Blooming Science-7 (2077) final for press

PRO J ECTWORK

1. Use an astronomical telescope and see a clear sky at night. What do you find in the
sky, write a report in a diary about planets, stars, shooting stars, moon etc.

2. Observe stars during clear night to observe the colours seen and to find the
constellations.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Sun’s surface mainly consist of ..............................and .................................
b. Earth is the ................................ planet of the solar system
c. ................................ is a deep blue colour planet of the solar system.
d. Saturn has as many as ................................ moons.
e. Jupiter has ................................ satellites.
f. ................................ is a red planet of the solar system.

2. Answer the following questions.

a. What is universe? Define solar system.

b. Define the following terms.

a. Planet b. Satellite c. Star

d. AU e. Galaxy

c. What is meant by light year? Express the value of 1 light year in terms of
kilometres.

d. Why life is not exist in other planets except the earth?

e. Why distance of star is measured in light year?

f. What is constellation? Write name of any 4 constellations.

g. Why all the planets are revolving around the sun?

h. Explain the position of earth in the solar system. What makes the earth
suitable for the life?

i. Write the names of eight planets of the solar system and also give the
composition of the atmosphere?

j. Write the time of revolution of the flowing planets.

i. Earth ii. Mercury iii. Venus and iv. Saturn

k. Write down the name of the planet which is also known as red planet.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 251

3. Write any two differences for the followings.
a. Light year and astronomical unit
b. Jupiter and Saturn
c. Star and planet
d. Planet and Satellite
e. Galaxy and constellation
4. Explain is short.

(i) Uranus (ii) Venus (iii)Mercury (iv) Mars

5. Study the given table and answer the questions.

Name of planet Time for rotation Time for revolution No of moons

A 243 days 225 days 0

B 10 hours 12 years 67

C 24 hours 365 days 1

D 59 days 88 days 0

a. Name the planets A, B, C and D.

b. Which of these is the smallest planet?

c. Explain the atmosphere of B.

d. How much time is taken as one day and one year in the planet D?

e. What is the mean distance of C from the sun?

Glossary

Universe : the vast empty space around us and every thing that is in it.
Solar system : group of sun, planets, satellites, comets, meteors, asteroid,
meteorites and dust particles.
Star : heavenly body which has its own light.
Planet : heavenly body which revolves round the sun.
Satellite : heavenly body which revolves round the planet.
Asteroids : small bits of rocks between mars & Jupiter revolves round the
sun.
Meteor : small heavenly body that moves round the sun.
Meteorite : large meteor that reaches the earth without getting burnt.
Constellation : groups of stars arranged in interesting patterns.
Galaxy : a large cluster of star.
light year : the distance travelled by light in one year (9.5 × 1012km).
Astronomical unit: the distance between the earth and the sun(1.5 × 108km).

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21Chapter Envionment and
Balance of Environment

Learning Outcomes

On the completion of this unit, students will be able to: Lesson Objectives-12+4

• classify and describe natural resources and its types.

• tell importance of natural resources like national parks, wildlife reserves and

conservation areas .

• introduce watershed, wet and their conservation.

• describe the balance of environment with their factors.

• describe the relation of produces consumers and decomposers.

• describe the role of human environmental balance.

Concept of Environmental Balance

Environmental balance refers to the presence of all creatures in the environment. There
isn’t any possibility of existence of all creatures without environmental aspects. All
the environmental components like air, water, land are equally important for all the
creatures. Water is needed to produce crops, land is needed for smooth survival of
animals and plants. The foods that are needed for animals and birds are obtained from
environment. On the other hand, animals take in oxygen and throw out carbon dioxide
and plants take in carbon dioxide and throw out oxygen. This process has also helped
to maintain environmental balance.

There is interactive relationship among the plants and animals. This relation is a major
factor for environmental balance. For example, most of the birds depend on insects for
their food and insects live on grass, fruits, flowers, etc. for their food. If the insects fail
to get enough food, their number decreases. Because of this, number of birds decreases
due to lack of food. It creates imbalance in the environment. Therefore, to accept the
existence of all the creatures in the earth, it is necessary to maintain balance in the
environmental components.

The Importance and Necessity of Environmental Balance

There is a great importance of environmental
balance because the existence of one is
not possible without existence of another.
It has become possible for all to exist in
the environment due to maintenance of
environmental balance. The living beings
and non-living things are equally responsible
to maintain balance in the environment.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 253

Herbivorous animals eat fruits, grass and leaves. Carnivorous animals live on
herbivorous animals.
In the same way, herbivorous and carnivorous animals get mixed into the soil after
death by the decomposition process of micro-organism. The trees and green plants get
food from the same soil during photosynthesis process in the sunlight.
The conservation of plants, animals and birds are needed to maintain environment
balance. But excessive presence of one aspect is the root cause for destruction of
another. Therefore, the aim of conservation is not to allow increase only in the one
aspect haphazardly. For example, the deer needs grass for survival whereas tiger needs
deer for survival. Therefore if the number of deer decreases, the number of tiger also
decrease due to lack of food and the condition also becomes vice-versa. This shows
that there is need of environmental balance for healthy and prosperous environment.

On the other hand, there is interactive relationship among the plant and animal because
animals maintain the existence by consuming the plants. The growth of plants also
becomes sound in the soil of decayed animals. The importance of environmental
balance can be summarized in the following points:
a. It helps for the existence of plants and animals.
b. It controls the environmental pollution.
c. It helps for the conservation of cultural heritages.
d. It creates the healthy environment.
e. It even helps for the conservation of land, water, etc.
Measures for Environment Conservation and Promotion
It is obvious that environment protection, promotion and conservation is a must to
accept existence of all creatures. Natural heritages are equally important for existence
of all therefore, to keep the environment free from the pollution and to protect the
environment the following measures should be adopted:
(i) Conservation of forest
(ii) Conservation of animals and birds

254 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

(iii) Water conservation
(iv) Land conservation
(v) Pollution control
(vi) Environmental sanitation
(vii) Conservation of cultural heritages

Factors for Environmental Balance

Following measures should be taken to maintain the environmental balance:

(i) Population Management: Man’s needs are unlimited. Necessary goods are
obtained from different aspects of the environment. It is difficult to fulfill the basic
needs of the people if there is more population. As a result, population should be
managed to keep the environmental balance.

(ii) Proper Utilization of Natural Resources: The growing population disturbs
the environmental balance by the over-exploitation of natural resources. So, the
environmental balance gets disturbed. Hence, natural resources are utilized properly
by human beings.

(iii) Alternative Sources of Fuel and their Conservation: Fire wood, kerosene
oil and coal, etc. is used for fuel. Forest and agricultural products are the source of
fuel . We depend on forest more for fuel. Such activities make it difficult to keep the
environmental balance. Hence, solar power, bio gas, etc. should be used to keep the
environmental balance.

(iv) Generation People’s Awareness: Our co-operation is necessary to keep the
environmental balance and to conserve the environment. The people’s awareness
should be developed to conserve the environment.

Types of Natural Resources

There are three types of natural resources. They are described below.

(i) Perpetual Natural Resources

The natural resources which never finish even after their regular consumption are
known as perpetual natural resources. Solar energy, tide energy, etc. are the examples
of it. There should be more use of these resources.

(ii) Non-renewable Natural Resources

Those natural resources that cannot be produced again after use and are formed after
long process are called non-renewable natural resources. Petroleum products, fossil,
fuel, etc. are the examples of it. It is wise to search the alternative source of these
resources for their minimum use.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 255

(iii) Renewable Natural Resources

The natural resources that can be produced again or renewed are known as renewable
natural resources. Plants, animals, soil, etc. are the examples of it. There should be
more production of these resources.

Situation of Natural Resources

The resources such as coal, oil, forests, etc. existing in nature are called natural
resources. These are not made or caused by human beings. Land, air, water, forests and
so on are natural resources. These natural resources are affected by rapid population
growth. These are degrading and disappearing day by day due to over population. It
is necessary to maintain a balance between population and natural resources for the
benefit of both human beings and the environment.
• National parks, wildlife reserves and conservation areas
• Importance of national parks and wildlife reserves
• Importance and necessity of water source and watersheds
• Situation of animals and birds
• Status of forests

• Herbs, flowers and fruits

National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Areas

National parks, wildlife reserves and conservation areas are the areas protected by the
government. The main goal of such parks, reserves and conserved areas is to protect
wild animals and vegetation. They are the sources of income for the country. The
increasing pressure of the population has adversely affected forests, animals, birds and
land. It has destroyed a lot of natural resources. These parks and conservation areas
are necessary for the protection of natural resources of the country. It is not necessary
to keep such kinds of parks, wildlife reserves and conservation areas in the area where
there are more forests.

a. National Parks

National parks are necessary for the protection and conservation of endangered animals
and plants. National parks are one of the best ways of protecting the natural environment.
It is a limited area of land protected by the government for the conservation of natural
beauty and wildlife. The main objective of this area is to protect and conserve wild
birds and animals, vegetation, water resources, watersheds and land. There are 12
national parks, two wildlife reserves and six conservation areas in Nepal.

