Derivation by Non-affixation

Word Formation

Derivation
By
Non-affixation

Miss Thisakan Kamphan 62206208
Miss Suphatsarawan Donkhenjui 62205601
Miss Pichanan Jaikaew 62203654



PREFACE

This E-book is part of the Morphology and Syntax course. The
purpose of this e-book is to allow readers to learn and understand about
(Derivation by non-affixation). It consists of five topics whether conversion,
backformation, clipping, blending and abbreviation with clear explanations.
the production teams hope the report is useful for learning.

Production Teams

Miss Thisakan Kamphan 62206208
Miss Suphatsarawan Donkhenjui 62205601
Miss Pichanan Jaikaew 62203654

Contents CPage

1. Derivation by non-affixation ..…………………………………….…..………….….…...1

2. Conversion ...……………………………………………………………….……......…….2

2.1 De-nominal verbs (n > v) …………………………………………………..…...2

2.2 De-adjectival verbs (Adj > v) ……………………………………………...…...3

2.3 De-verbal nouns (v > n) ………………………………………..……………….4

2.4 De-adjectival nouns (Adj > n) …………………………………..…………...…4

3. Backformation ...…………………………………………………………..….……………5

4. Clipping ...………………………………………………………...……….…..……………6

4.1 Fore clipping/ Back clipping ...……………………….……...…………………6

4.2 clipping + diminutive morpheme (-y/ -ie = affection) …………...….………..6

5. Blending …………………………………………………………………………………….7

5.1 Blending with a semantic head ………………………………………………...7

5.2 Blending without a semantic head …………………………………………….7

6. Abbreviation ………………………………………………………………………………..8

6.1 Initialism and Acronym ...……………………………..……………………...….8

6.2 Abbreviation in Electronic communications ..…………………….…………..9

Exercise ..…………………………………………………………………………….………10

Key ...………………………………………………………………….………………………12

Derivation
By Non-affixation

it means a word-formation process
that doesn't use derivational affixes as the
basic methods, but it uses these methods
such as conversion, backformation, clipping,
and blending

Page 1

Conversion What is conversion?

These nouns can change the part of speech from Conversion is a word-formation
noun to verb. It can perform as a verb in the sentence. process that changes the type of word
When a noun is used as a verb, the meaning of the verb to be another type by no change the
is correlated with the meaning of a noun. word-form.

If this noun in A refers "x", the de-nominal verbs in B will refer " bring to x".

A. He has been in the [N jail] for three months.
B. They should [V jail] him for life.

If this noun in A refers "x", the de-nominal verbs in B will refer the effectiveness of
a noun "x".

A. He had only a [N slice] of bread for breakfast.
B. He [V sliced] the bread.

If this noun in A refers "x", the de-nominal verbs in B will refer the Instrumental of a
noun "x". instrumental such as hammer and pin

A. They crushed the ice cubes with a [N hammer].
B. He [V hammered] the nails into the back of the frame.
A. She used a lot of [N pins] to fasten pieces of cloth together.
B. She [V pinned] the badge onto her jacket.

But in some cases, changing nouns into verbs (n > v) may change (phonological
modification) such as (change in vowel), (final consonant), (shift in the stress)

Page 2

When applying an adjective as a verb. Verbs correlate with the
meaning of adjectives in many ways.

If this adjective in A refers "x", the de-nominal verbs in B will
refer the inchoative meaning of a Adj "x".

A. The wood was [Adj dry].
B. The sheets [vintr dried].
If it is adjective it means dry, but if it is verb It means becoming dry.

If this adjective in A refers "x", the de-nominal verbs in B will
refer the causative meaning of a Adj "x".

A. She has dark [Adj brown] hair.
B. She [ytr browned] the meat in a frying pan
If it is adjective it means that the hair is brown, if it is verb It
means Make the meat brown.

Page 3

Conversion

When applying a verb as a noun. nouns correlate with the meaning of
the verb in many ways.

Ex.

Convey to refer to the event or action
If this verb in A refers "x", the de-nominal noun in B will refer the
event/action of a Adj "x".

A. He [V attempted] to get the machine working.
B. All his [N attempts] to get the machine working failed
miserably.
(result)
Conveys the meaning of action. If this verb in A refers "x", the de-
nominal noun in B will refer the event/action of a Adj "x".

A. She had [N cut] her finger quite badly.
B. She has [V cut] on her finger.

When it is an adjective, it is responsible for expanding the noun. But
when used as a noun it must have a determiner such as a determiner "the" in
front of has the adjective.

1. Rich the Rich
2. Blind the Blind
3. Poor the Poor
4. Tough the Tough
5. smart the smart

Page 4

Backformation

Ex. What is Backformation?

A. automate (V) automation (N) The reverse process of suffixation
B. benefact (V) benefactor (N) by subtracting suffixes from an already
C. cavitate (V) cavitation (N) existing longer word and changing part
of speech of the new word. Mostly,

Backformation are reversing verbs (V)
In addition, Verbs caused by Backformation that are reversed from nouns (N).
possibly synonyms such as [V escalate] which

Backformation from 2 nouns, include [N escalation] (by cut -ion) and [N escalator] ( by cut -or)

that made [V escalate] are ambiguous word or have 2 meaning.

