Human Body a Visual Encyclopedia

◀ BLOOD CELLS Your blood REFERENCE SECTION
contains red blood cells that take
oxygen from your lungs to all parts
of your body. It also contains
germ-fighting white blood cells.

Proteins Vital Sperm The male sex cells, which Ultrasound An imaging technique that
nutrients that help your are made in, and released from, a uses inaudible, high-frequency sound
body build new cells. Food such as meat, man’s testes. waves to produce pictures of a developing
eggs, fish, and cheese are rich in proteins. baby in the womb or of body tissues.
Sphincter A ring of muscle around a
Red blood cell A disk-shaped cell that passageway or opening that opens and Vein A blood vessel that carries blood
contains hemoglobin (a protein that closes to control the flow of material, toward your heart.
carries oxygen and makes your blood red). such as urine or food, through it.
Vellus hair One of the millions of fine,
Reflex A rapid, automatic reaction that is Spinal cord A column of nerve cells soft hairs that grow all over your body.
out of your control, such as blinking when (neurons) that runs down your backbone
something moves toward your eyes. and connects your brain to the rest of Virus A kind of germ that invades cells
your body. and multiplies inside them. Diseases
Retina A layer of light-sensitive neurons caused by viruses include the common
lining the back of each eye. The retina Spinal nerve One of 31 pairs of nerves cold, measles, and influenza.
captures images and relays them to the that branch out from your spinal cord.
brain as electrical signals. Vitamin One of a number of substances
Sweat A watery liquid produced by needed in small amounts in your diet to
Saliva The liquid in your mouth. Saliva glands in the skin. Sweat cools down keep your body healthy.
helps you taste, swallow, and digest food. the body as it evaporates.
Vocal cords The small folds of tissue in
Scanning Any technique used to create Synapse The junction where two nerve your voice box that vibrate to create the
images of soft tissues and organs inside cells (neurons) meet but do not touch. sounds of speech.
the human body.
System A group of organs that work Voice box (Larynx) A structure at the
Sebum An oily liquid that keeps your hair together. Your mouth, stomach, and top of the trachea that generates sound as
and skin soft, flexible, and waterproof. intestines make up your digestive system. you speak. The sound is created by folds
of tissue that vibrate as you breathe out.
Sensory neuron A type of nerve cell Tendon A cord of tough connective
(neuron) that carries impulses from your tissue that links muscle to bone. White blood cell Any of the colorless
sense organs to the central nervous system. blood cells that play various roles in your
Tissue A group of cells that look and act immune system.
Sensory receptor A specialized nerve the same. Muscle is a type of tissue.
cell or the end of a sensory neuron that White matter Brain tissue made up
detects a stimulus, such as light, scent, Toxin A poisonous substance released mainly of the axons (long fibers) of nerve
touch, or sound. into the body by a disease-causing cells. The inner part of the brain consists
bacterium. largely of white matter.
Sex chromosome One of two
chromosomes present in each body Trachea (Windpipe) The main airway X-rays A form of radiation that reveals
cell that determine whether you are leading from the back of your throat to bones when projected through the body
male or female. your lungs. onto photographic film.

