book Layot

Each chapters are written by several authors as follow:

Bedugul: an introduction to the landscape by Sutomo and
Farid Kuswantoro

Landscape Ecology of Bedugul by Sutomo and I Dewa Putu
Darma

Vegetation Ecology of Bedugul by Sutomo, I Dewa Pt.
Darma, Wawan Sujarwo & Arief Priyadi

Ethnobotany: Plants usage in traditional knowledge and
culture by Sutomo, I Dewa Putu Darma & Wawan Sujarwo

Carbon stock and aspect of Plant Conservation by
Sutomo, Arief Priyadi & I Dewa Putu Darma

A Synthesis : The potential of the application of
Biosphere Reserve concept for Bedugul by Sutomo & Arief
Priyadi

FOREWORD

Mountain forest has become the last sanctuary for most of
Bali’s biodiversity as is the case in Java. Mountain forest
ecosystem is important when we consider that most of the
lowland forest in Indonesia has been disturbed and degraded
(Lavigne and Gunnell 2006; Smiet 1992; Whitten et al. 1996).
Forest areas in Bedugul Basin area are one of the remaining
tropical mountain rain forests in Bali and they play significant
role in maintaining the ecosystem, preventing erosion,
preserving the biodiversity, and functioning as a water source
and buffer zone for the surrounding areas and the lower areas
of Bali.

However, nowadays mountain rain forests are becoming more
and more threatened due to the increase in human activity
(Horn et al. 2001; Lavigne and Gunnell 2006), including forest
areas in Bedugul. As it is shown in forests area near Beratan
and Buyan Lakes and also Pohen Mountain, which are
increasingly exposed to tourism activities and other
anthropogenic disturbances. Hence, ecological research in

these areas of Bedugul Basin is needed to assess and also to
anticipate any potential changes so that its natural resources
could be sustainable, moreover in the light of climate change
era.

The authors of this book has done a good job in compiling
most of the relevant researches that were conducted in
Bedugul basin area. Most of these research were conducted
by authors themselves and their colleagues at Bali Botanical
Garden. The relatively new study of species distribution
modelling (SDM) using Bidodiversity and Climate Change
Virtual Laboratory (BCCVL) for Dacrycarpus imbricatus (which
is one of the character species of the area) is also introduced
in this book. Another important and recent research written in
this book is also the elaboration of autecology aspect of the
endemic species (only found on Mt. Tapak Bedugul) the
Pinanga arinasae.

As the Director of SEAMEO BIOTRPOP I would be glad on
publishing this book entitled “ECOLOGY OF BEDUGUL
BASIN” considering that this book would fill the gap in the

literature and therefore be very useful for the scientific
community. I congratulate the authors of this book and would
highlight the continuing need and importance of research on
ecological-ethnobotanical aspect of plant community at high
elevation landscape in Indonesia and Asia in general.

Bogor, November 2018

Dr. Ir. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc.

TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES

I Bedugul: an introduction to the landscape
A. Geological and physical condition of
Bedugul................................................................
B. Flora: Endemic, rare and exotic invasive plants of
Bedugul...........................................

II Landscape Ecology of Bedugul
A. Edge effect on Mount Pohen
Bedugul............................................................................
B. Landscape planning for “Tri-Danau/three lakes” area of
Bedugul.................................

III Vegetation Ecology of Bedugul
A. Vegetation on the periphery of three lakes Beratan,
Buyan and Tamblingan...............
B. Community ecology of forest
plants in
Bedugul.........................................
.....................

C. Autecology of plant species in

Bedugul...........................................................................

D. Modelling Habitat Suitability of Bali Podocarpus

(Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de

Laubenf..................................................................................

...............................................

IV Ethnobotany : Plants usage in traditional knowledge
and culture
A. Potential usage of plants in Bedugul as traditional
medicine........................................
B. Plants and traditional Balinese
ceremonies...................................................................

V Carbon stock and aspect of Plant Conservation
A. Carbon stock of plants in Bedugul
highland.....................................................................
B. Plant conservation: key-species selection and
propagation of rare plants....................
C. The concept of sacred sites traditional culture and their
link with plant
conservation...........................................................................
...............................................

VI A Synthesis : The potential of the application of
Biosphere Reserve concept for Bedugul
A. Summary of research
findings...................................................................................

.....
B. The potential of the application of Biosphere Reserve
concept for Bedugul................

