Preview Neeraj Nachiketa Science & Technology 3e low res

A PREVIEW

3rd
Edition































Neeraj Nachiketa

M.Tech, LLM
(Alumnus of IIT Bombay. NLSIU and Mumbai University)











Foreword by
Lohit Matani, IPS

Published by
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Copyright © Neeraj Nachiketa, 2022
The views and opinions expressed in this book are the author’s own and the facts are as reported by him which have been
verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same.
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means,
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ISBN: 978-93-1032-32-6
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published.





Preface












Technology pervades every aspects of human life. Modern time is unimaginable without the use
of technology. During last 4 decades, the world has witnessed a rapid development of science and
technology. This advancement in the science and technology has made the lives of people more
advance than the ancient time. It is directly and positively impacting the people’s way of living
on one hand. On the other hand, new inventions in the field of science and technology are very
necessary in the modern world for a country to be strong and well-developed than other countries.
In India, there is a rich legacy of science and technology. Besides, development of science
and technology took rapid pace after independence with establishment of infrastructure backed
by government funding and policies. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawahar Lal Nehru was a
man of scientific temper. He took various initiatives to develop science and technology in India.
Subsequently, other Prime Ministers played significant roles in developing various aspects of
science and technology for socio-economic development and national security. Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee placed India as a nuclear capable country with Pokhran
tests. India has witnessed progress in both pure and applied sciences and technology domains.
With the space agency ISRO, India has created global impacts in space technology. Others such
as DRDO, DAE, DBT, DEITY, etc. have resulted in saga of cutting-edge technologies. Recently,
we have achieved milestones in the fields of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology. All these
developments make the subject important for the competitive examination. This book seeks to
provide a comprehensive understanding of the various concepts related to the development and
advancement of science and technology.
Science and Technology - from Inception to Advancement 3e is an authoritative and most
updated book written for the aspirants of Civil Services Preliminary and Main Examinations. This
book will also be useful for various state services examinations.
Starting with the fundamentals of science and technology infrastructure in India, the book
delves deep into the concepts and applications of technologies related to various areas like nuclear,
space and defence among others. It provides a detailed insights on the new age technologies like
Recombinant DNA Technology, Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,
Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, Internet of Things, Hyperloop, Electric Vehicles, Driverless
cars, Robotics etc. While dealing with the scientific aspects of Covid-19, the book discusses the
evolution of medical infrastructure during the time of pandemic. Dedicated chapters on agricultural
technologies and earth sciences have been provided for illustrating the change that technology can
bring in a sector that employs majority of the Indian population.

viii Science and Technology

Diagrams and flowcharts have been used for better understanding. Written in simple and lucid
language, the book will serve as a comprehensive reference for Civil Services Examinations and
other competitive examinations.

New to this Edition
● Comes with online support that makes the book useful for CSE 2021 and 2022
● Chapter-wise compilation of practice questions and previous years’ questions of CSE prelims
(2011–2020) and mains (2013–2020)
● Solved questions of the preliminary and main examinations of the year 2020
● Online support for the glossary of scientific terms and for guidance on answer writing approach
● Author’s video on important topics and current developments
● 5 online tests for the purpose of self-assessment
An effort has been made to write the book in a simple and lucid language, so that students
can understand the concepts in a better way. I hope that the book will serve as a comprehensive
reference on the subject for Civil Services Examination and help students in making their way into
the most prestigious examination of India.


With Best Wishes
Neeraj Nachiketa

Acknowledgement












“Gratitude turns disappointment into lessons learned, discoveries made, alternatives explored,
and new plans set in motion.”
― Auliq-Ice

I would like to humbly thank my parents for motivating me in my efforts. I would like to thank my
wife, Amita, for continuously inspiring me in all adverse situations. I acknowledge support of my
children, Naitik and Aadhya, for always admiring me in my endeavours. I also thank my students,
friends, teachers and family members.
Besides, I am thankful to the entire team of OakBridge Publication for constantly following
me in revising this book. It took almost two years to revise thoroughly the second edition of the
book.
I thank Mr. Shreesh Chandra and Mr. Vikesh Dhyani, Co-Founder Directors of Oakbridge
Publication, for continuously motivating the team to bring most updated book on Science and
Technology, in the market.
I thank Almighty for his blessings, which keep me going in the right path.

Features – At a Glance












CHAPTER 6
Subject related Quotes Development in Nuclear
CHAPTER 1
Every chapter begins with a quote related to Science and Technology
the chapter. Science and Technology
Ecosystem
“It is absolutely in the interest of India to have a vigorous school of research in fundamental
physics, for such a school forms the spearhead of research not only in less advanced
branches of physics but also in problems of immediate practical application in industry.”
—Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha
After reading this chapter, you will:
● Know the basics of nuclear technology
Learning Objectives
● Understand the benefits and uses of nuclear technologies
After reading this chapter, you will: ● Be able to explain various types of nuclear reactors
● Understand research and development in the field of nuclear technology
● Understand the development of science and technology in India Every chapter has a learning
● Know about the various government departments related to science and technology objective box, at the start, that
n India, Nuclear power is the fifth-largest
source of electricity after coal, gas,
● Be able to explain the policiesconnected with this field Ihydroelectricity and wind power. India has
provides the learning outcome of
22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear
the chapters.
power plants, as of March 2018. The total
installed capacity of Nuclear power in India is
“Science is a beautiful gift to humanity; we should not distort it.”
6,780 MW (March 2018).
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Department of atomic energy Nuclear Power Plant
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),
established on 3 August 1954, is engaged in Nuclear Power in India
Flowcharts aware that India has been the fountainhead of Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of
Development of Science anD
the development of nuclear power technology;
applications of radiation technologies in the
important foundational scientific developments
electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric,
technology in inDia
fields of agriculture, medicine, and industry;
and Diagrams and approaches. These include many great and renewable sources of electricity. In 2016,
and basic research. It works independently
discoveries
technological
cience provides remarkable insights into scientific
and
India had 22 nuclear reactors in operation
under the supervision of the PMO, and the
the world we live in. All the phenomena achievements in mathematics, astronomy, in seven nuclear power plants—Trombay,
Prime Minister is its ex-officio chairman.
Tarapore, Kudankulam, Rawatbhata, Narora,
In order to facilitate
Swe experience every minute are based on architecture, chemistry, metallurgy, medicine,
scientific principles. For instance, setting curd and natural philosophy. A great deal of these
better understanding,
at home is a very good example of fermentation developments have travelled outwards from
by the lactobacillus bacteria. Science and India.
Flowcharts and The extraordinary inventions of the Indian
technology have profoundly influenced the
diagrams have been
course of human civilization. The scientific scientists have played a vital role in the overall
revolutions of the 20th century have led to development of mankind. Indian scientists
used to illustrate the
many new technologies, which promise to are famous throughout the world. They
herald wholly new eras in many fields. We must have pioneered several significant scientific
topics.
ensure the optimum use of these developments discoveries so far. Since the ancient period, they
for the well-being of our planet, country, and have made numerous path-breaking discoveries
people. in the field of science, mathematics, warfare,
Science and technology (S&T) have been geometry, astronomy, medicine, space science,
an integral part of the Indian civilization and physics, chemistry, botany, etc. They have made
culture over the past several millennia. Few are India proud with their scientific achievements,