249

Index

REFERENCE SECTION A artificial body parts 100–101, transfusions 63, 69, 243 cancer 87, 93, 99
abdomen 47, 128 195 types 69 capillaries 62, 68, 70, 71, 112,
Achilles tendon 46, 56 blood cells 34
adolescence 163 asthma 97 red 12, 13, 14, 66, 67, 113, 149, 243
adrenaline 78, 191, 192, 225 astronauts 58–59 68–69, 71, 72, 121, carbohydrates 49, 120
aging 163 athlete’s foot 83 134, 145 carbon dioxide 106, 108, 109,
agreeableness 222, 223 atlas bone 42 white 27, 66, 67, 71, 85,
air 108 autonomic nervous system 86–87, 89, 90, 91, 113
allergens 96, 97 92, 96 cartilage 19, 33, 36, 37, 41,
allergies 96–97 (ANS) 190–191 blood sugar levels 192, 193
alveoli 112 axons 177 blood vessels 9, 19, 24, 34, 43, 106, 202
ambidextrous 216 37, 41, 62, 66, 70–71, 72, cecum 132
amino acids 120, 129, 134 B 75, 85, 125, 148 cells 12–15, 17, 18, 19, 68,
amniotic fluid 160 babies 40, 160–161, 168 bloodletting 103
amygdala 218, 231 body clock 228–229, 230 164–165, 168
anaesthetics 99 bladder 151 body language 224, 225, division 13, 24, 27, 71,
anaphylaxis 97 body weight 153 232–233 156, 157
anatomy 8–9, 53 first heartbeat 75 bone cells 13, 34, 35, 36 nucleus 13, 14, 164, 194
ankles 39, 56 food 141 bone marrow 34, 67
antibiotics 98, 244 girl or boy? 162 bones 9, 18, 32–43, 58, 67, central nervous system (CNS)
antibodies 69, 86, 90, reflexes 187 121, 163, 194, 195, 202 174, 178–187
skeleton 36–37 bowels 228
92, 96 sleep 185 Braille 199 cerebellum 12, 178, 179, 231
smell 201 brain 19, 161, 216–217, 222, cerebral cortex 182, 183, 218,
antigens 69 “test tube” babies 245 223, 230–231
antiseptic sprays 244 ultrasound 11, 161, 245 and emotions 224, 225 219, 230, 231
anus 122, 132, 133 backbone 23, 32, 33, 42–43, and the eyes 210, 211, cerebrum 178, 179, 182–183
aorta 62, 75, 144 58 cheeks 41, 117
appendix 132, 133 bacteria 14, 15, 27, 29, 82, 212, 213, 228 chest 42, 47, 64, 90, 106, 108,
Aristotle 242 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 98, and language 116, 117
arms 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 47, 99, 123, 132, 133, 135, and memory 218, 219 109
170, 194 and movement 48, 52 chewing 124, 200
48, 55, 101, 161 balance 204–205, 207 MRI scans 11, 188
arteries 24, 62, 63, 65, 69, Barnard, Christiaan 74, 245 nervous system 174, 175,
basal ganglia 231
70, 71, 75, 77, 135, 144 beans 121 176, 177, 178–183
250 Beaumont, William 127, 243 and reflexes 127
bedbugs 29 and balance 204
biceps 47, 48, 49 and the skull 40, 41
Bichat, Marie François 243 urinary system 145, 151
bile 122, 128, 134 brain stem 109, 178
biochips 171 brain waves 185
bird flu 94 breastbone 33, 43
birth 161 breasts 192
Blackwell, Elizabeth 244 breathing 97, 106–109, 111,
bladder 101, 144, 145, 150, 116, 161, 190
151, 191 Broca’s area 117, 182
blastocysts 157 bronchi 112, 113
blind spot 209 bronchioles 112, 113
blinking 49, 85, 161 bruises 149
blood 19, 58, 62–79, 87, 135,
144, 145, 179 C
calcium 32, 121, 125, 136,145
clots 37, 67, 71 calories 136, 137
pressure 70, 145, 193
tests 67

