Kredit Foto :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281499125_Effect_of_Ginkgo_biloba_extract_on_sperm_quality_serum_testost
erone_concentration_and_histometric_analysis_of_testes_from_adult_Wistar_rats
Kajian63 lain menunjukkan penggunaan Ginkgo akan meningkatkan
nafsu syahwat di kalangan wanita dan rasa kepuasan seksual wanita
yang menjalani rawatan psikoterapi seksual.
Ada juga kajian menunjukkan Ginkgo tidak efektif memulihkan
masalah disfungsi seksual di kalangan pesakit psikiatri yang
mengambil ubat anti depressan SSRI. Ia berkemungkinan akibat
interaksi di antara ubat tersebut dengan Ginkgo.
Pengambilan Ginkgo membantu mengatasi masalah disfungsi seksual
untuk jangkamasa panjang jika di gabungkan dengan rawatan lain.
Kajian lanjut masih perlu di jalankan untuk membuktikan dengan lebih
konklusif kesan Ginkgo dalam membantu meningkatkan testosteron
dan disfungsi seksual.
63 Meston CM, Rellini AH, Telch MJ. Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in
women. Arch Sex Behav. 2008 Aug;37(4):530-47. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9316-2. Epub 2008 Feb 15. PMID:
18274887; PMCID: PMC2863090.
51
xi. HORNY GOAT WEED (Epimedium)
Horny Goat Weed adalah sejenis herba yang telah di gunakan secara
tradisi di Asia Timur. Berdasarkan legenda ia mula di kenali kerana
pengembala kambing mendapati kambing-kambing jantan mereka
mula menjadi aktif seksual selepas makan tumbuhan ini.
Kredit Foto : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimedium
Nama botani tumbuhan ini adalah Epimedium dan ia tumbuh secara
semulajadi di China, Jepun dan Korea. Sekarang ia di tanam, sebagai
tumbuhan hiasan di seluruh dunia. Ia di katakan meningkatkan nafsu
syahwat dan memulihkan masalah lemah tenaga batin. Ia di jual dalam
bentuk tablet, kapsul, serbuk dan teh.
Bahan aktif didalamnya di panggil ‘Icariin’ yang berdasarkan kajian
bertindak seperti ubat viagra (sildenafil) dengan menghalang aktiviti
enzim PDE5 yang menyebabkan pengembangan saluran darah pada
zakar lelaki dan memulihkan masalah mati pucuk.
Satu kajian64 yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal perubatan Journal of
Sexual Medicine telah mengkaji kesan herba ini ke atas tikus makmal.
Kesimpulan kajian ini menunjukkan pengambilan ekstrak herba ini
64 Shindel AW, Xin ZC, Lin G, et al. Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat
weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1518-1528. doi:10.1111/j.1743-
6109.2009.01699.x
52
memulihkan masalah mati pucuk. Kajian65 lain juga menunjukkan
bahan aktif ‘icariin’ adalah sangat efektif menghalang enzim PDE5
yang mengganggu ereksi zakar.
Kredit Foto : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gonadotropin-and-testosterone-levels-A-Serum-testosterone-level-
P005-relative-to_fig6_41416032
Walaubagaimanapun ubat sildenafil adalah 80 kali ganda lebih kuat
berbanding herba icariin ini. Di sampingkan pesakit yang mempunyai
masalah penyakit jantung, kardiovaskular dan kanser perlu berhati-hati
jika ingin mengambil herba ini kerana ia boleh menyebabkan rasa
panas badan melampau dan berisiko mengalami sesak nafas.
65 J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 9, 1513–1517, Publication Date:September 9, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1021/np800049y
53
xii. SAW PALMETTO (Serenoa ripens)
Saw palmetto adalah tumbuhan herba daripada Florida dan Wilayah
Tenggara USA seperti pokok palma kecil. Masyarakat asli Amerika
dari Puak Seminole di Florida telah menggunakan buah pokok ini
sebagai makanan dan herba untuk merawat masalah reproduksi dan
bengkak prostat. Ia juga di gunakan sebagai ubat batuk, kembong
perut , masalah tidur dan ketidaksuburan.
