Human Body Encyclopedia

Smile lines Growing older
With age, skin
gets less stretchy Silver surfer
and will not Today people
smooth out when live longer than
you relax your ever thanks to
face. This is gives advances in
you wrinkles. medicine. A
Many cultures healthy diet,
respect wrinkles exercise, and
as signs of wisdom a young mind
and experience. can make old
age a happy
time.

Old age

Papery skin, weak bones, stiff joints, and

Middle age bad eyesight are common in old people.
Organs and muscles are starting to
get weaker. Skin on the face gets Most of the organs including the
wrinkly, and hair starts to go
grey. Women stop lungs and heart don’t work As you get older, your
having babies. as well as they used to. hair contains less
melanin – the

substance that gives it
its colour.

Records prove that a French woman, Jeanne-Louise Calment, lived for 122 years. 105

Keeping healthy Proteins
Meat, fish, eggs,
What’s in food? beans, and nuts
contain protein.
People eat to get energy. Your body needs
You need a variety protein to repair
of foods to keep its cells.
your body
in peak Carbohydrates
working Bread, cereal,
condition. pasta, and sweet
foods are mostly
A balanced diet means carbohydrates.
eating everything your You need them to
body needs. give you energy.

Fat
Nuts and dairy
foods, such as
butter and cheese
contain fat. You
only need small
amounts of fat.

Takeaways and fizzy
drinks are nice as a
treat but no substitute
for a good meal.

Eat your greens Junk food
Fast foods like hamburgers and
Fresh fruit and vegetables are crammed chips contain unhealthy amounts
with vitamins and minerals. Your body

needs these to stay healthy. of fat and salt, and few vitamins.

106 What is a vegetarian?

Water You need about What’s in food?
Your body is six glasses of Allergies
two thirds liquid every day
water, but but some of this If your body reacts
you’re losing can come from badly to a certain food
water all the your food. and makes you ill, you
time. You could may be allergic to it.
live for several
weeks without Wheat isn’t good for some
food but only people. They cannot eat
for about 3 days normal bread.
without water.
Nuts can be dangerous –
Sunshine food even in tiny quantities –
if you have a nut allergy.
You need vitamin
Cows’ milk doesn’t suit
D for strong bones. Food some people, but they can
It is found in fish gives drink sheep or goats’ milk.
and eggs, but
Become
your body can you an expert...

produce it when energy. on chewing food,
you get sunlight pages 86-87

on your skin. on making urine,
pages 90-91

Fuel for your body
An orange gives you enough
energy to cycle for 5 minutes.
A chocolate bar gives you
enough energy to
cycle for 45
minutes.

The amount of energy you
get from food is measured
in calories.

A person who does not eat meat. 107

Keeping healthy

Sleep Adults need 24
about seven
hours sleep.

18 6

When you sleep your body rests. 12

Your brain stops dealing with things

in the outside world, and uses this

time to sort out the events of the day.

24 How much sleep?

18 6 As we grow older we
need less sleep. Young
12 adults need about eight
hours, while over 60s
A three year may need only six.
old needs
about
12 hours sleep.

24

18 6

12

A newborn baby can sleep
for 20 hours a day. By six
months, 15 hours is usually
enough.

Sleep patterns Awake

Throughout the night, T e yellow dots show
you move in and out of
shallow and deep sleep 11 12 1
several times. As the hours
pass, sleep gradually
becomes lighter until
you wake up.
h
Time for
Shallow sleep

9 10

bed. Deep sleep

108 What is insomnia?

DreamingWhen Goo Sleep
is .. . nyt
Everyone dreams. When Nightmares
you dream, your eyelids Nightmares are scary
flicker. This is called dreams that can wake
you up and make you
roarpRiEdMey, eslmeeopv.ement,.possible! feel frightened or sad.
you dream a During nightmares,
people often think
Everyone they are being chased
dreams, but not or bullied.
everyone
remembers their What dreams mean
dreams.
The medical name for being unable to fall or stay asleep. People are fascinated by
what dreams mean. We
hing don’t know for sure but...

Flying can mean that
you feel powerful and
free of problems.

Being naked sometimes
means you are afraid of
being weak.

Falling may mean you
feel out of control or are
scared of losing something.

when you dream. Sleep walking

2345 During deep sleep, parts

6 of the brain stay awake.
People may talk, or get up

d morning! and walk around. They
usually don’t remember
they have done this.

109

Keeping healthy

Doctors and dentists

When you are ill you visit
the doctor. First, the doctor
examines you. Next, the
doctor prescribes treatment or
medicine to make you better.

The examination

The doctor asks you about your
symptoms and then looks at and
listens to different parts of your body.

Say “ah” Ears, nose, and throat
The doctor uses a stick Doctors use an otoscope to examine your
to hold your tongue ears, nose, and throat. Swelling or itchiness
down and look at may mean you have an infection.
your tonsils. If
your tonsils often
get infected you
may need an
operation to
remove them.