References
About the authors



1. Bedugul: an Introductio n to the Landscape
Sutomo and Farid Kuswantoro

Bali Botanical Garden-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
Candikuning Baturiti Tabanan 82191

A. Geological, Biophysical and Social

Bedugul is a high plateau at the centre of the Island
of Bali, about 70 km North from Denpasar (Figure). Bedugul is
a part of two district; the Tabanan in the South and Buleleng
district in the North. The altitude varied from 1000 – 2000 m
above sea level (asl). Generally according to Schmidt’s and
Fergusson’s climate classification, Bedugul area is included in
the type-A of this climatic classification. It has rainfall average
of 2000 mm/year, with 155 rainy days/per year average and
temperature range from 11.5 - 24°C.

Figure. Map showing the location of Bedugul highland in Bali
Figure. Weather data for Bedugul areas in February 2018. Weather

station based inside the Bali Botanical Garden and manage by Plant
Registration Division (Mr. Agung K. & Rajif Iryadi).

Bedugul area was formed from the ancient volcanic
activities (LIPI 1992) that now form an endorheic basin in
which Bedugul is situated. An endorheic basin area is an area
where due to its concave shape, does not has an outlet of
water or river flow channel outside of the area. There are not
many places in the world that have this features but Indonesia
have some of its area shaped by volcanoes complex and likely
to have this feature. The Bedugul endorheic basin has a size
of 12 x 7 km with oval shaped feature. Geology of this
endorheic basin was formed by volcanoes bedrock belongs to
ancient Buyan-Beratan breksi and tufa (Hehanusa,
2005)(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013). Bedugul area is undulating
to mountainous. The slopes range from 0-3%, 3-8%, 8-15%
and more than 40% (mountainous area). Mountainous area is
located in a complex of mountains and hills, lake slopes and
riverbanks. This area is located South of the lake Beratan
which comprise of Pohen, Tapak, Lesong, Pengelengan,

Pucuk, and two more mountains that geologist categorize as
new formed mountain the Beratan and Sanghyang Mountains
(Adnyana, 2005)(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013).

Figure. Left to right: Mt. Pohen, Mt. Tapak and Mt. Lesong
one of significant elements of the Bedugul Basin, Bali. Photo
credit: Mustaid Siregar.

Gray Regosol, Eutric Regosol, and Troporthent
Andelitik are type of soil that common in Bedugul area. These
soils classified as an Andept suborder. Andisol soils come
from volcanic ashes of an ancient Batur, Buyan and Batukaru
mountain. These soils have a silty-loam texture with poor
drainage. Effective depth of Bedugul soils can reach until
more than 90 cm. There are springs from the mountain areas
such as from Tapak and Lesong that are used by local
villagers for their daily need. However, the most important
feature of hydrology in Bedugul area is the existence of three

endorheic basin lakes namely: Beratan, Buyan and
Tamblingan Lake. These lakes exist at an altitude of 1.214-
1.231 meter above sea level.

Figure. Lake Tamblingan, one of the three lakes which
located in Bedugul. Phot credit: Sutomo

In general, the types of ecosystem in Bedugul area
can be classified into two main groups; natural ecosystem and
man-made ecosystem. Spots of natural ecosystem here
includes all the vegetation in natural forest (primary and
secondary), whereas man made ecosystems are comprise of
vegetation in replanted forest, farmland, agriculture and

settlements (Abdulhadi, 2005). Based on the conservation
status, in this area there are three conservation areas namely;
Batukahu nature reserve, protection forest and botanic
garden. The first two areas are in-situ conservation areas and
the last one is the ex-situ conservation area. Nature reserve
area is a natural ecosystem. Protection forest mostly formed
of a man made ecosystem which is the replanted forest and
some small remnant parts of natural ecosystem. Whereas the
botanic garden “Eka Karya” is entirely man made ecosystem
(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013).

Figure. Majesctic typical of tropical rain forest located on Mt.
Pengelengan, Bedugul, Bali. Photo credit: Sutomo

Figure. View of Mt. Pohen from Candikuning Village in
Bedugul Bali. Photo credit: Sutomo

Most Bedugul dwellers are farmer, and some of them
are trader in local market and the other works in tourism
sector. Bedugul is recognized as one of the famous tourist
destinations in Bali, showed by the number of visitor reached
11.986 people in 2002 (BKSDA Bali, 2005). Farmer usually
has their land up high in hills and in direct border with the
forest at an altitude more than 1000 m above sea level. The
land commonly planted with coffee (Coffea arabica and C.
robusta) using multiple cropping system. Not less than 28
species planted with coffee such as Erythrina subumbrans,

avocado (Persea Americana), jackfruit (Artocarpus integra),
clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Leucaena leucocephala,
orange (Citrus aurantium, C.microcarpa), guava (Psidium
guajava), Syzygium aqueum, S.malacensis, S.cummini, Aglaia
odorata, Arenga pinnata, Calliandra calothyrsus, Mangifera
foetida, Jathropa curcas, Durio zibethinus, and other species
as well (Abdulhadi, 2005).

