE: Clients' Experience of Effective PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic-Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Major Depression: An Empirical Phenomenological Study INTRODUCTION: Depression is a prevalent mental health issue, and psychodynamic psychotherapy is a widely used treatment. This study investigates clients' experiences of the process and outcome of effective psychodynamic therapy for major depression. It is unique in its focus on longterm, field-based therapy, examining both the process and outcome of therapy, and using a qualitative analysis of clients' descriptions. The study aims to fill the gap in research on clients' experiences in effective psychodynamic therapy for depression. METHODOLOGY: The research study involved clients who received psychoanalytic-psychodynamic psychotherapy for major depression for at least a year, and found therapy helpful. Participants were primarily psychotherapists and their colleagues. The study was open to non-field participants, as psychotherapists are trained in describing psychological life and are likely to generate rich descriptions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study found no significant differences between Jungian therapies and other psychodynamic therapies, and no significant differences between therapy types involving medication use and those without medication use.
METHODOLOGY: A psychoanalytic case study author observes a patient's psychodynamics and concludes based on the number and quality of observations. This reasoning style is similar to clinicians, who look for patterns within patients and across patients. However, it is impossible to attain "true" knowledge, as a conclusion can be contradicted by subsequent observations, making it impossible to arrive at definite conclusions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The case study method is preferred for studying complex phenomena in context, particularly in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. This review provides guidelines for future researchers, acknowledging the challenges of limiting creativity and originality. Guidelines for research change over time and require frequent negotiation in the literature. INTRODUCTION: Psychoanalysis, invented by Freud, has been both a research and therapeutic endeavor. Freud's case study method, which involves patients lying down and associating freely, served both research and therapeutic purposes. The method has become controversial due to three arguments: data problem, data analysis problem, and generalizability problem. Critics argue that case studies provide no objective clinical data, lack validity in data analysis, and are purely subjective. They also claim that they are a group ritual to affirm analysts' professional identity. However, the case study method has gained respect in recent years, with an increasing number of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic clinical case studies published in scientific journals since the 1990s. The method is also being revived more broadly in social sciences, with the term "case study research" appearing more frequently in published books from 1980 to 2008. TITLE: Clinical Case Studies in Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Treatment
METHODOLOGY: A study was conducted in Heidelberg, Germany, involving 131 private-practice therapists. The questionnaire asked respondents about their sex, completed training, years in practice, number of therapeutic sessions per week, and client count. The study also aimed to estimate the percentage of therapeutic sessions per week where dreams were reported and interpreted, as well as the percentage of clients who worked on their dreams at least once. The study used interval scales to measure the percentage of clients who initiated working on dreams and those who rejected it. The questionnaire was sent to 79 therapists, a return rate of 60.3%. The data was analyzed using SAS for Windows 6.10 statistical software, with Spearman rank-order correlations computed for the ordinal scales.. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study reveals that working on dreams is crucial in psychotherapy, especially in psychoanalysis, and significantly contributes to treatment success. However, therapists without psychoanalytic training use dreams less often than psychoanalysts. The results are preliminary, and a larger sample would allow for more detailed analysis of different therapeutic schools. Therapists who worked on dreams with clients reported an increase in clients' dream recall frequency, which may be due to the more intense use of dreams in the psychoanalytic group. TITLE: The Use of Dreams in Psychotherapy INTRODUCTION: Dream interpretation has been a widely used therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis since 1900, but its significance has diminished. Other therapeutic schools, such as Gestalt therapy, client-centered therapy, focusing, family therapy, group therapy, psychodrama, and cognitivebehavioral therapy, have less elaborated dream theories and manuals for interpretation. Research on the frequency of working on dreams in psychotherapists' daily practice is scarce, with a survey of 228 clinicians showing varying results. The most common theoretical approaches were Gestalt, Freudian, and Jungian. The study aims to elicit the frequency of work on dreams by psychotherapists in private practice, test the hypothesis that psychoanalysts use dreams more often than humanistic or cognitivebehavioral therapists, measure additional aspects of working on dreams, and test the hypothesis that personal experience with dreams is related to professional use.
TITLE: The Structure of Personality Disorders in Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder INTRODUCTION: This study uses confirmatory factor analysis to examine a model combining personality disorders (PDs) and a general personality dysfunction factor. The aim is to determine if this model better explains comorbidity of PDs than a trait-only model. The results reveal a modified bifactor structure with nine common factors, a distinct general factor called "boundary disturbance," and a nuanced interplay with trauma-related covariates. The findings suggest a core disturbance in the boundary between self and other across PDs. METHODOLOGY: A study of 245 veterans and non-veterans with PTSD diagnoses was conducted using the PTSD Checklist (PCL). The sample consisted of 73 men and 186 veterans, with a mean age of 47. The majority of the veterans served during the Vietnam War, with 36% serving during Operation Desert Storm, 10% during Operation Iraqi Freedom, and 20% during other intervals. The majority of the participants endorsed combat trauma as the Criterion A event, with other types of trauma also endorsed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study aimed to determine if a modified bifactor model of PD structure, including circumscribed traits and generalized dysfunction in self-other relationships, could better account for covariation among PDs in individuals with PTSD. A combined hierarchical/higher-order, dimensional model was developed, based on nine lower-order PD traits and two higher-order factors, including a general factor called Boundary Disturbance.
First and foremost, I (the author), Denzy A. Flores, wanted to dedicate this craft to my parents who supported me all throughout my journey as a Psych Student. If it weren’t because of them, I wouldn’t be able to make it up to where I am right now. Second, to my beloved Kuya Kenneth, the one I look up to since I was a child. If it’s not because of him, I would not be as motivated as I am right now to strive hard in reaching my goals in life. Kuya Kenneth, I will always be your number 1 fan and the moment I reached my goals in life, I promise to share my success with you the same way you always share yours with me. Then, my very dedicated professor — Sir Jomar Hulleza, I am grateful for having the chance of being taught by you. We, PY 33 and PY 31, will surely remember you for the rest of our lives because of the knowledge and learnings you’ve shared with us. Lastly, to my loving girlfriend, Justine Mhae. A big thanks for being my support system 24/7. Your presence is one of the reasons why I am here, still thriving and trying to give my best in everything I do. You are very much appreciated and loved. Dedication