It is your tonsils’ job Hear, hear
to stop germs Doctors use an instrument
getting down your
throat. called a stethoscope to
listen to your heartbeat
What is a paediatrician?
or to hear how well
your lungs are working.

110

Doctors and dentists

Tools of the trade Eye spy

Doctors keep a few simple These funny Opticians test your
instruments in their glasses help the sight and work out
surgeries to help them optician find whether you need
examine their patients. out exactly glasses. They test
how well your each eye separately
A stethoscope allows eyes work. because often one
the doctor to listen to your can see better than
heart or your breathing. the other. Your
eyesight changes
A rubber hammer is so you need to get
banged against your knee your eyes tested
to test your reflexes. every year.

An ophthalmoscope has Open wide
a bright light for looking at
the back of your eyes. You can look after your teeth by
brushing them, but you should
Syringes are used to give still get them checked twice a
people injections to stop year by a dentist. Hopefully,
them getting some diseases. you won’t need any fillings.

Medicine comes from a
pharmacy. The doctor just
gives you a prescription.

Brace yourself
Orthodontists are dentists
who straighten out crooked
teeth. They do this by fitting
your mouth with braces to
push your teeth gradually
into the right position.

A doctor who specializes in children’s illnesses. 111

Communication

Body language

You don’t just talk with words – you also use your
hands, face, and body. The look on your face and the
way you stand can say a lot about how you really feel.

Personal space Only best friends and
family can enter the
People show how well they close intimate zone.
know each other by how close
they stand or how often they The intimate zone is
touch. It’s rude to stand too where people who know
close to a stranger but normal you well can stand
to stand close to a best friend. while talking to you.

The social zone is The personal
where strangers stand zone is for people
while talking to you. who know you but
aren’t close, such
as teachers.

These girls are Copying
copying each Good friends often mimic each
other’s body other’s body language without
realizing. They might walk in
language. step, sit or stand in the same
position, or copy each other’s
hand movements.

Who’s in charge? This boy’s
One of the things people relaxed posture
signal with their body is shows he feels
whether they’re in charge very confident.

or somebody else is in
charge. Leaning forwards

or looking relaxed are
ways of appearing to be

in charge.

112 How does a dog show it knows you’re in charge?

Open or closed? Body language
When someone feels relaxed or
friendly, they have an “open” Learning gestures
posture, with arms and legs apart.
If someone is nervous or awkward, You pick up a lot of your
they have a “closed” posture, with body language from the
arms and legs close to the body. people you grow up with.
Your gestures and the way
you sit, stand, and walk
are probably similar
to your friends
and family.

Boys often learn
their gestures from
older brothers,
and girls pick up
many of theirs
from older sisters.

Talking to animals

Animals can’t understand speech

but they often understand our Become
body language. Dogs can sense an expert...
who’s in charge from body

language. They need to be on muscles and

treated strictly or will movement,

start to misbehave. pages 26-27

It lowers its body and tail and flattens its ears. 113

Communication Speak to the hands

Use your hands Hands seem to have minds
of their own. When people
Most people move their
hands as they speak, but talk, their hands move all
what do their gestures over the place, even when
mean? Some hand they’re on the phone!
gestures mean the
same thing all over Making a circle
the world, but A finger touching a thumb
others vary from means “OK” in North America,
place to place. “worthless” in France, and “I
want my change in coins”
Thumbs up in Japan. In Turkey
A raised thumb means “good” it can be rude.
or “well done!” in North America. In
Germany it means “one”, in Japan it
means “five”, and in the Middle East
and Africa it’s impolite.

Palms together Shaking hands
This is a sign of prayer Shaking hands is
in Christian countries, a common greeting
but in India it is used in many countries,
as a greeting. Indians but there are slight
place their hands differences. A firm
together, make handshake is a sign
a slight bow, of sincerity in Europe
and say but is thought to be
Namaste. aggressive in Asia.

In some countries, In Sicily, this gesture
women never shake combined with a karate
hands with men. chopping movement
means
“I hate you so much”.

114 How does a diver say “shark” underwater?

Making a point Use your hands
Pointing is one of
the first hand gestures Pointing with an outstretched arm means
that people learn, and something is far away.
it means the same thing
all over the world. Become
Babies ask for things by an expert...
pointing at them before
they learn to speak. on the bones in
your hands,
page 20-21

These 26 signs stand
for the letters of the
alphabet in British sign
language.

Talking underwater Two fingers on the
palm means the
Divers can’t speak letter “n”.
underwater so they use
a kind of sign language Sign language
instead. They have special
signs for marine animals Deaf people communicate
like sharks and turtles. without hearing by reading
lips, using facial expressions,
OK is shown by a or using sign language. Sign
finger touching a language varies a lot from
thumb, making a circle. country to country.

Stay at this depth is 115
shown by waving a flat
hand from side to side.

Stop is shown by a
clenched fist and a
bent arm.

