Emotional Intelligence - Why does it matter rather than IQ - Daniel Goleman

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Appendix B. Hallmarks of the Emotional Mind

1. I have written about Seymour Epstein's model of the "ex-
periential unconscious" on several occasions in The New
York Times, and much of this summary of it is based on
conversations with him, letters to me, his article, "Integra-
tion of the Cognitive and Psychodynamic Unconscious"
(American Psychologist AA (1994), and his book with
Archie Brodsky, You're Smarter Than You Think (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1993). While his model of the ex-
periential mind informs my own about the "emotional
mind," I have made my own interpretation.

2. Paul Ekman, "An Argument for the Basic Emotions," Cog-
nition and Emotion, 6,1992, p. 175. The list of traits that
distinguish emotions is a bit longer, but these are the traits
that will concern us here.

3. Ekman, op cit., p. 187.

4. Ekman, op cit., p. 189.

5. Epstein, 1993, p. 55.

6. J. Toobey and L. Cosmides, "The Past Explains the
Present: Emotional Adaptations and the Structure of
Ancestral Environments," Ethology and Sociobiology, 11,
pp. 418-19-

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7. While it may seem self-evident that each emotion has its
own biological pattern, it has not been so for those study-
ing the psychophysiology of emotion. A highly technical de-
bate continues over whether emotional arousal is basically
the same for all emotions, or whether unique patterns can
be teased out. Without going into the details of the debate,
I have presented the case for those who hold to unique bio-
logical profiles for each major emotion.

Acknowledgments

I first heard the phrase "emotional literacy" from Eileen
Rockefeller Growald, then the founder and president of
the Institute for the Advancement of Health. It was this
casual conversation that piqued my interest and framed
the investigations that finally became this book. Over
the course of these years it has been a pleasure to watch
Eileen as she has nurtured this field along.

Support from the Fetzer Institute in Kalamazoo,
Michigan, has allowed me the luxury of time to explore
more fully what "emotional literacy" might mean, and I
am grateful for the crucial early encouragement of Rob
Lehman, president of the Institute, and an ongoing col-
laboration with David Sluyter, program director there. It
was Rob Lehman who, early on in my explorations,
urged me to write a book about emotional literacy.

Among my most profound debts is to the hundreds of
researchers who over the years have shared their find-
ings with me, and whose efforts are reviewed and syn-
thesized here. To Peter Salovey at Yale I owe the concept
of "emotional intelligence." I have also gained much
from being privy to the ongoing work of many educators
and practitioners of the art of primary prevention, who
are at the forefront of the nascent movement in emo-
tional literacy. Their hands-on efforts to bring

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heightened social and emotional skills to children, and
to re-create schools as more humane environments,
have been inspiring. Among them are Mark Greenberg
and David Hawkins at the University of Washington;
David Schaps and Catherine Lewis at the Developmental
Studies Center in Oakland, California; Tim Shriver at
the Yale Child Studies Center; Roger Weissberg at the
University of Illinois at Chicago; Maurice Elias at Rut-
gers; Shelly Kessler of the Goddard Institute on Teach-
ing and Learning in Boulder, Colorado; Chevy Martin
and Karen Stone McCown at the Nueva Learning Center
in Hillsborough, California; and Linda Lantieri, director
of the National Center for Resolving Conflict Creatively
in New York City.

I have a special debt to those who reviewed and com-
mented on parts of this manuscript: Howard Gardner of
the Graduate School of Education at Harvard
University; Peter Salovey, of the psychology department
at Yale University; Paul Ekman, director of the Human
Interaction Laboratory at the University of California at
San Francisco; Michael Lerner, director of Commonweal
in Bolinas, California; Denis Prager, then director of the
health program at the John D. and Catherine T. MacAr-
thur Foundation; Mark Gerzon, director of Common
Enterprise, Boulder, Colorado; Mary Schwab-Stone,
MD, Child Studies Center, Yale University School of

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Medicine; David Spiegel, MD, Department of Psychi-
atry, Stanford University Medical School; Mark Green-
berg, director of the Fast Track Program, University of
Washington; Shoshona Zuboff, Harvard School of Busi-
ness; Joseph LeDoux, Center for Neural Science, New
York University; Richard Davidson, director of the Psy-
chophysiology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin;
Paul Kaufman, Mind and Media, Point Reyes, Califor-
nia; Jessica Brackman, Naomi Wolf, and, especially, Fay
Goleman.

Helpful scholarly consultations came from Page
DuBois, a Greek scholar at the University of Southern
California; Matthew Kapstein, a philosopher of ethics
and religion at Columbia University; and Steven Rocke-
feller, intellectual biographer of John Dewey, at Middle-
bury College. Joy Nolan gathered vignettes of emotional
episodes; Margaret Howe and Annette Spychalla pre-
pared the appendix on the effects of emotional literacy
curricula. Sam and Susan Harris provided essential
equipment.

My editors at The New York Times over the last dec-
ade have been marvelously supportive of my many en-
quiries into new findings on the emotions, which first
appeared in the pages of that paper and which inform
much of this book.

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Toni Burbank, my editor at Bantam Books, offered the
editorial enthusiasm and acuity that sharpened my re-
solve and thinking.

And my wife, Tara Bennett-Goleman, provided the co-
coon of warmth, love, and intelligence that nurtured this
project along.

About the Author

DANIEL GOLEMAN, Ph.D., covers the behavioral and
brain sciences for The New York Times and his articles
appear throughout the world in syndication. He has
taught at Harvard (where he received his Ph.D.) and was
formerly senior editor at Psychology Today. His previ-
ous books include Vital Lies, Simple Truths; The Medit-
ative Mind; and, as co-author, The Creative Spirit.

By the same author

Vital Lies, Simple Truths
Working with Emotional Intelligence

Destructive Emotions

First published in Great Britain 1996
Copyright © Daniel Goleman

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