Development in Earth Science
625
formed along this coastline covers 2.01 million sq km.
The prominent institutions engaged in the exploration of the deep seabed are the National
Institute of Oceanography, Goa; Central Mechanical Engineering Institute, Durgapur;
National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur; Institute of Minerals and Materials
Technology, Bhubaneswar; and Hindustan Zin Limited, Udaipur.
The year 1998 was declared as the International Year of the Ocean by the UNESCO. As part
of the International Year of the Ocean, the DOD proposed to deploy its research ship Sagar
Kanya for a study of the characteristics of aerosol over oceanic regions and their optical
effects.
The National Project on Drugs from Sea is a multi-institutional project aimed at developing
potential drugs and chemicals from marine flora and fauna.
● ● ● ● ● The Indian Peninsula forms a total coastline of 7500 km. The exclusive economic zone
Coral reefs can get damaged due to global climate change, or the enhanced greenhouse
effect, which may cause increases in the sea temperature and level, as well as changes in
ocean current patterns.
● To cater to the requirements of the Indian scientists in both the polar regions, two stations
Maitri and Himadri have been established to serve as living-cum-research bases in the
Antarctic and Arctic, respectively. Another permanent research base in Antarctica is Bharati.
● The Seed Vault of India is situated at Chang La, Ladakh. It was built jointly by the Defence
Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) and the National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources (NBPGR) in 2010 under the aegis of the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO).
● The Climate Centre at IMD Pune has been recognized as the Regional Climate Centre by
Features – At a Glance
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for providing regional climate services. xi
● India became a member of the International Energy Agency-Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-
OES) through signing of the Implementing Agreement. By becoming a member of the IEA-
OES, India now will have access to advanced R&D teams and technologies across the world.
ExErcISE Practice Questions (Preliminary
Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Examination)
1. Gas hydrate is not found in
(Preliminary Examination) (a) oceans
1. (2015) The term ‘IndARC’, sometimes (b) continental shelf
For the purpose of self assessment, every seen in the news, is the name of (c) Polar areas
624 Science and Technology
(a) an indigenously developed radar
(d) Mountains
chapter has practice questions related to (b) India’s satellite that provides services 2. Consider the following statements about
system inducted into Indian Defence
Tsunami forecasts with greater lead time.
●
seismological services. The services offered by
preliminary and main examinations. to the countries of the Indian Ocean India’s first expedition to the Arctic.
the Ministry include forecasts and warnings
Air-quality forecasts for various cities.
●
Statement 1: The expedition was planned
● Climate projections at very high resolution. about various natural disasters, in addition Rim
to undertaking ocean surveys for living and (c) a scientific establishment set up by to carry out study on bacterial life in the
region and measurement of environmental
India in the Antarctic region
concluSIon non-living resources and the exploration of (d) India’s underwater observatory to changes to help understand why glaciers in
all the three poles (Arctic, Antarctic, and
The Union Ministry of Earth Sciences the Himalayas). Various agencies and state scientifically study the Arctic region the Himalayas are melting so rapidly.
holistically addresses all the aspects related to governments use the services provided by the
earth system science for providing weather, Ministry in order to save lives and minimize
climate, ocean, coastal state, hydrological, and damages due to natural disasters.
SUMMARY
● The Earth System Science Organization (ESSO), located in New Delhi, was established in Summary
October 2007 and operates as an executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It works
for bringing all meteorological and ocean development activities under one umbrella.
● In July 1981, the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was created for organizing, The excerpts of the chapter have been
coordinating, and promoting ocean development activities in the country.
● The major focus of the 12th Plan proposals has been to carry out research on discovering provided in the Summary box to facilitate
new phenomena; exploring unchartered areas, especially the seabed and Antarctica;
understanding earth processes; and developing new services as well as improving existing quick revision after reading the chapter.
services for societal, environmental, and economical benefits.
110 Science and Technology
● Climate is the long-term regime of the atmospheric variables for a given place or area over
a given period.
amateur astronomers. A vehicle or permanent schedule (2020), TMT could be the first of the
Weather is described in terms of the short-period mean values of the various atmospheric
●
campus containing one or more telescopes or new generation of extremely large telescopes.
other instruments is called an observatory. Important Features of TMT
conditions or variables, such as pressure, temperature, and humidity.
●
Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) 1. World’s largest infrared plus optical
India Meteorological Department (IMD) was set up on an all-India basis in 1875. It is the
Appendices telescope because its primary mirror is 30 APPENDIX A
national agency for providing services in meteorology.
TMT will be set up on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
m wide. Watch Programme of the World
●
As part of India’s cooperation with the World Weather
island (USA) and will be finished by 2020.
India along with US, Canada, Japan, and China 2. Will help find most distant and oldest stars
Meteorological Organization, a regional meteoro-logical centre and a regional telecommunication

learn more about the origin of the Universe Solved Questions of UPSC Civil
Appendices have been provided at the end
are partner countries. India joined the TMT
hub function at New Delhi.
that were born after Big Bang, thus we can
project as an observer in 2010 and became
The Geological Survey of India is responsible for all investigations pertaining to geological
●
partner, with representatives on the TMT board
of the book to cover the solved previous Services Examination (Prelims)
sciences, excluding the exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas, which are under
in 2012. The construction of the telescope began India’s Contribution to TMT Project
the domain of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission.
on 28 July 2014. It is a large ground-based
years papers of CSE 2020. 1. Ten percent project finance (rupees 1300 2020 (With Explanations)
The Atomic Energy Commission conducts studies on the deposition and replenishment of
●
telescope, under construction on Mauna Kea,
crore).
minerals in the coastal regions as well as on the presence and behaviour of radioactive
designed for observations from near-ultraviolet 2. Mirror coating and polishing of the
elements.
to mid-infrared. Its adaptive optics system telescope.
will help correct for image blur caused by the 3. Developing the control system, sensors,
●
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai carries out research in chemical
atmosphere of the Earth. In comparison with fabrication, actuator systems
oceanography.
others, TMT will have the highest altitude and
Indian Meteorological Department has undertaken marine meteorological studies.
1.
With
●
will be the second largest after EELT (European 4. 100/492 smaller, hexagonal mirrors, reference to the carbon nanotubes, 3. The experiment will employ a trio of
needed to build the 30-m diameter primary
●
The National Institute of Oceanography, created in 1966, is responsible for research on the
Extremely Large Telescope). If completed on mirror of the telescope. consider the following statement: spacecraft flying in formation in the shape
basic aspects of physical, chemical, geological, and biological oceanography and also for 1. They can be used as the carriers of of an equilateral triangle that has sides
handling oceanographic data. Matter of Study drugs and antigens in the human body. one million kilometres long, with lasers
NASA Missions
●
There are two main types of mineral deposits found on the deep-sea bed that are economically
Parker Solar Probe Solar corona, solar wind, and solar energetic particles. 2. They can be made into the artificial shining between the craft.”
Tables and Boxes
The experiment in question refers to
viable: manganese nodules and metalliferous sediments of polymetallic sulphides.
GOLD & ICON Mission • Understand more about hurricanes and geomagnetic storms in the blood capillaries for an injured part of
ionosphere region. human body. (a) Voyager-2
New Frontiers program To explore the Solar System, tw o recently selected missions: 3. They can be used in biochemical (b) New Horizons
(c) LISA Pathfinder
• Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) for visiting sensors. In order to provide an overview of the
comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. 4. Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable. (d) Evolved LISA
important information, tables have been
• Dragonfly spacecraft to study Titan, Saturn’s largest moon Which of the statements given above are 4. Consider the following statements:
Three older missions: correct? 1. Genetic changes can be introduced in
• Juno spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. Earlier, Galileo probe in its mission given in between the chapters.
(a) 1 and 2 only
had found evidence of subsurface saltwater on Jupiter’s moons Europa, the cells that produce eggs or sperms
Ganymede, and Callisto. (b) 2, 3 and 4 only of a prospective parent.
(c)
• OSIRIS-Rex: Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, 1, 3 and 4 only 2. A person’s genome can be edited
(d)
Security-Regolith Explorer is NASA’s first unmanned asteroid sampling 1, 2, 3 and 4 before birth at the early embryonic
mission heading towards a near-Earth asteroid called Bennu. 2. Consider the following activities: stage.
• New Horizons Spacecraft: To study Pluto, its moons (such as Nix and 3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells
Hydra), and the Kuiper belt. 1. Spraying pesticides on a crop field can be injected into the embryo of a
2.
SOFIA Mission (Flying SOFIA is world’s largest airborne astronomical observatory built as a joint Inspecting the craters of active pig.
Observatory) project of NASA and the German Aerospace Centre to observe celestial volcanoes Which of the statements given above is/are
magnetic fields, star forming regions, comets, and Saturn’s giant moon, 3. Collecting breath samples from
Titan. spouting whales for DNA analysis correct ?
At the present level of technology, which (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
of the above activities can be successfully 5. (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
What is the importance of using
Online Support carried out by using drones? Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only India?
1. These vaccines are effective against
Online support for regular current updates, (c) 1 and 3 only pneumonia as well as meningitis and
(d) 1, 2 and 3
sepsis.
mock tests and additional reads.

