kupdf.net_avex-air-training-ppl-human-performance-amp-limitations

PREURE

Page 6-

and even incapacitate te individua. One f te st cn exapes is tat f te iddle
ear.

a) MIDDE EAR

Te idde ear cavity cunicates wit te utside atspere trug te Estachia
tbe t te trat. As altitude is gained te expanding air in te idde ear escapes
trug te Eustacian tue tus equaising te pressure n eiter side f te ear dru. On
descent te prcess is reversed ut it is ere tat pres fen ccur. Te wer r
inner tw tirds f te Eustacian tue is sf waed and tis akes it act ike a ne way
valve. If air is prevented fr entering te idde ear te unequal pressure can cause a
distin f te ear dru leading t pain and pssie injury Tis is knwn as otic
barotrama An active pening f te tue is terefre required t alw air t flw int te
iddle ear and tis can e acieved y swawing and aw veents Te
prle is exacerated y an upper respiratry tract wic ay cause te luen
f te tue t narrw. Assistance in pening te tue ay e accpised y a Vasava
r equalising aneuvre ie lwing air ut wit te ut csed and nse pinced
wever in se cases even tis fais t equalise pressure and artraua resuts wit
wat can ny e descried as excruciating pain wic can result in daage t te ear
dru. It is interesting t nte tat st prles in tis case ccur as te 9 f ark is
passed.

PREVENTION

Tis can e est e acieved y nt flying wen te pit as a ead cd r at east
aving a dctr ceck tat te Eustacian tue is functinal Te side efects f
decngestants and antiistaines ake tese unsuitae fr use y active pits

) TE PARANASA SINUSES

Tese are cavities in te nes tat fr te upper par f te face.

During ascent and descent te expanding and cntracting gas witin te sinuses is free t
cunicate wit te gas in te nasa cavity If wever te ucus erane ining te
cnnecting passages eces infaed and swlen as a result f ilness r infectin te
nra ventilatin f te sinus ay e prevented especially during descet causing severe
pain wic is fen accpanied y watering f te eyes. Tis is caled sinus artraua
Daage t te lining ay ccur wit susequent eeding int te cavity. Nasa
decngestants ay elp wit ventiatin f te sinus caviy.

EECTS O CANGING PRESSURE ON TE UNGS

arge vlues f gas in te aveli te reativey narrw passages wic cnect te alvei t
te exerna envirnent and te susceptiiiy f te lung tissue t daage cine t ake
te lungs a vunerae pa f te dy. wever te decpressin as t e extreely rapid
efre daage ccurs and prvided te individua reates ut during te decpressin is
quite rare

2 DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

Atug decpressin sickness is a rare ccurrence in pits nw it was nt ncn in te
days f ig atitude peratin witut pressurisatin It is painfu can e dangerus and even fata

At sea evel te dy is saturated wit ine gases 8% f wic is nitrgen Wen atitude is
increased se f tis nitrgen ces ut f sutin as ues. Te sypts f tis cnditin
ay vay depending n te site invlved ie te lungs dstrea rain/spina crd r ints In
te case f te aer ules fring in te jints cause an acing pain cny referred t as
te ends. Te st cnly affected ints in aviatin are te suder te ew te wrist
te knee and te ankle Any veent even ruing f te jint aggravates te pain wereas
descent wil usually resve te prle Oter indicatins include:

a) Te creeps wic is caused y nitrgen ues in te skin and is accpanied y
itcing

) Te ckes wic creates pain in te cest and a dy cug
c) Te staggers wic effects te neus syste and results in lss f uscular

crdinatin paia ss f visin r paraysis f a i
d) Clapse wic ay ccur even afer descent prgressing t uncnsciusess and deat.
actrs wic ay ead t decpressin sickness ay incude

Private Pilot icece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

PREURE

Page 63

(a) Alie Geealy a pressrse alie i excess of 5  f s eie ahogh i
ca occ a ess.

(b) Daio The loger he expose, he geaer he rs.
(c) Age Thee is a greae is i ole people.
() egh a people are moe sscepble
(e) Divg Thas o pressise aicraf, ecompessio scess s ae whils fyg

Howeve fyig shoy afer vg ca be faa Desceg 3 f  wae is eivale o a
icease of 1 amosphere of pessre. ih scba ivg compresse ar is se a hs foces
more ioge io he boy. O asce hs may come o of solo a res i ecompesso
scess he siaio is rasicaly wosee sho he ivial clmb io a arcraf a ga
sbsaal aie.

he oh Afca Civil Aviaio Regaios, 1 997, Pa 91 , rere a perio of  hos o elapse
before fyig followig scba ivig by flgh crew membes

Private Plot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

PRESSURE  QUESTOS
Page 6-

QUESTIONS
ANSWERS ON PAGE -)

 I orde o avoid deompessio siess:
a) pios may fly i upessuised aiaf immediaely aer suba divig provided he fligh remais
below    f,
b) pios may y i pessuised airraf immediaey afer suba divig
) pios should o y wihi  hours of suba divig
d) pios should o fy wihi  hous o suba divig.

. he valsalva maoueve is a poedue whih a be used o
a) eieve he ees o veigo,
b) equalise he pressue bewee he ie ea ad he ouer ea,
) preve spaia disorieaio,
d) equalise he pressue o eihe side o he ear drum

3. Boyles Law saes ha a a osa emperaure:
a) as he pressure o a gas redues he gas expads,
b) as he pessue of a gas ieases, he gas expads,
) pessure is exered by all he gases i a mixue,
d) gas expasio ours oy wih a derease i aliude

4 Dalos Law saes ha
a) as he pressue of a gas edues, he gas expads,
b) as he pressue of a gas ireases he gas expads,
) pressue is exeed by a he gases i a mixure,
d) gas expasio ous oly wih a derease i aiude.

5 Daos Law saes ha
a) as he pessure o a gas redues he gas expads
b) he pessue exered by a mixue o gases is equa o he sum of he pessures whih eah
woud sepaaey exe i i aoe oupied he spae iled by he mixure,
) as he pessue of a gas ieases he gas expads
d) a a osa empeaue, he voume o a give mass o gas is iversey propoioa o he
pessue o whih i is subjeed.

6 he beds" is a sympom o deompessio siess whih is haraerised by
a) a ahig pai i he jois,
b) a ihig ski
) pai i he hes,
d) diiuy i musuar oodiaio.

7 he "eeps" is a sympom of deompressio sikess whih is haaerised by
a) a ahig pai i he jois,
b) a ihig si,
) pai i he hes,
d) difiuly i musuar oodiaio

 he saggers" is a sympom o deompessio sikess whih is haraerised by
a) a ahig pai i he ois,
b) a ihig si,
) pai i he hes,
d) diffiuly i musua o-ordiaio.

Private Pilot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

PRESSURE • QUESTIOS
Page 6

9 The chkes is a sympm  decmpressi sickess which is characerised by:
a) a achig pai i he is
b) a ichig ski,
c) pai i he ches
d) dificuy i muscula cdiai

1  Blwig ai u wih he muh clsed ad he se piched:
a) is  recmmeded as a meas f equaisig pressue bewee he middle ad ier ear
because i may damage he ea drum
b) is a prcedue called ic Barrauma ad wil assis i equaisig pessue betwee he ie
ad midde ea,
c) is caled he valsalva maeuvre ad will assis i equalisig pessue bewee he ie
ad midde ea,
d) is called he vasava maeuvre ad wi assis i equaisig pessure bewee he uer
ad midde ea

1   Decmpressi sickess is caused by:
a) ige gas bubbles fmig i he bdies issues,
b) a excess f carb dixide i he bd seam,
c) vebeahig
d) a decrease i he paial pressure f xyge.

Private Pilot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

HAPTER 7 ACCLRATION AND VIBRATION 

Page 71

ACCELERATION AND VBRATION

A NTRODUTION
e pilot i aaile y ot of tee fator in varying egree an form trougout i fying areer
an apat from te nuiane efet tey ave a onierae if not eriou efe on i perormane

 AELERATON
Spee even vey ig pee a no eet on te uman oy erea aeeration or eeleration
(rate of ange of veoity) may proue vey onierale efet. Prinipaly, four ierent tiue are
afete namey te of upporing tiue te ony keleton te organ upene in oy avitie
an te oy fui. l are uet to pyial la an efet an vary from ompete olape of te
ariovauar ytem to a impe inreae in te fatiguing arateriti of figt Man i generay
il-equippe to ittan evere aeleration tree an a goo knoege of tee fore an teir
efet i neeay to unertan te eet tey proue.
1  PYSICL CONSIDERION
In aviation aeeration i uuay expree in multiple of te aeeration of gravity or G, or
981 m/e• u if e talk of  G, it i in fat  x 981 = 1 961 m/e
. MOION ND FORCE
NEWONS FIRS W
Unle ate upon y a fore a oy at ret il remain at ret an a oy in motion ill move at
a ontant pee in a traigt line.
NEWONS SECOND W
eleration i iretly proportiona to te fore applie if ma i ontant
NEWONS IRD W
o evey ation tere i an equal an oppoite reation.
For exampe en an airraf ueny aeerate foar it i te inetial fore (oppoite equa
fore) i fore te pilot ak into i eat In evey ae in i man i aelerate (exept
gravity), te enation of inreae eigt an te reitriution of te loo an iplaement of
organ, our in te iretion of te inerial fore.
3. WEIG
Weigt i te fore exee y te ma of an aeerating oy e impoae in aviation of
eigt i tat en a ma of one kiogram i ate upon y a fore i proue an
aeeration of 9.3 metre/eon tat i an aeeration of 3 G it eig 3 Kiogram.
 YPES OF CCELERION
(a) LINER CCELERION
Example: take-of an laning i.e ontant iretion it inreaing or ereang pee
() RDIL CCELERION
Exampe airraft manoeuvre u a fixe rate turn, tat i a ontant ange of iretion
it a ontant pee
() NGULR CCELERION
Example: pin; tat i ere tere i a ontinuou ange in iretion an pee.

Private Plot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

ACCELERATIO AD VIBRATIO

Pae 7
5. EFFECTS OF ACCEERATION ON THE ODY

(a) CARDO-VASCR
A disubance in he disibuion o bood voume and peusion esus. The immediae eec o
posiive acceeraion is heeore an accenuaion o he pressue adiens which nomal
exis (owin o ravi) in he ssem in an eec man. Thus, pessures above hear leve
decrease and pressures below hea leve icrease reaive o wha he nomal ae. This
hdauic eec on he bood esus in an accumuaion o bood in he ower pars o he
bod paicuarl in he abdomina eion leadin o reduced eun o he hea and aso
educed low o he bain.

(b) VISION
The visua ssem is he mos sensiive as bood pessue in he eina ae mus exceed 
mm Mercur beore blood wil low houh he einal vesses. Visua disubances produced
b posiive acceeraion ae caused b deceased blood low o he eina. Te various derees
o grey o ae due o proessive deceases in he low o bood o he reina. Te Visio
esus when he blood suppl o he peripher o he reina ais. Black o occus when he
bood pressure a ee level als beow  mm Mecur and bood ow in he reinal arer
(and hence bood low o he reina) ceases

(c) LIMS AND ORGANS
Posiive acceeraion is perceived as an incease in weih and i becomes more dificul o
move he limbs whils orans ma be dispaced om hei nomal posiions.

(d) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exposue o posiive acceeaion o up o  G causes lite respiaor problems.

6 NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
This is unpeasan and daneous. The eein o heaviness and inererence wih limb movemen
are simia o hose o posiive acceeraion. he speciic efecs occur primaril in he head and
neck. Exposue produces a sense o ulness and pessure in he head which ma ead o a
severe hobbin headache There is maked conesion o head and neck. Exposue o some
seconds poduces swein o he eeids and small haemohaes in he ski o he ace and
neck. The lowe eeids ma be moved upwads coverin he ees and causin a condiion known
as red o Conesion o he inin o he air passaes ma cause dificu in beahin and
nose- beeds ma occu. The conjunciva o he ees become suused and eddened and blurrin
o vision can occur. Exposue exceedin 4- G or lone han 6 seconds causes mena conusion
and unconsciousness. The incease in aeria pressure can cause a slowin or chane in hhm
o he hear ae. Exposue o neaive acceleraion poduces an upwad displacemen o he
diaphram and educes un voume and veniaion.

 VIRATION
Vibraion in an environmen can a bes be consideed a nuisance. Vibraion and acra ae snon
mous. I occus in various orms, ofen a reuencies o which he peson is unaware bu coud ad
versel aec bod uncions. The euenc o vibraion is measued in Hez (Hz). In aicra vibraion
is usua ceaed b he propusion ssem as well as he airame dnamics. The efecs o vibraion
on he human bod ae summarised in he ollowin abe
HERT EFFECT
 o 1 H Moion sicness
1   Seep inducin
3  4 Proressive aiue and discomor
5  8 Speech and espiaion become dificu
8  9 Vibraion is e as uterin
9  1 Difficul wih speech and vision
1    The eec esembles he esponse o execise  inceased effor in beahin, ches pains
and backache.

