Drug Discovery and Development: Prospects and Challenges

Acknowledgements



First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my late
beloved father, Bakhtiar bin Muhamad, and my mother, Animar bt Siran
for their love; without their sacrifice, support, patient, and prayer, I
won’t be here for sure. I’m extremely grateful to my brothers and sister,
for their continuous support during my life endeavour. I would express
my deepest gratitude to my beloved wife, Deny and children, Naufal,
Luthfi, and Luma for their love and continuous support throughout my
career. I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my former
supervisors Prof. Dayar Arbain, Assoc. Prof. Dr Muhammad Sum Idris,
Prof. Mohamad Roji Sarmidi, and Prof. Fadzillah Adibah Abdul Majid,
who had inspired and motivated me in the research.
I would like to thank the following former postgraduate students
for their dedication and commitment to the research: Suhaib Ibrahim
Al Khamaiseh, Osama Y Althunibat, Dedi Noviendri, Noraszida
Ramli, Abdualrahman M. Abdual Kadir, Afnan Shihab Ahmed, Rana
Samour, Nurul Iman Aminudin, Murni Nazira Sarian, Thazin Win,
Sauba Nakazibwe, Zafirah Liyana, Wastuti Hidayati Suriyah, Nuraniza
Azahari, Aimen Abd Elsaid Ali, Nissad Attoumani, Puteri Hidayah,
Tengku Faris, Sama Naziyah Shaban, Ahmad Mohamad Zaiter, Rahima,
Farman Ullah, Sassi Assia, Wan Nurul Adlin Wan Yusuf, Batoul
Allalam, Mohamed Zafar Ali Mohamed Amiroudine, Husna Hawa
Mohd Hasan, Md Kalam Azad, Hasan Ibrahim Sheikh, Huwaida Abdul
Azis, Anis Fadlina Izyan Awang, Hendy Putra Herman, Fitriyanti, Md
Mahmudul Hasan, Hanisuhana Hamidon, Aina Mardhiah Sabar and all
undergraduate final year project students Abdul Rahman Salimin, Abeer
Tageldin Abdelgadir Ahmed, Afiqah Farhani Ainon Adnan, Ahmad Fakri
Bin Hilmi, Aida Fitriya Hamzah, Aizuddin Mohamed (deceased), Alia
Aina Haji Anuar, Amnani Aminuddin, Anis Natasha Shafawi, Azizah
Abd Rahman, Saziatul Diyana Izyan, Faiq Dhiyaulhaq Hamdan, Farah
Azawani Saflan, Farah Diyana Ishak, Farah Husna Abdul Aziz, Farah

42 / Acknowledgements

Syahidah Ahmad Zohri, Farhana Abdul Kudus, Farida Anuar Hussain,
Fatimah Sawaneh, Fatin Shazwani Ruslan, Hanad Ahmed Mohamed Ali
Osman, Hanan Hasan, Maerah Afzal Ashae, Mohammad Firdaus Azmi,
Mohd Faisal Mohamed, Mohd Rasydan Bin Muhamad Che Ya, Mohd.
Dzaqqee Yameen b Zainal, Mohd. Faisal Mohamad, Muhammad Faiz
Muhammad, Muhammad Firdaus Bin Azmi, Muhammad Firdaus Ismail,
Muhammad Syamil Rozmi, Nabila Naim, Nur’Izzati Mansor, Nadirah
Sulaiman, Noor Syafawati Amiruddin, Nooradila Noorhaidi, Nor Saffana
Binti Baharuddin, Noratika Tik, Norhamiza Mohamad Sukri, Norlyana
Nasrin Zulkifli, Norul Ain Alias, Norul Aina Alias, Nur Azura Mat Alewi,
Nur Izni binti Ramli, Nur Izzati Mohd Hazmi, Nur Shazwani Abdul Latif,
Nur Syazana Zan, Nurhanis Badarulzaman, Nurhazni bt Khir Jauhari ,
Nurliyana Nazrin Zulkifli, Nursyuwari Nayan, Nurul ‘Izzah Binti Zahari,
Nurul Afifah Abdul Rahim, Nurul Ain Alias, Nurul Aina Alias, Nurul
Hafizah Mohd Nor, Nurul Hanisah Umar, Nurul Huda Syed Ibrahim,
Nurul Izzah bt Zahari, Nurul Shafiqa Ahmad Shafawi, Nurul Widad Che
Awang, Nurulhuda Syed Ibrahim, Putri Nur Farahin Wan Abdul Rashid,
Qamellia Mohamed Mustafa, Sardar Ali, Saziatul Syahirah Saari, Siti
Hassmat Abubakar, Siti Khadijah Imam Supaat, Siti Mahfuza Mohd
Safian, Siti Munirah Munabir, Siti Nurulhusna Shaikh Mohd Azhar, Siti
Suria Daud, Soraya Nur Yazid, SS Ngoto, Suzana Hashim, Syahirah
Saari, Syazwani Shaari, Tg Siti Amirah Tg Kamazeri, Wafda Rohhimi,
and Wan Nur Baity Wan Mohd Tajuddin.
I would also like to thank the following agencies for appointing
me to lead the projects, namely the Ministry of Higher Education for
the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) No. FRGS0409-
103, Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS) No. PRGS19-009-
0053, and MyRA Incentives Research Grant Scheme (MIRGS) No.
MIRGS13-01-001-0006; the Ministry of Science, Technology, and
Innovation (MOSTI) for the Escience Fund No. SF12-008-0037 and
MTDC-CRDF grant SP18-145-0407; and the International Islamic
University Malaysia for the following funding: Endowment fund (EDW)
A12-558-1349, EDW A11-181-0972, EDW B11-018-0496, EDW B1002-
350, EDW B 0805-162, EDW A08-187, EDW A08-184, IFRG0703-77,
IFRG0701-35, RIGS15-095-0095, and RIGS16-289-0453.