The Chitwan National Park is the oldest national park of Nepal. The Chitwan National
Park and Sagarmatha National Park have been entered in the list of World Natural
Heritage. Both of the national parks are famous in the world. The Shey-Phoksundo
National Park is the largest national park and the Rara National Park is the smallest

national park in Nepal. The total area of the national park is about 21, 000 sq.km.

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The list of twelve national parks is given below.

S.N. National Area (in Established year Districts
Parks sq.km.)

1. Chitwan 932 2030 Chitwan,Parsa,
National Park Makwanpur,
Nawalparasi

2. Sagarmatha 1,148 2032 Solukhumbu
National Park

3. Rara National 106 2032 Mugu, Jumla
Park

4. Langtang 1,710 2032 Rasuwa, Nuwakot,
National Park Sindhupalchok

Shey- 2040 Dolpa, Mugu
5. Phoksundo 3,555

National Park

6. Khaptad 225 2042 Bajhang, Bajura,
National Park Doti, Achham

7. Bardia 968 2045 Bardia
National Park

8. Makalu-Barun 1,500 2047 Solukhumbu,
Naitonal Park Sankhuwasabha

9. Shivpuri 159 2057 Kathmandu,
National Park Nuwakot

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 257

10. Banke 305 2067 Banke, Salyan, Dang
National Park 2074 Kanchanpur
2074 Parsa
11. Shuklaphanta 305
National Park

12. Parsa National 637
Park

B. Wildlife Reserves

Wildlife reserves protect the wild animals, birds, insects, etc. and the natural
environment. The wildlife reserve takes more care of those birds and animals which
are threatened with extinction or in danger of extinction. It also conserves the habitats
of such endangered wildlife. It manages the natural resources and heritage to protect
and promote them. Now, it is necessary for our country to establish many wildlife
reserves because more valuable animals and plants are in danger of extinction. At
present,Koshitappu wildlife reserve and Dhorpatan hunting reserves are functional in
Nepal.

S.N. Wildlife Area (in sq.km.) Established Districts
1. Reserves year
2. Sunsari
Koshitappu 175 2039 Rukum, Baglung
Wildlife Reserve and Myagdi
1,325 2041
Dhorpatan
Hunting Reserve

c. Conservation Areas

Some conservation areas have also been established in Nepal. They conserve the wild
animals, birds and vegetation. Now, some valuable plants are threatened with extinction.
People export such valuable plants illegally to other countries. The conservation areas

in Nepal are as follows:

S.N. Conservation Areas
1. Annapurna Conservation Area
2. Kanchanjunga Conservation Area
3. Manasalu Conservation Area
4. Blackbuck Conservation Area
5. Api Nampa Conservation Area
6. Gaurishankar Conservation Area

The Annapurna Conservation Area is the largest conservation area. It has covered the
area of 7,000 sq.km.

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Importance of National Parks and Wildlife Reserves

Natural resources are affected by the rapid
growth rate of population. Increasing
population uses more resources, but
resources are limited. More utilization of
such resources disturbs wild creatures and
their habitats. It affects the local environment
and the living things of that environment
gradually disappear.

Moreover, it also disturbs the other aspects
of the environment. It destroys the natural
beauty, creates and imbalance in the environment and destroys the whole ecosystem of
the locality. National parks and wildlife reserves help to preserve the environment. In
other words, establishment of national parks and wildlife reserves is necessary for the
conservation and protection of wildlife. The importance of national parks and wildlife
reserves can be presented under the following headings:

a. Protection of Nature

The national park and wildlife reserve protect various types of living things in the
forest. Parks and reserves help to protect the vegetation, medicinal herbs, minerals etc.
within its area. They also protect land, watersheds and other natural resources. They
help to continue and maintain a balance in the ecosystem. In brief, they protect the
whole topography and natural resources for present and future generations.

b. Protection of Wild Animals and Birds

The protection of natural resources obviously helps to protect the animals and birds.
National parks and wildlife reserves protect the life of different wild species. They help
to increase the number of animals and birds in the forest. They protect the endangered
wild species. Reserves and parks play a vital role in the conservation and protection of
wild animals and birds.

c. Source of Income

National parks and wildlife reserves are the attractive places for tourists. The nature
lovers from different parts of the world come to visit parks and reserves. The tourists
have to pay a certain amount of money as entry fee. Therefore, national parks and
reserves can be used as a means to earn foreign currency. It certainly increases
the income of the country. Such income can be used in the various sectors of the
development.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 259

d. Entertainment

National parks and wildlife reserves can be the best place for the people to spend their
holidays. People can visit the parks and reserves for relaxation and entertainment. They
can enjoy in such parks and reserves. The parks and reserves can provide a healthier
environment than other places. This also helps the government to increase its income.

e. Conservation of Cultural Heritage

Various temples, stupas and religious places are located in the national parks and
wildlife reserves. Such type of cultural heritage is a major tourist attraction. They
have great importance for tourists and local people. For example, the heritage attracts
the local people and foreigners. It also attracts the devotees of the related religions.
Therefore, such religious places should be protected for tourists and religious devotees.

f. Employment

National parks and wildlife reserves provides the people with different employment
opportunities. The local people can be employed in the business activity connected
with providing accommodation, service and entertainment for tourists who visit the
parks and reserves for pleasure and entertainment. Hotels, restaurants and guest houses
can be established around the parks and reserves. They help to raise the economic
condition of the local people. It obviously increases their living standard.

g. Scientific Study and Research

The animals, birds, natural resources and religious places within the national parks and
wildlife reserves have their own types of specialties and importance. It is the centre of
scientific study and research. Scientists and researchers come to study and research the
habits, habitats, lifecycle and existence of different wild species. They discover new
things about wildlife and vegetation. It helps to conserve the environment.

Lastly, we can say that the national parks and wildlife reserves have immense value
and importance for the present and future generations.

Importance and Necessity of Water Sources, watersheds and wet lands

a. Water Sources

No living thing can survive without water. Water is used for different purposes like
drinking, washing, irrigation, generation of electricity, mobilization of industries and
trades, etc.

Nepal is a land locked country. It has not direct access to the oceans. But it is rich in
water sources. It is the country full of rivers and rivulets. There are more than six-
thousand rives and rivulets in Nepal. The major sources of water in Nepal are glaciers,

260 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

rivers, ponds, lakes, springs, etc. The proper use of water sources makes the life easy
and helps to improve the living standard of the people.

River Lake Pond

Importance and necessity of water sources
1. The rivers and rivulets are the sources of drinking water for us.

2. They are used for running the industries and for water transportation.

3. They are used for generating hydro-electricity. By hydro-electricity, different
works including industry can be run.

4. They are used for irrigating the field.

5. They are used for taking baths, to do the washing and for other recreational
purposes.

Thus, the proper use of water makes our life easier and more comfortable. Nowadays,
the water ways have made us easy to move to the remote areas of the country and out
of country.

b. Watersheds

The watershed is an area where there is a run off Watershed
water towards a major rivers, streams or lakes. In
the watershed, all running water of stream flows in
different directions. It is called river system. There are
different watersheds in Nepal like Trisuli watershed,
Kulekhani watershed, Shivapuri watershed,
Marshyangdi watershed and Arun watershed.

Importance and necessity of watersheds

1. The proper management of watersheds helps to check the natural calamities like
floods, landslides, soil erosion, etc.

2. It maintains the environmental balance.

3. The proper management of watersheds conserves alluvial soil. It increases the
fertility of soil. Such land can be used for more production.

4. The conservation and promotion of watersheds protects water sources. It controls
the land structure.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 261

5. The proper management of watersheds keeps land wet, which protects natural
resources.

6. The management of watersheds helps to raise the living standard of people
through their economic development.

The methods of conservation of watersheds

The following methods can be adopted to manage watersheds:
1. Afforestation
2. Grass plantation
3. Construction of check dams
4. Development of footpath
5. Plantation of fruit trees
6. Public awareness programmes on the importance and conservation of watersheds.

c. Wetlands

The swamps or the land consisting of marshes are called

wetlands. These lands are always submerged under

water. So, a wetland is an area of land that is saturated

with water. Nepal is rich in wetland area. The natural

wetlands in Nepal are snow fed lakes, pools, swamps,

rivers, streams, flood prone area, damp area etc.

Similarly few man made wetlands like water reservoir Wetlands
area, ponds, barrage, canals for irrigation are also

exist in Nepal. According to IUCN survey, there are 163 in Terai, 164 in hilly and 78

Himalayan wetland areas have been recorded in Nepal. A wetland is the best a habitat

for birds and a very important part of ecosystem.

Importance of wetlands
The following are few importances of wetlands.
1) Wetlands are very good habitat for birds.
2) Its helps in agriculture.
3) It is the habitat of many aquatic animals.
4) It can be used as source of water for human beings.
5) It can be used for fisheries also.
6) It is helpful for the promotion of tourism.
7) These are very important to maintain the ecological balance

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Conservation of wetlands

Nowadays, the wetlands are being destroyed by human beings for various purposes.
The wetlands are being changed into agricultural land, dumping sites and even human
settlement places also. It causes ecological imbalance and some other effects too. The
following methods can be adopted for the conservation of wetlands.

1) The over use of water from such areas must be controlled

2) The sewage and garbages must not be thrown in such areas.

3) The conservation campaign should be organized effectively.

4) Afforestation around wetland areas.