By making a shark’s fin on the head with one hand.

Communication

Express yourself

Your face helps you communicate by showing how

you feel. All over the world, people use the same

facial expressions to show

the six main emotions. 2Surprised
When you’re surprised,
Surprise makes your eyebrows shoot
you gasp for breath up, your eyes open wide,
because the hormone and your jaw drops. Some
adrenaline makes your
lungs work faster. people clap the side of
their face or cover their
mouth as well.

1Happy Grumpy or angry
In a genuine smile, people sometimes
the eyes crease and the
cheeks rise. A smile means look red around the
the same thing whether you eyes.
live in the Sahara desert
or Amazon rainforest.

3Angry
An angry person’s eyebrows
move down, their eyes narrow,
and their mouth closes tightly. They
might also glare without blinking.

116 How many facial expression
are there?

Express yourself

Baby face

Babies communicate Become
with their faces an expert...

before they learn on how babies

to talk. They smile, develop,

frown, and show all pages 100-101

the main emotions.

Babies learn to mirror their parents’ smiles 5Afraid
from a very early age. Fear raises the eyelids, making
the eyes look white. The mouth
4Sad opens wide in horror, and blood
In an unhappy
face, the mouth may drain from the face,
droops, the inner ends
of the eyebrows go up, making the skin pale.
and wrinkles appear
above the nose. 6Disgusted
Powerful feelings Wrinkles across the nose
of sadness also and narrow eyes are signs
make people of disgust. The sight of disgust
cry. in someone’s face can make

you feel disgusted too.

Babies can’t help crying
when they’re sad, but older
people may hide their tears.

About 7000. 117

AmazingReference section facts about YOU!

Skeleton Brain and nerves Breathing
and bones
Your brain is the Lungs take air into
Without a body’s control centre. your body so that
skeleton to hold Signals zoom to and life-giving oxygen can
you up, you’d from the brain enter your blood.
collapse on the along your nerves.
ground like a Laid out, the inside of
heap of jelly. Nerves carry signals your lungs is a third as
at up to 400 kph big as a tennis court.
Your smallest bone is the (250 mph).
stapes in your ear, which Your brain is made of The fastest recorded
is smaller than a rice grain. about 100 billion tiny sneeze reached 167 kph
Weight for weight, bones cells called neurons. (104 mph).
are stronger than steel The left side of your brain
or concrete. controls the right side of In one day you breathe in
A baby has more than your body and vice versa. enough air to ll 33,000
300 bones but adults drink cans.
The human eye can see a
have only 206. candle ame at night from Skin, nails and hair
1.6 km (1 mile) away.
The tough, protective
Muscles and When you’re bored, the surface of your body is
movement pupils in your eyes get almost entirely dead.
smaller.
Muscles move your Every four years you
body by pulling bones. Heart and blood shed your own body
You use hundreds of weight in dead skin.
them when you walk. Your heart pumps
blood around your You have about 5 million
Every hair in your body body. It works nonstop hairs, but only 100,000
has a tiny muscle that without getting tired. are on your head.
can pull it upright.
The thickest
Your strongest muscle is Your smallest blood skin on your
the masseter (jaw muscle), vessels are ten times body is on the
which closes your mouth. thinner than a hair. soles of your
You use more muscles Your body contains feet.
enough blood vessels to
when you frown than circle the world twice.
when you smile.

118

Fighting disease Digestive Amazing facts
system Urinary system
Germs are always trying
to get inside you, but Digestion turns Urine gets rid of
your body fights back. food into simple chemicals that your
chemicals body doesn’t need.
Lassa fever is a very that your
dangerous disease. It kills body can You will make enough
about a fifth of its victims. make into urine in your lifetime
new cells or to fill 500 baths.
Bacteria are so small use for fuel.
that a thousand could Asparagus can turn your
fit on the head of a pin. urine green. Blackberries
can turn it red.

The world’s most The food you eat in Reproduction
common disease is a year weighs as
the common cold. much as a car. The reproductive organs
create new people from
Cancer happens when You make enough spit tiny specks of matter.
your own cells multiply in your lifetime to fill
out of control. two swimming pools.

When you recover from Your digestive glands The most babies born to
an infectious disease, your start working as soon one mother is 69. Most were
body becomes immune to it. as you smell or see food.
twins, triplets, or quads.

Your tongue senses five The first quintuplets
tastes: salty, sweet, sour, known to have survived
bitter, and savoury. infancy were born in 1934.

The smell of poo comes Growth
from a chemical called
skatole. As you grow you slowly
change into an adult,
Each hair on your head but it takes a long time!
grows for about 3 or 4
years and then falls out. The fastest-growing
A new one grows in its part of a baby’s
place. body is its head.

A girl is about three-
quarters of her adult
height at 7 years old.

A boy is about three-
quarters of his adult

height at 9 years old. 119

Reference section

Through the ages

The human body is so amazingly complicated that
it’s taken doctors at least 4000 years to figure out how

it works. Their discoveries have led to
many new ways of curing illness.