Privae Pilo Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

AC C LRATIO AD VIBRATIO - QUSTIOS

Page -

QUESTIONS
(ANWER ON PAGE    )

. Positive acceeao may podce vey cosdeable efects o te body
(a) oy if it eceeds 5 G,
(b) most otaby o e espiatoy system,  ecess of  G
(c) especally o te eyes, wee edced vsio may occ owig to a edctio i bood
pesse
(d) especiay o e lgs if  eceeds  G.

 A pogessve decease i te fow of bood to e eia of te eye as a es of positive g wil
ialy case
(a) gey o,
(b) ed o,
(c) back ot
(d) moo scess

3. e codiio "ed ot i te ma eye is likely o occ
(a) as a es of positive g maoeves,
(b) as a es of egaive g maoeves,
(c) as a eslt of epose to coios vibatio,
(d) if te fow of bood to e peipey of te eta edces.

4 aie i te fow of bood o e peipey of e ea of te eye as a es of postve g will ead
o:
(a) gey ot,
(b) ed ot
(c) dizzess,
(d) te vso.

5 Te tem "gey ot" is appled o
(a) e gadal oss of coscosess dg g g maoeves,
(b) te feelig of eavess i te lmbs dg posve g maoeves,
(c) te iiia codto wc ests fom a decease i blood fow o e eta of e eye,
(d) te pogessive fatige ad dscomfo associated wit cosa vibatio

6 e efec of sstaed egave g o te ma body s tat:
(a)  cases a dowwad dspacemet of e dapagm iceasig te volme of e gs,
(b) e owe eyeids may be moved pwads coveg te eyes casig a codo kow as ed
o,
(c) tee is a decease i te fow of bood to te eyes,
(d) ee is a cease i te fow of bood to te etia casg el vsio

 e efect of positive acceleao o te ma body is tat
(a) tee s a decease  e fow of blood to e ba,
(b) blood pesse beow ea leve deceases,
(c) ee is a cease i te flow of bood to te eta esltg  e vsio
(d) i cases a pwad dspaceme of te diapagm deceasig te vome of te lgs.

Private Pilot Licence © Avex Air Training 0/2004

Revision 2/200

HAPTER  FLYG AD HEALTH

Pag 8-1

FLYING AND HEALTH

A. STRESS
 DEINTION
Stss is th ogical st of an ovload of mea and/o physica pss and can b dvdd
into th physica o emoioa stss Physica stss can b casd by poongd physica
dscomfo sch as flyng an aopan thogh tbnc fo any ngth of tim With gad to
fying motiona stss is consdd to b th mo mpoant of th two and can b boady
catgoisd as th ace o chroic Stss indcng factos a fd to as sressors
2 CEGORIES O SRESS
Ace stss is considd to b ativy shor-erm and occs as a slt of immdiat dmands
pacd on th body sch as n th aviation contxt nxpctd wath conditions ncsstating an
npannd divsion to an atnat aipot o in oth wods som fom of flght dc ciss Onc
yo hav andd it sally disappas Chroic stss s mo sios, s ong asting and may b
boght abot by both positiv and ngativ vnts, sch as a bith maag, dath of a clos
find o family mmb divoc o concn ov mpoymnt scity o hath, o in oth wods
th podct of an nt lfsyl Whst both of ths stss condtons will mpact on yo fyng
pomanc, f thy a psnt simltanosly yo abilty to hand a sitation wil b aggavatd
3 SRESSORS
hs a gnay pacd in th catgos
(a Physical
This compss nvionmnta condtions sch as xms of both tmpat and hmdity
lac of oxygn, nois and vbation
(b Physoogcal
Ths inclds sp dpivation (fatg} hng whch may st in low bood sga th
dscomfot of a fl bladd o bowl a mild infction, fo xampl f, o pan, fo xamp
chonic bac ach
(c Emotiona
hs a say assocatd wth socal intacton pobms atd to th hom and wo
nvionmnt
. STIMUTION ND STRESS
It is a gnally accptd pincip that in od to act w nd a stimls and ths ofn tas th
fom of pss w tnd to act to dmands h dang s not so mch th dmand bt ath
how w cope with t O ablity to handl stss vais fom pson to pson, bt th a a
nmb of factos whch dtmn o spons
(a Hath
Is th pson w std, wl noishd n good physical condtion with a happy and lxd
psona lif
(b Psonaty
Is th pson otgong confidnt and abl to ma dcsions asily
(c Ppaaton
Has adqat p-fight ppaaton bn comptd
(d ntlignc and aptitd
Is th pson ght fo th job

Privae Po Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

FLYING A ND HEALTH

Page 8-
5. THE STAGES OF STRESS

The ha respose o sdde deads is aos isiive ad is ofe refeed o as he figh
o fligh respose The eaio oprises hee sages
a) The Alar Sage

The iediae reaio o a sresso is o eihe ofo i o flee fo i Silaio of he
piiay glad by he bai ases he eease of horoes whih i r igger he adeal
gads io eeasig adeaie io he bood sea The efe of adealie is o iease he
hearbea, he rae of beahig ad blood sgar levels A he sae ie i is oo o
expeiee ipoved visio, hearig ad sar segh - al of whih ay be eessay
eqiees for he solio o he alar
b) The Resisae Sage
The body ees a reovey ye ad sars o repai he daage eihe phsiologialy or by
adapig o he ew siaio learig o ope) o bease i os ases physia ad
eoioa sess is oly shor e No dob yo wil aeady have reogised hese fis wo
sages siply bease yo wi experiee he ay ies dig yor life The hid sage is
where higs a sa o go wog
) Exhasio
If he body is oialy sbjeed o a sesso i wil reai i he ala sage fo a prologed
peiod of ie Aviaio eaed exapes ide bad weahe experiees wio a ise
aig, oer ove he reliabiiy of he powe pa ad isfiie fe A prologed aa
odiio eas ha he body ay eveally be abe o keep p wih he deads plaed
o i ad exhasio resls  his odiio ool is os bease he id is abe o keep
a ore pespeive of aers ad i really exee ases he vii ay sipy give p
fhe aeps a a soio ad abado heseves o fae
Fo he pilo, he abiliy o eogise ad aage sess is via
6. AROUSAL
or abiiy o ope wih a paia ask depeds aiy o yo sae of aosa The poi was
ade ealie ha i orde o ea we eed a sis, fo exape a sdde figh o a rge
eed o respod Faos whih oibe o a low eve of aosa ilde boredo seep
depivaio faige) ad eve low body epeare Sypos of de-arosal sh as apahy
ad beig oo asal es i poor perforae Faors whih are assoiaed wih a high evel of
aosa ilde fear pai ad ak of ofidee This overarosa a esl of beig oo ese
a also ead o poor peoae Opi aosa ad heefoe yo abiliy o ope ies
soewhee bewee he wo wih a odiio of lower aosal beig ore sied fo oplex asks
whih by hei ae, eqire a al appoah A sae of highe aosal wold be sied fo
siple, ore eegei asks
7 ANXET
This is a odiio whih saly esls fo exessive wory Sypos vay fo a sese of
ease o appehesio ad eve fear The e res is poor peoae, dig whih he
folowig sigs ay be displayed
a) Physia
espiaio, beahig difilies evos wihes dy oh soah pais, headahe ad a
ieased hear ae

b) Behavioa
plsiveess ood hages fro beig igh-heaed o depressed sdde hages i
eoio laghig whe i is iappropriae beig ove ooperaive ipaiee warraed
age beig de, sokig, drikig ad eve eaig exessivey

) Faige
Beig extreey ied fro ak of seep ad/or ovewoked ad/o hroialy sressed

d) Mea
Poor oeaio ad jdgee iore hogh proess, forgeess

Private Plot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

FLYIN AND HEALTH

Pae 8-3

Ths condiion brouh abou by a chronc sress overoad is danerous for pos for al he
obvous reasons and shoud no be aen on board he aircraf f i s no possibe o address he
cause yourself see medca asssance Bt do ot fly

8 RECOGNISING AND MANAGING STRESS

The physical and behavioura sympoms of sress manifes hemselves n anxiey Once you have
reconsed hem i s mpoan o confirm wheher hey are actal sns or merey perceved
because of an unexpeced suaon Evaluaion of hese pressures may revea ha hey are no as
exreme as orinay houh and ha you can in fac hande hem confdeny In erms of sress
manaemen  is perhaps bes o dscuss he wo ypes of sress separaey

ACUTE STRESS

Ths s he easier of he wo o address The smpes souion o a feein of sress s o ae a shor
brea and reax From he pilo's poin of vew his s no always possibe whis flyn n whch case
slow deep breahn may help you o reax, ae soc and view hns from a dferen perspecve
Very smply, mae me I would be foolish, f no unnecessary, o commi o an approach in IMC if
you are no ready for i Say n he hod where aude and me are on your sde To hs end you
can aso prepare n advance o handle a sressfu suaon If he fh s on o erminae wih an
approach in IMC, pan ahead Sen he arcraf up, revewn he arrval and approach chas wel
in advance are procedures whch shoud be auh o you as par of your insrumen rain
preparaion no merely as ood armanshp aspecs bu aso so ha you wll no be shoced no
he approach, ryin o do everyhin a once and subjecin yourself o an unnecessary amoun of
sress Ben prepared in advance in hs manner wl aso hep you should an emerency also arise

CHRONIC STRESS

Ths is a far more serous suaon arisn from more on-erm ssues Treamen wi mos probably
be lon-erm and may incude a subsania chane n fesyle and possbly even employmen They
ey is no o nore he suaion un  becomes serious bu o approach i in a dedcaed and
serious manner n consulaon wih your marrae parner, famly members, a docor counseor,
employer or pries Tan abou he probem wih people who can ofer advce and suppor is he
frs sep A common approach o chronc sress is he oa body approach which aes ino
consderaon sx aspecs of wel-bein physoloca nuriional envronmenal, emoona spirua
and ifesyle vaues a of which are inerreaed n erms of boh crean sress (neaive) and
copn wih  (posive) For example a bad die or poor eain habs can ead o weh probems
and ac of enery which n urn can increase your sress eves Reduced enery resus in low
producvy eves a boh wor and home whch n urn increases he pressure o acheve cerain
ass (more sress) whs he nabiy o acheve hem can ead o a reducion n self-eseem whch
may uimaey lead o an mbaance n your fesyle I now becomes a vcous spral as he sress
increases he appeie declines and so he cycle connues Once a posiive approach o copin
wh sress has commenced a sow reversal process commences and one posiive efor wi have a
posve efec on ohers The bies problem s o summon he wil o mae he chane
Physioloca and nurona aspecs presen an deal sarn poin Exercse reaxaon and a ood
de (avodin acohol and drus) wl revalise he body ivin i he enery requred o sar o dea
wh he sress Envronmenal acion ncudes examnin he paces where you wor and ive and
he peope invoved n boh Vacaons and more ime of are mehods which are suiabe for
reievn sress As a as resor chanin jobs movn o anoher area or ermnain a reaionshp
may have o be considered Emoional acon basicay means adopin a more posive approach o
ife and insead of neaive aiudes, e compainin, become more pro-acive For many peope an
acve sprua nvovemen provdes he peace of mind necessary for sress manaemen and asy
sow down, do hins in moderaion, reax and ae ime for yourself

9 INCORRECT STRESS MANAGEMENT

Eo can be our bes enemy We are al subec o sress  s a necessary caalys for acon
The person who cams hey are ess afeced by hypoxa han anyone ese s probaby he same
person who beeves hey do no sufer from sress This same person may ry o avoid sress by
norin , or resorn o acohol drus or medcaion - whch may releve he sympoms bu
no he cause hey are unaccepable mehods of dealin wih sress These are referred o
as defece mechasms and may be joined by oher sbcoscos acions desined o remove
unwaned or panfu maers from our consciousness Generay hey incude

  A lac or awareness a condon where he bran subconsciousy refuses o reconise a sressor
 Aner, whch may incude bad lanuae and even voen behavour
3 Imainay scness as a means of avodin reaiy
. Daydreamn, where he mnd wanders of no a more comfoabe ream o avod realiy
5 Tryn o raonase or usify ncorrec acons, more ofen hese are excuses
6 Givin up, accepin whaever oucome presens sef

Prvate Plot Lcece © Avex Ar Trag 0/2004

Revso 2/200

FLYING AND HALTH

Page 8-
By teir very ature, tese will ot sove or educe stess moe poay tey will exaceate it.