Kredit Foto : https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/saw-palmetto-benefits
Saw Palmetto adalah herba yang biasa di amalkan oleh lelaki yang ada
masalah bengkak prostat berdasarkan kajian66. Kajian67 juga
menunjukkan ia baik dalam membantu masalah berkaitan sistem
uluran (saluran kencing). Kajian68 menunjukkan ia membantu
meningkatkan testosteron tetapi ada juga kajian yang tidak
menunjukkan kesan begitu. Ia membantu meningkatkan nafsu
syahwat, penghasilan sperma dan memulihkan masalah lemah tenaga
batin.
66 Kwon Y. Use of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) extract for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Food Sci Biotechnol.
2019;28(6):1599-1606. Published 2019 Apr 17. doi:10.1007/s10068-019-00605-9
67 Suzuki M, Ito Y, Fujino T, et al. Pharmacological effects of saw palmetto extract in the lower urinary tract. Acta
Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30(3):227-281. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.1
68 Opoku-Acheampong AB, Penugonda K, Lindshield BL. Effect of Saw Palmetto Supplements on Androgen-
Sensitive LNCaP Human Prostate Cancer Cell Number and Syrian Hamster Flank Organ Growth. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:8135135. doi:10.1155/2016/8135135
54
Kajian69 pada tahun 2012 menunjukkan pengambilan saw palmetto
boleh mengurangkan masalah bengkak prostat (BPH) yang akan
mengganggu pengaliran air kencing. Kesan ini adalah berkaitan
dengan kesan saw palmetto meningkatkan paras hormon testosteron
dan menurunkan paras estrogen di dalam orang lelaki.
Kredit Foto : https://triquetrahealth.com/products/saw-palmetto-extract-with-pumpkin-seed-oil
69 Andriole GL, McCullum-Hill C, Sandhu GS, et al. The effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto fruit extract on
serum prostate specific antigen: analysis of the CAMUS randomized trial. J Urol. 2013;189(2):486-492.
doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.037
55
xiii. BASELLA ALBA (Basellaceae sp)
Ia juga di panggil sebagai Bayam Malabar (Malabar Spinach)/ Ceylon
Spinach /pasalakeerai . Ia biasa di gabungkan dengan herba hibiscus
macranthus untuk meningkatkan kesuburan. Kajian70 ke atas haiwan
menunjukkan pengambilan ekstrak daripada daun yang segar atau
daun yang di keringkan akan meningkatkan paras hormon testosteron
dalam haiwan tikus makmal. Ekstrak dengan menggunakan alkohol
didapati akan memaksimakan hasilnya.
Kredit Foto : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basella_alba
Tiada kajian khusus ke atas manusia untuk membuktikan kesannya
meningkatkan testosteron ke atas manusia. Tetapi amalan tradisi
masyarakat sebelum ini menunjukkan kesan yang baik
memulihkankan tanda-tanda rendah testosteron. Kajian lanjut masih di
jalankan.
Kredit Foto : https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-extracts-from-Hibiscus-macranthus-and-on-Moundipa-
Ngouela/7c15b2b7d4caacfdc8e5422a77929660638d5701
70 Moundipa FP, Kamtchouing P, Koueta N, Tantchou J, Foyang NP, Mbiapo FT. Effects of aqueous extracts of
Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba in mature rat testis function. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 May;65(2):133-9. doi:
10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00207-4. PMID: 10465653.
56
-: DR NORMAN MOHD NORAWI :-
Dr Norman Mohd Norawi
MBBS(Manipal), MScAARMMA(UCSI)
MNM(ACNEM), FAGE (MAHE)
MMC : 36627
DR NORMAN CLINIC SDN BHD
(915557-P)
Dr Norman bin Mohd Norawi telah
berkhidmat sebagai seorang doktor
perubatan sejak tahun 1997 dengan
pengalaman selama lebih 24 tahun dalam
bidang perubatan.
Keluarga beliau berasal dari Kg Bayai
Lama, Jempol, Negeri Sembilan. Beliau di lahirkan dalam tahun 1972 dan di
besarkan di Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.