chromosomes 156, 164, 165, D REFERENCE SECTION
167, 168–169 da Vinci, Leonardo 9, 242
dairy products 121, 136, 140 energy 15, 25, 48–49, 75, fertilization 156, 157, 159, 168
chyme 126 de Graaf, Regnier 243 120, 121, 137, 201 fetus 161
circulatory system 19, 62–63, deafness 203 fever 85
death 8–9 enzymes 85, 87, 122, 123, fiber 120
71 dendrites 177 126, 128, 129 fibroblasts 17
clavicle 33 dentine 125 fibula 32
coccyx 42, 43 depression 229 epidermis 24, 26 fidgeting 232
cochlea 202, 203 dermis 24 epiglottis 106, 107, 115, fingerprints 25
colds 82, 83 diabetes 193
collagen 17 diaphragm 107, 108, 109, 122, 127 DNA fingerprints 171
collarbones 33 epithelial cells 12 fingers 26, 27, 39, 54, 161,
colon 132, 133 115, 127 esophagus 122, 124, 125
color blindness 168, 211 diarrhea 123, 133 estrogen 192 183, 199, 223, 233
conscientiousness 222, 223 digestive system 18, 120, eustachian tube 203 fish 121
cone cells 209, 210, 211 exercise 49, 58, 59, 79, 109, flatulence 132
cornea 208 122–123 Flemming, Alexander 244
corpus callosum 230 diseases 82, 83, 84, 89, 91, 152, 163, 190 flexibility 39, 44
corpuscles 198 extrovertism 222, 223 follicles 25, 27
coughing 107, 115 98, 99, 121, 136, 140, eyebrows 161 food 49, 75, 107, 120–121,
cranium 41 141, 171, 193, 195, 245 eyelashes 26, 29, 161
Crick, Francis 245 dislocated joints 39 eyes 10, 40, 49, 53, 85, 100, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127,
CT scans 10, 245 dizziness 205 136–141, 160, 200, 201
cupping 103 DNA 83, 164–165, 170–171, 169, 174, 179, 190, 205, food poisoning 123
cytoplasm 14, 15, 164 245 210, 217, 225, 228 frontal lobes 183, 218, 224,
doctors 63, 77, 91, 98–99, 225, 230
97, 99, 121, 147, 149, F fruit 120, 121, 136, 140, 201
242, 243, 244 face 40, 41, 47, 52–53, 225, fungi 83
dopamine 226
double-jointed 39, 44 232 G
dreaming 79, 114, 161, facial muscles 52–53 Galen, Claudius 8, 242
184, 185 fallopian tubes 157 gall bladder 122, 128
drugs 97, 98, 99, 134, 193 farsightedness 211 Galvani, Luigi 175, 243
duodenum 128 fats 12, 25, 94, 120, 121, 122, gastric juice 126, 127
dwarfism 195 genes 82, 94, 164, 168–169,
134, 137
E fatty acids 120, 129 170, 223
eardrum 202, 203 fatty tissue 202 genetic identity 171
ears 19, 33, 101, 116, 117, fear 225 geniuses 221
feces 122, 123, 132, 133
202–205 feet 32, 33, 56, 91, 217 251
ECG 76 femur 33, 34, 37
eggs (ova) 12, 156, 157, 159,

161
Egyptians, ancient 8
elbows 38, 39
electrical signals 174, 175,

176, 177, 185, 202, 218
elephantiasis 91
embryos 13, 156, 157, 161
emotions 221, 223, 224–225,

231
enamel 125
endrocrine system 192
endoscopes 11

REFERENCE SECTION genomes 170–171, 245 heartstrings 74 kidney stones 10
germs 29, 82–83, 84, 85, heels 39, 57 kidneys 144, 145, 148–149,
hemoglobin 68, 69 lying 225, 232
86, 86, 90, 92, 93, 99, hepatocytes 134 151, 245 lymph 90
107, 114 herbal medicine 102 killer cells 87, 93 lymph nodes 90, 91, 92, 93
gigantism 195 hiccups 115 kneecaps 32, 57 lymphatic system 90–91
glands 19, 84, 90, 124, 125, hippocampus 218 knees 32, 39, 56, 57 lymphocytes 86, 90
156, 190, 192 Hippocrates 242 Knoll, Max 245 lysosomes 14
glial cells 181 hips 32, 33, 37, 38, 67, 100 knuckles 39 lysozyme 85
glomerulus 149 histamine 96 Kupffer cells 135
glucagon 192, 193 Hooke, Robert 13, 243 M
glucose 120, 129, 134, 136, hormones 19, 121, 145, 151, L macrophages 67, 86, 87, 89,
149, 179 Landsteiner, Karl 69, 244
goosebumps 24, 191 163, 192–195 larynx 106, 116 113, 135
gravity 58 Human Genome Project 245 lateral thinking 241 malaria 83
gray matter 182, 230, 231 humerus 33, 36 laughing 115 Malpighi, Marcello 243
growth 12, 36, 58, 121, 136, hunger 121 Lavoisier, Antoine 243 measles 82, 83
137, 161, 162–163, 192, hygiene 98 leeches 103 meat 120, 121, 140
194–195 hypothalamus 121, 151, 184 left-handedness 216 medical discoveries 8–9, 13,
growth hormone 194–195 legs 32, 37, 38, 39, 46, 56–57,
gums 125 I 14, 33, 52, 63, 69, 74,
Ibn Sina 242 91, 101, 161 84, 121, 127, 175,
H IGF-1 194 lens 208, 211 242–245
hair 24, 25, 26–27, 29, 84, ileum 128 lie detectors 225 Meissner’s corpuscles 198
imagination 182 ligaments 39, 43 melanin 25
163, 192, 203 immune system 92–93, 94, limbic system 224, 225 memory 178, 211, 213,
Hammurabi 242 Lind, James 121, 243 218–219, 225
hamstring 56, 57 133, 194 lips 52, 53, 117 Merkel’s disks 198
hands 33, 39, 54, 55, 64–65, infections 85, 90, 91, 92, 121 Lister, Joseph 244 microscopes 12, 13, 15, 98,
inferior vena cava 62, 74, 134 liver 8, 10, 62, 122, 134–135, 245
175, 183, 195, 199 insulin 192, 193 minerals 32, 120, 121, 134,
Harvey, William 63, 243 intelligence 220 141, 149, 194 136
haustra 133 intestines 8, 82, 85 logical thinking 216, 220, mites 29
Havers, Clopton 243 mitochondria 15, 75
hay fever 96 large 122, 123, 128, 238–239 mood swings 231
head lice 28–29 132–133 Lower, Richard 243
hearing 116, 117, 182, 202–203 lumbar bones 42, 43
hearing aids 203 small 11, 18, 122, 123, lungs 8, 23, 33, 62, 68, 89,
heart 8, 19, 46, 62, 74–77, 128–129
106–107, 108, 109,
101, 161, 228 IQ 220, 221, 222, 240 112–113, 117, 228
heartbeat 76–79, 190 iris 208, 209, 210
iron 121, 135
252 IVF (in vitro fertilization) 245