 FATIGUE
1 DEFINITIN
Fatigue ca est e descied as a vey deep tiedess. t ca e caused y te same factors
wic lead to stess ad ca also e divided ito two ypes.
2 TYPES
a) Acute Fatigue
Tis coditio ca occur as a esult of itese ad udivided metal cocetatio o pysical
activity, ove a pooged peiod. Te cure is relatively staigt foward a restul ad
uiteupted atral sleep uiflueced y alcool or drugs
) Coic Fatigue
Tis coditio occurs over a loger peiod as a esult of lack of seep, excessive workoad
stress ad eve jet lag It caot e as easiy cured as acute fatigue, equirig a prooged
recovey period ad i some cases te remova of te root cause. Te laws regadig fligt ad
duy time ae egarded as a pevetative measure.
3. SYMPTMS
e of te worst features of fatigue is te iaility to recogise it proaly due to te symptoms.
Some of te more ovious sigs iclude
a) vious tiredess slow ad frequet yawig, doopig ead
) Decreases awaeess esultig i a ack of espose
c) Muc slower reactios
d) ritaility
e) Poo cocetratio paicularly oticeale i istumet fyig
f) Fogetfuess.
g) Beig uae to sleep
) Reduced sor-term memory fogeig clearaces
i) Makig moe mistakes.
) Loss of appetite ad icreased reliace o alcool ad drugs suc as cafeie.
k) Mood cages erratic eaviour ad aggessio.
 PREVENTIN AND TREATMENT
Te most ovious metod of prevetio is adequate rest ad sleep comied wit a prope
alace ewee work ad rest  oe of te uderlyig priciples of fligt ad duty time reguatios.
Howeve a pope, aaced diet ad exercise also play a importat ole You sould avoid
excessive cafeie, alcool ad cigaretes as a meas of eiter reaxatio or as a pick-meup.

C. SLEEP
1  INTRDUCTIN
Seep is te ody's metod of recargig ad e-vitalisig itself ad te amout ad quaity teeof
ultimatey detemies ow well we ca perorm ot metaly ad pysicay Te aveage peso
requies eigt ous of resfu seep o if you like a ratio of oe ou of seep is equired for two
ours of activity altoug it soud e oted as a fact tat wome equie more sleep ta me
2 STAGES F SLEEP
Studies of seepig sujects duig wic te eectica activity of te sujects rais was
moitoed y a eectoecepaogram EEG) ave sow tat sleep peiods are made up of wo
types of seep. e type is caled rapid eye movemet (RM) sleep or paradoxical seep ad te
ote o-RM or orthodox sleep
a) REM Sleep.
Tis commeces some 9 miutes afer falig aseep ad is caacterised y te sleepe's eyes
movig rapidly ack ad for eeat te cosed eyeids REM seep is cosely reated to
wakefuess, due to te ig fequecy electrical waves wic occu duig tis coditio were,

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Revisio 2/20o

FLYING AND HEALTH

Page 8-5
althugh the dy is elaxed, the ain actiity is simila t a pesn wh is awake REM sleep is
elieed t e the sleep peid which euenates the ain
) NnREMOrhdx Sleep
This cmpises fu distinct stages
Stage  is the tansitin etween waking and sleeping and is chaacteised y deceasing ain
wae actiity, slw lling eye mements and can last fm 1 t 1  minutes Stage  sleep
cntinues f appximately   minutes duing which ain wae actiity declines still fuhe
Stages 3 and  ae efeed t as slow wave sleep which is chaacteised y ery lw fequency
ain waes and is thught t e assciated with physical estatin
hese ypes f sleep ccu in cycles which hae een defined y electnically mniting ain
actiity, eye mement, muscle tensin and hea ate The sleep cycle is epeated up t 3 times
thughut a lng sleep peid, with the REM stage ecuing appximately nce eery 9 minutes
inceasing in length as the peid f sleep pgesses.
 SLEEP PATTERNS
Sleep patens and equiements ay fm indiidual t indiidual as well as accding t age. Olde
peple tend t equie less sleep, ut usually n a me egula asis Oeall the eight hu ule

applies  duing a twenty fu hu peid we equie eight hus f sleep, althugh it is a
that sme peple equie nly six, thes ten Night is usually the time duing which we sleep,
ut the dy can cnditin itself t sleeping egulaly at any time f day  night It is, f cuse,
nt always pssile t eceie the full quta f sleep, pehaps due t shif  wk duties In this
case the dy is ale t functin n less sleep, ut unless the deficit is made up permance will
educe Distued sleep patens, caused y whatee easn, esult in a deficiecy f REM sleep
symptmised y mental tiedness Hwee, duing the nex sleep peid the dy will change the
sleep cycle t incease the pin f REM sleep A full sleep peid f, say, eight hus will pide
what is called sleep credits f sixteen hus f actiity, afe which time the cedits ae nw ze,
yu will feel tied and yu enegy leels lw - the dy is telling yu t sleep If the sleep peid is
delayed yu will nw ente a sleep deficit esulting in a decease in alertness and pemance
This deficit can e cunteed y a lnge sleep peid than the nmal eight hus It is nt
pssile t sleep exa in de t uild up additinal sleep cedits f an exteded peid f
actiity, afe eight hus the dy will tend t wake up. Shte than nmal sleep peids esult in
less sleep cedits and althugh this may e cunteed t sme exent y a shrt nap, the ecey
ate f sleep cedits is slwe
. SLEEPING PROBLEMS
hee ae seeal sleep disdes which may afect the human dy, the mst cmmn eing
isomia,  the inaility t sleep hee ae difeent types f insmnia
a) Nerus nsmnia
he mst cmmn f all and paly ne t which we ae all suected at sme time  the.
Its cause is ased in the anticipatin f sme nea-futue eent, pehaps an exciting ne in the
case f childen,  in the case f aicew pehaps a ma flight test Sufees will expeience
disupted sleep f a few nights and ecey fm any tiedness is faily quick
) Situatinal  Acute Insmnia
This is the esult f a distuance in dy cicadian) hyhms, als efeed t as et lag, as a
esult f tael  een shif wk Again ecery is elatiely easy and achieed natually within
a few days
c) linical  hnic nsmnia
This is dificulty in sleeping in nmal cicumstances when the dy equies sleep The ictim
can e afected f weeks  een mnths and will mst paly equie medical atentin
Othe disdes assciated with sleep include
Naclepsy
A cnditin in which the sufee falls asleep at any time, een duing a situatin which equies
thei full atentin Natually this wuld peclude the sufee fm pusuing flying as a caee

Private Pilot Licece © Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

YING AN HAT

Page 86
Sleep Apnoea

his condition causes a temporay cessation in beathing esuting in the sfee waking up
freuently and being deprived of meaningful sleep
Somnambulism
Sleep walking
5 SLEEPING DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
he use of dugs, with egad to sleeping habits is confined to two aeas eithe to stay awake
delay the onset of sleep) o to go to seep advance the onset of seep)
he most common and easily obtainabe sleepdelaying dug is cafeine which is pesent in cofee
and to a lesse etent tea
Sleep inducing drugs come fom a goup known as benzodiazepines eamples of which incude
alium Mgadn Libium and Nomason As with all dugs, thee ae wo chaacteistics which ae
impoant to its use; the dug's haflife the time taken fo the drug level in the blood steam to fal
to half of its peak value) and its efect on peomance which is paiculay impoant in the case of
piots
Acoho being a centa nervous system depressant, gives the impession of gving one a deep
sleep when in fact it does not Both the REM sleep and mental euvenation will be etaded you
may awake earlier than nomal and wil most pobably not fee too fresh! As such it is not an idea
method to rea and induce sleep afe a flight
6 SLEEP MANAGEMEN
Clearly, sleep is a vita pat of our wellbeing and should be managed caefuly with the emphasis
on natual sleep athe than on dug-induced sleep his wil involve pope rosteing in both nomal
and long distance fight opeations Fom the personal point of view cetain methods of seep
hygiene should be adopted to ensue a good and meaningful sleep
a) Be elaed Avoid stenuous physical o menta, eercise alcoho cafeine and age meas
befoe going to bed
b) Environment A comforabe bed in a dak, uiet oom at a pleasant tempeatue with fresh ai
ae ideal
c) Maintain a egula sleep schedule

D. CIRCADAN RHHMS
  INRODUCION
Despite the ega euirements of flight and duty time, the commecial and opeationa factors of
aviation in todays wod are such that air crew ae subected to a disuption of their norma egime,
including sleep hyhms and patens, with a resultant detrimental efect on their peormance
 BOD RHHMS
he human body is eposed to univesa hhms amost fom bith Eamples iclude the eaths
otation of the sun  365 days, the moons cyce  8 days the tida cycle - 1  hous and most
significantly the eah's otation of  hours which is ou basis of timekeeping
he body has several built in bioogical cocks which conto specific physiological processes, ehibit
egula hyhmic fluctuations and ae not under voluntay contol hese rhyhms have cycles of
appoimatey  hours and are termed circadian rhythms from the Latin a
appoimatey/about) and dia day) Epeiments, duing which al time cues ae emoved have
poduced evidence that the human fee running cycle is in fact closer to 5 hous but because of
eerna factos incuding day and night socia activities, clock watching and even meal times the
body cyce has become tied to a tweny fou hou cyce hese factos which provide ou time cues
are efered to as eitgebers from the Geman e sight) and ee give) and include such
things as established wakeup times fo work alarm clock) toilet habits, set breafast and other
meal times bus tain and aeropane depaure times the time that we finish wok the continual
efeence to a watch o clock and even teevision pogamme times Al of these, pus many more
see to align the body with the  cyce stongly infuenced by the sun - daylight is time of
wakefuness, whist night and darkness are signs that it is time to seep

Private Piot Licence © Avex Air Training 0/2004

Revision 2/200

FLYING AND HEALTH

Page 87
3. RHYHMS AND PERFORMANE

Huma eormace  at t lowet bewee 3 ad 6 ad at it bet betwee 1  ad 
our T i a electio o te luece o te 3 mot imorat cicada ym, ie te
sleep/wake ytm, body temperature ad hormone secretion ym A idivdua abity to
erom i drectly eated to te ie ad all o tei cicada rytm O all te body' rytm,
te lee/wake rym  te eaet to cage wlt te body temeature ytm i vey dcult
to alte ad a uc  oe ued a a eerece agait wic ote cyce ca be comaed Te
body' temeatue a bee oud to ie teadiy dug dayime reacg a eak durg eay
eveg beoe alig durig te gt to it owet level at aroud 5. Temeatue ca be lked
to eormace ig temeature ecouage alee ad good eromae, wt a ow
temeatue  aocated wit dowe ad educed meta eromace It ow te tat te
lee/wake cyce i ao aociated wt te body temeatue cycle ice ow temerature
ecouage drowie ad tereore lee A te body temeatue beg to e it ecouage
te body to wake u It ould be oted tat altoug te lee/wake aer may be dtubed, te
temeratue aer ema te ame Fo exame, i you wake  te vey ealy our o te
mog o wok, te ow body temerature aocated wit t tme o day wil reult i educed
erormace Te performance cyce, aociated wit bot ee/wake ad body temeratue
cycle ca, oweve, be modiied  you ae we reted i good ealt, wel motvated ad acted
i uc ki a are to be erormed Ti a acua igicace to te igt  worke wo
a to erom wel at tme we te body temerature ad ee/wake cycle ae ot well uted
o t Ae a ew day o adatatio a ew ee/wake ymc cyce wi become etabled
atoug te eak eormace acieved may til ot be te ame a te day i worke due i
ar to dutio o te lee eriod a a eult o eal wod zeitgebe uc a daylgt ad
darke, orma amly actvite oy traic ad eigbour Druto o te ee/wake cyce
ad oter ccadia rytm i aculary gicat we crog tme zoe
 IRADIAN DYSRHYHMIA (JET AG
ircada ytm are o morace o ot we croig meida or tme zoe o log
lgt cadia deycroiatio alter te time o bet ad wot eromace dtub ee
ater tu aectg erormace eve moe, ad eve aect te omal rytm o te bowe
ad uriay ytem wic ca ue erve a a ource o lee duto Travelig weward
ad avg croed everal time zoe, you will ow d youe at a locatio were te oca tme
die giicaty om you ow ome tme Aect uc a te ig ad eg o te u ad
te beaviour o te ocal oulato ae o oca tme wc you body clock  ot ycoed
wit You may eel like lee, we everyoe ee  taig to go about teir daily buie Te
quetio a to wat to do about t ealy deed o te duatio o your tay Fo mot iot, tu
aoud time  airy or ad doe ot warat te eycroatio eo becaue mot cicada
rym wil oy e-ycroe at a ate o about  to 1  our e day Tu a time zoe cage
o, ay egt ou may equie u to egt day to e-ycroe te body cck Te act tat
dieret crcada rym eque dieet eiod o tme to cage ca exacerbate te tuato
a tee ytm ae ow deycroed wit oe aoter T eomeo  kow a
circadian dysrhythmia, ad may eult i oo ee ad metal eromace, eadace
gidde ad diuted eatig abit
Fligt om wet to eat ted to be moe detrmetal ta toe rom eat to wet due to te act
tat we tavelig eatward you are tavelig away om te u, makg a day aear oe
ta  ou Te evee i te cae we taveig wetward ice we ae ow travellg wit
te u makig a day aear to ave more ta  ou o  you like moe daygt
Te ue o dug uc a leeg tablet ad acoo to iduce lee i togly dcouaged a
tey are cetal ervou ytem deeat iduce abomal lee ad may rema  te body
o og erod o time A ar bete egme  to avod caee, dayme aig, exceive meta
timuatio, emotioa te ad teuou exece beoe etig A comoable bed  a warm
vetlated oom wit a warm mily drk ad a ltle lgt eadg i bed i oibly te bet awe