Figure. View of Lake Buyan from Pancasari Village in
Bedugul, Bali. Photo credit: Sutomo

Balinese Hindu’s recognized the “Tri-Hita Karana”
(three source of happiness) and “Kalpataru” (Trees of Life)

concepts (Walujo, 2005). The “Tri-Hita Karana” concept
defines the harmony within man (pawongan), with Gods
(parahyangan) and with environment (palemahan) (Ardika,
2005). Bedugul area is considered to be one of the sacred
places in Bali. This notion is mirror in the existence of
numerous Pura (prayer place) in the area. But one Pura is
consider to be the holiest known as Pura Ulun Danu Beratan
which literary means Pura on top of water because it is
located on the surface Beratan lake (Fardilla and Sutomo
2013).

Figure. Ulun-Danu Beratan Temple, overlooking the Beratan

Lake in Bedugul. Photo credit: Sutomo

As many as 45 species of animals recorded in
Batukahu nature reserve in Bedugul. Some of the dominant
species are: Deer (Muntjiacus muntjak), forest pig (Sus
vitatus), wildcat (Felis bengalensis), scaly anteater (Manis
javanica), hedgehog (Hystrix branchura), balck monkey
(Prebystis pyrnas), long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis),
forest hen (Galius varius), owl (Pypte alba javanica), fruits
bats (Pteropus edulis), and eagle (Halyaster Indus) (KSDA,
2005).

In Java and Bali Island, the land was predominantly
covered by majestic forest during the Pleistocene and by the
late Pleistocene the depression and compression of montane
forest vegetation started to occur. Disturbance to forest
vegetation can be detected since its widespread 4,000 years
ago and that people, presumably, are associated with this
disturbance (Whitten et al. 1996). Anthropogenic-origin
disturbance would likely be one of the factors that could alter

the current successional trajectory of forests. Although legally
protected, forests in these islands have been experiencing
escalation of pressures from people activity (Smiet 1992).
Threat to the nature reserve in Bedugul is the over extraction
of forest products. These ranges from wild species for
ornamental purposes, part of trees species for planting media
to fuel wood. Most of the nature reserve area that is bordered
with settlements and farmland has been disturbed by these
activities. Non timber forest products such as the extraction of
Dicksonia blumei that is use as planting media for orchid is
widely sale in local market. Similarly, extraction also reach to
various plant species that is use as ornamental plant and is
sold in local market or even to outer region such as vanda
orchid (Vanda tricolor), Bali’s slipper orchid (Paphiopedillum)
and bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus). Other species is also
exploited especially extracted for their fruits such as Passiflora
sp.

B. Flora: Endemic, rare and exotic invasive plants of
Bedugul
Pinanga arinasae Witono, Endemic Plant of Bedugul

Bedugul area contains one endemic plant species
namely Pinanga arinasae Witono. Previously known only
present in Bukit Tapak near Bali Botanic Gardens, this species
is the only palm species endemic to the Bali Island (Witono et
al., 2002; Arinasa, 2009). Recent botanical exploration,
however, discovers that this species was also present in Pilan
Forest, the proposed site for Gianyar Botanic Gardens in
Gianyar regency, Bali.

Named after I.B.K. Arinasa, a senior botanist and
former head of Bali Botanic Gardens, this palm species was
known as Nyabah or Jabah by local people. A highly
ornamental plant species, the fruit could also be used to
substitute betel nut. The plant stems and leaf-sheaths were
culturally important and used in traditional cremation

ceremony and in the making of Balinese umbrella (Witono et
al., 2002).

Figure. Specimens of P. arinasae in Bali Botanic Garden.
Photo credit: Farid Kuswantoro.

Conservation attempt for this species was already
conducted in Bali Botanic Gardens and Gianyar Botanic
Gardens. Newly developed Gianyar Botanic Gardens
adopt P. arinasae in its logo. Bali Botanic Gardens already
propagate the palm and reintroduced it to Bukit Pohen

(Arinasa, 2009). Witono et al. (2002) suggested that although
currently absent, P. arinasae was probably present in
Bukit Pohen in the past.