5) The responsibility of utilizing and conserving must be given to the local community

6) Public awareness programme on the importance and conservation of wetlands
must be organised in local level.

Tri-Polar Relationship of Food-Cycle

The environment is made up of various kinds of living and non-living components.
The living and non-living components are closely related with one another. Organisms
play an important role in balancing the environment. The living components have
close relationship among them. We can divide the organism into three groups:

(i) Producers

(ii) Consumers, and

(iii) Decomposesr

Sun Lion
Gazelle
Grassland Insect
Zebra Vulture
Food cycle

Frog

Eagle Snake Grasses
Interrelationship in food cycle

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 263

(i) Producers

The producers are the organisms that prepare their food themselves. They acquire their
energy themselves therefore, are called autotrophs. Vegetation comes under this group.
Other organisms get food from vegetation.

(ii) Consumers

Organisms consuming food prepared by the producers are called consumers. Man,
animals are the example. Consumers are also of three kinds.

a. Primary Consumers: Animals depending upon plants are called herbivores. They
are primary consumers for example, goat, horse, buffalo, etc.

b. Secondary Consumers: Animals depending upon the flesh of herbivores, are
called carnivores. They are secondary consumers. For example, tiger, crane,
spider, etc.

c. Omnivores: Animals eating both plants and flesh are called omnivores. For
example, man.

(iii) Decomposers

Decomposers are organisms that divide the cells of producers and consumers after they
die. They produce a kind of liquid for the decay of these things. Bacteria, mushroom,
virus and fungi come under this group. Some of them depend on living creatures and
some on dead and rotten things.

Role of Human for Environmental Balance
Man is an integral part of environment. There is intimate relationship between man
and environment. Man uses natural resources and conduct various activities in the
environment for his survival and development. When natural resources are over
exploited, environment gets imbalanced. The process of natural balance is disturbed.
As a result, environmental degradation takes place. Natural disasters occur due to
unmanaged urbanization and industrialization, pollution will increase which has
adverse effect on human health as well as environment. Hence, it is necessary to
maintain environmental balance so that all the living beings including man can live
easily in favorable environment.

Man plays an important role to maintain environmental balance. To keep the
environment clean, green and healthy, man must not use the natural resources randomly.
He must conduct eco-friendly activities. While conducting development works, natural
environment must not be destroyed. Conservation activities must be integrated with
the development work. Man can play following roles for environmental balance.

a) Control of Rapid Population Growth

Rapid population growth is the main cause of environmental degradation. To fulfill the
increasing demand of food, shelter, clothing and other facilities, human beings over

264 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

use the environmental resources which leads to environmental imbalance. Therefore,
it is necessary to check the unnecessary growth of population by adopting various
measures.

b) Conservational use of Natural Resources

Land, air, water, forests are important natural resources available in the environment.
Without using these resources we cannot survive. However, when we overuse these
resources without conserving them, it disturbs the natural ecosystem. So, we should
use the resources wisely and conduct various conservation activities to maintain their
originality.

c) Afforestation Program

Forests plays important role to maintain environmental balance. It absorbs carbon
dioxide and release oxygen. It provides food and shelter to numerous animals. It helps
to check landslides and soil erosion. It helps to control global warming, climate change,
desertification etc. Therefore, trees should be planted in barren lands, slope hills etc. to
maintain environmental balance.

d) Use of Alternative Sources of Fuel

Mineral oil, coal, petroleum etc. are in limited quantity in the earth. Overuse of these
fuels leads to energy crisis in future. Also, these fuels pollute the environment. So,
we should reduce their use and seek for alternative source such as solar energy, wind
power, biogas, etc.

e) Environmental Sanitation

Environment should be neat and clean. Polluted environment harms the life of both
aquatic and terrestrial creatures. It has an adverse effect on human health as well. So,
we should keep surroundings clean. We should manage the garbage and sewage to
protect the health of all living beings.

f) Public Awareness

Public awareness creates consciousness and self-responsibility among people. It helps
to make people realize their role for environmental balance. It also helps to increase the
participation of people for environmental conservation. So, public awareness should
be raised among mass by conducting various formal and informal programs.

Main Points to Remember

1. Natural resources are free gift of nature. Human contribution is needed for its
preservation.
2. Perpetual resources, renewable resources and non-renewable resources are three
types of natural resources.
3. The natural resources which never finish even after regular uses are known as
perpetual natural resources.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 265

4. The natural resources that cannot be produced again after use and are formed
after long process are called non-renewable resources.

5. The natural resources that can be produced again or renewed are known as
renewable natural resources.

6. A separate area for preservation and management of natural heritage (both plants
and animals) is called National Park. There are nine national parks.

7. Wildlife Reserves preserve the rare birds and animals and their habitat.

8. The endangered species of birds, animals and vegetation are preserved in
conservation areas.

9. Water is one of natural resources. An area where there is run off water towards a
major rivers, streams or lakes is watershed.

10. Producer, consumers and decomposer are component of an ecosystem.

11. Various aspects are responsible for environmental balance.

PRO J ECTWORK

Visit a national park and write a report about the things you observed. Give
suggestion to the authority that they should do to conserve the wildlife more
effectively than they have done at present.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. Forests, wild animals and birds are important ........................ resources.

b. There are ........................ national parks in Nepal.

c. Rara National Park has extended in ........................ sq.km.

d. Water is important in every aspect of ........................ development.

e. Bacteria and micro-organisms are called .........................

2. Match the followings.

Forests Tse Foksundo

Wild life reserves 1710 sq.km.

Bacteria 29%

Largest National Park Koshi Tappu

Forest area in Nepal Decomposers

3. Write short notes on

a. Perpetual resources b. National Parks c. Consumers

d. Watersheds e. Decomposers

266 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

4. Write 'True' or 'False' for the following statements.
a. The forest is storehouse of oxygen.
b. Afforestation is major cause to decrease forest areas.
c. Green plants are called producers.
d. There are 5 national parks in Nepal.
e. Water is a renewable natural resource.

5. Answer the following questions.
a. What are natural resources? Classify them.
b. What do you mean national parks?
c. Name 9 National parks.
d. Why is conservation of birds and animals is essential?
e. What do you understand by Watersheds?
f. Write the importance of wildlife reserves.
g. Write the importance of forest.
h. What are the methods of protection of watersheds?
i. What is meant by environmental balance? Write its importance.
j. Define ecosystem? Write components of ecosystem.
k. What are primary consumers? Define Secondary consumers.
l. Write in short about role of human being in environmental balance.
m. What are wildlife reserves? Name them.
n. What are conservation areas? Name them.

6. Prepare a list of National Parks, wildlife reserves and Conservation areas of
Nepal and write down areas (sq.km) and districts of these all.

Glossary

Reverence : deep respect
Renovate : make new again
Costume : style of dress
Indigenous : native to a country
Contemporary : belonging with particular time
Heritage : property or unique things built by ancestors
Inscriptions : something that is written as a lasting record (on metals, stone,
etc.)
Conserve : protect, take care
IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 267

Chapter Environmental Degredation
and Conservation
22

Learning Outcomes

On the completion of this unit, students will be able to: Estimated Period-14+3

• describe the causes of deforestation.

• describe natural disasters (volcano and earthquake) and their preventive

measures.

• describe environmental degradation and its effects.

• introduce Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in environmental sanitation.

• describe various agencies involved for environment conservation in national

level.

Introduction

Natural resources are overused due to population growth. Excessive pressure on natural
resources causes environmental degradation. So, the problem of floods, landslide and
soil erosion occurs. Deforestation and depletion of habitat of wild birds and animals are
taking place. Over use of natural resources has created imbalance in the environment.
It disturbs the life of man, birds, animals and overall eco-system.

The reduction in quality and quantity of any component of the environment is generally
called environment degradation.

Environment degradation can be defined as any alteration in the composition or state
of the environment which directly or indirectly causes harm to us.

Environment at Degradation Scan for practical experiment

Change in quantity Change in quantity visit: csp.codes/c07e25
of environment of environment
resources resources

Concept of Environment Degradation

Natural Resources
It is said: Hariyo ban Nepal ko dhan, which means ‘Green Forest is the Wealth of Nepal’.
But the forest of the country is gradually decreasing. Now it is only about 44 percent

268 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

of the total land area of about 1,47,181 sq.km. of
Nepal, nearly 64,759 sq.km. comes under forest
area. Nepal is a country of geographical diversity.
The geographical diversity of the country presents
various types of climate, from cool temperature
to alpine. Climatic variation has further produced
different types of vegetation. The valuable Sal
forest is spread from Eastern Terai to Western
Terai as well as in lower hilly belt and valley.
Chilaune and Katus are found in mid-hill belt and the coniferous forest is found in
upper hills. Due to such forests, grown bushes spread soon; the villagers clear it for
firewood, grass, fodder and timber. The villages of near hills use these areas as the
community forest. They are more dependent on such forests.

The land and forest area of our country have been classified into National Parks,
Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Areas since 2029 B.S. in Nepal. It has helped a lot
in the conservation of forests, wild birds and animals, natural places, natural resources,
etc. It has conserved the other natural resources such as the high snowy peaks, various
pleasant lakes and other religious sites. It has also helped in the conservation of natural
environment.

All the things present in nature which are utilized by the living organisms for their
survival are together called natural resources.