Beliau pengasas dan pemilik kepada KLINIK DR NORMAN yang
mempunyai cawangan di Batu Berendam & Sg. Udang, Melaka, Batu Kikir,
Jempol, Negeri Sembilan, Shah Alam ,Selangor.
Beliau adalah Konsultan Perubatan Nutrisi, Penuaan Sihat, Perubatan Estetik
dan Perubatan Regeneratif (Nutritional Medicine, Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetic
& Regenerative Medicine) dan banyak menulis tentang kesihatan disamping
memberikan ceramah kesihatan di seluruh Malaysia.
Berkelulusan ijazah MBBS dari Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India (1997). Beliau
memperolehi ijazah Sarjana Sains Perubatan Anti Penuaan, Perubatan
Regeneratif dan Perubatan Esthetik (Master in Anti Aging, Regenerative
Medicine and Medical Aesthetic) (MScAARMMA) dari UCSI University,
Kuala Lumpur (2013). Beliau juga telah mendapat Master in Nutritional
Medicine (MNM) daripada Australasian College of Nutrition &
Environmental Medicine (ACNEM) pada tahun 2018.
57
Aktif di Media Sosial FB Page : Dr Norman Norawi dengan menulis dan
menyampaikan ceramah secara Live. Beliau juga boleh di ikuti di Youtube
Channel : Dr Norman Mohd Norawi.
Beliau adalah pengasas dan penggerak kepada program
Anti Diabetes & Obesiti (ADO) Dr Norman yang
menjalankan usaha mendidik masyarakat ke arah
mengawal dan memulihkan masalah Diabetes &
Obesiti di Malaysia.
Beliau juga aktif dalam kerja-kerja NGO dengan mengasaskan dan menjadi
Presiden kepada Pertubuhan Kebajikan Ibnu Sina, Melaka (PERKIS) sejak
dari tahun 2010.
Buku ini adalah sebagai satu buku panduan umum kepada masyarakat untuk
memahami konsep pengambilan pemakanan sihat dan suplemen untuk
menyokong kesihatan yang lebih baik dan mencegah penyakit.
58
1. Vegunta S, Kling JM, Kapoor E. Androgen Therapy in Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020
Jan;29(1):57-64. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7494. Epub 2019 Nov 5. Erratum in: J Womens Health
(Larchmt). 2020 Nov;29(11):1487. PMID: 31687883.
2. Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, Pastuszak AW, Khera M. Testosterone therapy improves erectile function and
libido in hypogonadal men. Curr Opin Urol. 2017 Nov;27(6):511-515. doi:
10.1097/MOU.0000000000000442. PMID: 28816715; PMCID: PMC5649360.
3. Van Anders SM. Testosterone and sexual desire in healthy women and men. Arch Sex Behav. 2012
Dec;41(6):1471-84. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-9946-2. Epub 2012 May 3. PMID: 22552705.
4. Roy CN, Snyder PJ, Stephens-Shields AJ, et al. Association of Testosterone Levels With Anemia
in Older Men: A Controlled Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(4):480–490.
doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9540
5. Wittert G. The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men. Asian J Androl.
2014;16(2):262-265. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.122586
6. Golds G, Houdek D, Arnason T. Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical
Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health. Int J Endocrinol.
2017;2017:4602129. doi:10.1155/2017/4602129
7. Tuck S, Francis R. Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis. Front Horm Res. 2009;37:123-132. doi:
10.1159/000176049. PMID: 19011293.
8. Griggs RC, Kingston W, Jozefowicz RF, Herr BE, Forbes G, Halliday D. Effect of testosterone on
muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Jan;66(1):498-503. doi:
10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.498. PMID: 2917954.
9. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, Bunnell TJ, Tricker R,
Shirazi A, Casaburi R. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and
strength in normal men. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jul 4;335(1):1-7. doi:
10.1056/NEJM199607043350101. PMID: 8637535.
10. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, Chen X, Yarasheski KE,
Magliano L, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Bross R, Phillips J, Sinha-Hikim I, Shen R, Storer TW.
Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.