E PILOTS, DRUGS AND SELF MEDICATION
Dug are bacally dvded ito wo categoe te o-caled mid-alterig ard drug uc a cocaie
ad LSD ad toe ued o medcial uoe wc ae eiter recribed by a doto o ucaed
over-te-coute ad cude edatve, taquie dug o cold iectio ad oter almet
learly ad dug ad yig do ot mx ad oud ot be mixed - a cea ead i equied  te
cockt I te cae o ecbed dug, t i imorat tat te recrbig yca be made awae
tat e  deaig wt a ilot a te condition beg teated and te oibe ee ad side eect
o te dug may reclude te lot rom yg ayway
Pot wo self medicate, or examle cod ad u, ae coutg date Te codto requig te
medicato ad/o te medicato take o te coditio may diquay te ot om lyg Pact
caly a drug ave ide eect Tee de eect uualy ot crtcal o te average ma i te

Private Pilot Licence ©Avex Air Training 0/2004

Revision 2/200

FLYING AN HEALTH

Pag 88
stet cold e potetially hazados to the plot g th qimt to mak splt secod decsos,
pos to hypoa aomal acclato foces, viato as wll as codtios casig distac
to omal vsio o vestla fctios Eampls of som ove th cot dgs with sid fcts o
th evos ciclatoy vestla ad othe systems a

Paiklles decogestats ad atihistamis Ths ca cas dowsiss o phoia ad impai
viso, alace ad dgemt
Apptite sppessats May of ths cotai stimlats Th withdawal ca oe case sevee
depessio i a idvidal
Ppaatos sd to avoid asa ad vomtig Thse dgs a classfid as mao taqllises
have a sdativ fct ad ca cas lood pesse polems as well as tmos ad gla
haats
Atdiahoa ppaatos Most of these cotai atope o cod a moph divatv)
Oth so calld dgs som of whch may e pchasd ove th cot ca also cas polms
of th ow
  COFFEE

Caei, fod i cofee, s a stimlat ad cssv tak ca cas tmos ad somia
 ASPIRIN

Ths ca aggavate lces ad also polog ldig
3 ANTIHISTAMNES

These ca cas dowsss, which s aggavatd y the smltaeos take of alcohol
4 SYSTEMC DECONGESTANTS

These sally cotai atihistams ad thfo may have a smila efect
5. ALCOHOL

Besides havig addctve pottal it ca slow eflees ad dce a ephoic fct emovig
hiitios Choc log tm itake ca case ievesl liv damag, as wll as damag to the
ai, ha ad so o It is also a ditic ad ca lad to dhydatio Oga damage de to
ecssve alcohol itak ca occ efoe depedece devlops ad fo oth easos alcohol s
shold  cotolled The cetly acceptd saf om of alcohol itake s cosdeed to e 
its pe wek fo me ad  ts p wk fo wome, whee oe it cotaiig
appomatly 1  gm of alcohol) s the appoimat qvalt of 5 ml of  o a sgle
mas of spiits o wie Recogitio of alcohol dpdc o alcoholsm icldes the followg
symptoms sct dkg shakig loss of mmoy, a geate take eqied fo the fcts
ae otcal Teatmt iclds ecogito ad acceptac of th illss y th sf a
positive atitd, total astic ad pofssioal cosellig
6 TOBACCO
Toacco cotas th dpdce idcig dg cote, wthdawal symptoms fom whch may
com appaet wthi as shot a pod as  mts ad sally pset as iitaily
aggessio ad v hostlity Ncot s also a stimlat which acts o th ctal vos
systm ad dpsss, o masks the efects of fatg Hamoglo cotaid  th hma
ody's ed lood clls, has a geat afiity fo cao mooid, whch s cotaid i toacco
smoke ad ths adly asos t to th lood steam i pefeece to oyg whch advsly
afects th odys podcto of egy See Hypoa Cigaete smokig s cosidd a cas of
lg cac ad cadiovascla dseases Th mode td s to a smokg i passge
cayig acaf
As a pcato t s ecommeded that plots coslt thi Aviatio Mdcal Eames AMEs) as
to the possl sdfcts of th mdcato they wsh to take ad if tak th tim dlay fo
they a aga ft to fly, ecase wth oly a few cptios th s of all dgs s acceptale
wh flyig

Prvae Plo Lcence © Aex Ar Tranng 0/2004

Revion 2/200

FLYING AND HEALTH

Pge 89
MEDCAON IN COMMON USE
A wide ge  pescripti medicti is vile ver the cuter. Hwever just ecuse it is
t  scheduled (pescripti) drug des not ecessrily me it c sely e used y pilts Ay
peprtis r cughs cds u siusitis hy ever  llergic cditis which cti anthsta
mnes  codene shuld e vided ecuse  their pssile side efects. he wig re exm
ples  cmm d mes  prescipti d prescripti drugs vile which shuld t
e used y pits  ctive lyig duty

PAINKILLERS
Stilpe Stpye Pirite e Betcd D re Beser Betpy

DECONESANS
Actied Siut Cepc Deg Dist

COUH MEDICINES
Beyli Cepc Demzi Lictied Phesedy Vicks mu 

ANACIDS
Rurge Bismrex

ANISPASMODICS
Prthie Cc

ANIDIARRHOEALS
Lmti lmdium

NAUSEA
Stuge Avmie

EYEDROPS
Ari

CAUTION: ALL DRUS HAVE A LIMED LFE AND SHOULD NO BE USED AFTER HE EXPIRY
DAE
he lwig is  ist  sme  the medicti tht my e used y light cew

Prvate Plot cence © Ave Ar Tranng 0/2004

Revson 2/200

FYING AND HEALTH

Pae 8-10

TPE RESTRCTIONS/LMITATIONS
1  Atihypeteive
Mut umit a /1  U+ E
(a Thazide duret Oly water lue
( Beta lker ardieletve Beta ker
may e ued
2 Atut mediat
(a Allpuri Appiat uft if ymptmati,
r ui additial mediat
3 Malara prphyaxi
Applat uft if ay ide
effet ur (e auea,
malae

. Ora traeptve Aer a 3 mth tral perd, i
the aee f ay

5 Thyrid upplemetat

6 Sdum hrmlyate

7 Chetyramie Applat uft f ay de
efet ur

Fiue  Safe Medication fo Ai Cew

F TOXI MATERIALS
The ature f flht  uh that the pilt i eaily ujeted t al maer f txi hazard me f
whih at e eaily eradiated Py the mt mm  ar mxde p, whih 
preet i eie exhaut a ad iarete ad i lure ad durle Hael ha a far
reater afiity fr ar mxide tha it de fr xye ad w readily trapt ar mxide
 preferee t xye Th reut  xye tarati f the rai ad the atedat dereae 
metal fite whih a ultimately lead t death Leaki exhaut ytem, r exhaut heat
exhaer ued t prvde ai heat are ready aue f ar mxde p Symptm i
ude, headahe, auea, ethary, redued meta aiity ad ultimatey uiue Reief 
taed y remv the aue ad reath freh air r pure xye Mt maufaturer f pi
teied liht airraf remmed pei the freh ar vet whe u ai eat r wdheld
demiter f freh air i t avaiae yu huld ad immediatey Fud arred i the airraf uh
a aviati fuel  ad hydrauli ad de- fluid al emit vapur whh are th irrtat ad tx
ad termati f the fliht  the a luti Airraf iterir a wel a paeer ei
ta pati whih ve f hhly txi fume whe uri ad ihaat f thee fume i 
idered t e the mt mm aue f paeer death  airraf  the rud Carriae f tx
material  airraf  trty vered y Par 92 f the Civil Avati Reulati, 1997

G. INAPAITATON
Praly a a reut f frequet ad exeve medial examiati ad a ee  repiiity re
ardi pera health, sudden iapatat f plt i exremey umm We are, hwever, hu
ma ad therefre uet t the ame l a eveye ele ad the deree f apaitat that
may reult
1  CAUSES AND SMPTOMS
(i Card-vauar
Sudde apatat ad the unconsciousness whih may flw,  pray the reut f a
maive hea atak (ray thrmi, whih  uualy preeded y hest pains ad
numbness i the arm ad ed  uiue

Pivate Piot Licence © Avex Ai ainin 0/2004

Revision 2/200

FLING ND HLTH

Pag 81
(ii) Gatronriti

Th ha n idntifid a on of h mor ommon a of inapaatin amongt po.
Aompanid y vomiting, v omah pan or amp, fvr, diarhoa dhydraton and
vn vion and alan ditran, hi ondition an lad o total inapaaon
(ii) Epipy
Th  a ain diordr ding whih hr i a dirption of th rial ativy in th an.
Symptom vay dpndng on h vrity of h aa, whh may  dd a Major o
Mnor. A Majo ppt aa, mad y igidy onad m and ovlon folowd
y a lo of onion, may la fom 2 o 5 mint and  folowd  a dp lp. A
Mino plpti ata ally pn a a ap of awarn and a  han a mn,
folowing whih h frr ontin wih whavr hy w doing fo h aa wihot
raling anyhing ha happnd. Th ondion an o fom a vry arly ag,  an 
rogh on y ar ti n h rain a a r of a had injy Both odition pvn a
pron from hoding a pilot in
(v) Migain
Th mor vr mmr of a famiy of hadah Hadah a h do no involv h an
ti or h on of th ll whih a, in fat, innv o pain. Rathr i i aoad wh
th n and lood v arond h rain, a wl a an faa nv, th moh and
thoat, and m in th had and n. Nv n h aa hat om ithr ov
timad, damagd or inflamd nd pain ignal o h an and h vm xpin a
hadah. Th xat a of mgrain ata i not lar, t ontng fator ind
dd ood fow o h ran, low lood ga, high lood pr, fatig, r, aloho
and fring ight. Sympom ind vr pan on th on or oh d of th had,
naa and vomiting, o of appti, an inad niviy to ght and ond and may la
fom a fw hor o a fw day Som  xprin warnng ign pior o th aa,
nding wan, mntal onfion, ingling nation in arm and g, a val nation of
flahing lin and a an po n hir viion. Thi ondiion may prvn a pon from flyng
(v) Fant
Fainting  a ondion whih a a o of onion d o a rdtion in th ppy of
lood to th rain, ofn ad y poolng of h lood in th owr lim. Hahy popl an
f fom thi a a l of ho, lo of lood, la of food and an anorma por
oad a, f th a i nown, hold no infln mda fn o fly f h ympom
ar idnfid fo h faint or, h pron hod  noagd o  wth hi had
lowd twn th n f nonio, h pon hod  aid on h loor with th g
ad.
napaaon an  atgorid a ithr sdden o nsdos (gada)
2 CATEGORES
(a) Sddn napaitation
Unonion ogh on fairy apidly a a r of th a alrady mntiond.
n h a of ngl po opraion, and provding th pilot rogni h ympom qly
nogh, th mmda ation  to n th ara  a a af high and fyng in a ontant
dirion fo ngaging h atoplot
() ndio napaaion
A h nam impi hi  mor tl and an o lowly, o mh o ta th viim and
hi flow rw may no  awar of i. Hypoxa i a a xampl.
Pan or iln an  aoad wih th ondton in th form of gatrontri, oti
arorama, migran, in pain, id f of dg and food pooning. Whr h ymptom
ar ognid for fght hn tramn  ay do not fy n th ar th am ation a fo
ddn inapaaion hold  tan.