A. escalate ( escalation)
Ex. Gas prices are expected to continue to escalate in the short term.
B. escalate ( escalator)
Ex. They escalate down to the lower level.

Page 5

Clipping

Types of clipping What is Clipping?

Ex. A. condo ( condominium) Deleting part(s) of a word but the
B. dorm ( dormitory) meaning and a part of speech of a new
C. quake ( earthquake) word remains the same.

There is also a clipping from proper noun. Include name truncation, which
appears in the calling that represents familiarity. The remaining part after clipping, it’s
had first syllable, primary stress and secondary stress.

Ex. A. Barb ( Barbara)
B. Mel ( Amelia)
C. Gail ( Abigail)

The remaining part after clipping and base -y/ -ie is first syllable

or stressed syllable.

Ex. A. barbecue barbie

B. Bernard Bernie

C. umbrella brollie

Page 6

Blending What is Blending?

Combining 2 words to from a new word. A
process is clipping some part of words and bring
the part to blending.

*Noted Words that bring to blending will be
the same type.

Meaning of the blending word has
a head – modifier relation. The first word
represent core meaning and the second
word represent a modifier.

helicopter + airport = heliport
sport + broadcast = sportscast
situation + comedy = sitcom

Meaning of the blending word hasn’t a head – modifier relation.
It doesn’t have core meaning and modifier.

boat + hotel = boatel
friend + enemy = frenemy
channel + tunnel = Chunnel

Page 7

Abbreviation

What is Abbreviation?

clipping and combining process to make a new word.

*Noted We will use the first syllable for blending.

Types of Abbreviation

It has 2 ways to pronounce abbreviations from blending the first syllable.
- Initialism: pronounce the letters one by one in order

KFC = Kentucky Fried Chicken (pronounced “K-F-C”)
BMW = Bavarian Motor Works (pronounced “B-M-W”)
EMT = Emergency medical technicians (pronounced “E-M-T”)
FBI = The Federal Bureau of Investigation (pronounced “F-B-I”)

- Acronym: pronounced as words

MAC = Makeup Art Cosmetics (pronounced “mac”)
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (pronounced “aids”)
NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement (pronounced “naaf-ta”)
OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (pronounced “oh-peck”)

*Noted Acronym has same pronunciation with another words. We called

Imitative acronym.
CARE = Cooperative for Assistant and Relief Everywhere
START = Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
AIM = American Indian Movement
HOPE = Health Opportunity for People Everywhere

*Noted Initialism-Acronym Hybrids: This type has initialism and acronym mixed. We can
pronounce both of 2 ways.

FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions (pronounced “F-A-Q” or “fack”)
JPEG = Joint Photographic Experts Group (pronounced “J-P-E-G” or “jay-peck”)
MCAT = The Medical College Admission Test (pronounced “M-C-A-T” or “em-cat”)

Page 8

Abbreviation

We have various abbreviations in an electronic community. Abbreviation by
the first syllable, Abbreviation base on pronouncing. These abbreviations give
convenience and speed.

brb = be right back
idk = I don’t know
b4 = before
gr8 = great

Page 9

Exercise

Part 1

Read the sentence carefully, and then identify the type of conversion by putting
each item in the blank.

A. (N > V)
B. (Adj > N)
C. (V > N)
D. (Adj > N)
…….…...(1) The lid was firmly nailed down.
………….(2) The well-fed certainly look happy.
.…………(3) She boxed up the Christmas tree lights.
….……...(4) He was left unconscious after an attack.
.…………(5) The track divided into two and narrowed.
.…………(6) He woke up early and helped to milk the cows.
...……….(7) When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
………….(8) With the fire on, the room should soon warm up.

Page 10

Exercise

Part 2

Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each of
the underlined words in these sentences.

1. This device will self-destruct in 30 seconds.
2. Could you give me a quick recap on what’s been decided
3. Did you get my memo about the meeting?
4. The house next door was burgled when I was babysitting the Smiths’ children.
5. When I’m ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet.

Part 3

Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each of
the underlined words in these sentences.

1. Don’t you ever worry that you might get AIDS?
2. What are the core rules of netiquette?
3. This year the show will be simulcast live to 50 different countries.
4. Ligers are solitary animals.
5. We will have a meeting tomorrow. The room is TBA.

Page 11

Key

Part 1

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C
5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B

Part 2 2. Clipping 3. Clipping
5. Clipping
1. Backformation
4. Backformation

Part 3 2. Blending 3. Blending
5. Abbreviation
1. Abbreviation
4. Blending

Page 12

References

บลู ยจ์ ีรา ชริ เวทย.์ 2562. ระบบหนว่ ยคำภำษำองั กฤษ. (พมิ พค์ รง้ั ท่ี 2).
กรุงเทพฯ: สานกั พมิ พจ์ ฬุ าลงกรณม์ หาวทิ ยาลยั .

EN1110 Linguistics: Word Formation & Morphology Exercises.
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Page 13

62206208 Miss Thisakan Kamphan No.43
62205601 Miss Suphatsarawan Donkhenjui No.42
62203654 Miss Pichanan Jaikaew No.23

Section 3