2001 Dec;281(6):E1172-81. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172. PMID: 11701431.
11. Harada N. Role of androgens in energy metabolism affecting on body composition, metabolic
syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and longevity: lessons from a meta-analysis and
rodent studies. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2018 Oct;82(10):1667-1682. doi:
10.1080/09168451.2018.1490172. Epub 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 29957125.
12. Dandona P, Rosenberg MT. A practical guide to male hypogonadism in the primary care setting.
Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(6):682-696. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02355.x
13. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304691904579349212319995486
14. Gruenewald DA, Matsumoto AM. Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential
benefits and risks. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Jan;51(1):101-15; discussion 115. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-
5215.2002.51018.x. PMID: 12534854.
15. Röjdmark S, Asplund A, Rössner S. Pituitary-testicular axis in obese men during short-term fasting.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1989 Nov;121(5):727-32. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1210727. PMID:
2686332.
16. Ho KY, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML, et al. Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion and amplifies
the complex rhythms of growth hormone secretion in man. J Clin Invest. 1988;81(4):968-975.
doi:10.1172/JCI113450
59
17. Craig BW, Brown R, Everhart J. Effects of progressive resistance training on growth hormone and
testosterone levels in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev. 1989 Aug;49(2):159-69. doi:
10.1016/0047-6374(89)90099-7. PMID: 2796409.
18. Schwab R, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, Kinder JE, Weir JP. Acute effects of different intensities of
weight lifting on serum testosterone. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Dec;25(12):1381-5. PMID:
8107546.
19. Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Acevedo EO, Johnson LG, Synovitz LB, Kraemer GR, Gimpel T,
Castracane VD. Effects of high-intensity exercise on leptin and testosterone concentrations in well-
trained males. Endocrine. 2003 Aug;21(3):261-5. doi: 10.1385/ENDO:21:3:261. PMID: 14515011.
20. Hämäläinen E, Adlercreutz H, Puska P, Pietinen P. Diet and serum sex hormones in healthy men.
J Steroid Biochem. 1984 Jan;20(1):459-64. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(84)90254-1. PMID: 6538617.
21. Rao GS, Rao ML, Breuer H. Studies on a testosterone glucuronyltransferase from the cytosol
fraction of human liver. Biochem J. 1970 Oct;119(4):635-42. doi: 10.1042/bj1190635. PMID:
5493501; PMCID: PMC1179448.
22. Sinclair M, Grossmann M, Gow PJ, Angus PW. Testosterone in men with advanced liver disease:
abnormalities and implications. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Feb;30(2):244-51. doi:
10.1111/jgh.12695. PMID: 25087838.
23. Mehta PH, Josephs RA. Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance: evidence for a dual-
hormone hypothesis. Horm Behav. 2010 Nov;58(5):898-906. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.020.
Epub 2010 Sep 15. PMID: 20816841.
24. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Wehr E, Zittermann A. Effect
of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011
Mar;43(3):223-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1269854. Epub 2010 Dec 10. PMID: 21154195.
25. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet
26. Wittert G. The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men. Asian J Androl. 2014
Mar-Apr;16(2):262-5. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122586. PMID: 24435056; PMCID:
PMC3955336.
27. Wittert G. The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men. Asian J Androl. 2014
Mar-Apr;16(2):262-5. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122586. PMID: 24435056; PMCID:
PMC3955336.
28. Rehman SU, Choe K, Yoo HH. Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia
Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and
Toxicology. Molecules. 2016;21(3):331. Published 2016 Mar 10. doi:10.3390/molecules21030331
29. Chen, Chee Keong et al. “Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Supplementation Combined with
Resistance Training on Isokinetic Muscular Strength and Power, Anaerobic Power, and Urinary
Testosterone: Epitestosterone Ratio in Young Males.” International journal of preventive medicine
vol. 10 118. 5 Jul. 2019, doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_404_17
30. Tambi MI, Imran MK. Eurycoma longifolia Jack in managing idiopathic male infertility. Asian J
Androl. 2010;12(3):376-380. doi:10.1038/aja.2010.7
31. Jayusman PA, Mohamed IN, Alias E, Mohamed N, Shuid AN. The Effects of Quassinoid-Rich
Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Bone Turnover and Histomorphometry Indices in the Androgen-
Deficient Osteoporosis Rat Model. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):799. Published 2018 Jun 21.
doi:10.3390/nu10070799
32. George A, Henkel R. Phytoandrogenic properties of Eurycoma longifolia as natural alternative to
testosterone replacement therapy. Andrologia. 2014 Sep;46(7):708-21. doi: 10.1111/and.12214.