460–377 BC 250 BC Egyptian doctors
cut open corpses to find
The Greek doctor out how the body works.
Hippocrates is
sometimes 100 BC Chinese doctors
called the father discover that blood travels
of medicine. He around the body in cycles.
was one of the
first people to 1290 Spectacles are
realize that worn for the first time
diseases have in Venice, Italy.
natural causes
and cures. 1350 Rats spread bubonic
plague in Europe, killing a
Before the time of quarter of the people.
Hippocrates, many
people thought that 1500 A Swiss pig farmer
diseases were performs the first Caesarian
punishments sent by section on a living person.
the gods.
1596 The Italian scientist
Galileo Galilei invents the
thermometer.

1684 Dutch microscopist
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
discovers blood cells.

1770 The world’s first
comfortable false teeth
are used in France.

1796 English surgeon
Edward Jenner discovers
how to make vaccines.

1816 The stethoscope is
used for the first time.

120 What life-saving antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover?

Through the ages

tTohfeaintIetdaholiiuas tnohwsocnwiesnittchiksetosLtvoaemzrzaaacnrhdo wSopvoarekrllsa.nzani

1818 James Blundell Modern
carries out the first medicine
blood transfusion.
Doctors know
1852 Doctors use more about how
bandages soaked in the body works
plaster to make casts. than ever before,
but there are still
1853 Scottish doctor some mysteries,
Alexander Wood like why we
invents the syringe. hiccup or how
the brain works.
1895 Wilhelm Röntgen
accidentally discovers how 121
to take X-rays of bones.

1928 An English scientist
discovers antibiotics –
drugs that kill bacteria.

1953 Scientists work out
the structure of DNA, the
chemical that carries genes.

1955 Doctors start using
ultrasound scanners to see
babies inside the womb.

1967 Surgeon Christiaan
Barnard carries out the
first heart transplant.

1971 Brain scanners come
into use, allowing doctors
to study living brains.

1978 Louise Joy Brown,
the first test-tube baby,
is born in England.

Penicillin.

Reference section

Glossary

Artery A blood vessel that Enzyme A substance Hormone A chemical
carries blood away from that speeds up a particular produced by one part of the
your heart to the rest of chemical reaction in the body in order to change the
your body. body. Digestive enzymes way a different part of the
speed up the breakdown body works. Hormones are
Bacteria Tiny one-cell of food molecules. made in glands and carried
creatures found all by the blood.
around us. Some are Epiglottis A trapdoor-like
helpful, others cause tag of skin that stops food Joint A connection between
diseases. going into your breathing two bones.
tubes when you swallow.
Blood vessel Any tube Mucus Slippery liquid on
that carries blood through Oesophagus The tube the inside of your nose,
your body. from your mouth that takes throat, and intestines.
food to your stomach when
Capillary The smallest you swallow. Nerves Threads of tissue
type of blood vessel. Your that carry high-speed signals
body contains thousands Genes Instructions that around the body.
of miles of capillaries. control the way your body
develops and works. Genes Nutrients The basic
Cell The smallest living pass from parents to their chemicals that make up food.
unit of your body. children. Your body uses nutrients for
fuel, growth, and repair.
Diaphragm A strong, flat Germs Tiny living things
sheet of muscle under that can get into your body
your lungs. You use it and cause illness. Bacteria
when you breathe. and viruses are germs.

Digestion The Gland A group of
process that breaks specialized cells that make
down food into tiny and release a particular
pieces that your substance such as a
body can absorb hormone or enzyme.
and use.

122

Glossary

Organ A group of tissues Reflex A reaction that Urine Waste liquid that
that form a body part is out of your control, passes out of you when you
designed for a specific job. like breathing or blinking go to the toilet. Urine is made
Your stomach is an organ. when something gets near of water and chemicals your
your eyes. body doesn’t need.
Oxygen One of the gases
in the air. You need to Saliva The liquid in Vaccination A substance
breathe in oxygen to live. your mouth. Saliva helps that is swallowed or injected
you taste, swallow, and to protect your body from
Proteins Vital nutrients digest food. disease.
that help your body build
new cells. Food such as System A group of organs Vein A blood vessel that
meat, eggs, fish, and cheese that work together. Your carries blood towards your
are rich in proteins. mouth, stomach, and heart.
intestines make up your
Receptor A type of nerve digestive system. Vertebra One of the bones
cell that detects a change that link together to form
outside or inside the body, Tissue A group of cells your backbone, or spine.
helping to create one of the that look and act the same.
senses. Touch receptors in Muscle is a type of tissue. X-rays Invisible rays that
the skin, for example, help pass through objects. X-ray
create the sense of touch. Umbilical cord The tube photographs show the inside
joining a baby to its mother’s of your body.
body while it is still
inside her.