The Changing Structure of Natural Resources

The resources which are given by nature, without any effort and economic investment
for human beings, are called natural resources. Air, water, minerals, forests, wildlife,
various living beings, vegetation are our major natural resources. They are interrelated
with each other for their origin and development. Dense forests create healthy and
suitable environment for the proper survival and growth of wildlife and wild vegetation.
They conserve water sources and land, and keep the atmosphere pure and clean. Forest
greenery, uninterrupted and proper breeding of vegetation and wild life in green forests,
fresh and pure water, unpolluted and hygienic air, fertile and unpolluted soil, etc. are
the original quality and status of natural resources.

Rapid population growth has taken place after 1961A.D. in Nepal. Production should be
increased to meet the basic needs of increasing population. More natural resources are
to be exploited to provide the increasing needs and services such as health, education,
drinking water, housing, clothing, food stuff, transport and communication, etc. The
excessive exploitation of the forests, more use of fertilizers and pesticides, unplanned
extension of housing, urbanization and industrialization, disposal of garbage and
sewage in water sources, rivers and rivulets, and use of petrol, diesel, stone soil and

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 269

sand cause environmental degradation. These have changed the quality and structure
of our natural resources. Due to degradation of natural resources, its original quality
has changed. The wild animals, birds and vegetation have been disappearing. Some of
the living creatures are endangered.
Apart from human beings, there are various kinds of animals, plants and living beings
in the environment. They are interrelated with one another. Like human beings, all the
living beings have close relationship with the environment. All living organisms are
interdependent for their existence.
Sustainable livelihood is only possible in the sustainable utilization and management
of the environment. So, we should properly understand the interrelationship between
man and the environment. This can be described in the following ways:
Human and Natural Resources
The resources which are created by nature freely for human use are known as natural
resources. These are not man-made but in their own original forms. Man has never
spent money on their formation. The soil, air, water, energy, mineral deposit, fish,
wildlife, forest, natural scenery, etc. are major natural resources. Man is also an integral
part of the environment.
Natural resources are gifts of nature. Man and these natural resources have close
relationship. These natural gifts are equally important resources for an individual,
family, community and for a country as a whole.
Natural resources are our invaluable public and common property. Life only can exist
in nature. No life can exist without nature. All the natural resources are the things of
our daily consumption and utilization. So, we should use natural resources properly for
development works. Their conservation and promotion are also essential.

Consumption of natural resources has increased due to population growth. Over
exploitation of natural resources has disrupted the natural balance in some places.

270 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Destruction of Natural Resources

The concern of forest conservation and utilization has
been found since 1903 B.S. in Nepal. The Rana Prime
Minister Juddha Samser had set some rules and regulations
to protect forest in 1998 B.S. Accordingly, he prevented
stealing timber from forests, forced to plant trees along the
road sides and around one’s residential area, timber taken
from household use could not be sold and timber from
‘Sal’ and ‘Sissau’ could be taken once for ten years. Due to the effort of government
and public, the forest was protected. Later, in 2013 B.S. all forest was nationalized and
people started cutting down of forest as per 53.5 percent of the total area of Nepal was
covered with forest. At present only, 44 percent of the land is covered with forest.

Causes of Environmental Degradation

Natural resources are overused due to population growth. Excessive pressure on natural
resources causes environmental degradation. So, the problem of floods, landslides are
taking place. Over use of natural resources has created imbalance in the environment.
It disturbs the life of man, birds, animals and overall eco-system.

The reduction in quality and quantity of any component of the environment is generally
called environmental degradation.

Environmental degradation can be defined as any alteration in the composition or state
of the environment which directly or indirectly causes harm to us.

The results of environmental degradation are discussed below.

Deforestation

Forest is the key component of our environment.
Forest and the forest resources is the basis of our
life. We get firewood, grass, wood, fodder and herbs
from the forest. Forest is the major source of our
fuelwood. The growing population clears forest for
cultivation, firewood, timberwood and fodder. The
expanding residence and urbanization have caused
uncontrolled deforestation. The forest of Nepal has
decreased 1.7 percent per annum in the period of 1978-1994 which is 2.3% for the
hilly belt in the same period. In this way, forest has massively over expoited. As a
result, there is soil erosion, landslide, flood, depletion of water sources and the loss of
wild animals, birds, etc. The valuable birds and animals are disappearing. The scarcity
of firewood and fodder has already been noticed. It disturbs the natural environment
and the degradation starts in the environment. Deforestation can cause heavy rain,
scanty rain, drought, soil erosion, landslide and change in season. Hence, deforestation
should be controlled and the programme for afforestation should be launched.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 271

The depletion of more forest has been due to illegal cutting of trees. The migrants
from mountains and hills destroyed the forest to make new habitation. Thus, the
“CHARKOSE JHADI” and the forest of terai region are destroyed mercilessly. It is,
for this reason, there is only 11 percent forest in terai and 89 percent forest in the hills.

Different laws are implemented for the conservation of the forest. Various National
Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation areas are established. Tight security is
imposed for their conservation. However, it has been difficult to implement the laws
of national parks and wildlife conservation among the local people. Activities such as
the destruction of forest, poaching of valuable and rare wild animals and vegetation are
going on.

It has caused an adverse effect on the natural environment of the country. The valuable
water resources and watersheds are diminishing due to the depletion of forest. The
fertility of land is also declining due to the drying up of water source.

Major causes of forest depletion in Nepal are:
• Increasing population and their demand of new land for housing and cultivation.
Malaria eradication from southern terai and opening of forested terai for new
habitation.
• Haphazard depletion of forest by influential people who once has occupied most
of the forest areas of Nepal.
• Implementation problems of rules and regulations in the protected as well as
other areas.
• Finally, changing government policy.

Flood

Majority of the land is covered by hill areas. Land
is steep in hill. Rain-water transports the soil. Small
gully is made by rivulets. Soil becomes fragile and is
swept away by floods in rainy season. By depositing
soil, sand, stone in the bottom of river, stream, water-
level increases and covers the bank. Regular raining
for a longer period causes water-level beyond the capacity of stream to accumulate. It
causes flood. Similarly, melting of snow, and flow of glacier also cause flood.

There are a lot of effects of floods ,some of them are:
(i) It sweeps away the settlement, farm/crop, fertile soil near the river.
(ii) Many people become homeless, with great loss of people and property.
(iii) Various problems are created like loss of environmental aspects causing
environmental degradation.

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Landslide

Sometimes a mass of earth, rock, etc. slide down the
side of a mountain. It is known a landslide. Landslides
occur from two reasons in our country. One is natural
and the other is related with human beings. The land
in our country is fragile, major portion of it is washed
away by rain and causes landslides. Excessive rain also causes landslides. Destruction
of vegetation brings about landslides. All these are the natural processes of landslides.
Human activities related with landslides are destruction of forests, overgrazing and the
cultivation in slope and steep land.

Landslide has the following effects:
(i) Landslide deposits soil, sand, stone. It also blocks the flow of stream, river, ec.
Then the way of flow of water resource is diverted. If the quantity of water is
huge, it takes the form of flood which causes heavy loss of people and their
property.
(ii) It submerges the crops with stone, sand, etc. and agricultural yielding is
decreased.
(iii) It destroys forest also. It submerges new saplings of jungle with mud, stone-
grits, sands. Large trees also fall down.
(iv) It destroys residential area, cattle, sources of water, etc.
(v) It also deteriorates natural state. It affects land, water, trees, etc. As a result, not
only the topography is degraded but the natural beauty is also lost.
(vi) It affects the overall environment.

Soil Erosion

Transportation of fertile top soil by river, stream and rain-
water is called soil erosion. Topographically our country
has plenty of hill and steepy land. In such land, soil erosion
is highly possible. Similarly, heavy rain, heavy and rapid
flow of water, denuded surface, steepy land, etc. are also
responsible for excessive soil erosion.

Some of the causes of soil erosion are:
(i) steepy hill
(ii) cultivation in steepy land
(iii) random destruction of forest
(iv) uncontrolled and over cultivation
(v) lack of management of water and drainage.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 273

There are various effects of soil erosion:

1. Soil becomes fragile. The root of trees are scratched. It adversely affects their
growth.

2. It transports fertile soil. Fragility becomes more acute in raining days.

3. Water source is polluted due to the deposition of mud.

4. Soil erosion in fertile land causes loss of agricultural yielding.

Activity for Practice

Observe any flood/landslide/soil erosion occurred near your locality and prepare
a report on location, topography, cause, consequences, prevention measures of it.

Urbanization

Cities, markets and factories increase with the
increase in population. Human settlements
expand and small towns turn into big cities. When
population grows in the cities, forests and trees are
destroyed. The destruction of forests reduces the
amount of oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in
the air. The environment is polluted. The urban area
is full of garbage, rotten things and sewage. There
is bad smell in the atmosphere. The number of vehicles grows. The smoke and sound
coming out of the vehicles pollute the town. Thus urbanization causes environmental
degradation.

Industrialization

It is true that industries are necessary for
development, but industrial development degrades
the environment. Several kinds of environmental
problems are created. The pure air is polluted by
the thick smoke coming out of the chimneys of the
factories. The industries and factories established
in the unplanned and unscientific way, spoil the
environment. Smoke, dust, garbage and poisonous chemicals come out from them.
Unless they are well-disposed of, the environment around them is polluted.