Epub 2014 Jan 6. PMID: 24386995.
60
33. Ruan J, Li Z, Zhang Y, et al. Bioactive Constituents from the Roots of Eurycoma longifolia.
Molecules. 2019;24(17):3157. Published 2019 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/molecules24173157
34. Leung KW, Wong AS. Ginseng and male reproductive function. Spermatogenesis.
2013;3(3):e26391. doi:10.4161/spmg.26391
35. Lopresti, Adrian L et al. “An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of
an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
study.” Medicine vol. 98,37 (2019): e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
36. Lopresti, Adrian L et al. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) in Aging,
Overweight Males.” American journal of men's health vol. 13,2 (2019): 1557988319835985.
doi:10.1177/1557988319835985
37. Nasimi Doost Azgomi, Ramin et al. “Effects of Withania somnifera on Reproductive System: A
Systematic Review of the Available Evidence.” BioMed research international vol. 2018 4076430.
24 Jan. 2018, doi:10.1155/2018/4076430
38. Kelgane, Sunil B et al. “Efficacy and Tolerability of Ashwagandha Root Extract in the Elderly for
Improvement of General Well-being and Sleep: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind,
Placebo-controlled Study.” Cureus vol. 12,2 e7083. 23 Feb. 2020, doi:10.7759/cureus.7083
39. Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Clinical Evaluation of the
Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in
Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:571420.
doi:10.1155/2013/571420
40. Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. The effect
of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition
during preseason training in elite rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2007 May;21(2):348-
53. doi: 10.1519/R-18395.1. PMID: 17530942.
41. Pokrywka A, Obmiński Z, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Fijałek Z, Turek-Lepa E, Grucza R. Insights
into Supplements with Tribulus Terrestris used by Athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2014;41:99-105.
Published 2014 Jul 8. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0037
42. Qureshi A, Naughton DP, Petroczi A. A systematic review on the herbal extract Tribulus terrestris
and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance enhancing effect. J Diet Suppl. 2014
Mar;11(1):64-79. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2014.887602. PMID: 24559105.
43. Sahoo HB, Nandy S, Senapati AK, Sarangi SP, Sahoo SK. Aphrodisiac activity of polyherbal
formulation in experimental models on male rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2014;6(2):120-126.
doi:10.4103/0974-8490.129029
44. Lim PHC. Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED. Transl Androl Urol.
2017;6(2):167-175. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04
45. Ko JW, Park SW, Shin NR, et al. Inhibitory effects of Pycnogenol®, a pine bark extract, in a rat
model of testosterone propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lab Anim Res.
2018;34(3):111-117. doi:10.5625/lar.2018.34.3.111
46. Stanislavov, R., Nikolova, V. & Rohdewald, P. Improvement of erectile function with Prelox: a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Int J Impot Res 20, 173–180 (2008).
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901597
47. Stanislavov R, Nikolova V. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine. J
Sex Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun;29(3):207-13. doi: 10.1080/00926230390155104. PMID:
12851125.
48. Barassi, A., Corsi Romanelli, M.M., Pezzilli, R., Damele, C.A.L., Vaccalluzzo, L., Goi, G., Papini,
N., Colpi, G.M., Massaccesi, L. and Melzi d'Eril, G.V. (2017), Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline
61
in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology. Andrology, 5: 256-261.
https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12293
49. da Silva DV, Conte-Junior CA, Paschoalin VM, Alvares Tda S. Hormonal response to L-arginine
supplementation in physically active individuals. Food Nutr Res. 2014;58:10.3402/fnr.v58.22569.