123

Reference section

Index

AAdam’s apple, 64 blood groups, 53 copying, 112
adolescence, 103 blood sugar level, 59 coughing, 32, 67
adrenaline, 59 blood system, 10, 48–51, 120 cranium, 14, 15
adults, 104–105 blood vessels, 10, 15, 48–49 crying, 39, 65, 100
air 60–63, 64 body heat, 29, 69, 72 cuts, 56–57, 75
allergies, 80–81, 107 body language, 112–113
alveoli, 61 bone marrow, 18, 54 Ddefences, 76–77
anaesthetic, 33 bones, 9, 18–19, 104, 118 dentists, 111
animals, 5, 13, 42, 44, 71, diabetes, 59
see also skeleton diaphragm, 60, 67
104, 113 braille, 35 digestion, 11, 77, 82–89,
ankles, 13, 23 brain, 15, 25, 30–33, 47,
antibodies, 78, 79 119
aorta, 48, 50 100, 118 disease, 53, 74–75, 119,
arm muscles, 226 and senses, 34, 37, 40,
arteries, 10, 48–49 120
asthma, 80, 81 42–43, 45 dizziness, 47
brain stem, 30 DNA, 7, 8, 121
Bbabies, 53, 65, 79, 100–101 breathing, 11, 33, 60–67, doctors, 110–11, 120
bones, 20 double-jointed, 23
communication, 100, 117 91, 118 dreaming, 109
muscles, 27 bruises, 57 dust mites, 68, 80
newborn, 61, 97, 100, 108
backbone, 13, 16–17, 21, 104 Ccalcium, 18, 19, 59 Ears, 12, 14, 20, 76
bacteria, 75, 76, 77, 85 camels, 93 balance, 46
balance, 30, 46–47 capillaries, 48, 49 hearing, 44–45
baldness, 73 carbohydrates, 106 wiggling, 25
ball and socket joints, 22 carbon dioxide, 60, 62 eggs, 94, 98
bladder, 33, 92–93 cartilage, 14, 17, 20–21 elbows, 23
blind spot, 42, 43 cells, 8–9, 94–95 enamel, 85
blinking, 25, 32, 33, 39 cerebellum, 30 energy, 11, 59, 62, 107
blisters, 57 cerebrum, 30 enzymes, 82, 83, 86, 87
blood, 52–53, 118 chemicals, 5 epiglottis 67
children, 100–102 exercise, 7, 19, 28–29
clotting, 53, 55, 56–57 chimpanzees, 5, 15 eyebrows, 39
colour, 5, 49 coccyx, 16, 17 eyelashes, 75
blood banks, 53 colds, 37, 74 eyelids, 39
blood cells, 52–55, 120 colour blindness, 41 eyes, 6, 7, 38–41, 55, 111
red, 9, 18 colour vision, 40
white, 78, 79 communication, 97, 100, sockets, 14, 39

112–117
contact lenses, 41

124

F face, 6, 14, 15, 27, 64 hayfever, 81 Index
expressions, 27, 116–117 head lice, 73
faeces, 89, 91 hearing, 11, 44–45 125
family, 7, 23, 113 heart, 10, 24, 29, 50–51, 118
fat, 9, 106 height, 7, 21, 104
feet, 11, 12, 13 hiccups, 67
fertilization, 94, 98 hinge joints, 22, 23
fingerprints, 9, 70, 99 Hippocrates, 120
fingertips, 34, 35, 70–71 hips, 22, 23
fixed joints, 22 hormones, 11, 58–59
flexibility, 28, 29 hunger, 33
follicle mites, 75
foetus, 96–97
food, 29, 106–107
food allergies, 81, 107
friends, 102, 112, 113
fungi, 75

Ggenes, 6–7, 98 Iimmune
germs, 11, 52, 55, 74–79, system, 11,
119 78–79, 80
glands, 58, 77, 87 incubators, 61
glasses, 41, 111, 120 insulin, 59
goose pimples, 73 intestines, 11, 24, 75, 77,
grazes, 57
grip, 34 88–89
growth, 58, 100–104, 119 iris, 38, 39
itching, 33, 71
Hhaemoglobin, 54
hair, 11, 72–73, 105, 118 JKjaws, 12,
body hair, 5, 97, 73, 14–15, 22
103 joints, 11, 21,
colour, 6, 73 22–23, 70
follicles, 35, 72–73 keratin, 68, 71, 72
hands, 5, 27, 70 kidneys, 10, 48, 91
knees, 22, 32
bones, 12, 13, 20–22
gestures, 114–115

Reference section

Llanguage, 101, 102 nightmares, 109 plasma, 52
learning, 31, 100, 102 nose, 14, 37, 60, 67 plasters, 57
leeches, 57 nucleus, 8 platelets, 52–53, 55, 56
legs, 11, 24, 29 pollen, 81
lens, 40, 41 Ooesophagus, 87 pores, 69
life expectancy, 104 old age, 104, 105 potty training, 93
ligaments, 23, 27 optic nerve, 40, 42 pregnancy, 96–97
lips, 14, 35, 36 opticians, 111 proteins, 29, 106
liver, 48 organs, 10, 11, 48, 105 puberty, 64, 103
lungs, 48, 60–61, 76, 118 orthodontists, 111 pulse, 51
lymph system, 79 oxygen, 49, 54, 60–63, 67 pupils, 38, 39, 40, 55