Prvate Plot cence © vex r Tranng 0/2004

Revson 2/20o

FLYING AN HEALTH

Page -

H GENERAL HEALTH
  OON INOR ALENT
Tis ildes ora day to day iess s as olds ileza ad gastoitestial psets Piots
wo are seig ro ay o tese ae eetivey pelded o yig or two easos te iless
as s will aet peroae ad te ediatio wete presried o ove-e-ote (OT
dgs wil ave side eets wi ilee yo aiiy to peor. Te ors gaied, te oey
eaed or te pereived prestige is ot wor iskig yor ie o te ives o te passeges. I yo
are sik do ot ly.
. TROPAL DEAE
Te ost oo o tese eslt o iadeqate saitatio ad ygiee ad ide:
TYPHOI D - trasied y wate otaiated y saloella ateria o aees ad ie,
syptos ilde serios owe proles ad ever wi a lead to delii. I ot treated it a
e atal It a e vaiated agaist.
HEPATTI - a vial ietio o te live wi a e trasited y ieted water or ood t
oe ikely tog ody ids s as lood ad saiva. yptos ilde tiedess ad ever
wi a lead to jadie. Vaiatio a provide so ter potetio
HOLERA - a epidei disease spead y ood ad wate otaiated y aea ateria.
yptos ilde voitig aps ad diaroea I paria deydatio a e ata. Potetio
is est aieved y oilig wate ad ookig al ood Vaiatio aids eovery t is o lile se
o potetio agaist tis disease
Oter diseases to wi we ay e seted ae
AARIA  a parasiti disease spead y a ieted aopees osqito is rretly te wod's
iggest kile. yptos appea etwee te days ad wo weeks ae ietio ad ilde
eadaes, iteiet ever ad asea. ertai aeas o te Repli aely te Lowved ad
orter Kwal Nata ae kow dager aeas Pevetio a take te o o oroqie-ased
ediatio atog it sold e oted tat eai stais o alaria ave eoe esistat to tis
type o ediatio Pilots sod also e awae tat soe o te ediatios ety sed ay
ave side eets s as eadaes dizziess gastroitestia distaes s as asea
voitig ad diaroea, ad eve lrred visio. Pilots sod ost a Aviatio edial Exaier
(AE) egardig te se o alaria propylatis
YELLOW FEVER  tasited y isets ad peveted y vaiatio, wi is eetive o te
years ad is oe a preeqisite o ety ito ay oties.
Pilots wo expet to y iteratioaly, parilarly ito Aria sold oslt tei AE o
assistae egardig potetio agaist loal diseases wi ay e eotered

. SURVVAL
I te evet o a oed ladig o ditig it ay e eessary or ew ad passegers to svive a
peiod o tie eore ese. Te prioities i s sitatios are geeally protecto ocato water
ad food Protetio eig te ost ip oat Te ooest ase o deat i tese oditios is
expose. Hypoteia i wate ad od lad oditios ad eat exastio ad deydatio i ot
oditios oo sese ditates te ease tat sod e derake i ea o tese sitatios
Ha eigs are war looded ad aitai ody teperatre vey preisely ewee 36 ad
36.9. A iia age i tepeate o jst a degree p o dow wi ase aor pysiologia
distaes ad drastialy aet te idividals aility to tio orally. Te ody ses te ao
ity o te eegy it podes to aitai its tepeatre ewee tese vey speii levels. Te ody
is er ae y speii eas to irease or derease eat loss ts re ealig it to eglate
its teperate we te exeral evioet is ostie old eat oss e exessive i old
weate te ody wil geeate eat y slar otratios. Tis etod o eat podtio woks
wel t it is osty i tes o eegy stoes ad a apidy lead to exastio eat ad teeore
eergy, a e oseved sig additioa ayes o lotig Were evioetal tepeatres ae
ig te ody gets id o exess eat y stig ood to te ski wee additioa eat loss is o
taied y ovetio ad sweatig. Deydatio apidly eoes a prole i ost lid is ot ade
qately eplaed I aqati oditios, te srrodig wate a e vey od, ad evey eor
sold e ade to get ot o te wate. Oe ot o te water potetio ro te wid, also a oo
ig ato, is essetial  s zeo tepeatres parilar are st e take o ads ad eet to
avoid ostite. I exessively ot ad or id oditios, adeqate lid repaeet st take plae
ad a tasks eqiig exerio sold e le or te ooler pa o te day o igt.

Prvate Pot Lcece © Avex Ar Trag 0/2004

Revso 2/200

FLYNG AND HEATH

Pag 813

J. CONTRANDICATIONS TO TRAVEL BY COMMERCIAL A IRCRAT

 olowng igrs can b sd as gidlns n tms o t mnimm tm inval or passengers
bwn inss or srgy and yng and vn tn only ssntal gs Pots may only sm ly
ing dtis w ir AMEs consnt
1  Wtin 4 ws o a a aac
2 Wn 2 ws o a sto
3 Wn 2 ws o y a, nos o troa sgy
4 No a al wl  jaw is srgically wrd;
 2 Ws a any abdominal o bowl sgy
6. Pgnancy byond 24 days o a taning miscariag;

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QUESTIONS
(ANSWERS ON PAE -

 Ace sess is consideed o e
(a of long draion,
( cale only hrogh medicaion
(c direcly elaed o poor die and oesiy,
(d reaively sho em

2 In he even of a foced landing o diching, generally he prioiies fo svival, in a hosile envion
men in orde of impoance are
(a wae food poecion and locaion
( poecion, locaion, waer and food,
(c waer poecion, locaion and food
(d food locaion, waer and poecion.

3 Ace faige in pilos is
(a es reaed y medicaion o make yo sleep,
( es eaed y resl and ninerrped naral sleep
(c es reaed y no flying for a leas 48 hos,
(d incale

4 Paradoxical o REM sleep is characeised y
(a high eves of ain aciviy,
( deceasing ain wave acivity
(c vey low feqency ain waves,
(d slow olling eye movemens.

 Chronic sress is consideed o e
(a direcly elaed o poor die and oesiy
( cale only hrogh medicaion
(c of long draion and may e elaed o polems associaed wih lifesyle,
(d elaively shor erm

6. The sage of Ohodox sleep known as slow wave sleep
(a is characerised y high levels of ain acivity,
( is he sleep period which ejvenaes he ain
(c occs every 90 mines
(d is chaaceised y very ow feqency ain waves and is associaed wih physica resoraion

7. The sleeping disode known as narcolepsy
(a is an inailiy o fal asleep as a esl of nervos xcimn,
( wold preclde a peson fom prsing a flying caeer,
(c is an inailiy o fall asleep as a esl of a disrance in circadian rhyhms
(d wold no peclde a peson from prsing a flying caree providing ha a siale medicaion is
sed.

8 e lag a disrance in ody (circadian rhyhms ofen manifess iself in he fom of
(a ace insomnia,
( sleep apnoea
(c nacolepsy,
(d nervos insomnia

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9 Cronic aigue in pilos:
(a can only be reaed by medicaion
(b is bes eaed by resul and unineuped naua sleep,
(c requires a long ecovey period,
(d is incable.

1  Circadian dysymia, o e lag, is a disurbance in body yms wic is more pronounced:
(a on igs om eas o wes
(b on ligs rom no o sou
(c on al ligs wic are conduced a nig,
(d on ligs rom wes o eas

1   In erms o sess managemen
(a a deence mecanism is e bes meod o dealing wi sress,
(b alcoo is an idea meod o andling sess,
(c deence mecanisms are unaccepable meods o deaing wi sess,
(d medicaion is e only meod o dealing wi sress.

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HUMAN NFORMATION PROCESSING

A. INRODUCION
lg a aiaf s a exese  w te ots sensory eetio, tat of baae viso tou
ad eag obied wt te decson makng process eates te equed oodated sal
eatio eessa to oto te aiaf e sae ods tue fo a eso divig a oto a o d
ig a bile I ode to udestad ow we oess ifoatio it is fist eessa to ave soe
kowledge of te sstes voved  te task

B. HE GENERAL SYSEM
  HE CENRAL NERVOUS SYSEM
E BRAIN
(a uto
Eaie we efeed to te bai as te bods oute ad  a lted sese, tis s so e
abil to tk seak, judge, easo ad ea ae al futos of te ua ba But oe
ta just tese itelletual atvites te ba also diets ou beatg, etabos, voluta
ad ivoluta oveets, egulates ad oodiates al te seso essos we eeive
ad te eotos we feel
(b oato
e bai s oused  a igid bo skul wi ovdes oteto aog wt tee dffeet
tes of ebae o eiges A ea olouess fluid aled te cererospnal fud
suouds te bai atg as bot lubat ad sok absobe ad also asssts te
boodstea i bigig utiets to te bai ad eovig waste oduts is lae task is
of aiua otae i tat it otets te bai fo otaiato b waste oduts
aied b te bood
( Coosto
( Ceebu
s, te lagest ad ost igl develoed a of te ba, s loated i te aea
iediatel ude te skul It s oeed wt te oe olex futios of te bai
su as tougt, eo, seso eetio voluta oveet ad as su is te
stutue w seaates uas fo ote aias e oute sufae of te eebu
alled te cerera corex is esosble fo otollg te seso ogas (ees ad eas
as wel as oto ativtes su as wakg ad ug
e eebu s dvded dow te dde fo fot to bak ito wo aves o
hemspheres ea of w s esosble fo otolg te ativties of te oppose side
of te bod fo exae te ef eisee otos te igt side of te bod Altoug
sila  aeaae tee ae ve lea funcona dfeees bewee te, fo exale
te develoet ad use of laguage see ad witg s aied out i te lef
esee, wlst te igt esee s esosible fo eatvi ad sata oietatio
(i Ceebeu
About te ie of a ea o ougl oeegt te e of te eebu, te eebelu s
osideed te ost tve a of te bai ad s esosibe fo baae o
equilbu, ad usua oodatio
(ii e Bai Ste
e ba ste oises sevea as te futos of wi ilude lkg te sia
od to te ige as of te ba, otolig te eatbeat, blood essue beatig,
bod teeatue, faia oveet ad sesato, ee usle otol, sex dve, easue,
a uge ad tist

Prvae Po Lcence © Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

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Page 9-

THE SPNL CHORD

Te na cord i contained wtin, and tu rotected by te bacbone or spnal column
wic i made u o ma bone caled vrtbra. Eac verebra  contructed lie a olid rng,
earated om te above and beow vertebrae by a cuionng ayer o carage caled a dsc
taced to te ear o eac verebra i a bony arcie tructue caled te spnal canal wtin
wic i oued te vey agile spnal chord Oenng between te vertebae allow neve to
ente and leave te na cod a tey a to and om te am, leg and trun. Te na
cord erve a te mao ln aing meage to and om te ban and te body

Togete, te ban and te ina cod come te central nevou ytem. ee iur 9-1.

rrum in or

rum

in or r
 nr rou ym  r n in or

Fgur  Th Cntral Nrvous Systm
. PERPHERL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Te eea nevou ytem, wic connect te cental nervou ytem to te body organ
ytem comrie te somatic and autonomc ytem
Te omatc ytem ncude snsory neve wic ca meage om te ene ogan and
ote body recetor to te ban or roceing
Te autonomic ytem, or bologcal control systm ncude nerve wic are ony motor nerve,
te uroe o wc i to reguate bodiy uncton uc a breating, weating ea ate and te
blining o te eye No conciou tougt i equed o ti ytem to unction
Rflxs ae anoter exame o te unctoning o bot te omatic and te autonomic ytem 
you nadvertenty touc ometng wic i ot you will automaticaly ul your and away witout
your brain telling you to t  te lin between te enory neve, wic ee te eat, and a motor
nerve, wic direct te reone.
3 SENSE ND SENSTVTY
t wa te Gree looer rtotle wo caied te ive ene a gt, ound, mel, tate
and touc. Today, o coure we now tat tere are indeed many more te more ernent,
ea, rom our oint o vew being vetibua (acceeaton, balance, gravty, netetic (te
ability to detect moton toug ou muce, tendon and oint and te n ability to dtingu
cold and wamt a wel a an and reure.
t i troug snso rcpton tat we react to cange in te body ntena and extena
environment Te body organ aocated wt te ene contain igy ecaied ene cel or
rcptors wic are excted by a articular timulu Te snsitivty tat i it aby to eond to
a tmulu o te eceto n te variou ogan  derent. Potoreceto n te eye ae
enitve to lgt, mecanoecetor (in te in and ear ae enitive to touc, ound and
equilbrum cemoreceto (in te noe and mout ae entve to mel and tate, wilt

Prvat Plot Lcnc © Avx Ar Tranng 0/2004

Rvson 2/200

HUMAN INFORMATON PROCESSING

Page 93
hermoeeos osay moio the bodys emeratre Stmlatio of a eetor ases a ee
imse to be rasmted o he reevat at of the brai whee it is roessed ad teeted ad
a esose ssed.
here ae, howeve, mis o he efetiveess of the varios reeors, a enor threhod below
whih a reeto ao dete a stimls  ommo exame of ths, whih is eriet for ios,
is sod eithe ve sof, ehas osde of or freqey age o heaig loss de o age). he
sesory heshod seves as a idatio of he sesitivty of the sese ogas ad he testig of
eyes ad ears foms a imoat a of he avao media examiao
Reetitive smlao of a reeto a lead to adaptaton a oditio whee thee s a grada
derease i the esose to that stims to the exe tha yo beome omletey awae of  
yal examle s weag a wstwath, eve hogh  s ohg yo ski, d may eve be
fairy tight, yo wil soo beome awae of t Yo may be smlary afeed by osa exosre
o sod