274 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Pollution

When air, water and soil lose their national
properties, they become impure and polluted. They
become polluted owing to population pressure.
Similarly, environment is being disturbed. There
are four kinds of environmental pollutions, they
are:
(a) Air-pollution (b) Water-pollution
(c) Sound-pollution (d) Soil-pollution

Natural Disaster and Preventive Measures

Earthquake, landslide, flood, soil erosion storm etc. are most common natural
disasters. They damage properties, lives, inure people as well as affect the status of our
environment. They can occur at any place at any moment. It is one of the factors which
cause decrement in population.

Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure
people and damage property. The natural disaster can cause great loss of property, lives
and also affects other living things.

Earthquake

An earthquake is a violent shaking of the ground.
Sometimes it is so strong that the ground splits apart.

When parts of the earth, called plateau, move against
each other, giant shock waves move upwards towards
the surface causing the earthquake. It is also caused
due to the change in environmental condition and
volcanic eruption. It produces various damaging effects to the areas they act upon. It
damages house, land, forest, settlements area etc.

Earthquakes are also the cause of other natural calamities like floods, landslides,
tornados, volcanic eruption etc. Each and every people should be aware about the
causes, effects and the preventive measures of earthquakes, like making earthquake
proof houses, what should be done when earthquakes occur etc.

The magnitude of earthquake is measured by an instrument called seismograph. The
unit of the earthquake is Richter. Richter scale varies in between the range of 0 to 9.
The earthquake having magnitude of more than 7 Richter scale is considered to be very
dangerous. The most destructive earthquake recorded till now is 9.5 Richter.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 275

Causes of Earthquakes

There may be three causes of earthquake.
a. When the volcano erupts, molten rocks come on the surface of the earth with a
great force. Due to this force, earthquake occurs.
b. Sometimes it is caused due the movement of mega plates under the crust of the
earth.

c. Sometimes different types of explosions and nuclear testing also cause earthquakes.

Safety Precaution During Earthquakes
There are actions you can take, even while an earthquake is happening, that will reduce
your chances of being hurt.
a. If an earthquake strikes, you may be able to take cover under a heavy desk or
table. It can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you get under
a table and it moves, try to move with it.
b. Stay away from glass and hanging objects and bookcases, china cabinets or other
large furniture that could fall. Watch for falling objects, such as bricks from
fireplaces and chimneys, light fixtures, wall hangings, high shelves and cabinets
with doors that could swing open.
c. Grab something to shield your head and face from falling debris and broken
glass.
d. If the light go out, use a battery-operated flashlight. Don’t use candles, matches
or lighters during or after the earthquakes. If there is a gas leak, an explosion
could result.
e. If you are in the kitchen, quickly turn off the stove and take cover at the first sign
of shaking.
f. If you are outside the house, we should quickly move away from tall trees,
building, steep slopes, power lines etc.

Volcano

Volcano is an opening in the earth's crust from which
lava, ash and gases are ejected during an eruption.
Generaly volcano is the mountain which contains
magma, molten rocks and other materials.

The bursting out of lava, rocks, ash and
other materials from the mountains is called
volcanic eruption. It occurs due to earthquakes,
environmental change etc. It is one of the dangerous natural disasters which cause
a great damage of lives, properties, vegetation etc. Magma is molten rock within the

276 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Earth’s crust. When magma erupts through the Earth’s surface, it is called lava. Lava
can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving.

The opening in the earth’s surface through which the emission of lava takes place is
called the crater. There are thousands of volcanoes in the world. Some of them erupt
and some don’t. Some volcanoes are in sleeping and may erupt at any moment. They
are called dormant volcanoes.

Damages by Volcano
a. Many people get killed by volcanic eruption. It damages many cities.
b. It increases pollution of air, water and soil as well.
c. The hot lava burns down all living and non-living things on its way and converts
them into ashes.
d. The forests get destroyed and fertile lands become unsuitable for farming.
e. Volcano can cause deformation in land shapes. It can form conical hills and
mountains permanently.

Factors of Environmental Cleanliness

Environmental cleanliness and health of living beings are closely related. Clean
environment promotes the health whereas polluted environment degrades it. Dirty air,
dirty water and dirty land are potential sources of germs. They contribute for spreading
infectious diseases. Besides, they degrade the original quality of air, water, land and
make the environment ugly and unfit for living in.

Solid waste management is the major problem in the cities around the world. The
major cities of Nepal are facing this problem too. The main factor of environmental
cleanliness is proper disposal of garbage. Nowadays, overgrowth of population has
caused unmanaged urbanization and industrialization. Wastes from different sources
such as home, school, hospital, industries etc. have caused serious effect on public
health. Hence, to protect health and preserve life solid wastes should be properly
managed.

For the proper management of solid wastes, first of all organic and inorganic wastes
should be separated. All degradable matters such as dead animals, food, leaves,
vegetable, fruits, plants etc. are called organic wastes. All non-degradable matters such
as plastic, glass, steel, iron, etc. are called inorganic wastes.

After they are separated, organic wastes should be made compost manure and inorganic
wastes should be reused, recycled or properly dumped.

Besides, for proper management of solid wastes, we can adopt 3R principles - Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle. A brief description about these principles are given below.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 277

a) Reduce

Reduction means to create as minimum waste as possible. So, often, we create waste
unnecessarily due to our carelessness. For shopping we use polythene bags and plastic
bottles and increase wastes unnessarily. Later on, it is difficult to dispose them. It
would be better to carry the same bag each time than bring unnecessary polythene bags
from the shop and market. We should dispose the degradable wastes by composting
and non-degradable wastes by giving to waste collectors.

b) Reuse

Using the same item several times for various purposes is known as reuse. For example
we can reuse the bottle and containers after cleaning them. That is why it is better to
use these reusable items again rather than just to discard them in the environment to
pollute it. We can form the habit of collecting such things and sell to collectors for dual
benefit; keeping the environment clean and making money.

c) Recycle

Recycling is the process of collecting, processing and using the materials by changing
their form. For example, precious metals, broken glasses, newspapers and other sort of
paper, plastic bags, plastic shoes etc. can be recycled. By recycling these wastes, we
can use them again for other purposes. It helps to reduce pollution and land use needed
for dumping.

Involvement of National Agencies in Population Management and
Environmental Conservation

National agencies play a vital role to manage the population growth and to conserve the
natural environment. A large number of national agencies and NGOs are working on
it. They set the rules, give instruction and financial support to the people. Some of the
organizations that are actively involved in population management and environmental
conservation in Nepal are the Ministry of Population and Sports, Ministry of Health
and Environment, Scout, Red Cross, hospitals and health clinics, etc.

These agencies are helping to conduct the programme of population and
environmental education. The information regarding the environmental conservation
and promotion and how to manage population growth can be known from these
agencies. These agencies can render conduct different programmes in different
places. So, NGOs are necessary. They act role in population management and
environmental conservation in our country. Some agencies that play a significant role
in population management and environmental conservation are described below:

Ministry of Forests and Environment

The ministry of Forest and Environment has been established in Nepal to carry out
works in the field of population management. This Ministry formulates the policies and
conducts a variety of programmes to manage forests. It also co-ordinates the activities
of the various other agencies working in the field of forest management. Thus, this
ministry plays an important role in managing the population activities. Similarly to
co-ordinate in province level their is the ministry of Forest, Environment and Tourism
has been established in all provinces.

278 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Population Education Programme
The Population Education Programme helps in managing the growing population. It
also helps to bring the awareness among the people about the population issues. At the
same time, it inspires the people about the concept of small and happy family. Thus,
the population education is one of the important medium to manage the population. It
teaches people to conduct good lifestyle. It is the reason for conducting the population
education programme in Nepal. It educates the people to co-ordinate between the
population problem and available natural resources. The population education
programme has been implemented in two ways-the formal and the informal.
1. Formal Population Education Programme: Formal education programmes are
very important because they make the education formal and test the education output
by means of exam. There are various agencies involved in the implementation of the
formal population education programme. The agencies are as follows:
(i) Office of Population Education Project Coordinator under the Ministry of
Education.
(ii) Curriculum Development Centre under the Ministry of Education, Science &
Technology..
(iii) Population Education Unit under the District Education Offices
(iv) Curriculum Development Centre under the Tribhuwan University
(v) Faculty of Education
(vi) Central Department of Population Studies under T.U.
(vii) Curriculum Development Centre under National Examination Board.
(viii) Family Planning and Maternal Child Health Project under the Ministry of
Health and Population.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 279

2. Informal Population Education Programme: Informal education programmes

are not meant to acquire a certain academic degree. It provides informally the essential

subjects like marriage, birth spacing, sex and so on. As many people are uneducated in
our country, informal education also plays a vital role for the provision of population
education. The awareness about population issues is created among the adults, youths,
labours, newly married couples and women under such programme. The programme
of population education is conduct with the objective of making small and happy
family. Different ministries, department and institutions are involved in conducting
the population education programmes. The participating agencies are as follows:

(i) National Informal Education Centre under the Ministry of Education

(ii) Department of labour under the Ministry of Labour

(iii) Department of Co-operative under the Ministry of Agriculture

(iv) Department of Cottage and Small Scale Industries under the Ministry of Industry
and Commerce

(v) Local Development Training Academy under the Ministry of Local Development

(vi) Women’s Training Centre under the Ministry of Local Development

(vii) Nepal Army and Nepal Police

(viii) Ministry of Health and Population and Nepal Family Planning Association

(ix) Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation

(a) Department of Soil Conservation

(b) Department of Wildlife and National Parks

(c) Water Resource

What kind of programmes do Nepal Family Planning Association run for population
management in your locality? Prepare a list asking scholars in your tole/neighbourhood.