Mmacrophages, 78 Ppain, 33, 34 Rreflexes, 32, 87, 111
melanin, 39, 69, 73 pelvis, 12, 17 reproduction, 11, 94–95,
memory, 31 peristalsis, 88 119
mosquitos, 75 personal space, 112 retina 40, 41
motion sickness, 47 pins and needles, 33 ribs, 12, 16, 17
mouth, 11, 60, 76, 82 pituitary gland, 58 ringworm, 75
movement, 11, 12, 30, 118 pivot joints, 23 robots, 5
plaque, 85
detecting, 46
joints, 22–23
muscles, 24–25
spine, 16, 17
mucus, 67, 76, 77, 89
multiple births, 99
muscles, 11, 24–29, 47, 100, 118
largest, 25
longest, 24
number of, 24
myofibrils, 26

Nnails, 11, 70–71, 118
neck, 12, 16, 23
nephrons, 91
nerves, 9, 11, 32–33, 118

126

Ssaliva, 36, 76, 86 snoring, 65 Index
scabs, 57 sounds, 44, 64–65
scanners, 4, 96, 121 speaking, 30, 65, 101, 102 toes, 35
sclera, 38 sperm, 94 tongue, 7, 25, 36, 86
senses, 11, 30, 34–45 spinal cord, 15, 16, 32 tonsils, 79, 110
sex hormones, 59 spine, 13, 16–17, 21, 104 touch, 11, 34–35
shivering, 29 stamina, 28, 29 trees, 62
sight, 11, 38–43, 111 stethoscope, 110, 111, 120 twins, 98–99
sign language, 115 stitch, 27
skeletal muscles, 24, 26 stomach, 24, 77, 82, 87 Uuniqueness, 6–7, 95
skeleton, 11, 12–13, 118 strength, 7, 28, 29 urethra, 90, 92
skin, 9, 11, 68–69, 118 sun, 69, 107 urine, 90, 91, 92–93
swallowing, 67, 87 urinary system, 11, 90–93, 119
allergies, 81 sweat, 35, 69, 91 uterus, 95, 96–97, 98
colour, 6, 69
sense of touch, 34–35 Ttail bone, 13 Vvaccines, 79, 120
wrinkly, 69, 105 taste, 36–37 valves, 51
skull, 12, 14–15, 22, 31 tears, 39, 76 veins, 10, 48–49, 51
sleep, 27, 32, 59, 100, 108–109 teeth, 5, 14, 18, 84–85, 120 vena cava, 48, 50
sleep-walking, 109 verrucas, 74
smell, 36–37 brushing, 85, 100, 111 vertebrae, 13, 16–17, 104
smiling, 25, 27, 100, 116 temperature, 78 vertebrates, 13
sneezing, 66 tendons, 27 viruses, 74
thigh bone, 13 vitamins, 107
thinking, 11, 30 vocal cords, 64, 67
threadworms, 75 voice box, 64
thumbs, 23
tinea (ringworm), 75 Wwalking, 33, 101
tissues, 9, 10 water, 5, 63, 90–91,
107
skin’s defences, 68, 69
windpipe, 60–61, 64
womb, 95, 96–97, 98
wrinkles, 69, 105
wrists, 12, 23