C MEMORY
 . DESCRPION
Memoy od be oosely defied as the bais ably to sore ad eal iformaio ad s
osidered esseal for ielige behavior, for wiho t we wod be abe to ear It s still ot
fly destood how he memory woks, b i sime erms memory stoage foows a hema
hage bewee he erve ells o eoes of those as of he bai assoaed wth memoy 
he erebal oex, haams ad hoams. Eah time we ear somethig ew this hemal
hage reates ew athways o memory trace whh we a atvae a ay te to eode a
memory
2 PES
Whis we ted to thik of memory as jst beig he ability o real evets, hoghts or fats
motor-k memoy is sed to ear o remember moo skills sh as ridig a biyle, drivg a ar
ad, yes, fyg a aeroae. his abiiy makes t ossibe fo s to eom may ftios witho
concou thogh. Factual memo alows s o real more omlex thigs sh as oey,
detty mbers, elehoe mbers, faes of eole we kew a og tme ago ad so o.
Basialy here ae thee evels of memoy
a) Sesoy or Immedae Memo
he sheer vome of stml to whih or seses ae sbeted meas that i is oy eessa
fo he brai to eai these sesoy s for a few seods, or jst og eogh fo the bai
o deide whh of the sm o at o I s, ehas, ierestig to ote eah sese has ts
ow memo tore ad that the tme sa of eah varies, fo exame a vsal image obably
asts fo a seod, whereas sods may be etaed fo as mh as egh seods
b) Sorerm or Workig Memoy
his s he abiy to reai fomatio i temorary sorage or, if eessay, wok wh it for a
slghy loge erod Whist  tems of capact  is geeraly ageed that the soerm
memory is abe to hod  o even tyes of reated iformatio, he perod of eeto
aeas o vary aordig to oio from bewee 1 0  20 seods, to 30 eods, to a few
mies Ceraily ifomatio deays vey raidly less we ososly rehease, o eeat ,
or se i Fom he ot's esetive he dager of he shor erm memoy is ts iabiy to
rea a o of iformatio fo a log eiod, whh derles the eessiy of wg dow, for
exame, a IFR deartre learae. oher exame of the lmitato of he shoerm memory
wold be whee yo are give a teehoe mber to da  as soo as yo have fiished
dallg it yo wil robaby have forgoe most of the mber ess yo otaly eeat t i
yo md  method sed o ty to irease he aaiy of the shoterm memo is
hkig, o goig together items of fomaio o emember them as oe , fo
exame ombiig boh the feqey ad idefaio of a adio avigatio beao as oe
tem, rahe ha wo seaae oes he se of memos is ratsed i fyig to emembe
heks, fo examle dowwid heks BUMFF)
he sho-erm memoy aso ftios as a workng memory  hat ew formaio a be
aoed or aeavely iformao a be draw from the log-erm memoy fo se. I his
way, the shoterm memory as as a way statio, roessig iformatio i a attemt to
remembe  ehe by rehearsal eeo, o rote) o by eodig destadg o ikg ew
formatio o some aleady aqired iformao) before tasferg i to the logtem memory
Eodig or destadg ifomatio s deemed the more sessf method of eaiig

Prvate Plot Lcence © Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

Revon 2/200

HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING

Page 94
ifoato Reheasal o ote leag like cag fo a exaiatio, seldo esults  log
te etetio.
(c) Log-te Meoy
The log-te eoy, the ais had die, s whee the geatest capacity fo stog
ifoato exists. Hee foatio ca e stoed fo a few oths, a few yeas o a etie
lfete  the capacy alost defies elief. If ot used egulaly foatio stoed hee does
decay with tie although edece suggests that ifoatio is ee fully fogotte it eely
ecoes oe dificult to etiee Po to stoage ifoatio is classifed ito two aeas
(i) Seatc Meoy
Seatic o meaning eoy deals with the stoage of foato i wod fo ad s
assocated wth aility ad udestadg such as dig a ca o flyig a aeoplae ad the
use of laguage o eeeig how to spell a wod Clealy if we ae to stoe foato
hee we eed to nderstand t a actio that eques cocetato ad total aeto ad oe
that is ot the poduct of ote leaig. We ca help ouseles y assocatg ew foato
wth that aleady stoed o y leag ew ifoato i the eioet whee it wll e
pactsed fo exaple a expeieced flyig istucto will suggest to a studet that he sits 
the paed aeoplae whle leag a sequece of checs athe tha i a cofoale chai at
hoe
(ii) Epsodic Meoy
Episodic o the event eoy s esposile fo stog eets o epsodes which hae ee
expeeced duig ou daly lies. It s quite coo that such eets ae ot stoed
copletely accuately ut ae flueced o odfied y ou ow atitudes ad expectatos The
testoy of a peso who s a expet i a pacula field ad ay hae wtessed a cidet
i his aea of expese, ay e coloued y hs ow oinion of what occued athe tha e
a exact accout of what actually happeed
3 REMEMBERING AND ORGEING
Oce foato has ee stoed  the eoy it ca e etieed o ecalled at ay tie ad 
diffeet ways Recoection eas that we ae ale to ecoe o epoduce ifoato that we
hae stoed i ou eoy Aothe ethod of usig eoy is recognition - the identification of
foatio o ateial that we hae ecouteed peously It ofe happes that we ght
ecogse soeoes face ut ae uale to eee the ae - a classc exaple of good
ecogtio ut ad ecollectio Aothe exaple of whch s the dificuly i eeeg a
pacula wod These lapses i eoy ae stll ot fully udestood ut see to illustate the
coplex pocedues ioled  eoy stoage ad ecollectio Methods used to ipoe eoy
clude
(a) the use of checklsts
() eoics
(c) pactice ad epetto
(d) associato with stoed data
orgetting, which s pehaps cosideed a ad thg actually sees a ipoat fucto ad ay
e classfied i thee dieet ways:
(a) The Efect of Te
The atual atto due to the passage of te Ifoatio whch s ot used o is o loge
useful teds to e dscaded
() Itefeece
Ths theoy suggests that ew ifoatio whch is added to the eoy iteees with sila
ifoato which is aleady stoed
(c) Motiated
Ths efes to the desie to foget soethig ecause you wat to Upleasat o tauatic
eoes ae stoed y the a  a way that akes the dficult to ecall ad i the pocess
spae you uecessay etal aguish.

Private Piot icence © Avex Air Training 0/2004

Revision 2/200

HUMAN NFORMATON PROCESSNG

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4 AMNESIA

his em efes o he loss of he abiliy o emember I ca apply o old o ew memories ca be
oa o paial pemae o oly empoary ca be as a esul of bai damage o cocussio
disease dugs or psychological auma. Mos commoly i afecs episodic memory oly so ha
eves are forgote bu he perso is abe o spea coherely he difee ypes ad causes
iclude
a) Age

his is a commo cause possibly due o deerioaio i he cadio-vascula sysem which
esuls i oo litle blood ad possibly oo few uies reachig he bai Sice memoies are
soed i differe pars of he brai i ofe happes ha od memoies ae reaied bu more
ece eves ae forgoe. he degeeraive diseases of old age ae also esposibe fo
deerioaio i memoy ad amesia. lde me ae suscepibe o asie goba amesia
which ca cause oss of memory fo miues o hours.
b) Alcohoism
Log em acoholism esuls i he gradual deeioraio of bai cels ad hus memory. Very
heavy diers are uabe o emember he eves ha ook pace while hey wee ioxicaed
c) Head Ijuries
e of he effecs of a head ijury is emporary amesia wih he memoy loss occuig from
he ime jus befoe he ijuy uil jus afer Usualy memory reurs as he ijury heals.
d) Cassic o Hyseica Amesia
his is usually he esul of emoioal sress where he sufere is so overwhelmed ha amesia
povides he escape from eaiy he peso may believe hey ae i a srage place o ow
hei ame fom where hey come o o where hey ae goig Ivariaby ough hey have
reaied a kowledge of aguage ad social cusoms.
e) he ypes of Amesia
Less commo ypes of amesia icude Audiory Amesia i which hee is o memoy for
wods ad Visual Amesia which is he iabiliy o ecogise objecs ha were oce familiar ad
eve pied words
f) Fugue Sae
his is a psychatrc condton, which may las from a few days o a few weeks, i which a
perso suddely oses al ecollecio of heir persoal ideity ad pas life duig he course of
which hey may move o aohe aea assume a ew ideity ad employme oaly uaware
of ay chage i heir omal exisece. Eually suddely he codiio passes eavig he
sufere disessed ad cofused as o how hey came o be i his ew evirome ad uable
o remember ayhig ha occurred while i he fugue sae. his codiios eds o afec oly
hose wih hyserical pesoaiies o a backgoud of charace disoder ad is geeraly
caused by a vey iese emoioa expeiece

D INFORMAION PROCESSNG
. AENIN AN VIGIANCE
he abiliy of humas o pocess ifomaio is effecively deemied by wo facors he attenton
pa ad h sho tem memoy, wih he limied amou of ifrmaio which i ca rai he
coo ha we have ove our aeio is limied ad o mater how vigila we may ry o be we
ca be easily disraced by oher sighs or souds. Huma aeio ca be caegoised as folows
a) SELECIVE AENIN
his is simply a sysem of examg ad prioriisig he seso ipu simui. hose simuli
which are perie o he ask a had are reaied whis he remaider jus ade away. Sess
pays a impora role i he eeio of simui whee sress eves ae o oo high excess
capaciy alows he perso o be awae of ohe simui such as someoe callg you or i he
case of he pio of a aeropae audible warig sigals or AC commuicaio Where sress
levels ae high a greaer demad is paced o our ateio ad i is possible ha impora
iformaio ca be overlooed o discaded Fo exampe he pilo of a aicaf joiig a very

Prvate Plot Lcence © Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

Revson 2/200

UMAN INORMATION PROCSSING

Pag 6
bsy circt at hgh spd, tyng to ook ot for trafic istn to AT and coplt anding
chcksts as on fna appoach only to fnd th landng gar still rtactd
(b DIVIDED ATENTION
En thogh or atntion ght b focsd on on task, t s stl possb for othr stii to
intrd and did or attnton. This ablty shold not b confsd wth moo poammes
whch alow s, withot conscos thoght, to cary ot sal physica tasks at onc, sch as
walkng whst swinging a walkng stck with on hand and ating food hd in th oth Diidd
atntion in th thoght procss is pa of a o copx nfoaton procssing syst
condctd by th brain This faclty is coony frd to as th cockta pay fct in that
if yo ar in a grop of pop yo ght b concnd wth on conrsation ony bt stil ha
th capacity to ohar yor na bng calld It can b both good and ad Th ablity to
did or atntion is both sfl and ncssay in any actitis and fro th aiation point of
iw s what nabls s to cay ot sconday tasks sch as changing raio frqncs or
aircra configration and conicating wth AT whist stl fying th  arca Howr, th
ngati sd is that it aows or nd to wand onto oth atrs fo xapl what w ght
b doing onc th flght is or
2 STRESS AND AROUSAL
Stss and aosa (anss tnd to go hand in hand Th or strssd w ar th or a to
th cas of th strss w a, aost to th xcson of oth nts which qr atnton This
rdction, or n fair n didd antion is ofn th cas of ishaps cas porant
nfoaton has bn ssd, for xapl th gar p waning sgnal Th abity to diid yor
attntion s an poant skil for piots and gnally pros with coptnc and xpnc
3 INFORMATION OLLETION AND PROESSING
(a THE FUNTION OF THE BRAIN
oonly frd to as th ntral Dcision Makr, th brain is cnta to th han
inforaton pocssing syst Infoation which is gathrd by th snss is transid by th
nos syst to th brain wh it s alatd, a cos of acton dcdd pon or stod as
pa of th larning and bring pocss W ha ofn rfrd t th brain as a
coptr sipy bcas n any rspcts it fnctions th sa it has ory contos
fnctions and systs, and prods soltons to pobs This incdibl dc has a gratr
pocssng and ory capacy than any coptr yt bilt bt as a dcision ak has a
ajor litation t has only a sine cannel capaciy. In othr wods it s only ab to pocss
on thng at a t and th dcisons which a aid at a no stanos, bt athr a
seies prodcd on afr anothr
(b STRUTURE
Th thod of nforation pocssing by hans follows a sris of phass hich can bst b
xpaind by sing a od dagra which shows, in sip ts, th sqnc of nts
nold.