Nepal Scout

The Scout is a social organization. Scouts are
those persons who aim at learning and working
together through self-reliance and discipline for
public services engaging themselves in outdoor
activities. The word ‘Scout’ is significant. S stands
for service, C for courteous, O for obedient, U
for unity and T for trust. The members who are
involved in scout are courteous, obedient, united
and trustful. There are both boys and girls Scouts. Scouts is a national organization in
Nepal. It conducts Scout programmes in schools. The members of Scout are benevolent,
obedient, united and confident. It has the objective of preparing the service oriented
good citizens. Lord Baden Powell developed the noble idea of scout. He was a British

280 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

citizen. He had established the Scout organization in 1964 A.D. The noble activities of
Scout spread throughout the world within very short period of time.

The Scouting was started from 2009 B.S. in the month of Jestha in Nepal. The scouting
programme has been conducted in all the 75 districts of the country. Many schools of
the districts are the active members of Nepal Scout. Scout Education has been taken as
the Informal Education. The children and youths are incorporated in the training of their
physical, mental and intellectual capacity. They involve in community development
and social services.

Nepal Red Cross Society

The Red Cross Society is an international organization
for human welfare. The Red Cross Society helps people
at the time of disaster. So, there are Red Cross offices in
all the countries of the world. It is known as Nepal Red
Cross Society in our country. The Red Cross Society
was established in the year 1963 A.D. (1920 B.S.) at
Geneva, a beautiful town in Switzerland. The founder
of this organization was Henry Jean Dunant. He was a Swiss citizen. The Nepal Red
Cross Society was established in 19thBhadra 2020 B.S. and got its affiliation with the
International Red Cross Society.

The Red Cross Society conducts its activities under the seven principles. They
are: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and
universality. The principal objective of Nepal Red Cross Society are to provide relief
measures to the people, specially during the period of floods, epidemic diseases,
earthquake, famine, fire and other natural disasters. It distributes medicines, milk,
blankets and clothes to the affected people through the help of various voluntary
welfare agencies that they collect in the form of donation. Besides, the Nepal Red
Cross Society provides maternal and child welfare services, health education and
ambulance services. It has established Blood Bank Centres also.

Some of the major programmes are as follows:

(i) Life Protection and Health Security

(ii) Individual and Environmental Hygiene

(iii) First Aid/Primary Health Care

(iv) Prevention of Accidents

(v) Water Conservation

(vi) Environmental Conservation Campaign

(vii) Programme to Manage Population growth

(viii) Drive Against Drugs and Narcotic Substance Abuse

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 281

(ix) Blood Transfusion

(x) Family Planning Services

(xi) Drinking Water and Sanitation

(xii) Afforestation Programme

(xiii) Community Development

Hospitals and Clinics

Hospitals have been established in all districts of our country. Similarly, Regional
hospitals are established in each development regions. Doctors and nurses have been
arranged to clinics along with hospitals. The hospitals and clinics provide medical
services and health care facilities to the local people. The nursing homes, with well-
equipped facilities, are established in cities besides hospitals. The nursing homes are
arranged by private individuals. The oldest hospital in Nepal is the Bir Hospital of
Kathmandu valley.

The Teaching Hospital is another main hospital having all kinds of facilities in
Kathmandu valley. The other main hospitals with joint venture of the Government of
Nepal and the United Mission to Nepal are the Mission Hospitals of Banepa and Palpa.
There are 1103 organizations taking care of health in our country. Each organization
has the objective of building healthy citizens by providing medical services and
facilities to the people. The hospitals and clinics are conducting the programmes of
family planning to manage population growth. The environmental sanitation is being
continued through eye treatment camp, camp against epidemic diseases and emergency
services, camp for the villages from time to time. Besides, the health workers extend
health services and provide health education by visiting their houses. They also extend
suggestions and advices for personal and environmental sanitation.

Following are the suggestions and advices extended by hospitals and clinics:
(i) Emergency services
(ii) Basic health treatment
(iii) Medicine distribution service
(iv) Consultancy services for family planning
(v) Child and maternity welfare services
(vi) Mobile camp services

(vii) Services for the care against epidemic diseases.

Activity

Observe any one programme related with environmental conservation among
different programmes in your locality. Discuss in a group and prepare a short
report about that programme.

282 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Other Agencies Involved in Environmental Conservation and
Promotion

Different governmental and non-governmental agencies are established for
environmental conservation. These organizations are working in both local and
national level. Some organizations have their own programmes for environmental
conservation and promotion. Among them, some organizations have conducted
their programmes independently and some have conducted their programmes in
collaboration with other. The following organizations conduct various programmes
for environmental conservation.
(i) Women Development and Training Centre
(ii) Nepal Administrative Training Centre
(iii) Agricultural Training and Research Centre Under Agricultural Development
Bank
(iv) Central Agricultural Training Centre under Ministry of Agriculture
(v) Hotel Management and Tourism Training Centre
(vi) Ministry of Forest
(vii) Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
(viii) Nepal Trust for Nature Conservation
(ix) Nepal Forum for Environment Journalists
(x) Environment Conservation Camp
(xi) Nepal Heritage Conservation Association
Likewise, different non-governmental organizations are also established in village

and district levels for the environmental conservation and promotion.

Main Points to Remember

1. The resources which are created by nature freely for human use are known as

natural resources.

2. The process of cutting down trees to fulfill the demand of growing population for
qcultivation to build houses is called deforestation.

3. Natural resources are our invaluable public and common property.

4. Urbanization is increasing haphazardly due to population growth.

5. Environment degradation can be defined as alteration in the composition or state
of the environment which is directly or indirectly causes harm to us.

6. Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environment factor that
injure people and damage property.

7. An earthquake is a violent shaking of the ground.

8. A volcano is the mountain which contains magma, molten rocks and other
materials.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 283

9. Different governmental and non-governmental agencies are established for
environmental conservation. They are Scout,hospitals, clinics, red cross, formal
and informal education etc.

10. Waste minimization is the process and policy of reducing amount of waste
produced by a person or society.

11. Recycling is a process in which the waste or used materials are processed into
new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials which conserves
environment.

PRO J ECTWORK

Organise a cleaning campign in your school/community with a raly showing
different playcards so that public awareness on Environment sanitation can be
increased.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Green forest is the ...................... of Nepal.
b. Population ...................... is main cause of deforestation.
c. The hot molten material in the interior of earth is .......................
d. Earthquake is measured in ...................... scale
e. Recycle, reuse and ............. are three aspects of environmental cleanliness.

2. Write 'True' or 'False' for the following statements.
a. Volcano damages lives and properties.
b. Afforestation should be done to keep environmental balance.
c. We should cut down trees as far as possible.
d. Man is the cause of environmental degradation.
e. Industrial waste should not be recycled.

3. Match the following

Earthquake deforestation

Red cross magma

population growth cleanliness

volcano Natural disaster

recycle INGO

284 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

4. Write short notes on
a. Deforestation
b. Environmental conservation
c. Earthquake
d. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
e. Natural disaster

5. Answer the following questions.
a. Explain the statement, ‘Hariyo ban Nepalko dhan’.
b. What is environmental degradation?
c. What is deforestation?
d. What are causes of deforestation?
e. Urbanization is major cause of environmental degradation. Explain.What
are natural disasters?
f. What is an Earthquake? In which unit is it measured?
g. What is volcano? Define magma.
h. What is environmental cleanliness?
i. What is recycling? What is the concept of 3R?
j. Write the roles of scouts and Red cross society in environmental conservation.

Glossary

Conservation : protection

Inspire : create feeling

Humanity : human race

Evaluate : decide the value

Handicraft : work that needs skill with the hands

Advertise : publicize

Integrate : combine into one

Courteous : polite

Neutrality : being neutral

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 285

Promotion : advancement

Heritage : anything from past

threat : warning

Pose : create

Calamities : disasters

malnutrition : condition caused by not getting proper amount of food.

extinction : disappearance

barren : naked, unprofitable

endangered : put in danger

tombs : monuments where dead bodies are buried

conservation : protection

organisms : living beings

territory : land

refuse : waste material

migration : moving from one place to another to settle

fecundity : child bearing capacity

degradation : declining state

crack : break

exhausted : used up

alluvial soil : highly productive soil

gorge : narrow opening with a stream between two hills

diminish : decline

submerge : sink

augment : increase

migrants : those who migrate

haphazard : without plan or order

286 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

23Chapter Environment and
Sustainable Development

Learning Outcomes

On the completion of this unit, students will be able to: Estimated Periods: 10+2

• describe the concept of sustainable development.
• describe importance and application of nature friendly development.
• describe efforts on sustainable development in the context of Nepal.