Testimonials by Civil Servants











“Nachiketa sir has been a well- the contributions of eminent Indian Scientists is a
known personality in the field of godsend. Aspirants had been struggling in deciding
civil service coaching who knows what to study under this topic. Now, the book has
how to ease the learning process for effectively addressed this concern. Science and
both educators as well as the civil technology section is very easy and marks fetching
service aspirants. I have attended his provided the concepts are crystal clear. While one
coaching during my preparation and does not have to read the syllabus topics in much
it has immensely helped me in achieving the success. detail, but a working understanding of the concepts
His book on Science and Technology offers a must be present. I hope students find this book useful.
comprehensive latest information covering the broad All the best!”
field of science and technology. I sincerely hope this Ravi Anand, I.A.S.
book fulfill its desired objective for the aspirants.”
Shikha Surendran, IAS (AIR 79, CSE 2017)
(AIR 16, CSE 2017) “The conceptual clarity depicts the author’s vast
domain knowledge. The
“This book on Science and Technology by Neeraj concepts coupled with
Nachiketa Sir is a treasure innovative presentation
for the students preparing of data covers the
for UPSC and other basics thoroughly which
competitive examination. according to me is the
It covers all the topics requirement of the
mentioned in the General exam.”
Studies Paper 3 syllabus Rohit Sisoniya, IAS
for Civil Services
(Main) examination. ( CSE 2016)
The concepts are well “This book is exemplary in respect with content.
explained and even non- The author has very lucidly explained all points with
science background relevant examples concerning
students can easily understand them. The book is current affairs. This book is
divided into six parts containing 14 chapters in total. recommended for Prelims as
Special focus has been given to chapters on IPR, well as Mains. The diagrams
nuclear energy, Space and defence technology, and help aspirants understand
emerging technologies of the day. The significance of concepts better.”
technological developments for energy, agriculture, Shashank Shekhar Singh,
health and electronics sector can be understood in I.P.S.
simple terms on reading the book. The chapter on
cyber security also helps in better understanding of (AIR 306 CSE 2014)
Internal security issues related to it. The chapter on

Testimonials by Civil Servants xiii

“A good material on Science “The nuances of scientific
and Technology was awaited by studies have been well covered
the aspirants. I feel that this is a and it eases one’s effort in
comprehensive material which assimilating such dynamic and
covers wide range of topics in diverse subject. The simplicity
detail. A perfect material for is complimented by the
civil service preparation and ingenuity.”
for the current trend. Hope Vivek TV, Assistant Director, AFHQ CS
everyone makes the best use of it.”
Rahul Hegde, IPS (CSE 2013)
(CSE 2014 )

“Relevant and Comprehensive. In the vast ocean of redundant study material, this book
is really useful and a real time saver.”
Bhanupriya Meena, IRS
(CSE 2014)



Brief Content










Foreward ......................................................................................................................................................... v
Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................................... ix
Features – At a Glance ................................................................................................................................... x
Testimonials by Civil Servants .......................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTERS

Part 1: Science and Technology Infrastructure
1. Science and Technology Ecosystem .......................................................................................................3
2. Contributions of Eminent Indians in Science and Technology .............................................................30
3. Intellectual Property Rights Relating to Technologies .........................................................................48
Part 2: Space, Defence, Nuclear and Energy

4. Development in Particle Physics and Astronomy .................................................................................71
5. Development in Space Science ..........................................................................................................122
6. Development in Nuclear Science and Technology .............................................................................180
7. Development in Defence Technology .................................................................................................217
8. Development in Technology related to New and Renewable Energy .................................................280
Part 3: Biotechnology and Healthcare

9. Development in Biotechnology .........................................................................................................335
10. Development in Healthcare .................................................................................................................395
Part 4: ICT, Computing, Cyber Security and Advanced Technologies

11. Development in Computing, ICT and Cyber Security ........................................................................447
12. Development in New and Emerging Technology ...............................................................................516
Part 5: Agriculture and Earth Science
13. Development in Agri-Technology .......................................................................................................575
14. Development in Earth Science ............................................................................................................600
Part 6: Appendix
A. Solved Questions of UPSC Civil Services Examination (Prelims) 2020 (With Explanations) ..........631
B. Detailed Answers of UPSC (Main) Examination 2020 ......................................................................638
Attributions ...............................................................................................................................................642



Detailed Contents











Foreward ......................................................................................................................................................... v
Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................................... ix
Features – At a Glance ................................................................................................................................... x
Testimonials by Civil Servants .......................................................................................................................xii
Part 1: Science and Technology Infrastructure

1. Science and Technology Ecosystem .....................................................................................................3
Development of Science and Technology in India .................................................................................3
Development of Science and Technology in Ancient and Medieval Times .....................................4
Indian Scientists in Modern times ....................................................................................................4
Indian Scientists in Independent India ......................................................................................5
Departments related to Science and Technology ...................................................................................5
Department of Science & Technology ............................................................................................6
Department of Atomic Energy..........................................................................................................7
Department of Biotechnology ....................................................................................................7
Ministry of Earth Science (MoES) .............................................................................................7
Department of Space ..................................................................................................................8
Achievements of S&T ............................................................................................................................8
R & D infrastructure ..................................................................................................................8
Research .....................................................................................................................................8
Nuclear physics ..........................................................................................................................9
Space research ...........................................................................................................................9
Computer science .......................................................................................................................9
Aeronautics ................................................................................................................................9
Commercialized technologies ....................................................................................................9
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals ................................................................................................9
Biotechnology ............................................................................................................................9
Marine sciences .......................................................................................................................10
High-Quality Scientific Research ..........................................................................................................10
Hurdles to Scientific Research in India ..........................................................................................10
Suggestive Measures ................................................................................................................10
Programmes and Policies Related to S&T ............................................................................................10
Science and Technology of Yoga and Meditation ..........................................................................10
Women Scientists Programme ........................................................................................................11