Published 2014 Mar 25. doi:10.3402/fnr.v58.22569
50. https://www.healthline.com/health/erectile-dysfunction/l-arginine
51. Gambelunghe C, Rossi R, Sommavilla M, Ferranti C, Rossi R, Ciculi C, Gizzi S, Micheletti A,
Rufini S. Effects of chrysin on urinary testosterone levels in human males. J Med Food. 2003
Winter;6(4):387-90. doi: 10.1089/109662003772519967. PMID: 14977449.
52. Balam FH, Ahmadi ZS, Ghorbani A. Inhibitory effect of chrysin on estrogen biosynthesis by
suppression of enzyme aromatase (CYP19): A systematic review. Heliyon. 2020;6(3):e03557.
Published 2020 Mar 7. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03557
53. Gonzales GF. Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a Plant from
the Peruvian Highlands. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:193496. doi:
10.1155/2012/193496. Epub 2011 Oct 2. PMID: 21977053; PMCID: PMC3184420.
54. Gonzales GF, Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C, Castillo S. Effect of Lepidium
meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in
adult healthy men. Andrologia. 2002 Dec;34(6):367-72. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00519.x.
PMID: 12472620.
55. Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, Lim HS, Ernst E. Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a
systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Aug 6;10:44. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-
10-44. PMID: 20691074; PMCID: PMC2928177.
56. Melnikovova I, Fait T, Kolarova M, Fernandez EC, Milella L. Effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp.
on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Healthy Adult Men: A Double-Blind,
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.
2015;2015:324369. doi: 10.1155/2015/324369. Epub 2015 Sep 1. PMID: 26421049; PMCID:
PMC4569766
57. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/555.html
58. Wu XY, Wang WY, Wang RR, Xie L, Fang ZX, Chen GR. [Ginkgo biloba extract enhances
testosterone synthesis of Leydig cells in type 2 diabetic rats]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2008
Apr;14(4):371-6. Chinese. PMID: 18481435
59. Yeh KY, Pu HF, Kaphle K, Lin SF, Wu LS, Lin JH, Tsai YF. Ginkgo biloba extract enhances male
copulatory behavior and reduces serum prolactin levels in rats. Horm Behav. 2008 Jan;53(1):225-
31. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.10.001. Epub 2007 Oct 10. PMID: 18001735.
60. https://www.healthline.com/health/erectile-dysfunction
61. Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation
in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1.
Phytother Res. 2008 Jun;22(6):734-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2335. PMID: 18446847.
62. Meston CM, Rellini AH, Telch MJ. Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual
dysfunction in women. Arch Sex Behav. 2008 Aug;37(4):530-47. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9316-
2. Epub 2008 Feb 15. PMID: 18274887; PMCID: PMC2863090.
63. Shindel AW, Xin ZC, Lin G, et al. Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract
of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1518-1528.
doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x
64. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 9, 1513–1517, Publication Date:September 9, 2008,
https://doi.org/10.1021/np800049y
62
65. Kwon Y. Use of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) extract for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Food Sci
Biotechnol. 2019;28(6):1599-1606. Published 2019 Apr 17. doi:10.1007/s10068-019-00605-9
66. Suzuki M, Ito Y, Fujino T, et al. Pharmacological effects of saw palmetto extract in the lower
urinary tract. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30(3):227-281. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.1
67. Opoku-Acheampong AB, Penugonda K, Lindshield BL. Effect of Saw Palmetto Supplements on
Androgen-Sensitive LNCaP Human Prostate Cancer Cell Number and Syrian Hamster Flank Organ
Growth. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:8135135. doi:10.1155/2016/8135135
68. Andriole GL, McCullum-Hill C, Sandhu GS, et al. The effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto
fruit extract on serum prostate specific antigen: analysis of the CAMUS randomized trial. J Urol.
2013;189(2):486-492. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.037
69. Moundipa FP, Kamtchouing P, Koueta N, Tantchou J, Foyang NP, Mbiapo FT. Effects of aqueous
extracts of Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba in mature rat testis function. J Ethnopharmacol.
1999 May;65(2):133-9. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00207-4. PMID: 10465653.
63