Introduction
Development activities should not destroy the environmental aspects. In the name
of development the resources should not be over-exploited. The over-exploitation
harms the environment. It causes several adverse effects such as decrease in
the agriculture production, increase in temperature and dryness of land. These are
some of the adverse effects, which can be reduced or avoided with the application
of sustainable development principles.
Development activities should be designed with a view to conserving environment
and concept of sustainable development. The World Commission on Environment
and Development that is popular by the name of Brundtland commission in 1987
defined sustainable development as:
“Sustainable development is a process in which the exploitation of resources, the
direction of investment, and the orientation of technological development and
institutional change meet the needs of the present generation with compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs”
The main goal of the sustainable development is to keep a balance among the
various aspects of population, environment and development. The conduction of one
activity should not affect other environmental aspects.
By nature, people want to produce more yields from the agriculture land they
hold. They apply maximum chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
These chemicals deplete the land that may be converted into desert in long run.
Another problem is overgrazing that deteriorates pasture. These activities are not
friendly to the environment.
Non-renewable resources such as minerals, natural oil and gas are limited
resources. If such resources are extracted continuously the mines will be empty.
It will affect the quality of the environment. Thus, there is need of the reduction
of such resources. Such resources should be used repeatedly to get maximum
benefits. If possible they should be brought in re-use.
The over-exploitation of natural resources depletes the quality of the environment.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 287

There will be scarcity of food, healthy habitat, fresh drinking water and other
similar problems. In order to overcome these problems the principles of sustainable
development need to be applied.
Some of the ways are proper use of land, water and other natural resources
and reduction of the use of chemical fertilizers and other chemicals. Similarly, all the
users should reduce the use of such minerals. The materials made of them should be
used for many times.
The goal of the development should be for the meeting of the basic needs of the
people. But the natural resources should be deteriorated to fulfill the needs and
aspirations of people. The practice of wise-use of the natural resources should
be developed among the users. While using the natural resources its purpose should
be towards the economic development and their conservation. The economic
development improves living standard of people. To meet this purpose the principles
of sustainable development should be implemented.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is essential for the conservation of the environment.
Development activities are for meeting the needs and aspiration of people. But if
the environment is deteriorated the people will be affected. It will make the life
of the people more difficult to survive. In this context, the value of the sustainable
development is wider to make a sustainable life.
a. Proper Use of Resource
The sustainable development emphasizes a proper use of natural resources. The
proper use of minerals, drinking water, pesticides, chemical fertilizers helps to sustain
the fertility of land and to produce more in the long-term. They should not be wasted
while using. This will minimize the use of resources.
b. Accountability
People should be oriented on the need and principles of sustainable development.
It will change their attitude towards natural resources and environment. They
use fish, forest products, medicine plants and mine. But they should be responsible
for their conservation too. The environmental resources are common property.
It is our responsibility to take their care and to use them properly. The development of
this attitude contributes to conserve of natural, social and cultural aspects.
c. Development of Basic Aspects
The principles of sustainable development give priority to the basic needs.
Agriculture, health education, tourism and socio-economic should be developed to
fulfill the needs of people.
d. Public Participation
For the implementation of the principles of sustainable development public
participation is a basic ground. Public participation is helpful for the conservation of
the environment. It increases the participation of local people to protect their resources.

288 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

e. Limit of Development
The aspirations of people are beyond the limit. With this objective the peopleconduct
numerous development activities though they know that over-exploitation of
environmental resources is not friendly to the environment to meet their needs.
The maximum use of the limited resources, especially non-development activities
should not be launched beyond the capacity of the earth. Application of this concept
will encourage the people to use the resources properly and to conduct the development
activities in a sustainable way.
f. Long-term Vision
Development works should be launched to meet the long-term goals. The sustainable
development should develop a long-term vision of the development. For this
people should be well familiar with the basic principles of sustainable development.
They should be involved in their implementation that will assist in the conservation of
the environment.

Objectives of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a process that contributes to economic and social
development. It helps to conserve the environment. With respect to the above concern
we will discuss some of the main principles of the sustainable development as
follows:
a. Conservation of Ecosystem
The main focus of the sustainable development is to take care of the earth. It means the
main components of the earth such as lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere should
be protected. There are different types of ecosystems of the earth that are terrestrial
ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. These ecosystems should be preserved for taking
care of the earth.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 289

b. Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation of different types of living beings should be done for the sustainable
development. Living beings either big or small are the integral part of the nature. Their
depletion affects the balance of nature. Thus, conservation programmes at local, national
and international levels should be conducted through the people’s participation.

c. Control of Population Growth

Human beings use the resources available in the environment. Rapid population
growth affects the environment, increase the population demands more resources such
as shelter, food, health service, communication and other facilities. For meeting the
objectives of the sustainable development population growth should be controlled.
It means that there should be a balance between the population growth and available
resources in the country.

d. Development of Sustainable Society

The elements of the sustainable society are healthy habitat, balanced food, good health
service, employment and quality education. The development and availability of these
facilities assist in making a sustainable society. It helps to develop their positive attitude
towards the nature and living beings. It motivates the society for the conservation of
the environment.

e. Development of Human Resource

Human resource is the foundation for the sustainable development. Manpower should
be developed in the conservation of the earth. They should be trained in the application
of sustainable development principles. They should be able to implement the principles
of sustainable development and conduct development activities accordingly.

f. Conservation of Cultural Heritage

The cultural heritages are important assets of the country. These are our traditional
values, custom, heritage etc. The concept and practice of cultural heritages contribute
to the proper implementation of the principles of sustainable development. People
should change their attitude and behavior towards the nature and use of the natural
resources.

g. Increase of Public Participation

Increase of the public participation in the application of the sustainable principles is
an important factor. It will develop people’s positive attitude towards the sustainable
development. With an increase of public participation more people will be involved
and are committed to the sustainable development activities.

h. Limit of Carrying Capacity

People should understand the limits of the earth’s resources and process of their
regeneration. The human activities should not be beyond the capacity of the earth.
They should understand the over-use of the resources affects the natural function of the
earth. With a view to taking care of the earth people should conduct human activities.

290 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Efforts for Sustainable Development in the Context of Nepal

Sustainable development is durable and bearable development which aims for uplifting
the socio-economic status of present generation by the wise mobilization of existing
resources without deteriorating their quantity and quality. The earth has limited means
and resources to support the life of living beings including man. If these resources
are overexploited, environment gets imbalanced which ultimately affects our socio-
economic progress. Over exploitation of fossil fuels causes energy crisis in future.
Likewise, overuse of non-renewable resources like metallic and non-metallic minerals,
coal etc. hampers our development works because of scarcity of raw materials. When
renewable resources are excessively used, it disturbs the self-renewable process of the
nature. So, sustainable development is global concern today. It is our common duty to
conserve the natural resources and maintain their quality.

Various efforts have been made globally for sustainable development. In Nepal also,
efforts are ongoing for sustainable development which are presented below.

a) Control of Rapid Population Growth

Basic needs like food, shelter, clothing cannot be fulfilled when population growth is
rapid. Natural resources are overused which leads to degradation of the environment.
This directly affects the socio-economic progress of the country. Hence, various
programmes have been conducted to control population. Population education, family
planning programmes are being conducted.

b) Conservational Use of Natural Resources

For the sustainable development of the society and the nation, natural resources should
be used wisely. Non-renewable resources should be used as minimum as possible. The
use of renewable resource should also be reduced. Along with their use, conservational
programmes should be integrated. Government organizations and non-governmental
organizations are involved for conservation programmes.

c) Alternative Sources of Fuel

Overuse of fossil fuels causes depletion of fuel and leads to energy crisis. Therefore,
such fuels should not be over extracted. We should save it for future generation. To
fulfill the growing demand of fuel, alternative sources of energy should be discovered.
Solar energy, windpower, hydropower, bio-gas, etc. should be increasingly used.
Efforts are being made in Nepal to explore alternative energy.

d) Forest Conservation

Forest is the source of food, fodder, fuel etc. Over consumption of forest products
causes depletion of forest. It leads to imbalance in environment. Self renewal process
of the nature is also disturbed. Hence, attention has been paid for the conservation of
forests. Ministry of forest is conducting various programmes of forest conservation.
Forest Act 2049 has been enacted. The concept for forest conservation has been
included in school and college level curriculum.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 291

e) Soil Conservation

Overuse of cultivable land causes decline in agricultural yielding. To increase
agricultural production, chemical fertilizers and insecticides are overused which
degrades the fertility of soil in long run. Therefore, use of such chemicals should be
minimized and organic fertilizers should be increasingly used. In the hilly slopes,
terrace farming should be practiced. Ministry of soil conservation and Ministry of
Agriculture are conducting the programmes of soil conservation.

f) Legal Provision

Various acts, rules and regulations have been formulated to conserve the natural
resources. Forest Act 2049, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2029, Soil
and Water Conservation Act 2049, Environment Protection Act 2053 are the example
of legal management for environment conservation.

g) Public Awareness and Participation

Sustainable development cannot be practiced unless people are aware and without
participation of the people. Public should realize the needs and importance of sustainable
development Therefore, awareness raising programmes are being conducted by various
ways and public participation is enhanced while conducting development work and
conservation activities.