xviii Science and Technology

Visiting Advanced Joint Research ..................................................................................................11
Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge ...............................................................................12
Indigenisation of Technologies .......................................................................................................12
Science & Technology Innovations ......................................................................................................12
National Innovation Foundation .....................................................................................................12
Inspire Awards–Manak ...................................................................................................................15
National Initiative for Development and Harnessing Innovations .................................................16
Impacting Research Innovation and Technology ...........................................................................17
Select Technology Domains ....................................................................................................17
Atal Innovation Mission .................................................................................................................17
Atal Tinkering Laboratories ....................................................................................................17
Mentor India ............................................................................................................................18
Atal Incubation Centres ..........................................................................................................19
Self-Employment and Talent Utilization ........................................................................................19
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council ...................................................19
Technology Vision 2020 .......................................................................................................................19
Technologies for Mitigation and Management of Natural Hazards .....................................................20
Generation and Management of Intellectual Property .........................................................................20
Public Awareness of Science and Technology ......................................................................................21
International Science and Technology Cooperation .............................................................................21
Science & Technology Policies .............................................................................................................21
Backdrop of S&T Policies ..............................................................................................................22
Key Scientific Policies .........................................................................................................................22
Scientific Policy Resolution 1958 ..................................................................................................22
Technology Policy Statement, 1983 ...............................................................................................22
Science and Technology Policy 2003 ............................................................................................23
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 2013 .................................................................24
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................25
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ......................................................................28
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ................................................................................29
2. Contributions of Eminent Indians in Science and Technology .......................................................30
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................30
Indian Scientists in Ancient Era ............................................................................................................30
Indian Scientists in Colonial Era ...........................................................................................................31
Indian Scientists in Independent India ..................................................................................................32
Biographies of Few Eminent Scientists ..........................................................................................32
Dr. Jagadish Chandra Bose
(1858–1937) .............................................................................................................................32
Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ray (1861–1944) ..................................................................................32
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) .........................................................................................33
Dr C.V. Raman (1888–1970) ...................................................................................................33
Dr Meghnad Saha (1893–1956) ..............................................................................................34
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974) ..........................................................................................34
Dr Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (1894–1955) .............................................................................35
Dr Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909–1966) .................................................................................35
Dr Subramaniam Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) ......................................................................36
Dr Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971) ...........................................................................................37
Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015) .......................................................................................37

Detailed Contents xix

Dr Raja Ramanna (1925–2004) ..............................................................................................38
Dr C.R. Rao (1920–) ................................................................................................................38
K. Chandrasekharan (1920–2017) ..........................................................................................39
Dr Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011) ....................................................................................39
Dr G.N. Ramachandran (1922–2001) .....................................................................................40
Dr Harish Chandra (1923–1983) ............................................................................................41
Dr M.K. Vainu Bappu (1927–1982) .........................................................................................41
Dr M.S. Swaminathan (1925-) .................................................................................................42
Contributions of Women to Development of Science and Technology ................................................43
Biography of Few Women Scientists .............................................................................................43
AnandibaiJoshee (1865–1887) ................................................................................................43
Janaki Ammal (1897–1984) .....................................................................................................43
Kamala Sohonie (1912–1998) .................................................................................................44
Anna Mani (1918–2001) ..........................................................................................................44
Asima Chatterjee (1917–2006) ................................................................................................44
Rajeshwari Chatterjee (1922–2010) ........................................................................................44
Darshan Ranganathan (1941–2001) .......................................................................................44
Maharani Chakravorty (1937–2015) ......................................................................................45
Charusita Chakravarty (1964–2016) ......................................................................................45
Mangala Narlikar ....................................................................................................................45
Tessy Thomas (1963–) .............................................................................................................45
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) ..........................................................46
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ......................................................................46
Practice Questions (Main Examination) .................................................................................47
3. Intellectual Property Rights Relating to Technologies ....................................................................48
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................48
Types of IPR ..........................................................................................................................................48
Patent ..............................................................................................................................................48
Necessity of Patents .................................................................................................................49
Protection Offered by Patents ..................................................................................................49
Patent Owners’ Rights .............................................................................................................49
Role of Patents in Everyday Life .............................................................................................49
Grant of patents .......................................................................................................................49
Inventions Protected by Patents ..............................................................................................49
Organizations Granting Patents ..............................................................................................50
Trademark .......................................................................................................................................50
Role of Trademarks ..................................................................................................................50
Kinds of Trademarks ................................................................................................................50
Procedure of Trademark Registration .....................................................................................51
Extent of Trademark Protection ...............................................................................................51
Industrial Design ............................................................................................................................51
Importance of Protecting Industrial Designs ..........................................................................51
Protection of Industrial Designs ..............................................................................................52
Extent of Industrial Design Protection ....................................................................................52
Geographical Indication .................................................................................................................52
Appellation of Origin ...............................................................................................................53
Need for Protection of Geographical Indications ...................................................................53
Generic Geographical Indication ............................................................................................53

xx Science and Technology

Protection of Geographical Indications ..................................................................................53
WIPO’s Role in Protection of Geographical Indications ........................................................53
Difference between Geographical Indication and Trademark ................................................53
Copyright and Related Rights ........................................................................................................54
Rights Provided by Copyrights and Related Rights .................................................................54
Benefits of Protecting Copyright and Related Rights ..............................................................55
Copyright and Related rights and Advances in Technology ....................................................55
Regulation of Copyright and Related Rights ...........................................................................55
Rationale to Protect and Promote IPR ....................................................................................55
Benefits to the Average Person ................................................................................................56
World Intellectual Property Organization .............................................................................................57
Role of WIPO .................................................................................................................................57
WIPO funds ..............................................................................................................................57
National IPR Policy for India: Key Points and Some Insights .............................................................58
Objectives of National IPR Policy .................................................................................................58
Key Features of National IPR Policy .............................................................................................59
Limitations of National IPR Policy ................................................................................................59
Conclusion and Way Forward ........................................................................................................59
New Trademark Rules ...........................................................................................................................59
Highlights of the New Trademark Rules ........................................................................................59
Significance of New Trademark Rules ...........................................................................................60
TRIPS-Plus Measures ...........................................................................................................................60
Data Exclusivity .............................................................................................................................60
Impact of Data Exclusivity in India .........................................................................................60
Suggestive Measures ......................................................................................................................61
Bioprospecting and Biopiracy ...............................................................................................................61
Analysis of Bioprospecting ............................................................................................................61
Steps taken to prevent biopiracy ..............................................................................................61
Suggestive Measures ................................................................................................................61
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library ..........................................................................................61
Compulsory Licensing ..........................................................................................................................63
Natco’s Compulsory License Request ............................................................................................63
Recent Development ......................................................................................................................64
Copyright Infringement Policy .......................................................................................................64
Impact of the Government Initiative ........................................................................................64
Copyright Law: Indian Context ......................................................................................................64
Significant Penal Provisions of the Copyright Act ..................................................................64
Fair use in Copyright ......................................................................................................................65
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) ..........................................................66
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ......................................................................66
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ......................................................................68
Practice Questions (Main Examination) .................................................................................68
Part 2: Space, Defence, Nuclear and Energy

4. Development in Particle Physics and Astronomy .............................................................................71
Astrophysics, Astronomy, and Cosmology ...........................................................................................71
Developments in Astrophysics .......................................................................................................72
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation ........................................................................................72