Plant Invader in Bedugul
As a tourism destination, Bedugul area is

experiencing changes, including the introduction of exotic
plant species for ornamental purposes. Tourism itself, which
brought people and vehicles to the ecosystem also facilitate
the spread of exotic plant species Anderson et al.(2015). In
this chapter, we have listed 12 invasive alien plant species
that easily found in Bedugul area. The list was presented in
Table 1. Accepted name of plant species was acquired from
The Plant List (2013) while life from and place of origin was
extracted from Tjitrosoedirjo et al. (2016) and Setyawati et al.
(2015).

Table. List of invasive alien plant species easily be found in
Bedugul areas.

Of all exotic invasive plant species in this list, member
of Compositae was the most species that composed the list
with three species, followed by Convolvulaceae with two
species (fig. 2). Shrub was the most life form found in this list
by 42%, followed by climber by 25% (fig. 3). Tropical America
by 3% was followed by Mexico, Central America and South

America by 2% respectively as the most common origin place
exotic invasive plant species in the list (fig. 4).

NUmber of Family

Plant Family

Figure. Family of Exotic Invasive Plant Species (IAPS)
presence in Bedugul areas.

Series1, Tree, Series1,
1, 8% Aquatic, 1, 8%

Series1, Series1,
Shurb, 5, 42% Climber, 3,

25%

Series1,
Herbaceous,

2, 17%

Figure. Life form of Exotic Invasive Plant Species in Bedugul

Plant Origins

Number of Orgins
Figure. Origin of Exotic Invasive Plant Species in Bedugul

Information regarding the exotic invasive plant species in this
list was presented as follow.

1. Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Formerly known as Eupatorium riparium this species was
known as Irengan in Java. In Bedugul, this perennial
shrub was commonly found in the roadside and forest
edge. Easily spreading, A. riparia is animportant weed
species and have been naturalized in many places in
Java and Bali (Tjitrosoedirdjo et al., 2016).

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul Ageratina riparia / Eupatorium
riparium (vernacular name: Irengan). Photo credit: Sutomo
2. Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Bercht. & J.Presl

Known locally as BungaKecubung or Bunga terompet,
this woody perennial shrub was easily found along the
roadside of Bedugul area. The white and fragrant flowers
of this species were highly ornamental and popular for the
people of Bedugul. The species was also growth
spontaneously in the low or not maintained land along
road (Figure).

3. Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn
Known as Kaliandra, populations of this Legume species
is easily found in the low maintained areas along the
roadside of Bedugul. The species was also found in
several houses and hotels in Bedugul. C. calothyrsus was
also found in lower altitude such as in the road side near
Gianyar Botanic Gardens. The red flower was highly
ornamental. The plant in Bedugul might be planted or
spontaneously growth from the seed. This species was
also present at Bali Botanic Garden margin.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. B. suaveolens on the road side
of residential area. Photo credit: Farid Kuswantoro

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. C. calothyrsus (red flower) living
alongside Ipomoea indica (purple flower). Photo credit : Farid
Kuswantoro

4. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King&H.Rob
Known as putihan or Ki renyuh/Kirinyuh in Java, this
asteracee species was distributed throughout Indonesian
archipelago (Tjitrosoedirjo et al., 2016). In Bedugul, we
can see this species grow up to 3 meters high. Population
of this invasive species can be found in the roadside near
popular tourism spot of Beratan Lake, alongside

the B. suaveolens,
Spathodea campanulata and Ipomoea indica.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul, Chromolaena odorata. Flower of C. odorata (Right). C.
odorata as high as 3 m tall in Bali Botanical Garden, Bedugul (Left). Photo credit:
Farid Kuswantoro & Sutomo

5. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
The water hyacinths known locally
as enceng gondok, was one of the worst aquatic invasive
plant species in the world. Tjitrosoedirdjo (2005) listed
this species as important aquatic invasive alien species in
Indonesia. E. crassipes alongside other aquatic plant
species used to be covering a vast portion of Buyan Lake
in Bedugul, and caused like silting. However, recent lake
normalization effort by the government, which included
eradication effort of the species using heavy
machinery have been conducted and was continued until
now.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul: Eichhornia crassipes (Vernacular
name: Enceng Gondok). Photo credit Farid Kuswantoro
6. Impatiens balsamina L.