Snsoy Shor tr/ ntal
stli wokng Dcision
oy Makr

Moto Acton
progas

Fdback

Fiue 2 e Model of Infomaion Pocessin
( THE STIMULUS OR PEREPTION

This is th fist phas in th procss and is podd by or snss Ths stl, o incoing
sgnals, ar transitd a th prpha nos syst and th cnta nos syst to th

Pivae Pilo Licence © Avex Ai ainin 0/2004

Revision 2/200

HUMAN INORMATION PROCESSING

Pae 97
s em sensy se. A any ime duin e cuse  nmal daily aciiy we ae aced
wi a eiale aae  simuli, u nly a wic is peinen  e ask a and is teed
out, as a uncin  u aenin mecanism (seectve) and e es is discaded
EXAMPE
n leel li e pil, wils scannin e li insumens obseves a decease in ei and
a ain in speed.
(ii PROCESSING OR ANAYSS
n is e secnd pase e inmain is nw analysed and cmpaed wi a aleady
sed in e memy  m a menal mdel and a decisin is made y e cenal decisin
make  eie ac  ile i away in e ln em memy (ememe, wic is w
exeence is acuied Tis pcess is me cmmnly knwn as inkin
EXAMPE
y cmpaisn wi knwn cndiins sed in e memy e ain decides a e aicafs
aiude is incec (nse lw
(iii ACTION AND FEEDACK
ACTION

Once e ain as decided n a cuse  acin i sends u elecical sials ia e m
nees  e apppiae muscles wic eac in espnse.
EXAMPE
sin e elea e pil adjuss e aicafs aiude  e leel psiin
FEEDACK
Feedack n e decisin (cecincec is pided y u senses m wic ue
cecie acin can e aken.
EXAMPE 1
Te pil sees a e aica as spped descendin and speed is csan e cec
cnl cane was made n ue acin euied.
EXAMPE 2
Te pil sees a e aicaf is nw an ei and lsin speed, m sed
inmain e ain deemines a e aicaf is nse i and sinals e muscles 
espnd accdinly.
(i Tis med  inmain pcessin, ie eceie pcess, acin, eedack is called e
closed oo system since e cenal decisin make is cninually inled in e pcess
ecause  eedback Tu eedack e espnse  an acin can e ideniied and, i
necessay ue acin iniiaed, as in e examples ien, wic allws us  mainain
cninuus cnl e e peain
(c MENTA OR MIND SET
One  e danes  inexpeience is exectaton  menal se. F example eain wa yu
want  exect  ea can inluence e pecepin sae  inmain pcessin. Te
iexpeienced pil w k  n unway 03 and euned  e aiield an u lae expecs
 land n e same unway and may een appac e aiield  jin in an apppiae
psiin  unway 03 Insucins  jin  unway 21 wee n expeced and cnusin
esuls. In is case ein inexpeienced as inceased sess leels and e antcaton  a
jinin pcedue, wic is d as lead  a menal se wic is n d! Sess as e
efec  diminisin pecepin and explains wy adi calls  unansweed and e ea es
lef up despie e wanin sinal.

Pvate Pot cence © Avex A Tanng 02004

Revsn 2200

HUMAN INORMATION ROCESSING

ae 8
 ERRORS IN ERCEION

he coect ecsio ca oy e mae if the iformatio eceive s corect. Eors i
eceto the rocess of recev a aaysi ifomato have areay ee escrie
esewhere  ths ook, a ce vestla a ovestia illsios ee ae .
e RESONSE IME
his efers to the tme erio etwee eceiv the stims a reso to t. he actal
time erio ees o st how comlex the oem s a whethe the rai, as cetal
ecso maker s ivove f the resose to the stmls is thoh a moto oramme oy,
the esose time is vey shot t where the resose eqies coscos thoht a
ecsos y the ai the esose time may icease sstataly
4 HE MLIFNCONING BRIN
lthoh the a ca e accratey esce as a siechae decisio maker, its owe is
sch that we are ale to carry ot a vaety of fucios at the same tme. his s mae ossie y
the feret lees of meta actvy of which the a s caale, the most avace of these
ei coscos thoht or cogiio
(a HNKNG
hs is the rocess of coscious ecisio maki ase o iformatio receive thoh
sesory stimls which s aalyse a ehas comae wth that whch s alreay store 
the memoy kowlee follow whch a ecisio is mae a acto tiate.
( MOOR ROGRMMES
hee ae may tasks which we efom  eveyay ay ife which have ecome reetitive to the
oit that we ae ae to accomsh them atomaticaly wihou coscios hough Sch
actios ae the est of moo pogammes the eefit of whch s that withot the ee for
ect volvemet, the a is ae to cocetrate o the ecisio mak tasks whilst at the
same time we ae ae to eorm other fctos simtaeosly. Some coscos moioig
w, howeve e reqre. Drvi a ca, rii a cyce, wak, seak a eve yi yor
shoe laces ae al exames of motor roammes t at the same time howeve t shol e
stresse that a moto oamme s oy as oo as the tme set ractsi it If yo have ot
e a cycle for a few years the iital attemt will e shaky t the skll rets wth
eeate actce
tmately, some asects of fy a aeoae aso ecome a motor orammes. he early
staes of fyi trai eqe almost tota cocetrato, t as roress is mae a ew
skils are leae a eveoe y cotial actce moe sace ecomes availae for other
asects sch as s the aio, kee a aviatio o, eai a ma a so o he motor
oramme for fly is ei eveoe. Oe of the eatve asects of a motor oramme s
that wthot iect or coscos thoht they are oe to eror or acio slips for exame
releasi the maa fa eve istea of the ak rake rio to taxi o retract the ear
istea of the electricaly oeate fas. Motor orammes sch as these ae cale ope loop
sysems, sce the ai s ot iecty vove a o feeack is ive It ecomes cea that
some moto roammes eqie the ai to aot a moitor role, o  other wos, thik
efore yo act.

Piae Pilo Licece © Aex Ai Taiig 0/2004

Reisio 2/200

HUMA IFORMATIO PROCESSIG - QUESTIOS

Pag 91

QUESTIONS
(ANSWERS ON PAG 111)

1  A moo programm  a aio whih
(a i aomplh hough lv ao,
(b i aomplih hrough iv ao,
( quir oiou hough,
( i aomplih wihou oou hough

2 A ugu a i a oiio whih
(a may la om a w ay o a w wk,
(b au oal ama
( au mmoy lo u o h paag o m
( allow aio o b ma wihou oou hough

3 Smai mmory i mmory whh al wih
(a h oag o v whih hav our urig li,
(b h orag o iormao i wo om
( h mpoa orag o omao,
( hukg

4 A lo loop ym i a mho o proig ormao whih
(a  u by moor programm,
(b ilu bak,
( lu bak,
( or aa i h mai mmory

5 h ak o amig a pioig ory pu mul i a uio o
(a a moo pogramm,
(b iv aio,
( lv ao
( mai mmoy

6 h abiliy o ou o o ak bu ll b alr o oh imul  a uo o
(a iv ao,
(b liv ao,
( moo progamm,
( aapaio

7 Iormao prog whih ivolv ao a bak 
(a all aapaio
(b a ampl o a moor pogramm
( all hukig,
( rrr o a a lo loop ym

8 h pro o groupg oghr m o iomaio o mmb hm a o u  r o
a
(a ammig,
(b aapg,
( hukig,
( groupg

rvate lot Licence © Avex Air Traning 0/2004

Revsion 2/200

HUMA IORMATIO PROCESSIG - QUESTIOS

Page 92
9 Te abiiy of te so tem o woking memoy to poess uneated infomation i imited to:

(a) between 1 0 and 20 types,
(b) 7 ypes,
() 30 ypes,
(d) between 2 and 5 types.

1 0 unking is
(a) te abiity to fous on one task but sti be aet to ote stimui,
(b) te stoage of infomation in wod fom,
() a metod wi an be used to inease te apaiy of te ong tem memoy,
(d) a metod wi an be used to inease te apaiy of te sot tem memoy.

1 1  A task wi is aompised witout onsious tougt is efeed to as
(a) uning,
(b) adaptation
() a moto pogamme
(d) a osed oop system

1 2 Adaptation is
(a) a gadua deease in te esponse to eepto,
(b) te abiity to fous on one tas but sti be ae to ote stimui,
() an ation wi is aompised witout onsious tougt,
d) stimuation of te so tem memoy to inease its apaity

Privae Pilo Licence © Ave Air Training 0/2004

Revison 2/200

CHAPER 1 0 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 

Page 101

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

A INROUCION
Human bengs dfer fom one anoter not only pyscay and inteectualy, but also n teir personality
caractestics It is tese difeences wic not only dentify and set us apat as ndividuas but n
many respects determine ow we interact wt one anote

B GENERA CONCEPS

 PERONAITY

Personaity s te term wic is used to describe te caactestcs of a pesons beavour, atitude
and feeings It is ofen a source of ataction between two indivduals wo recognise in eac oter
tose caactestics wc ae simiar to tei own Indeed, eac time we meet someone new we
eite conscously o sub-consciousy sta to evaluate tei pesonalty identiying tose
caactestics wc argely detemne ow we wil eact towards tem

a) CHARACERIIC

e development of a peson's personaity is consideed to start at an eary age and many
caactestics, suc as temperament, eoveson, introveson aggession, aniety and
ndependence may, according to opnion be ineted ose wic emain stabe and resstant
to cange ae refeed to as personality traits and are usuay aready well establsed by te
age of si Ote nfluences suc as envronment famiy lfe and culture also contribute
Personaty taits are vey dificut to cange and f an atempt is to be made, intensive
psycoteapy would be equired

b) INDIVIDUAL DIERENCE

Personaity caracteistics and taits form an impoant par of pot selecton, paticuarly for
mutcrew operaton were cockpit confct must be avoded Pesonaity assessment takes many
foms from personal interview to wrtten tests o questonnares wc are based on a procedue
known as actor analysis s metod nvoves askng seveal tousand peope a series of
questons concening ter opinions abts, lkes and disikes Coreation of te esponses
dentifes establsed patens in pesonalty caracterstcs: people wo enoy ave clubs and
disco-dancing are ady likey to be found n a museum o a ibrary At te most basic eve,
personality can be epressed n one of two ways eoversonintroveson and aniety

An extrovert s an peson wt recognised tats of beng impusive domnant, assetve
uninibited and sociabe introvert s consevative, cautious and sy Anxiety manifests tself
in etremes from emotonal nstabiity to gut fear and woy and can apply to bot erovet and
intovet Most peope are we baanced and can tus be refeed to as aveage but as te
pesonality moves fue away fom ts aveage so te caracteristics become more
ponounced above te average  initialy stabe, responsve and easygoing becomng more
aggessive, anious and cangeabe Below te average - introveted nitaly stable tougtu
and controled becoming anious, sobe and pessimstic

It becomes cear now wy cetain personates are beter suited to ceain types of work; te
anous erovet s not likely to be an accountant or bank manager, te anious ntrover woud
probably not be a good saesman Civi aviation plots tend to fa nto te stabe etovet
categoy, eady to take calculated sks wtout being mpulsive tril seekes

c) AITUDE

A person's atitude stems fom personal beief feelngs or some knowledge of a subect and is
ofen epressed eiter as an opnion o by beavour Atoug acqued eay in fe tey ae
less fied o gd tan a pesonalty tait and can tus be modifed o canged fary easly by
moe nformed knowedge o n te case of piots by etensve training Amost on a daily basis
we are subected to adverising poitca retorc, egous peacing, family pressure and a ost
of ote nfluences al of wc can modiy o cange ou atitudes Piot atitudes towards
cockpit management and risktakng can be easily modfied toug training Crew Resource
Management CRM) taning s amed more at canging o developng atitudes in ode to
mpove team decson making, rate tan at canging pesonaltes Attudes are measured or
assessed by various tests o by inteview wt te aim of dentyng possible azadous attudes,
of wc five ave been identfied

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HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 

Page 102
(i) The At-Authoty Attude

Ths attitude mafests itself i the peso ho fo o appaet easo dislkes eig told hat
to do ad efuses to oey the ules t is commo amog a ceai type of motost ad
dageous  a acaft cockpt
Soluto
Rues ae ceated fo a easo ad ot y some cotol feak Too may people fly y the ules
ad ve to ete fo them to e og Accept ad compy
() The Impulsive Atitude

mpusive people ted to act o eact ithout coscous thought  the elef that somethig
must e doe mmedatey ad as a esult usualy ceate a gge poem tha they aeady
have
Soluto
Thik efoe you act
(i) The Ivuleaiity Attude
The it i eve happe to me sydome This fealess VFR plot elieves thee s ue sky at
the ed of ths cloud a uay to lad o ad oy othe peope ecome disoeted ad
cash aeopaes
Souto
t can happe to you Accept that as a huma eg i a aeopae you ae vuleale ad
should have a viae alteative couse of acto
(v) The Macho Atttude
Ths sk ake is ot iteested i eg pa of a team ecause he s ette tha eveyoe
ese put togethe ad ll ty ad pove it f he s pat of a ce ad somethig goes og
t s eveyoe eses fault ad ot hs
Solutio:
Lea esposily Recogse ad accept you imtatos
(v) The Resigato Atitude
Quiet pehaps ithda this peso fees he has o coto ove hs fate has othg to
ofe ad goes ith the flo Easly domated oe theateed y othes ho have dfeet
opios he pefes the oe of M Nice Guy
Souto
Stad up ad e couted You have a cotuto to make Recogise you  aty
(vi) Compacecy
This s a codto hich teds to ceep i thout the pot eg aae of t ts cause may
e elated to cofdece ceated y expeiece ad taiig As the plot ecomes moe
famila th fo exampe a e aaf ype the evousess o stess assoated th
leag e systems peomace ad aica hadig disspates to e epaced y
cofdece folloed ultimatey y complacecy Oe of the symptoms is a elctace to ema
pofciet aadog good pefight pag to payig the fght as t comes
ad attitudes ca e couteed y good atttudes Pa of piot taiig volves developig ot ust
fyg skils ut aso the ight appoach to the task This icludes
* ecogsig you o ailty ad theefoe vuleaity
* avoidg actos hch ecome sks ecause of poo udgemet
* oeyg the ules
* leaig fom othe people ad acceptig the opios
* thkg aout ad assessig situatios efoe makig decsios
* eig cofidet ut eaisticaly so

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Page 103

(d BHVIOUR

e term beavur defes w we teact wit ter ele wic i tur determes w
ee resd t us f we ae lite ad fedly ele geerally esd  a simila mae
Beaviu tyes ca be categrised as fllws

(i ggressive Beaviur

e aggressive es is ccered oly wt temselves ad tei w terests usuay at
te exese f tes ey ae argumetative dmeerig abusve ad ude ad ae
usuted fr te multcew evimet wee te emass is  teamwr

(ii sserve Beaviu

ssei is a mre subtle fm f aggress.  ers w s assertve is abe t maage
teir ccer fr temseves without beig abusve r avig t dmate r gre ater
ers's rgts

(ii Submssve Beavu

Submss exesses yu ccer fr smee ese at yur w exese e submissve
ers eite des t exress s w is  ideas ad alws ters t dmiate im
 ateatively des but i s agetcally a maer tat e s a but igred

(iv Suive Beavu

Beg suive meas tat yu ca exess yur ccer fr smee ese wtut
abadig yu w rigts ad is.