Detailed Contents xxi

Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity ..............................................................................72
Hubble’s Law & Red Shift .............................................................................................................73
Particle Physics .....................................................................................................................................75
Theoretical Gap in Particle Physics ................................................................................................75
The Standard Model .......................................................................................................................75
Matter Particles ...............................................................................................................................75
Forces and Carrier Particles ...........................................................................................................76
Higgs Field .....................................................................................................................................77
The Hypothesis .........................................................................................................................77
CERN .............................................................................................................................................78
Member States .........................................................................................................................78
The Higgs Boson ............................................................................................................................78
Experimental Evidence of Higgs Boson ..................................................................................79
Why it is Called God Particle ..................................................................................................79
Importance of Finding the Higgs Boson .................................................................................79
Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 ....................................................................................................80
Dr Satyendra Nath Bose .................................................................................................................80
Fundamentals of Bosons ..........................................................................................................80
Neutrino ..........................................................................................................................................80
Anti-neutrinos .................................................................................................................................80
Metamorphosis in the Particle World ......................................................................................80
IceCube ....................................................................................................................................82
Indian Neutrino Observatory ...................................................................................................82
Importance of Location Factors of INO .........................................................................................84
Importance of Neutrino Research ...................................................................................................84
Benefits .....................................................................................................................................85
Understanding Our Universe ................................................................................................................85
Galaxies ..........................................................................................................................................86
Doppler Effect and Expanding Universe .................................................................................86
Where Are We in this Vast Universe? ............................................................................................86
Formation ...............................................................................................................................86
Collisions ................................................................................................................................86
Stars ................................................................................................................................................87
Planets Around Other Stars ............................................................................................................87
Exoplanets ...............................................................................................................................87
What We Know About Our Exoplanet Neighbours........................................................................88
What We Want to Learn about Exoplanets ....................................................................................88
The Big Bang ..................................................................................................................................88
Background Radiation .............................................................................................................88
Dark Energy ............................................................................................................................89
Important Points about Dark Energy ..............................................................................................89
Dark Matter .............................................................................................................................89
Antimatter ................................................................................................................................89
Half of The Universe’s ‘Missing Matter’ is Finally Found ...................................................................90
Background ....................................................................................................................................90
What is Hot Gas Filament? ............................................................................................................90
What is a Baryon? ...................................................................................................................90
Stars ................................................................................................................................................90

xxii Science and Technology

Chandrashekhar’s Limit .................................................................................................................91
Life of a Star ...................................................................................................................................92
Star Formation ........................................................................................................................92
Main Sequence Stars ...............................................................................................................92
Stars and Their Fates ......................................................................................................................93
Red Giants ...............................................................................................................................93
Average Stars Become White Dwarfs ......................................................................................93
White Dwarfs May Become Novae ..........................................................................................93
Supernovae Leave Behind Neutron Stars or Black Holes .......................................................93
Neutron Stars ...........................................................................................................................94
Pulsars are Pulsating Neutron Stars .......................................................................................94
Black Holes ..............................................................................................................................94
From the Remains, New Stars Arise ........................................................................................95
Dr Stephen Hawking ......................................................................................................................95
Contribution of Stephen Hawking ...........................................................................................95
Our Solar System ..................................................................................................................................96
Understanding Solar System ..........................................................................................................96
Dwarf Planets .................................................................................................................................96
New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt ..................................98
New Science ...................................................................................................................................98
Spacecraft and Instruments ............................................................................................................98
Sun ........................................................................................................................................................98
Understanding the Sun ...................................................................................................................99
Solar Flares ............................................................................................................................99
Impact of Solar Flare of Sun ..........................................................................................................99
Spacecraft to Study Sun .................................................................................................................99
Nasa’s Parker Solar Probe ......................................................................................................99
ISRO’s Aditya-L1 ...................................................................................................................101
Other Solar Missions .............................................................................................................102
Mars ....................................................................................................................................................102
Scientific Missions .......................................................................................................................102
Asteroid ...............................................................................................................................................103
Understanding Asteroids ..............................................................................................................103
Most Recent Missions ..................................................................................................................103
Asteroid Mining ...........................................................................................................................104
Meteors and Meteorites .......................................................................................................................105
Understanding Meteors and Meteorites .......................................................................................105
Meteor Showers .....................................................................................................................105
Jupiter ..................................................................................................................................................105
Understanding Jupiter ...................................................................................................................106
Most Recent Missions ..................................................................................................................106
Juno Mission ..........................................................................................................................106
Galileo Mission ......................................................................................................................106
Voyager Mission .....................................................................................................................106
Pioneer Mission .....................................................................................................................107
Saturn ..................................................................................................................................................107
Understanding Saturn ...................................................................................................................107
Most Recent Missions ..................................................................................................................108

Detailed Contents xxiii

Comets ................................................................................................................................................108
Understanding Comets .................................................................................................................108
Rosetta Mission ...................................................................................................................................109
Telescopes ...........................................................................................................................................109
Classification of Telescopes .........................................................................................................109
Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) ...............................................................................................110
Space Debris Issues and Missions to Remove it .................................................................................113
Significance ..................................................................................................................................114
Issues Related to Space Junk .................................................................................................114
LIGO-India Project .............................................................................................................................115
Significance of LIGO ...................................................................................................................115
Impact of LIGO-India ..................................................................................................................116
Impact on Indian Science ......................................................................................................116
Impact on Industry .................................................................................................................116
Education and Public Outreach ...........................................................................................116
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................117
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ...................................................................121
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................121
5. Development in Space Science ........................................................................................................122
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................122
Indian Space Research Organisation ...................................................................................................122
Department of Space ...........................................................................................................................123
Vision ............................................................................................................................................124
Mission .........................................................................................................................................124
Space Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................124
Launch Facility .............................................................................................................................125
Tracking Facility ..........................................................................................................................125
ISRO Centres ......................................................................................................................................125
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology .......................................................................125
Antrix ............................................................................................................................................126
Satellite Basics ....................................................................................................................................127
Types of Orbits .............................................................................................................................128
Circular Orbit ........................................................................................................................128
Equatorial Orbit ....................................................................................................................128
Low Earth Orbits ...................................................................................................................128
Medium Earth Orbit ..............................................................................................................129
High Earth Orbit....................................................................................................................129
Sun-Synchronous Orbit ..........................................................................................................129
Geosynchronous Orbit ...........................................................................................................129
Parts of a Satellite .........................................................................................................................129
Types of Satellites ........................................................................................................................130
Communication Satellites .............................................................................................................130
......................................................................................................................................................131
Remote Sensing Satellites ............................................................................................................131
Navigation Satellites .....................................................................................................................131
Space Exploration Satellites .........................................................................................................131
Satellite Frequency Bands ...................................................................................................................131
Different Frequency Bands ...........................................................................................................131

xxiv Science and Technology

An Overview of Satellite Applications of ISRO .................................................................................133
Indian National Satellite System .........................................................................................................133
INSAT/GSAT Applications ..........................................................................................................133
Disaster Management Support Programme ..........................................................................134
Village Resource Centre Programme .....................................................................................135
Earth Observation Satellites ..................................................................................................135
Major INSAT/GSAT Satellites .....................................................................................................135
Indian Remote Sensing Applications ..................................................................................................140
Major Remote Sensing Satellites .................................................................................................141
Launch Vehicle ....................................................................................................................................146
Sounding Rockets .........................................................................................................................146
Operational Sounding Rockets .....................................................................................................147
Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 ............................................................................................................147
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle ...........................................................................................148
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle......................................................................................................148
PSLV Specifications ...............................................................................................................149
Technical Specifications .........................................................................................................149
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ...................................................................................150
GSLV Specifications ...............................................................................................................151
Technical Specifications .........................................................................................................151
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III ....................................................................151
Difference Between PSLV and GSLV ..........................................................................................152
Reusable Launch Vehicle—Technology Demonstrator .....................................................................153
Objectives of RLV-TD ..................................................................................................................153
Gaganyan—A Proud Moment to Come for India ........................................................................154
Scramjet Engine—Technology Demonstrator ....................................................................................155
Global Positioning System ..................................................................................................................156
How it Works ................................................................................................................................156
Applications of GPS .....................................................................................................................156
Road Transport ......................................................................................................................156
Aviation ..................................................................................................................................156
Shipping and Rail Transport ..................................................................................................158
Science ...................................................................................................................................158
Security ..................................................................................................................................158
Heavy Vehicle Guidance ........................................................................................................158
Surveying, Mapping, and Geophysics ...................................................................................158
Telecommunications ...............................................................................................................159
Financial Services .................................................................................................................159
Social Activities......................................................................................................................159
GAGAN ........................................................................................................................................159
GEMINI (GAGAN Enabled Mariner’s Instrument for Navigation and Information) .................161
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System: NavIC .........................................................................161
Small Satellites ....................................................................................................................................162
Indian Mini Satellite-1 Bus ....................................................................................................162
Indian Mini Satellite-2 ...........................................................................................................163
Microsat .................................................................................................................................163
Youthsat ........................................................................................................................................163
University/Academic Institution Satellites ...................................................................................163