Known as Pacar Air this herb was commonly used as
ornamental plant. In Bedugul this plant species can be found
living on the moor land, road and river side and other low
maintained places. This species was also present in Bali
Botanic Garden. This species can be found alongside
A. riparia or other invasive exotic plant species.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. I. balsamina found living alongside
A. riparia. Photo credit: Farid Kuswantoro

7. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet and Ipomoea indica (Burm.)
Merr.

In Bedugul, the two-climber species can be found
together or separately. The species usually present in low
maintained land and along the roadside together with
other invasive plant species such as C. calothyrsus. In

Bali Botanic Gardens, the two species present on the
riverside and the edge of the botanic garden, climbing
both collected and non-collected species of the botanic
garden.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. Ipomoea indica (left) and
Ipomoea cairica (right). Photo credit: Farid Kuswantoro.
8. Lantana camara L.

Lantana camara colorful flower has great ornamental
value. This species was one of the important terrestrial

invasive plant species and also included as 100 worst invasive
organisms in the world (Tjitrosoedirdjo et al., 2005; Lowe et
al., 2000). This species can be found forming a clump in low
maintained land in Bedugul.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. Lantana camara. Photo credit: Farid
Kuswantoro.

9. Passiflora ligularis Juss.
Passiflora ligularis was listed as 100 worst invasive
organisms in the world (Lowe et al.,
2000). P. ligularis was present in the margin area of Bali
Botanic Gardens. Fruit of the species usually found

scattered in the forest path and might be dispersed by the
mammals lives in the forest.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. Flower of P. ligularis. Photo credit:
Farid Kuswantoro.

10. Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.

This tree species was usually planted as an ornamental plant

due to attractive flower color. In Bedugul, S. campanulata was

mainly planted in the roadside and present with other invasive

plant species such

as C. odorata, B. suaveolens, I. cairica and I. indica. The thin

seed of this species could be dispersed by wind, due to the
wing-like structure covering it.
11. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Known as Seruni, this species was listed as as 100 worst
invasive organisms of the world (Lowe et al., 2000). The
attractive yellow flower was highly ornamental. In
Bedugul, S. trilobata usually present in open, low maintained
area such as roadside, along rivers and moor land.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. Tree and Flowers of
S. campanulata. Photo credit: farid Kuswantoro.

Figure. IAPS in Bedugul. Seruni (S. trilobata). Photo credit:
Farid Kuswantoro

2. Landscape Ecology of Bedugul

Sutomo & I Dewa Putu Darma
Bali Botanical Garden-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),

Candikuning Baturiti Tabanan 82191
A. Edge effect

Edge effects are differences in biotic or abiotic that
occurs at the border of a fragment of habitat relative to interior
habitat area (Gehlhausen et al., 2000). Edge effects can be
seen from the gradual change of microclimate and vegetation
patterns from the edge to the forest interior. Edge effects may
affect structure, function and composition of the forest, and
even lead to degradation of forest fragments (Harper et al.,
2005). The extent of the edge effect occurs in a habitat
fragment can estimated by measuring the depth of edge
effects or depth of edge influence (DEI). Chen et al. (1995)
defined DEI as the distance which is a change in the value of
a variable that is measured before the variable will be constant
over the increase the distance from the edge into the forest
interior. By estimating DEI in Forest Hill Pohen, we can
determine the width of the buffer zone forest in the region

which is needed to protect the condition of Batukahu CA
ecological forest interior from exposure to different
microclimate edge forests due to the opening of the road
(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013).

Development plans of Geothermal Power Plant
(PLTPB) Bedugul is still reaping the pros and cons. Aside from
useful in meeting electricity demand in Bali, development
PLTPB Bedugul which is done in the Nature Reserve (CA)
Batukahu feared would negatively impact the integrity of
ecosystems in this conservation area. Construction of paved
roads as the infrastructure that “cut” through Bedugul Pohen
Hill one part of the CA Batukahu, causing Pohen hill forest
fragmented. Corridor road built through the forest cause the
edge of the forest area bordering the road experience the
impact of the opening of the road. One of the effects of road
corridors is a different microclimate conditions, primarily
associated with the sun and wind, on the border (Davies-
Colley et al., 2000). The different microclimate conditions

cause the edge of a forest on the border experience edge
effects (Forman, 1995).