Acknowledgements / 43

I would like to thank my research collaborators from IIUM: Prof.
Irwandi Jaswir, Prof. Dr. Ridzwan Hashim, Prof. Dr. Syed Zahir Idid
Syed Osman, Prof. Dr. Shahbudin Saad, Prof. Dr. Shafida Ab Hamid,
Prof. Dr. Pakeer Oothman, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Muzzafar
Ali Khan Khattak, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Deny Susanti, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Normahwaty Mohd Noor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sheikh Farid Uddin Akhter
(deceased), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Solachuddin J. A. Ichwan, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Qamar Uddin Ahmed, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alfi Khatib, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Farahidah Mohamed, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Rushdi Abubakar, Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Arifin Kaderi, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hazrina Ab Hadi, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Norazian Mohd Hasan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Khartini Wan Abdul
Khodir, Dr. Salahuddin Haris, Dr. Kamal Rullah, Dr. Hanapi Mat Jusoh,
Dr. Nurul Iman Aminudin, Dr. Juliana Md Jaffri, Dr. Kausar Ahmad, Dr.
Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, and Dr. Abd Almonem Doolaanea, as
well as my external collaborators: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainul Amiruddin
Zakaria (Universiti Putra Malaysia), Prof. Farediah Ahmad (Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia), Assoc. Prof. Mariam Ahmad (Universiti Sains
Malaysia), Dr. Yosie Andriani (Universiti Malaysia Terengganu),
Prof. Dr. Wan Azizi Wan Sulaiman (PICOMS International University
College), Dr. Ismiarni Komala (Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta, Project
No. JP17-002-0092), Prof. Yandi Syukri (Universitas Islam Indonesia),
Dr. Rifky Febriyansyah (Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta), Prof.
Erizal Zaini (Universitas Andalas), Prof. Md Atiar Rahman (University of
Chittagong), Prof. Choudhury Mahmood Hasan (University of Dhaka),
Prof Masa-Aki Ikeda (Tokyo Dental Medical University), Prof. Dayar
Arbain (Universitas 17 Agustus Jakarta), and Prof. Sahidin Sutriadi
(Halu Uleo University), Prof. Dr. Teti Estiasih (Universitas Brawijaya)
and Prof. Dr. Taslim Ersam (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember).
Last but not least, I would like to thank the Campus Director, Deputy
Campus Director, Dean, and former Deans of Kulliyyah of Pharmacy,
Deputy Dean Centre for Postgraduate Studie (CPS) Kuantan, and all
colleagues from Kulliyyah of Pharmacy and all Kulliyyahs in Kuantan
Campus.