I te mutcrew cct assertve ad surtive styes ae ideal requremets

( MOIVON

Mtvat s te frce frm witi urselves tat drves us t beave  cea ways Because
te duct f mtivat s eact t is csdered t be a sitive frce i tat at least we ae
drve t do smetg Sme examles f physiological mtivati ae te drives f uger
tst slee etc Psychological drves ae mre cmlex; sme ee ae drive by
acevemet, sme by wer tes by mey  securty r maiuatig mtivat
is viewed as a meas f ctrlig, ad teefe imrvg  te muticrew
evmet ecuragig members t tae at i decis maig is see as a stve e 
mtivati ad i tu b satisfact Rewads be t facal r jb rmti ae as sitive
metds f mtvatig ele t erfrm. Bredm as a egative efect  mtvat  ac f
meta stimulus  teest r ay a aaretly meaigess tas  beig excluded frm
decis maig ave te efect f causg cmacecy ad reducig erfrmace.

2 BHVIOUR ND SILLS

e tem beaviur ca as be used t descbe te maer  wic we accmlis vaus tass
Tee ae tree categes

(a Sl-Based Beavur

Earier we se abut te brai as te Cetral Decsi Maer ad ts le  cscus
decisi maig. We as se abut mtr rgammes  mtr rgramme is a examle
f sl-based beaviu By cstat eetiti r rute we are able t acqie certa sils
wc becme stred i te sils memy, wic we are able t execute witut te cstat
atteto f te ba Ceaily te ba will dect tat suc a acti mst be tae but
tereae te mt gramme diects te eati.  sme examle is lwerg te
udecarage i a aerae e bai decdes tat te aerae is  a siti wee tis
must be de but ccers itsef wt te maters wst te ad reaces fr te eve ad
seects gear dw is abity t be abe t cary ut multie tass simultaeusly s extremely
beefcia ad mafests itself i everyday life Hweve t ca als be te case f er Eve
tug te brai s t ctrlig te tas dealy t sud be mitg wa s aeg. I
a busy cct evrmet tis is t aways ssble; yu migt be tyig t cmlete adig
cecs wilst cmmuicatig wit C. t s ee tat mstaes  ers ca ccur eas
selectig fa dw istead f gea s tye f err is caled a acti s.

vmetal Catue is te term gve t ater tye f err asscated wit sill-based
beaviur ad s te result f a fe reeated sl wic as becme a abit assciated wit
a artcua evrmet  classc avati exame is te rute gear dw ad lced ca

Pivate Pilot Licece © Avex Ai Taiig 0/2004

Revisio 2/200

HUAN BEHAVIOUR 

Page 14
aociated wt actvating te gear ever wtot te gear actaly eing oweed. Yo enter te
circit at a eed aove gear exenion, yo are on downwind and te gear od e owered
t eing aware of te ig eed yo comete downwnd cec leavng te gear .
Becae t i a motor ll te rain i not monitoring te roce and te error goe
nnoticed
By it ve natre iaed eavior i o entrenced tat it ecome very difficlt to modiy
and conco togt aot te roce ofen et te comletion of te ta. Invarialy te
i a to e earnt al over agan. Error aociated wit it are more common among
exerienced ilot.
) Rle-Baed Beavior
Reaed eavior are my tat et of rle wc are aid down to cater for redctale
tation. A c tey are tored in te ongterm memoy and nlie il-aed eavor
reqire te conco invovement of te rain Simle examle inclde te forced landing
rocedre to e foowed in te event of an engne faire in te cae of a ingeengined
aeroane, or te action to e taen in te event of one engine ot n a mtengined aircraf.
Sc eavior may e memoried or commited to aer in te form of a cecit to e ed
n a mlticrew environment and if ractied regary can e condered vey reiae roviding
tat te rolem a een correctly identfied. Legend aond of aircrew sing down te
wrong engine Anoter area for error i avng correctly identified te rolem to ten dea
from te rocedre etaled to recty t.
c) Knowledge-Baed Beavior
eoreticay te more reiae of te tree, nowledgeaed eavior ree on te active
invovement of te rain, te e of informaton tored in te memory a wel a tat wic i
otaned from te eron envronment. In oter word decson-makng based on thought and
reason It i wat et  aar from a comter t exoe te man frailty, wic can relt
in error. Factor wc can infence ti tye of eavior inclde
* amigo informaton - miinterretation can ead to error;
* trctred tning and an nwilingne to tet or oo at informaton in a diferent way;
* a rectance to tet ot oitive and negative aect of an idea;
* a tendency to diregard negative aect of an amton n reference for otve aect

alo caled conrmaton bas ;
* te natra nflence on an amton or concion of eronal wie or deire.
3 HUMAN ERROR AND RELIABLY
It  ofen aid tat to mae mtae i man Any macne, e it man or otewie, i only a
reale a te comonent ar: motor car do rea down, te vetilar ytem can rovide fae
informaton. Hman error  roady divided into wo ye; Fnctiona and Cognitve
a) Fnctiona Error
Ti inclde tem c a
i) Error of omiion - faiing to do ometing wic od e done, eg forgeting to loc te

door on te way ot
ii) Error of commiion - doing ometing tat od not e done, e g. tn deel n yor

tan intead of etrol
ii) Random error  mtae wc do not aear to folow a atern.
iv) Sytematic error - mitae wic do folow a reglar atern
) ognitive rror
Tee are error wc are te relt of a fat in te togt roce and inclde, fae
enation vetar), memory ae, oor dgement, incorrect reaonng and divided atention.
Preventng mecanica error  acieved y contina teting, for examle flgt tetng. Hman
error can e lmted y training, maintaining a ig level of aroal, montoring y crew memer
or eqiment c a atitde ae and grond roximity warning ytem.

Prvate Plot cence © Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

Revson 2/200

HUAN BEHAVIUR 

Page 105

C UDGEMEN AND DECISION MAKING
1 PILOT JUDGEME NT
Pilot eror or oor judgement ae the wo terms most frequently assocated wth accdent o incident
reors Vey sedom is an accident the resut of oo fying skils. Forunatey udgement can e
earned and the frst ste s to understand what it means. Judgement is the mental ocess which
resuts in decision making and can e divded nto two exeme tyes
a) Pecetual Judgement
Ths comrises leaned skls nvolving vsual ecetons such as udgng distance heght o an
aoach to and, in other words experience Once the skil has een learned t ecomes amost
automatc equiing vey ite thought.
) Cognitive Judgement
Ths s a far moe comlex rocess in that it invoves hinking Ths means takng nfomaton
fom a vaiety of souces, evaluatng t and esondng wth a couse of acton Inevtay the
ocess eqes tme, thee may e alternative couses of acton and sk assessment is not
easy. To make mates wose ths tye of judgement s afected y factos which nclude stress
and fatgue
Clealy the moe tme availale to think, the ess chance thee s of ero To ths end, trainng ams
at movng the flying tasks whch initialy requre a geat deal of conscous atention to the oint
where they ecome learned o semiautomatic skils thus allowing the rain moe tme for cogntve
udgement.
2 DECISION MAKING
Decsons ae the logical concluson to cognitive udgement How good the decision is deends
uon a numer of factors ncludng exeience your knowedge, you aity to understand and thnk
as wel as you fying ality Good decson makng requres the folowing
a) Informaton
Decde what information s equied colect t, anayse it comare t with stored informaton
gained fom exerence
) Facts
Ensue that what you are deaing with are realy the facts and not hunches o what you woud
ke to elieve
c) Altenatves
Aways consider aternative couses of action earing mind the riortes of a stuaton as we as
the advantages o disadvantages of the aternatves. Fuel and weathe ae two factos whch wil
influence aternative actons.
d) Action
Once the decision has een made, ut it nto action with confdence
e) Folow U
Confirm that the esonse to you acton is having the desied efect.
3 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Stuational awaeness means knwing what is haenng around you Gven oday's advanced
navigation eqment and cockit systems t s vey easy to ecome comlacent and assume that
eveyhing is nomal In ode to mantan a hgh evel of stuational awareness the foowng oints
should e considered
a) Preflght lanning  the moe time sent on the ground anning the fight and consderng the
otions the easer the fght wl e and the easier it wl e to make en route decsions.
) Make sure that you have a the eevant infomaton, consider it carefuly and then decde on a
couse of acton
c) ake time to make the decison.

Privae Pil Licence © Avex Air Training 0/2004

Revisin 2/200

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 

Page -6

(d D  assume esablish he as Assumi is he mher  all misakes
(e Havig deided  ad iiiaed a urse  ai he  see i i is rduig he desied

resuls
( Fe yusel  be ae ad avid disrais
(g Perhas ms ima  al, see higs as hey ae ad  as hw yu wa hem  be Pla

r he wrs, bu he  he bes

Pvte Pot Lcece © Avex A Tg 0/2004

Revso 2/200

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR   QUESTIONS

Page 101

QUESTIONS
(ANSWERS ON PAGE 111

1 Decison maing ased on inng s caled:
(a) pecepual judgemen,
() cogniive judgemen
(c) seecve udgemen,
(d) auomac udgemen

2 Decson mang ased on experience is called:
(a) cognive udgemen,
() applied udgemen,
(c) selecive judgemen,
(d) pecepual udgemen.

3 A endency o disegard negave aspecs o an assumpion n preerence or posiive aspecs s
an example o
(a) silased eaviou
() percepual judgemen,
(c) conirmaon as
(d) sumssve eaviour

4 Avoiding complacency and nowing wa is appening around you s an imporan pa o:
(a) suaona awareness,
() cogniive udgemen
(c) pecepual judgemen,
(d) rueased eavou

5 An acion slip is
(a) a suaion wee a po lowes e gea u does no pysicay cec o see i i is down
() a suaon were a pilo decides o rase e aps ae anding u aises e gear insead
(c) a endency o dsegard negave aspecs o an assumpion in peeence or posive aspecs,
(d) alng o do someng wic soud e done.

6 Te em "envonmena capue" is used o descre an eror
(a) suc as owering e gear insead o e aps
() caused y a endency o disregard posve aspecs o an assumpon n preerence or negave
aspecs
(c) associaed wi slased eaviour and s e esu o an oen epeaed si
(d) suc as aing o do someing wic sould e done

7 e ype o eavou associaed wi a person wo is concened only wi emselves and er
own ineess usuay a e expense o oers s caled
(a) aggressive eavou
() asserive eaviour
(c) sumssive eavour,
(d) suppoive eavou

8 Wen a si as een learn y epeiion o ouine and can e execued wiou e consan
aenon o e ain is is regarded as:
(a) rule ased eaviour,
() nowledge ased eaviou
(c) uncional eaviou,
(d) sil ased eaviour.

Private Pilot Licence © Avex Air Training  0/2004

Revision 2/200

HUMA BHAVIOUR - QUSTIOS

Page 102
9 A person wo is ale to manage ter concern or emselves wtout eing ause or gnoring

anoter persons rigts is exiitng
(a) sumissive eaviour
() asserve eaviour,
(c) aggressive eaviour
(d) suppove eavour.

 0 A endency o disregard negative aspects o an assumpton in preerence or postve aspecs is
reerred o as
(a) cognitve error
() envronmental capture,
(c) conrmaion ias,
(d) stuaonal awareness

Prvate Plot Lcence © Avex Ar ranng 0/2004

Revson 2/200