Implementation of Sustainable Development

The objectives of sustainable development should be integrated in the various fields of
development work. Short-term utilization of natural resources makes the existence of
living creatures including man difficult.

It also creates inequality in the economic and social aspects of the society. Development
and environment are inter-related to each other. Therefore, we should not forget to
protect environment while carrying development works. It is mentioned in the World
Development Report that “Development without adequate environmental conservation
is weak, without development the means for necessary investment will lack and the
environmental conservation will be unsuccessful.” By realizing this fact, sustainable
development is to be applied in the various fields.

Agriculture, infrastructure, industry, forest, transport,
tourism are the major development areas. The principle
of sustainable development is to applied while
developing these fields. Except these, bio-engineering,
eco-tourism, nuclear energy production are the fields to
apply sustainable development.

Eco-tourism is one of the important areas of application of sustainable development.
The World Tourism Organization declared 2002 A.D. the International Year of Eco-
tourism, highlighting the growing importance of sustainable development.

292 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

The following concepts should be integrated for conservation programmes.
1. Emphasis should be given for the social development.
2. Natural resources should be used rationally. Perpetual resources should be used
maximum whereas there should be the minimum use of non-renewable resources.
3. The programmes of conserving animals and plants should be adjusted in
accordance with development works.
4. Development works should be limited within the earth’s carrying capacity.
5. The construction and use of destructive objects, dangerous to human society and
environment should be made illegal and prohibited at global level.
Need and Importance of Nature Friendly Development Concept
Nature has its own rule. It has self-regulatory mechanism to maintain the harmonious
relation between biotic and biotic components of the environment. Until it is
untouched by human encroachment,there is natural balance. But when human
activities grow in nature, its natural system gets imbalanced. When natural resources
are exploited beyond limit and development activities are conducted without
considering earth’s carrying capacity, natural balance is lost. The activities of human
which protects our natural assets and reduces the impact of development on natural
resources is termed as natural friendly concept.
Nature friendly development is also known as green or low impact development.
Earth’s original structures are not destroyed in this type of development. Efforts are
made to maintain the natural condition of water sources, wetlands, land etc. For the
sustainable development, human activities should be nature-friendly. Nature should
be respected and its originality must not be changed, which helps to maintain the
environmental balance and conserve ecosystem and bio-diversity.
The importance of nature friendly development is given below.
1. Preserves natural areas and minimizes land disturbances.
2. Protects natural systems like wetlands, wildlife, vegetation etc.
3. Minimizes soil compaction.
4. Improves water quality and protects drinking water supply.
5. Protects and creates healthy habitat for fish and wildlife.
6. Conserves resources and reduces energy use.
7. Keeps the earth green and beautiful.

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 293

Main Points to Remember

1. The main goal of sustainable development is to keep a balance among various
aspects of population, environment and development.
2. Sustainable development is also called retaining development which plays vital
role for environmental balance and conservation.
3. The principle of sustainable development should be integrated in various field of
development work.
4. Eco-tourism is one of the important areas of applicable of sustainable
development.
5. Environmental friendliness and development play very important role for
sustainable development.
6. UNDP plays vital role for environmental friendliness programmes from centre
to local level.
7. Nepal government and other NGOs and INGOs including UNDP are actively
involved to generate effectiveness in environmental balance and conservation.

PRO J ECTWORK

Visit your village or town and observe any five development works in that
areas. Find out whether the principle of sustainable development is applied or not.
Make a report and submit your teacher.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Sustainable development is also called .............................
b. There is inter-relationship between population, environment and ..................
c. National resources are ............................ used to fulfill the need of growing
population.
d. ............................ plays an important role of environment conservation.
e. Public awareness plays important role for ............................ development.
2. Write 'True' or 'False' for the following statement.
a. Nature freiendly development is important for SD.
b. Nepal government is not responsible for environmental conservation.
c. Development activities destroy the environment.
d. Public participation is not needed for sustainable development.
e. Sustainable development contributes economic and social development.

294 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

3. Match the followings
UNDP education
environmental awareness
sustainable international organization
population friendliness
public development

4. Write short notes on

a. Sustainable development b. Nature friendly development

5. Answer the following questions.
a. What is sustainable development?
b. Write the principles of sustainable development.
c. What are the applications of sustainable development?
d. Write the importance of sustainable development.
e. What is nature friendly development?
f. Write the importance of nature friendly development.
g. Public awareness and environment education play important role in
environmental conservation, explain.
h. When was the concept of sustainable development initiated?
i. Sustainable development is responsible for economic and social development,
explain.

j. What is eco-tourism?

Glossary

Sustainable : permanent

Friendliness : kindliness

Generate : produce

Rationally : sensibly, wisely

Prohibit : forbid, ban

Investment : asset, deal

Attitude : approach, feelings

Implement : apply, employ

Encourage : give confidence, support

Pasture : meadow, ground

Over exploited : over use, misuse

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 295

A sample of work sheet for practical classes

AIM: TO CALCULATE POWER OF HUMAN BODY WHILE CLIMBING
THE STAIRS

Materials required:
Weighing machine, measuring tape, stop watch, etc.
Theory:
Power:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Weighing machine Measuring tape Stop watch boy climbing the stairs

Method:

1. First of all measure your weight and note it down.

2. With the help of a tape, measure the height of stairs.( Total height =height of 1
stair × total number of stairs)

3. Take turns to run this distance and carefully measure the time taken.

4. Now, use the formula to obtain the power.
Observation Table:

S.N. Name Weight Distance / Time (t) Power (W)
(N) height (m)

296 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

Result:
(Compare you power with your friend’s and write a suitable inference):
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Questions:
1. Convert the power of one of your friends from the observation table to kilowatts.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Convert the power of one of your friends from the observation table to Horse
Power (H.P.). Use the relation, 1 H.P. = 746 Watts.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What do you mean by the statement that ‘power of a bulb is 40 watts’?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 297

MODEL QUESTIONS

Class: 7

Full Marks: 75 Time: 2 hours 15 min

1. a. Define SI system. The volume of a vessel is 3300ml. Convert it in litres.
(1+1)

b. Write any two ways to reduce friction. Ranjana has an average velocity of
3.2m/s. How long does she take to cover a displacement of 256m? (1+2)

2. a. Classify the following into their types of simple machine; (0.5x4=2)

(i) Roller (ii) Axe (iii) Plank of wood (iv) Broom.

b. Camels can move faster even on sand easily but we can’t. Why? Write any

two differences between force and pressure. (1+2)

3. a. Write any two points of difference between conduction & convection.

b. Ram carries a load of 120kg upto 60 metres height. What work is done by
him? If he does this work in 2 minutes, also calculate his power. (1.5x2=3)

4. What is the speed of sound in air and water? Explain an activity of reflection

(materials,method, observation, result & diagram) (1+4=5)

5. a. What is shown in the diagram? Mention any two purposes for which it is

used. (1+1)

b. What is static electricity? Draw a well labeled diagram to show series
combination of cells. Also write any one advantage of such combination.
(1+1.5+0.5)

6. a. Write the molecular formula of followings:

(i) Water (ii) Methane (iii) washing soda (iv) Ammonia. (0.5x4=2)

b. What is element? Write any two differences between physical change and
chemical change. (1+2)

7. a. Write the method of separation of the following mixtures:

(i) Camphor & sand (ii) Butter from curd

(iii) Copper sulphate crystal from its solution (iv) Salt from sea water

(0.5x4=2)

b. How do you identify unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solution?

Describe. (1+1+1=3)

298 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7

8. a. What is an alloy? Why are metals suitable to make cooking utensils? (1+1)
b. What is NPK fertilizer? Why is the use of detergents not environment friendly?
Write any one use of phenol. (1+1.5+0.5=3)

9. a. Write any two differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm. (2)

b. What are saprophytes? Draw a well labeled diagram of life cycle of a frog.

(1+2)

10. a. Write any two functions of nucleus in cell. (2)

b. Draw a diagram of animal cell and label any four parts in it. (1+2=3)

11. a. Write chemical equation to show aerobic respiration (No need to balance) (2)

b. What is excretion? Write any two uses of liver in human body. (1+2)

12. a. Write any two differences between sedimentary rock and igneous rock. (2)

b. Define relative humidity. What are the main reasons that life can exist in earth?
(1+2)

13. a. What is wetland? Write any two importance of wetland. (1+1)

b. Define national park. Write the name of any four national parks in Nepal.
(1+2)

14. a. Write any two effects of earthquake. It is not good for farmersto kill snakes.
Give reason.(1+1)

b. Define environmental sanitation. Why human is one of the main causes of
environmental degradation? What does WWF stand for? (1+1.5+0.5)

15. a. What is sustainable development? Write any two efforts in Nepal being taken
for sustainable development. (1+1)

b. i. What is shown in the diagram?

ii. What are the effects of such
activity in the environment? Write
any two.

iii. What are the ways of minimizing
such effects in the environment?

(Any three) (0.5+1+1.5)

---O---

Blooming Science & Environment Book 7 299

List of Video Experiments QR Code

Url Chapters

csp.codes/c07e01 Measurement

csp.codes/c07e02 Measurement

csp.codes/c07e03 Measurement

csp.codes/c07e04 Force and Motion

csp.codes/c07e05 Force and Motion

300 Blooming Science & Environment Book 7