J
jaws 36, 40, 41, 47
jejenum 128
Jenner, Edward 243
jet lag 229
joints 32, 37, 38–39, 41, 42,

44, 54, 55, 100, 163

K
karyotype 167
keratin 24, 26, 27
kidney dialysis 145

optical illusions 212–213 plasma 66, 69 Schwann, Theodor 244 REFERENCE SECTION
organelles 14, 15 platelets 66, 67, 71 sciatic nerve 175
organs 8, 9, 18, 19, 24, 32, pregnancy 160–161 sclera 208
proteins 14, 15, 24, 49, scurvy 121
90, 101, 122, 134, 161, Seacole, Mary 244
174, 179, 195, 204 68, 120, 121, 126, seasonal affective disorder
134, 136, 164
mosquitoes 83, 91 ossicles 202 puberty 163 (SAD) 229
motion sickness 205 osteoblasts 35 pulmonary artery 75, 110 sebum 24, 27, 29
mouth 52, 53, 109, 117, 124, osteoclasts 35 pulmonary vein 75, 111 semicircular canals 204
oval window 202, 203 pulse 77 senses 174, 191, 198–213
125, 191 ovaries 156, 157, 192 pupils 190, 208, 209
movement 13, 18, 38–39, 42, oxygen 13, 21, 49, 62, 68, 75, pus 27, 86 balance 204–205, 207
putamen 218, 219 hearing 116, 117, 182,
46–49, 54–55, 178, 182 79, 106, 108, 109, 111, pyloric sphincter 126, 127
MRI scans 10, 11, 179, 188 113, 145, 160, 179 202–203
mucus 84, 97, 107, 132 oxytocin 193 Q sight 141, 183, 205,
mummification 8 quadriceps 57
muscles 9, 18, 23, 24, 46–57, P 206–209
pacemakers 101 R smell 200, 201
59, 75, 76, 108, 116, 125, Pacinian corpuscles 198 radiotherapy 99 taste 200, 201
126, 129, 133, 144, 150, pain 187, 198, 199, 201 radius 33 touch 25, 26, 174, 183,
162, 163, 174, 183, 193, palate 124, 127 rapid-eye-movement (REM)
208, 209 palms 54, 191 198–199
music 216 pancreas 122, 128, 192, 193 sleep 184, 185 sex hormones 192, 194, 222
myofibrils 48 papillae 200 receptors 25, 117, 198–199,
Paré, Ambroise 242 223
N Pasteur, Louis 84, 244 200, 202 sex organs 156–157
nails 26, 27, 65 patella 32 rectum 122, 132 shinbone 32
nasal cavity 40, 41, 106, 120 pelvis 32, 33, 157 reflexes 127, 178, 186, 187 shoulder blades 33, 36, 67
nearsightedness 211 penicillin 244 reproductive cycle 157, 192, shoulders 32, 33, 55
neck 38, 42, 47 penis 144, 156 sight 141, 183, 205, 206–209
nephrons 148, 149 pepsin 126 193 sinuses 41
nerve signals 174, 175, peristalsis 133 reproductive system 156–157 skeletal muscles 46, 47, 48, 49
peripheral nervous system respiratory system 21,
176, 177, 185, 202 253
nerves 9, 24, 40, 42, 43, 49, (PNS) 174 106–107
personal space 232 retina 208, 209
125, 145, 174, 175, 177, personality 169, 183, ribosomes 14, 15
178, 198, 199, 200, 204 ribcage 43, 108, 109
nervous system 174–175 222–223, 236–237 ribs 32, 33, 36, 43, 67
neurons 12, 19, 49, 176–177, phagocytes 92 rickets 121
181, 218 phagocytosis 86 right-handedness 216
neuroticism 222, 223 phobias 225 rod cells 209
neurotransmitters 177 pimples 27 Roentgen, Wilhelm 33, 244
neutrophils 86 pinna 202 Ruffini’s corpuscle 198
Nightingale, Florence 244 pins and needles 187 Ruska, Ernst 245
nose 19, 41, 106, 120 pituitary gland 151, 192, 193, Rynd, Francis 244
nutrients 66, 82, 98, 120,
122, 123, 128, 132, 181 194, 195 S
nuts 121 placenta 160 sacrum 42, 43
saliva 84, 98, 122, 124,
O
optic nerve 40, 179, 208, 209, 125,191
salts 137, 149, 201
210, 228 scabs 71
scapula 33
Schleiden, Jakob 244