Figure. Road way corridor inside the forest of Mt. Pohen
Bedugul. Photo credit: Sutomo

The establishment of roads and pathways from the
entrance to the drilling well through the forest contribute to the
decrease in species in tree species diversity especially
Dacrycarpus imbricatus due to the clearance of 53.88 ha of
protection forest. In the other hand, this also leads to the
increase in the number of species especially exotic and weed
species. The opening of the forest creates a gap where direct

sunlight reaches the floor and catalyses the germination of
species that were dormant as a soil seed bank, especially
grasses (Poaceae) (Aubert et al. 2003; Austin and Pausas
2001; Pena 2003). One of the examples of the condition near
the drilling well can be described in figure 4 of a profile
diagram below. This is the third drilling well inside the
protection forest. It is said that this area is presumably is the
area of Dacrycarpus imbricatus as there are still some
remaining of the tree species. This drilling well is literally just
“cut and cleared” a large portion of the forest and located at an
altitude of 1,500 m asl. Common species found near this point
are Omalanthus gigantheus, Vernonia arborea, Engelhardia
spicata, Syzygium racemosum, Polyosma integrifolia,
Astronea spectabilis, Cyathea contaminans, C. latebrosa,
Celtis sp., Platea sp., Ardisia sp., Ficus sp. and Moutia puya
(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013).

Figure. Profile diagram from a part of a drilling well (BEL-03)
on Pohen Mountain Batukahu Nature Reserve. Numbers
refers to species composition. 1. Dacrycarpus umbricatus 2.
Lepophetalum sp. 3. Homalanthus giganteus 4. Engelhardtia
spicata 5. Vernonia arborea 6. Ardisia sp. 7. Platea sp. 8.
Toona sureni. 9. Syzygium sp. 10. Polyosma sp. 11.
Melastomataceae 12. Moutia puya 13. Cyathea sp. 14. Celtis
sp.(Fardilla and Sutomo 2013)

Fardilla & Sutomo (2011) published their research on

edge effect in Bedugul. Their study site was on Mt. Pohen

forest areas. The study was conducted during September and

October 2010 in the Forest of Pohen Hill. This forest is one

part of the Batukahu Nature Reserve area. Batukahu Nature

Reserve area is located at 8 ° 10 ' - 8 ° 23 'S and 115 ° 02' -

115 ° 15 'E, and is administratively located Candikuning

Village, Baturiti Tabanan regency, Bali. Forest of Pohen Hill

has extensive area of 388.2 ha and is located at the altitude of

1,520 – 1,600 meters above sea level with a slope 5-35 °.
Road corridor divides the forest with a width of ± 4 m.

Their results shows that all of the microclimate
variables show gradual changes along with increasing
distance from the edge into the forest interior. Though it is also
apparent the difference on each variable in the degree of
alteration and distance when variables are stabilizing value
(Figure ). Air temperature, wind speed and light intensity
significant decrease to within about 40 m from the edge road,
while relative humidity is increasing to the forest interior.
ANOVA and MANOVA test results show that microclimate all
these variables correlated significantly with distance from the
road (Table).
Table 1. ANOVA and MANOVA test of microclimate variable
and vegetation to distance with road edge (* p < 0.05, ** p <
0.01, *** p < 0.001).

Although the tree vegetation variables showed a trend
of gradual change with increased distance from the edge to
the forest interior, but the value varies along transect. This
shows that the variability of the sample points in the
vegetation pattern. Changes in vegetation variables are
generally seen to the depth of 60 m. ANOVA and MANOVA
test results showed that only tree height variables that
correlated significantly with distance from the road edge.

Tinggi pohon (m) Kelembaban udara relatif (%)

6 10 14 18 22 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98

r = 0.9009, p = 0.00006
r = -0.7413, p = 0.0142

Jumlah jenis pohon Kecepatan angin (m/s)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
02468

r = -0.7363, p = 0.0063
r = 0.5979, p = 0.0679

Intensitas cahaya (klux) r = -0.6437, p = 0.023920 40 60 80

0 20 40 60 80 1000
Jarak dari tepi j alan (m)
Kepadatan (individu/ha) 100 200 300 400
r = 0.4544, p = 0.1871
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Jarak dari tepi j alan (m)

Figure. Gradual change of microclimate and vegetation
patterns along 100 m transect from road edge to the forest
interior on Mt. Pohen Bedugul.

Based on their PCA result, eigenvalues for the first
two components explained 63% of the microclimate variation
that occurs in the forest of Mt. Pohen (Table 2). Stevens