Detailed Contents xxv

Development of Payload ........................................................................................................163
Satellite Design and Fabrication ...........................................................................................164
Important Student Satellites ...................................................................................................164
Space Science and Exploration ...........................................................................................................165
AstroSat ........................................................................................................................................166
Mars Orbiter Mission ...................................................................................................................166
Chadrayaan-1 ................................................................................................................................167
Findings of Chandrayan-1 .....................................................................................................168
Chandrayaan-2 ..............................................................................................................................168
Chandrayaan-3 ..............................................................................................................................170
Aditya L1 ......................................................................................................................................170
NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar .......................................................................................172
Earlier Collaborations between NASA and ISRO ................................................................173
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................173
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examinations) ........................................................175
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................176
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ....................................................................178
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................178
6. Development in Nuclear Science and Technology ..........................................................................180
Department of Atomic Energy ............................................................................................................180
Nuclear Power in India .................................................................................................................180
Nuclear Doctrine of India ......................................................................................................182
Research & Development in India ......................................................................................................182
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai ..................................................................................183
Research Reactor ...................................................................................................................183
The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam ......................................................183
The Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore..............................................................................183
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre................................................................................................184
Atomic Minerals Directorate ........................................................................................................184
Nuclear Reactor Technology ...............................................................................................................184
Nuclear Fission .............................................................................................................................185
Nuclear Fusion .............................................................................................................................185
Chain Reaction .............................................................................................................................185
Moderator .....................................................................................................................................185
Controlling Rods ..........................................................................................................................186
Heavy Water .................................................................................................................................186
Uses and Capabilities of Heavy Water in India .....................................................................187
Natural and Enriched Uranium .....................................................................................................187
Radioactivity ................................................................................................................................187
Alpha Radiation .....................................................................................................................187
Beta Radiation .......................................................................................................................188
Gamma Radiation ..................................................................................................................188
Accelerators ..................................................................................................................................188
VECC .....................................................................................................................................188
Synchrotron and Its Utilization ..............................................................................................188
FOTIA ....................................................................................................................................188
Pelletron .................................................................................................................................188
Fusion & Other Plasma Technologies ..........................................................................................188

xxvi Science and Technology

Nuclear Power Programme .................................................................................................................188
Stage I: Pressurised Heavy-Water Reactors .................................................................................189
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle .........................................................................................................190
Heavy-Water Production and Upgrading ..............................................................................191
Fuel Reprocessing ..................................................................................................................191
Nuclear Waste Management ..................................................................................................191
Stage II: Fast Reactor Programme ................................................................................................192
Stage III: Thorium-Based Reactors ..............................................................................................193
Radioisotopes and Their Applications ................................................................................................193
Medicine and Healthcare ..............................................................................................................194
Industries ......................................................................................................................................195
Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................196
Sterilization ..................................................................................................................................196
Radiometric Dating ......................................................................................................................196
Radiocarbon Dating ..............................................................................................................196
Atomic Energy and Food Preservation ...............................................................................................197
Sprout Inhibition in Potatoes and Onions .....................................................................................197
Dangers of Nuclear Radiations ...........................................................................................................198
Pollution from Nuclear Reactor Leakage .....................................................................................198
Radioactive Waste Disposal ...................................................................................................199
The Civil Liability Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 ...........................................................................200
Nuclear Explosions .............................................................................................................................200
Thermo-nuclear Bomb .................................................................................................................200
Neutron Bomb ..............................................................................................................................200
Nuclear Fallout .............................................................................................................................200
Overview of the Emergency Response Plans in the DAE ............................................................203
ITER Project at Cadarache ..................................................................................................................203
India’s Contribution to the ITER Project .....................................................................................204
Artificial Sun .......................................................................................................................................206
Advantages of Fusion Power ................................................................................................206
Disadvantages of Fusion Power ............................................................................................207
International Organizations and Treaties Related to Nuclear Technology ..........................................207
International Atomic Energy Agency ...........................................................................................207
Nuclear Suppliers Group ..............................................................................................................207
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ..................................................................208
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty ....................................................................................208
Wassenaar Arrangement ...............................................................................................................209
India and Wassennar Arrangement .......................................................................................209
Agreements on Nuclear Energy That India has Signed with Different Countries ..............................210
Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage ..................................................212
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .......................................................213
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................214
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ..................................................................216
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................216
7. Development in Defence Technology ...............................................................................................217
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................217
Defence Production and Procurement Policy .....................................................................................217
Defence Technology Development .....................................................................................................220

Detailed Contents xxvii

Defence Research and Development Organisation ......................................................................220
Defence Research and Development Services .......................................................................221
Defence Research Technical Cadre .......................................................................................221
Guided Missile Technology ................................................................................................................222
NAG .......................................................................................................................................225
Trishul ....................................................................................................................................225
Agni ........................................................................................................................................225
Other Developments in the Field of Missiles ......................................................................................227
Dhanush ........................................................................................................................................227
BrahMos ................................................................................................................................228
Nirbhay ..................................................................................................................................229
MRSAM ..................................................................................................................................230
QRSAM ..................................................................................................................................230
Ballistic Missile Defence System ...........................................................................................231
India’s BMD System ...............................................................................................................231
Barak-8 ..................................................................................................................................233
Pragati Missile .......................................................................................................................233
K-15 Ballistic Missile ............................................................................................................233
Prahaar Missile .....................................................................................................................233
Pinaka ....................................................................................................................................234
Aeronautics and Avionics ....................................................................................................................234
LCA Development Phase .......................................................................................................235
LCA Navy ...............................................................................................................................235
Fighter Planes of Indian Air Force ...............................................................................................236
MiG-21 ...................................................................................................................................236
MiG-29/MiG-35 .....................................................................................................................236
MiG-27 ...................................................................................................................................237
Sukhoi Su-30 ..........................................................................................................................237
Dassault Mirage 2000 ...........................................................................................................237
Dassault Rafale ......................................................................................................................237
Jaguar ....................................................................................................................................238
Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft ..........................................................................................238
Dornier Do 228 ......................................................................................................................238
Ilushin IL 78 ...........................................................................................................................238
C-17 Globemaster ..................................................................................................................238
C-130J Super Hercules ..........................................................................................................239
Military Transport Aircraft ....................................................................................................239
Flying Characteristics ...........................................................................................................240
HTT-40 .........................................................................................................................................241
Roles ......................................................................................................................................241
Technical Parameters ............................................................................................................241
Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter .........................................................................................241
Cheetah ..................................................................................................................................242
Chetak ....................................................................................................................................243
Lancer ....................................................................................................................................243
Cheetal ...................................................................................................................................243
Mi-17 V5 Helicopters ............................................................................................................244
Upcoming Products ...............................................................................................................244