REFERENCE SECTION skeletal system 30–45 T triceps 47, 48, 49 vertebrae 33, 42
skeleton 23, 32–33, 46 talking 116–117, 162, 182, tuberculosis 89 vertigo 205
tumors 99 Vesalius, Andreas 242
see also bones 204 twins 161, 165, 223 villi 129, 120
skin 17, 18, 24–25, 28–29, taste 200, 201 viruses 82, 83, 85, 93, 94, 98
taste buds 200, 201 U visual cortex 225
63, 85, 97, 140, 163 tears 85, 190 ulna 33 vitamins 120, 121, 132,
skin sensors 183, 198 teenagers 137, 163, 194, ultrasound 10, 11, 161, 245
skull 32, 33, 36, 39, 40–41, umbilical cord 160, 161 134,136, 140–141, 145
230–231 urea 149 vocal cords 116, 117
67, 179 teeth 10, 40, 121, 122, 124, ureters 144 voice box 106, 116, 117
sleeping 79, 184–185, 229, urethra 144, 150 voice 41, 106, 116, 163, 217
125 urinary system 21, 144–145 vomit 123, 127, 141
230 temperature 24, 47, 66, 85, urine 144, 145, 147, 148, 49,
sleepwalking 185 W
smallpox 245 134, 184 150–151 walking 57
smell 200, 201 temporal lobe 218, 219 uterus 157 washing 98
smell receptors 200 tendons 17, 46, 48, 54, 57 waste removal 66, 67, 109,
smiling 52, 53, 225, 233 testes 156, 192 V
sneezing 59, 82, 114 testosterone 192, 193, 222, vaccinations 93, 243, 245 123, 132, 144–145, 149,
snoring 115 vagina 156, 157 160
sound 116, 117, 182, 223 valves 70, 74, 77, 90, 132 water 120, 132, 149, 151,
thighbone 32, 34–35, 37 van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie 152–153
202–203 throat 84, 124, 125
space travel 58–59 thumbs 38, 54, 168 14, 243 spa water 103
spatial intelligence 220, thymus gland 90 vegetables 120, 136, 140 Watson, James 245
thyroid gland 19, 192 veins 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 74, weight 32, 41, 42, 56
240–241 tibia 32 weightlessness 58, 59
sperm 14, 156, 157, 159, 161 tissues 13, 17, 18–19, 33, 35, 134, 144 Wernicke’s area 117
sphincters 126, 127, 145, womb 157, 160, 161
68, 152, 202 worms 82, 91
150, 151 connective 18, 19, 71 wounds 17, 66, 71, 85, 86
spinal cord 42, 43, 174, epithelial 18, 19 wrists 39
muscle 18, 19
177, 179, 186, nerve 18, 19 X
186–187 X-rays 10, 11, 33, 37, 65,
spine, see backbone toes 26, 39, 56, 57, 161, 175
spleen 10, 90 tongue 47, 117, 122, 124, 195, 244
starch 120, 121, 136
stem cells 12–13, 100 125, 200 YZ
sternum 32, 33, 43 tonsils 91 yawning 115
stethoscopes 77, 243 touch 25, 26, 174, 183,
stings 97
stomach 8, 10, 19, 121, 122, 198–199
123, 126–127, 191 toxins 82, 123, 134
stomach acid 84, 123 trachea 106, 107, 110, 112,
sugars 120
suntans 25 113, 115, 245
suprachiasmatic nucleus transplants 74, 101, 145,
(SCN) 228
surgery 99, 103, 244, 245 245
survival instincts 201, 224, trepanning 103
225
sutures 40
swallowing 107, 125, 187
sweat 24, 25, 152, 191
sweets 121, 201
synaspses 177
syringes 244