Wabillahi taufiq wal hidayah wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi
wabarakatuh



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Curriculum Vitae



Muhammad Taher bin Bakhtiar was born on 16 March 1973 in
th
Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. He had completed his Bachelor of Pharmacy
with honours from the University of Andalas in 1997 by completing
his final year project with title “An alkaloid from Ophiorrhiza species”
which was supervised by Prof. Dr. Dayar Arbain. From this final project
his interest in research is growth. He pursued his professional pharmacy
program at the same University, and he obtained a professional pharmacy
certificate (Apothecary) in 1998.
He was actively involved in an undergraduate organization such
Pharmacy Student Association and student senate at the Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the University of Andalas. He
continued his Master study at the University Teknologi Malaysia to obtain
a Master of Science degree in organic chemistry in 2000 with project title
“Chemical and Bioactivity studies of three selected Guttiferae” species
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sum Idris. By
completing this project make him expert with chromatographic separation
and spectroscopic elucidation of natural products compound using
ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
He obtained a PhD degree in 2005 at the Bioprocess Department,
Faculty of Chemical Engineering focused on the antidiabetic study of
cinnamon extract on adipocyte cells, understanding the mechanism of
hypoglycemic activity of cinnamon extract and its active principle on
adipocyte cells. His PhD was conducted under the supervision of Prof.
Dr. Mohamad Roji Sarmidi and Prof. Dr Fadzillah Adibah Abdul Majid.
Soon after completing his PhD, he joined UTM as a visiting lecturer for
few months.
Since April 2006, He joined the International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM) as an Assistant Professor at the Department of
Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kuantan. He
involved in teaching undergraduate and supervising Postgraduate
students. He established animal cell culture laboratory at the Kulliyyah

56 / Curriculum Vitae

of Pharmacy. In November 2011 he was promoted to DS54 (Associate
Professor.) In March 2020, he was promoted to VK7 (Professor). He
gained experience in administrative positions such as CPD Coordinator
for Kuantan Campus, Deputy Dean Postgraduate Students, Head of
Research and later as Head Department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
He has published more than 100 articles in the indexes journal, a
number of the chapter in book/ research book and few books. He has
gained more than 1000 citations on his publications and current H-index
in scopus is 21. He is an editor in several journals such Biomed Research
International, Evidence-based complementary Medicine, Makara Journal
Health Research, Herbal Medicine Journal, Squalene Bulletin of Marine
and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, Journal Ilmiah Farmasi,
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. He is actively
involved as review in several high impact journal such as Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, Toxicology, Toxicology Reports, Phytomedicine,
Saudi Journal of Biological Science, Journal of Integrative Medicine,
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, South African
Journal of Botany, Heliyon (Elsevier), Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology (Oxford), Journal of Food Biochemistry (Wiley), Journal
of Natural Products Journal Biologically Active Product from Nature
(Taylors and Francis), BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
(Springer).
He was appointed as external expert panel for undergraduate
programme pharmacy at IMU in 2013 and expert panel for undergraduate
and postgraduate programme pharmacy at University of Malaya 2021-
2024.
He had been appointed as the examiner thesis of Master and PhD
from IIUM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Universiti Malaya, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, University Brunei
Darussalam, Universitas Andalas and Annamalai University. He is
also experienced as a panel for research grant application such as
FRGS, E-science, HLAF and Grant form Ministry of Higher education
Indonesia.
He had supervised a number of PhD, Master and undergraduate
students and received number of research grants from the University,
Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Science and Innovation.



Drug Discovery and Development Drug Discovery
Prospects and Challenges



This book is written to provide a brief overview concerning the latest drug and Development
discovery and its development based on the research studies that have been
carried out until the present. The idea of preparing this book was inspired by Prospects
the Holy Qur’an and the hadith, which guides us in all aspects of life, and
including disease management and treatment. This was supported by the
traditional use of natural medicine by our ancestors. From the scientific
point of view, we translate all those knowledge and information to be Drug Discovery and Development Prospects and Challenges Challenges
evidence-based modern medicines. We practised the common process of
drug discovery development by identifying the potential molecule,
followed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The formulation is a crucial
process to produce an efficient and effective drug delivery. Not to forget the
future vision that “things would not give any meaning if it is not giving
benefit to the people”. Commercialisation is one of the approaches to
promote the product across the market and community. The book ends with
the current issue of the COVID-19 global pandemic with regards to the
treatment, natural medicine, and vaccination.

MUHAMMAD TAHER BAKHTIAR completed his Bachelor of
Pharmacy from University of Andalas in 1997. He obtained Master of
Science in organic chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D in bioprocess in 2005 from
the University Teknologi Malaysia. Since April 2006, he joined the
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). He established animal
cell culture laboratory at the Kulliyyah of Pharmacy. He gained experience
in administrative positions such as CPD Coordinator for Kuantan Campus, MUHAMMAD TAHER BAKHTIAR
Deputy Dean Postgraduate Students, Head of Research and later as Head
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology. His research interest is in drug
discovery involving extraction, isolation, characterization and bioactivity MUHAMMAD TAHER BAKHTIAR
study of natural products from plants.



e ISBN 978-967-491-154-6






978967491154 6