xxviii Science and Technology

Chinook Helicopter ................................................................................................................245
Apache Helicopter .................................................................................................................245
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ..................................................................................................................246
Provisions under Regulation .................................................................................................246
No-Drone Zones .....................................................................................................................247
Nuclear-Powered Submarines .............................................................................................................247
Akula Class ...................................................................................................................................247
INS Arighat ...................................................................................................................................248
Surface Ships .......................................................................................................................................250
INS Vikramaditya ...................................................................................................................251
INS Viraat ..............................................................................................................................251
Kolkata-class Destroyers ......................................................................................................252
Delhi-Class Destroyers ..........................................................................................................253
Rajput Class ...........................................................................................................................253
Frigates .........................................................................................................................................254
Shivalik Class .........................................................................................................................255
Talwar Class ..........................................................................................................................255
Nilgiri Class ...........................................................................................................................256
Godavari Class ......................................................................................................................256
Brahmaputra Class ................................................................................................................256
Kamorta Class .......................................................................................................................257
Shardul Class .........................................................................................................................257
Magar Class...........................................................................................................................258
Sukanya Class ........................................................................................................................258
Naval Offshore Patrol Vessels................................................................................................258
INS Tillanchang .....................................................................................................................258
INS Tarasa .............................................................................................................................258
ICGS Sujay .............................................................................................................................258
Combat Vehicles and Armaments .......................................................................................................260
Salient Features .....................................................................................................................261
Muntra ..........................................................................................................................................261
Electronic Warfare...............................................................................................................................264
Radar and Sonar ..................................................................................................................................265
Applications of Radars ..........................................................................................................266
Latest Sonar Systems .............................................................................................................266
USHUS Sonar ........................................................................................................................267
Sonar Dome ...........................................................................................................................267
Battlefield Surveillance Radar ...............................................................................................267
3D Medium-Range Surveillance Radar—Rohini ...................................................................267
Weapon Locating Radar—Swathi ..........................................................................................268
‘Silent’ Radar .........................................................................................................................268
Induction of DRDO-developed Sonar Systems into Indian Navy ...............................................268
Abhay .....................................................................................................................................268
HUMSA-UG ...........................................................................................................................269
NACS......................................................................................................................................269
AIDSS .....................................................................................................................................269
Torpedoes ............................................................................................................................................269
Important Features of NETRA ...............................................................................................271

Detailed Contents xxix

Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................274
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .......................................................276
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................277
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................278
8. Development in Technology Related to New and Renewable Energy ..........................................280
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................280
Sources of Energy ...............................................................................................................................281
Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources .............................................................................281
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ............................................................................................281
Autonomous R&D Institutions Working under the MNRE .........................................................282
Present Status of Renewable Energy Grid Connected Power Development Programmes of the
MNRE ..........................................................................................................................................283
Wind Power ............................................................................................................................283
Bio-Power ..............................................................................................................................283
Solar Power ...........................................................................................................................283
Renewable Energy Technology Development and Deployment .........................................................283
Solar Energy .................................................................................................................................283
Direct Solar Energy ...............................................................................................................284
Solar Energy Systems Deployment in India ...........................................................................286
Solar Energy Scenario .........................................................................................................................288
International Solar Alliance ..........................................................................................................288
Vision and Mission of the ISA ................................................................................................289
National Institute of Solar Energy ................................................................................................289
Solar Energy Corporation of India ...............................................................................................290
National Solar Mission .................................................................................................................290
Solar Park Scheme .................................................................................................................290
Solar Water Pump ..................................................................................................................293
Canal Banks and Canal Tops Scheme ...................................................................................294
Scheme on Energy-Efficient Solar/Green Buildings ..............................................................295
Solar Cities ............................................................................................................................296
Wind Energy .................................................................................................................................297
Wind Turbine Technology in India ..............................................................................................298
Manufacturing Base of Wind Electric Generators in India ..................................................298
National Institute of Wind Energy .........................................................................................298
Wind Power Programme of MNRE ........................................................................................299
Wind Resource Assessment ...................................................................................................299
Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems Programme ............................................................300
Facilitating Offshore Wind in India Project ..........................................................................300
Biomass Energy ............................................................................................................................301
Sources of Biomass ................................................................................................................301
Applications of Biomass Technology .....................................................................................302
Uses of Biomass .....................................................................................................................302
Advantages of Biomass Energy ..............................................................................................302
Bagasse as Biofuel .................................................................................................................302
Biogas Plant ...........................................................................................................................302
Potential of Biogas in India ...................................................................................................303
Biofuel Plants .........................................................................................................................304
Biomass Power and Co-Generation Programme of MNRE ..................................................305

xxx Science and Technology

Biomass-Based Technology ...................................................................................................305
Biofuel Programme ................................................................................................................307
Waste to Energy .....................................................................................................................307
National Institute of Bioenergy ..............................................................................................308
Hydro-Power Energy ....................................................................................................................309
Hydro Power Project Classification .............................................................................................310
Small Hydro Power Programme ...................................................................................................310
Ocean Energy ...............................................................................................................................310
Wave Energy ..........................................................................................................................310
Current Energy ......................................................................................................................312
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion .............................................................................................312
Tidal Energy ...........................................................................................................................313
Geothermal Energy .......................................................................................................................316
Geothermal Energy in India ..................................................................................................317
Environmental Impact of Geothermal Energy .......................................................................317
Geothermal Energy Programme of MNRE ............................................................................317
Hydrogen Energy..........................................................................................................................318
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology ............................................................................................319
Fuel Cell Technology in India ...............................................................................................320
Fuel Cell Technology and the Environment ...........................................................................321
Hydrogen Energy Programme of MNRE ...............................................................................321
Energy Conservation ...........................................................................................................................323
Impact of Use of Energy on Environment ....................................................................................323
Green Buildings .....................................................................................................................324
Storage ..........................................................................................................................................324
Fuel Cells ..............................................................................................................................324
Lithium-Air Batteries .............................................................................................................324
Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transport ..............................................................................325
Methanol Production ....................................................................................................................325
Importance of Methanol Production for India ......................................................................325
Highlights of Roadmap for Methanol Economy in India .......................................................326
High-Tech Public Transport Systems ...........................................................................................326
Why New Public Transportation is Needed ...........................................................................327
Thermal Storage ...................................................................................................................327
Smart Grid ....................................................................................................................................327
First-Generation Smart Grid ................................................................................................327
Distributed Generation ..........................................................................................................327
Smart Energy Network ...........................................................................................................328
Micro Stirling Engines ...........................................................................................................328
Solar Panel Positioning Robots ............................................................................................328
Photovoltaic Transparent Glass ............................................................................................328
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................329
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................330
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ..................................................................332
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................332
Part 3:Biotechnology and Healthcare