254

Acknowledgments

Dorling Kindersley would like (bl); Steve Gschmeissner (bc). 13 Science Photo Library: Sovereign, Library: (clb); NIBSC (cla, bl). REFERENCE SECTION
to thank Jolyon Goddard and Science Photo Library: Dr. Jeremy ISM (tr). 44-45 Corbis: Munson, 86-87 Science Photo Library:
Wendy Horobin for additional Burgess (crb); Steve Gschmeissner (bl, John / Star Ledger. 46 Science Photo Eye of Science. 88-89 Science Photo
writing and editing, Ralph Pitchford bc); Power and Syred (br). 14 Science Library: (bl); Prof. P. Motta / Dept. Library. 90 Corbis: Doctor Stock /
and Peter Radcliffe for additional Photo Library: P. Sole, ISM (bc); of Anatomy / University “La Sapienza,” Science Faction (bl). 91 Science
design, Jane Yorke for proofreading, Science Source (br). 15 Corbis: Rome (cl); Steve Gschmeissner (clb). Photo Library: Dr. P. Marazzi (tc);
Carron Brown for the index, and Ocean (br). Science Photo Library: 47 Corbis: Thom Lang (bl). Science Eye of Science (br). 92 Science Photo
John Searcy for Americanization. Steve Gschmeissner (bl); Professors P. Photo Library: Ted Kinsman (cr). 49 Library: Steve Gschmeissner (c). 93
Motta and T. Naguro (tc, c). 16-17 Dreamstime.com: Galina Barskaya Corbis: Ariel Skelley / Blend Images
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following for their kind permission to Wittmann. 18 Science Photo Fawcett (tl). 50-51 Science Photo Gschmeissner (crb). 94-95 Science
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255