XYX-rays, 4, 19, 21,
121
yawning, 67

127

Picture credits

The publisher would like to thank the Corbis: Dave G. Houser (tr), Firefly Productions (cb); M. Martin M.D. (br) Gusto Productions (cra), VVG
following for their kind permission to Science Photo Library: Dr. Goran Bredberg (bc). 49 (cr). 84 Corbis: Michael Keller (car); Powerstock:
reproduce their images: Science Photo Library: Susumu Nishinaga (tc). 51 age fotostock (tl); Science Photo Library: Gusto
Science Photo Library: CNRI (crb), Dr. P. Marazzi Productions (tr). 85 Science Photo Library: Hattie
(Key: a-above; c-centre; b-below; (br), NIBSC (cra), (cr). 52 Science Photo Library: Young (tl). 86 Science Photo Library: Dr. P. Marazzi
l-left; r-right; t-top) Susumu Nishinaga (br), VVG (cr). 53 Science Photo (bl), Tek Image (tl), VVG (c). 87 Science Photo
Library: NIBSC (cl). 54 Science Photo Library: Library: David. M. Martin M.D. (c); Zefa Visual
4 Corbis: Larry Williams (c); Science Photo BSPI, Gilles (bl), Professors P.M. Motta & S. Correr Media: Chad Johnston/Masterfile (l). 88 Science
Library: (bc); Getty Images: Barbara Peacock (cl). (tl); Roger Harris (cb). 54-55 Science Photo Library: Photo Library: David M. Martin M.D. (c) Eye of
5 Alamy Images: Aflo Foto Agency (tc), Janine Dr. Yogas Nikas (b). 55 Science Photo Library: (tl), Science (cl). 89 Science Photo Library: David M.
Wiedel Photolibrary (cra), Pictor (cr); Corbis: NIBSC (tr), Roger Harris (c). 56 Corbis: Tom Stewart Martin M.D. (cr). 92 Science Photo Library: (c), (cr),
Reuters (cla); Science Photo Library: (tr), Dr. (bl); Science Photo Library: CNRI (cr). 57 Alamy BSIP, Cavallini James (tr). 93 Alamy Images: Robert
Gopal Murti (crb), VVG (br). 6 Corbis: Laura Doss. Images: Shout (button 1); Photolibrary.com: Harding (tr). 94 Robert Harding Picture Library:
7 Alamy Images: Goodshoot (tr), Janine Wiedel Leanne Temme (cl); Science Photo Library: Alex (c). Science Photo Library: Christian Darkin (tr).
Photolibrary (tc); Corbis: Jose Luis Pelaez (bl); Bartel (button 4), Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler 95 Science Photo Library: Dr. Yorgos Nikas (tl),
8 Science Photo Library: Dr. Gopal Murti (br), (button 3), Martin Dohrn (tl). 58 Getty Images: (tc), (tr). 96 Penny Arlon: (ca); Mother & Baby
Martin Dohrn (cra). 9 Science Photo Library: Erin Patrice O'Brien (b). 63 Corbis: Stephen Frink Picture Library: Ian Hooton (tr); Photolibrary.com:
(jar 3); Andrew Syred (tr), Prof. Aaron Polliack (cr); Science Photo Library: David M. Martin M.D. OSF (br); Science Photo Library: Dr. G. Moscoso
(jar 2), VVG (cl), (jar 1), (jar 4). 10 Alamy Images: (cla), Mark Thomas (tl), Matt Meadows, (bl), Edelmann (bc). 97 Alamy Images: BM2 (tl);
RubberBall Productions (r); Corbis: Thom Lang Peter Arnold Inc. (br), Proff. Motta, Correr & Photolibrary.com: OSF (tr); Getty Images: Ross
(cl brain) Science Photo Library: J.L. Martra, Nottola/University "La Sapienza", Rome (crb). Whitaker (bc). 98 Getty Images: (c). 98-99 Alamy
Publiphoto Diffusion (bl); Victor de Schwanberg 64 Science Photo Library: Hank Morgan (cra). 65 Images: Big Cheese Photo (b). 99 Alamy Images:
(cl heart), (cl kidney). 11 Alamy Images: Ablestock Bubbles: Ian West (cl); Corbis: Don Mason (tl), Paul Robert Llewellyn (tr); Corbis: Brooks Kraft (br).
(bl), Comstock Images (button 5); Pictor (t), A. Souders (br); Getty Images: Stephanie Rausser 101 Corbis: Strauss/Curtis (tl). 102 Corbis: O'Brien
RubberBall Productions (c), (button 2). 13 DK (ca). 66 Science Photo Library: Damien Lovegrove Productions (cl). 103 Corbis: Larry Williams (r); Rex
Images: Oxford University Museum (ca); Science (l), Matt Meadows, Peter Arnold Inc. (tr), Proff. Features: Phanie Agency/PHN (tl). 104 Corbis: Pete
Photo Library: Pascal Goetgheluck (bl). 14 Science Motta, Correr & Nottola/University "La Sapienza", Saloutos cl. 104-105 Science Photo Library: Alfred
Photo Library: Sovereign ISM (bl). 15 Science Rome (cr). 68 Alamy Images: Phoebe Dunn (cra); Pasieka bl; Blustone (b). 105 Corbis: Roy Morsch (tr);
Photo Library: D. Roberts (bl), Michael Donne, Science Photo Library: Andrew Syred (crb), Getty Images: Yann Layma (tl). 107 Corbis:
University of Manchester (br). 18 Science Photo (br); VVG (c). 69 Alamy Images: Pixland (tl). Norbert Schaefer (cl). 109 Science Photo Library:
Library: Andrew Syred (br), CNRI (cr), VVG (bl). ImageState/Pictor: (bl). 70 Science Photo Library: Oscar Burnell (br); Zefa Visual Media: Robert
19 Alamy Images: Medical-on-line (cla); Science VVG (bc). 71 Science Photo Library: Andrew Karpa/Masterfile (tc). 110 ImageState/Pictor: (tl),
Photo Library: (cr), Department of Clinical Syred (ca); Lauren Shear (bc); Getty Images: Daniel (cr). 111 Science Photo Library: Adam Hart-Davis
Radiology, Salisbury District Hospital (tc), VVG J. Cox (tr). 72 Science Photo Library: VVG (ca). (tc), Michael Donne (br), Pascal Goetgheluck (clb).
(crb). 20 Alamy Images: Superstock (b); Science 73 Science Photo Library: Alex Bartel (tr), Martin 113 Corbis: Ariel Skelley (cl); Getty Images: Erin
Photo Library: VVG (cr). 20-21 Science Photo Dohrn (c), VVG (br), (background). 74 DK Images: Patrice O'Brien (r). 114 Getty Images: Ian Sanderson
Library: (t). 23 Science Photo Library: Mehua AMNH (tr blue), (tr green); Science Photo Library: (tr). 117 Corbis: Mark Tuschman (c); Getty Images:
Kulyk (cl); Getty Images: David Roth (crb). 24 Dr. Jeremy Burgess (br); Getty Images: Suzanne Tim Flach (tl). 118 Science Photo Library: Astrid &
Science Photo Library: Astrid & Hans-Frieder ann Nick Geary (bl). 75 DK Images: AMNH (button Hanns-Frieder Michler (button 1). 119 DK Images:
Michler (cla), Prof. P. Motta/Dept. of 1); Photolibrary.com: OSF (tr); Science Photo Judith Miller/Elms Letsers (button 1); Science Photo
Anatomy/University "La Sapienza" (bl), Victor de Library: Dr. Kari Lounatamaa (cla), Eye of Science Library: Dr. Tony Brain (button 2). 120 DK Images:
Schwanberg (clb), VVG (cl). 25 Corbis: Kevin R. (br), John Hadfield (cb). 76 Science Photo Library: British Museum (button 1), Judith Miller/TW conroy
Morris (r). 26 Corbis: (l). 27 Corbis: Tom & Dee Ann Biophoto Associates (cl), Custom Medical Stock (button 9). 121 Corbis: Larry Williams (button 4),
McCarthy (clb). 28 Corbis: Ed Bock (tr), Thierry Photo (tc), Prof P.Motta/Dept of Anatomy/University, Michael Pole (r); Science Photo Library: (button 4),
Orban/Sygma (cl); 28-29 Getty Images: Mike Timo. "La Sapienza", Rome (br). 77 Science Photo Edelmann (button 7), Victor de Schwanberg (button
29 Science Photo Library: Keith, Custom Medical Library: CNRI (bc), Professoers P.M. Motta, K.R. 8). 125 Alamy Images: RubberBall Productions.
Stock Photo (tl). 30 Getty Images: BodyOnline (c). Porter & P.M. Andrews (ca). 78 DK Images: AMNH 126-127 Alamy Images: Aflo Foto Agency
31 Corbis: Bryan F. Peterson (crb), Warren Morgan (tr); Science Photo Library: Biology Media (br).
(bl); Colour Vision Store: (crbb); Science Photo 79 Science Photo Library: BSIP Estiot (tr); Getty All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Library: Dr. Goran Bredberg (crb), Mehau Kulyk Images: Chris Harvey (cl), Steven Peters (tl). 80 www.dkimages.com
(cra), Nancy Kedersha (tr), Omikron (cr). 32 Corbis: Corbis: Paul A. Souders (cl); Science Photo
Jim Craigmyle (tl); Science Photo Library: Nancy Library: Andrew Syred (button 4), Dr. Jeremy Acknowledgements
Kedersha (br). 33 Corbis: Christine Osborne (tr); Burgess (button 1), K.H. Kjeldsen (b). 81 Corbis:
Science Photo Library: Michael Donne (tl). 34-35 Lester V. Bergman (cla); Getty Image: Digital Vision Dorling Kindersley would like
Corbis: Norbert Schaefer (c), 35 Science Photo (br); Science Photo Library: Dr. Jeremy Burgess (tr), to thank: Elinor Greenwood, Lorrie
Library: Joe Bator (cb). 36 ImageState/Pictor: Dr. P. Marazzi (cr), Mark Clarke (bc). 83 Science
StockImage (cl); Science Photo Library: Omikron Photo Library: BSIP, Cavallini James (crb), David Mack, and Fleur Star for editorial
(br). 37 Science Photo Library: CNRI (br); Getty assistance, Dorian Spencer Davies
Images: Ross Whitaker (tl). 38 Science Photo The end for additional illustration, Mary
Library: Gusto (bl). 40 Corbis: Lee White Sandberg for additional
(background). 41 Alamy Images: design assistance, Julia
BananaStock (br); 41 Corbis: Lee White Harris-Voss for picture
(ca), (c); Colour Vision Store: (tr); research, and Chris
41 Science Photo Library: David Bernstein for compiling
Becker (cl). 42 DK Images: Natural the index.
History Museum (button 5);
Science Photo Library:
Mehau Kulyk (l). 44 Getty
Images: Ross Whitaker (br).
46 Corbis: Tom Stewart (r). 47

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