REFERENCE SECTION Steve Gschmeissner (cr). 114 Science Corbis: Hola Images (clb). 168-169 (tr). 205 Corbis: Dave G. Houser Library: (cb); Sheila Terry (ca, tr);
Photo Library: Damien Lovegrove. Corbis: 3d4Medical.com. 169 Getty (cl); Mike Kemp / Tetra Images (br). Adam Hart-Davis (bl). 244 Corbis:
117 Getty Images: TTH / a. Images: altrendo images (br); Image Getty Images: jld3 Photography (cr). Bettmann (cra, bl, bc); Image Source
collectionRF (bl). Science Photo Source (tc). 170 Science Photo 206-207 Getty Images: Tyler (tc); Leonard Gertz (crb). Getty
Library: Welcome Dept. of Cognitive Library: David Parker (l); Philippe Stableford. 209 Getty Images: Images: Wilhelm Roentgen (cb);
Neurology (c). 118-119 Corbis: Plailly (cr). 171 Science Photo Junior Gonzalez (tr). Science Photo English School (clb). Science Photo
Atlantide Phototravel. 119 Science Library: Jan Van De Vel / Reporters Library: Omikkron (cl). 211 Corbis: Library: (cla, tl); St. Mary’s Hospital
Photo Library: Alain POL, ISM (tr); (tl). 172-173 Science Photo Library: moodboard (cl). Getty Images: Medical School (br). 244-245
USDA (tl); Eye of Science (tc). Claus Lunau. 173 Corbis: Thinkstock (tr). 212 Fotolia: Corbis: CDC / PHIL (t). 245
120-121 Science Photo Library: Imagemore Co., Ltd. (tr); Zena Tristan3D (clb). Getty Images: Corbis: Scott Camazine / Visuals
Maximilian Stock ltd.. 121 Corbis: Holloway (tc). Science Photo Juergen Richter (tr). 212-213 Ian Unlimited (tr); Skip Nall (cb). Getty
Bettmann (cra). Getty Images: Eric Library: Nancy Kedersha (tl). 174 Loxley / TORRO / The Cloud Images: NY Daily News via Getty
Audras (br). Science Photo Library: Corbis: Kim Kyung-Hoon / Reuters Appreciation Society. 213 Getty Images (tc); Imagemore Co., Ltd
Biophoto Associates (tc). 123 Science (cr). Getty Images: Time & Life Images: (tl). 214-215 Corbis: Sean (cla). Science Photo Library: A.
Photo Library: USDA (br). 125 Pictures (bl). 176-177 Dreamstime. Davey / Australian Picture Library. Barrington Brown (bl); Henning
Science Photo Library: Photo com: Sebastian Kaulitzki. 176 215 Corbis: Doug Berry / Blend Dalhoff (bc). 246-247 Alamy
Insolite Realite (tr); Eye of Science Corbis: Charles O’Rear (br). Science Images (tr). Getty Images: Tek Image Images: John Schwegel. 247 Corbis:
(cr). 126 Science Photo Library: Photo Library: Sciepro (bc). 177 (tc). 216 Getty Images: (bl). 217 3d4Medical.com (br). 250 Getty
Dr. K.F.R. Schiller (tc). 127 Corbis: Science Photo Library: Gary Carlson Getty Images: Russell Sadur (bc); Images: London Scientific Films (cr)
Bettmann (tr). Science Photo (c); Jacopin (t). 178 Corbis: Sprint Jonathan Storey (tl). 219 Corbis:
Library: Steve Gschmeissner (bl). (cr). Science Photo Library: D. Imagemore Co., Ltd. (bl); Edith Held Jacket images: Front: Corbis: Micro
129 Science Photo Library: Eye of Roberts (b). 179 Getty Images: (crb); Lisbeth Hjort / cultura (br). Discovery bc, Pasieka / Science Photo
Science (cra). 130-131 Science Roger Harris (br). Science Photo Getty Images: Dennis Kitchen (c). Library bl, Image Source bc / (Boy);
Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner. Library: Pasieka (cr). 180-181 220 Dreamstime.com: Natalia7 (cl). Getty Images: Roger Harris / SPL tc;
132 Science Photo Library: Science Photo Library: Nancy Getty Images: Nick Dolding (crb). Science Photo Library: Scott
Professors P. Motta & F. Carpino / Kedersha. 183 Corbis: Visuals 221 Alamy Images: Eileen Langsley Camazine br; Back: Corbis:
Univer- Sity “La Sapienza,” Rome (b). Unlimited (cr). Science Photo Gymnastics (bc). Corbis: Bettmann 3d4Medical.com tc; Dept. of Fetal
133 Science Photo Library: Alain Library: Patrick Landmann (tc); (tl). 222 Getty Images: Digital Zoo Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary:
POL, ISM (br). 134 Science Photo Natural History Museum, London (cra). 223 Getty Images: Ian bc/ (Baby); Science Photo Library:
Library: A. Dowsett, Health (bl). 185 Corbis: Peter Ginter / McKinnell (cla). 224 Corbis: Fabio Simon Fraser bl, Patrick Landmann
Protection Agency (br). 135 Science Science Faction (tr). 187 Corbis: Cardoso. 225 Corbis: Strauss / Curtis tr, Martin Oeggerli br.
Photo Library: Prof. P. Motta / Dept. Zena Holloway (bl); Bob Krist (br). (cla); FBP / Tetra Images (ca);
of Anatomy / University “La 188-189 Science Photo Library: Lawrence Manning (cra). Getty All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Sapienza,” Rome (cra). 137 Getty Mehau Kulyk. 190 Corbis: Images: Tek Image (br); Andreas For further information see:
Images: Alex Cao (crb). 138-139 moodboard (tr); Ocean (b). Science Kuehn (tc); Anna Summa (tr). www.dkimages.com
Corbis: Steven Vidler / Eurasia Press. Photo Library: Henning Dalhoff 226-227 Corbis: Randy Lincks.
140 Corbis: the food passionates (crb). 191 Alamy Images: 229 Corbis: Peter Ginter / Science
(bc). 141 AlltheSky.com: Till imagebroker (cla). Corbis: Faction (tl); Alain Nogues / Sygma
Credner (tl). Corbis: Layne Kennedy Imagemore Co., Ltd. (br). 193 (bl). 230 Corbis: Ocean (b). 231
(c). 142-143 Science Photo Library: Corbis: Luc Beziat / cultura (bl); Corbis: Doug Berry / Blend Images
3D4Medical.com. 145 Corbis: Juice Robert Michael (cr). Science Photo (cr). Getty Images: Red Chopsticks
Images (cl). Getty Images: Buena Library: Lea Paterson (tc). 195 (bc). 234-235 Science Photo
Vista Images (t). Science Photo Corbis: Bettmann (br). Science Library: Pasieka. 235 Corbis: CDC /
Library: Life in View (br). 146-147 Photo Library: (tr); Steve PHIL (tr). 242 Corbis: Bettmann (tc,
Mary Evans Picture Library: Gschmeissner (bl); AJ Photo (tl); br); Ocean (cb) (br/Cerebrum);
Interfoto / Sammlung Rauch. 149 Pasieka (cl). 196-197 Corbis: Suren Gianni Dagli Orti (cra, cla). Getty
Corbis: Digital Art (l); Ian Hooton / Manvelyan / Visuals Unlimited. Images: Leemage (bc). 242-243
Science Photo Library (cr). 150 Getty 197 Corbis: Radius Images (tl). Getty Images: Leemage (c). 243
Images: Steve Gschmeissner (cr). 198 Getty Images: Mary C. Legg (b).
151 Corbis: John Lund / Annabelle 199 Corbis: Ondrea Barbe (bl/Heat Corbis: Bettmann (cla) (tc).
Breakey / Blend Images (tl). Getty and cold); Dewitt Jones (bc); Radius Getty Images: Gaston Melingue (br);
Images: Alex Cao (c). 152 Corbis: Images (br/Faint touch). Getty French School (cr). Science Photo
Tetra Images (cr); Warren Morgan Images: Paul Piebinga (bl). Dr.
(bl). 153 Corbis: Clouds Hill Hunter Hoffman, U.W.: Ari
Imaging Ltd. (bc); Photo Quest Ltd / Hollander / www.vrpain.com (cl).
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image). Getty Images: Bartosz London: Natural History Museum,
Hadyniak (cl). 154-155 Corbis: London (tl). 200 Science Photo
3d4Medical.com. 155 Science Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner (c);
Library: Christian Darkin (tc). 157 Dr. Richard Kessel and Dr. Randy
Science Photo Library: Christian Kardon / Visuals Unlimited, Inc. (bc).
Darkin (tc); D. Phillips (tl); Dr. 201 Corbis: Envision (clb); David
Yorgas Nikas (tc/Morula); Dr. Yorgos Ponton / Design Pics (tr); Annika
Nikas (tr). 158-159 Science Photo Erickson / Blend Images (br). 203
Library: Don Fawcett. 161 Getty Corbis: Radius Images (tl); Image
Images: UHB Trust (c). 165 Alamy Source (bc); Robert & Linda Mostyn
Images: Inmagine (tr). Getty Images: / Eye Ubiquitous (bc/Pneumatic
AFP (br). Science Photo Library: drill). Getty Images: Stephen
Pasieka (bl). 166-167 Science Photo Strathdee (br). Science Photo
Library: L. Williatt, East Anglian Library: Dr. David Furness, Keele
Regional Genetics Service. 168 University (cr); Susumu Nishinaga

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