Detailed Contents xxxi

9. Development in Biotechnology ........................................................................................................335
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................335
Modern Biotechnology .......................................................................................................................336
Biotechnology in India ........................................................................................................................337
Status of Biotechnology Sector in India .......................................................................................338
Challenges Facing the Biotech Sector ..........................................................................................338
National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2015–20 ............................................................338
Objectives ..............................................................................................................................338
Strategy ..................................................................................................................................338
Analysis and Conclusion ........................................................................................................339
Biotechnology in the North-East Region .....................................................................................339
Recent Programmes and Missions Launched by the DBT .....................................................340
Biotechnology and Its Applications ....................................................................................................341
Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture .............................................................................341
Pest-resistant Plants ..............................................................................................................342
Biotechnological Applications in Medicine ................................................................................342
Genetically Engineered Insulin .............................................................................................343
Molecular Diagnosis .............................................................................................................343
Biotechnological Applications in Industries ................................................................................344
Biotechnologal Applications in Environment .............................................................................345
Bioremediation .......................................................................................................................345
Ethical Issues and Concerns in Biotechnology ..................................................................................346
Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology .............................................................................................348
Recombinant DNA Technology ...................................................................................................348
DNA Sequencing ..........................................................................................................................348
Methods ..................................................................................................................................348
Genetically Modified Organisms ........................................................................................................349
Reverse Genetics ..........................................................................................................................349
Diagnostics ...................................................................................................................................350
Elisa Test .............................................................................................................................................350
Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) ............................................................................................................351
RT-PCR TEST ..............................................................................................................................352
COVID-19 RT PCR Test ..............................................................................................................352
DNA Vaccines .....................................................................................................................................354
Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccines .............................................................................................356
1. The Whole-Microbe Approach ...........................................................................................356
2. The Sub-Unit Approach .....................................................................................................357
3. The genetic approach (nucleic acid vaccine) ....................................................................357
Global COVID-19 Vaccine Development ....................................................................................358
Two Vaccines in India ..................................................................................................................359
Bioinformatics .....................................................................................................................................360
Objectives of Bioinformatics ........................................................................................................360
Approaches ...................................................................................................................................361
Static Model ...........................................................................................................................361
Dynamic Model ......................................................................................................................361
Biosignature ........................................................................................................................................361
Biosignature Modulation ..............................................................................................................361
Bacillus thuringiensis ...................................................................................................................362

xxxii Science and Technology

The Working of Bt ........................................................................................................................362
Bt GM Crops ................................................................................................................................362
Genetically Modified Mustard DMH-11 ......................................................................................363
Human Genome Project ...............................................................................................................363
Goals of the HGP ..........................................................................................................................364
The Management of HGP ............................................................................................................364
ELSI Programme ..........................................................................................................................364
Establishment of ELSI ..................................................................................................................364
Post-HGP Development ...............................................................................................................365
HGP-Read ..............................................................................................................................365
HGP-Write ....................................................................................................................................365
International Rice Genome Sequencing Project .................................................................................365
New Transgenic Rice Variety .......................................................................................................365
Genome Sequencing .....................................................................................................................366
Earth Biogenome Project ..............................................................................................................366
The Genome Asia 100K Initiative ................................................................................................366
Biopesticides .......................................................................................................................................366
Advantages .............................................................................................................................367
Disadvantages of Chemical Pesticides ..................................................................................367
Bio-Fertilizers .....................................................................................................................................367
Achievements Using Bio-fertilizers .............................................................................................368
DNA Fingerprinting ............................................................................................................................368
Practical Applications of DNA Fingerprinting .............................................................................368
Paternity and Maternity .........................................................................................................368
Criminal Identification and Forensics ...................................................................................368
Personal Identification ...........................................................................................................369
Problems with DNA Fingerprinting .............................................................................................369
Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics ........................................................................370
CODIS .................................................................................................................................................371
DNA Technology (Use and Regulation) Bill, 2019 ......................................................................371
Criticism of the Bill ................................................................................................................372
Gene Therapy ......................................................................................................................................373
The Mechanism of Gene Therapy ................................................................................................373
Cloning ................................................................................................................................................373
SCNT Technology ........................................................................................................................373
Advantages of SCNT ..............................................................................................................374
Disadvantages of SCNT .........................................................................................................375
Human Cloning Objections ..........................................................................................................375
Plant Tissue Culture ............................................................................................................................375
Stem Cells ...........................................................................................................................................376
Stem Cell Research in India .........................................................................................................379
Draft Guidelines for Stem Cell Research ..............................................................................379
Government Initiatives in Biotechnology ..........................................................................................382
Biotech-Kisan and Cattle Genomics ............................................................................................382
Biotech-KISAN (Krishi Innovation Science Application Network) ......................................382
Cattle Genomics .....................................................................................................................382
Embryo Transfer Technology .......................................................................................................382
Rashtriya Gokul Mission ..............................................................................................................383

Detailed Contents xxxiii

National Mission on Bovine Productivity ....................................................................................383
Synthetic Biology .........................................................................................................................383
Applications of Synthetic Biology ..........................................................................................383
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy/Three Parent Baby ............................................................384
Significance and Types of MRT ..............................................................................................384
Pros and Cons of MRT ...........................................................................................................384
Status of MRT in India ...........................................................................................................385
Gene Editing .................................................................................................................................385
CRISPR/Cas9 .........................................................................................................................385
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness & Innovations ..................................................................386
Need for CEPI ........................................................................................................................386
Benefits of the Coalition .........................................................................................................386
Way Forward..........................................................................................................................386
Revive & Restore .........................................................................................................................387
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................388
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................390
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................392
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ...................................................................393
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................394
10. Development in Healthcare ..............................................................................................................395
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................395
Health Infrastructure in India ..............................................................................................................396
Sub-Health Centres .......................................................................................................................397
Primary Health Centres ................................................................................................................397
Community Health Centres ..........................................................................................................397
First Referral Units .......................................................................................................................397
Primary Health Centre ........................................................................................................................397
Functions of the PHC ...................................................................................................................398
Health Problems in India ..............................................................................................................398
Communicable Disease Problems .........................................................................................398
Nutritional Problems .............................................................................................................398
Environmental Sanitation ......................................................................................................399
Medicare Problems ................................................................................................................399
Population Problems .............................................................................................................399
Key Challenges & Issues ..............................................................................................................400
Way Forward ................................................................................................................................401
National Health Mission ....................................................................................................................401
National Rural Health Mission .....................................................................................................401
National Urban Health Mission ....................................................................................................402
Mission Indradhanush .........................................................................................................................403
Ministry of AYUSH ............................................................................................................................403
SOWA-RIGPA ..............................................................................................................................404
National Health Policy ........................................................................................................................404
National Health Policy 2017 ........................................................................................................404
Family Planning ..................................................................................................................................405
Current Family Planning Efforts ..................................................................................................406
Maternal Health Programmes .............................................................................................................407
Causes of Maternal Mortality .......................................................................................................407

xxxiv Science and Technology

Janani Suraksha Yojana ................................................................................................................407
National Programmes Under NRHM ..................................................................................................408
Universal Immunization Programme ..................................................................................................409
Pulse Polio Immunization ...................................................................................................................410
Polio Vaccines ..............................................................................................................................410
National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme ................................................................411
Magnitude of the Problem ............................................................................................................411
Control Programme ......................................................................................................................411
National Aids Control Programme ......................................................................................................411
AIDS and TB ................................................................................................................................412
3 by 5 Strategy ..............................................................................................................................412
Unresolved Issues in HIV/AIDS Remedial Efforts ......................................................................412
Water-Related Diseases .......................................................................................................................413
Biological .....................................................................................................................................413
Chemical .......................................................................................................................................413
Prions .....................................................................................................................................414
Dengue Prevention and Control ...................................................................................................414
Avian Flu ......................................................................................................................................414
Transmission to Humans........................................................................................................415
Ebola Vaccine ......................................................................................................................................415
India and Zika Virus ............................................................................................................................415
Zika virus management in India ...................................................................................................416
Swine Flu (H1N1) ...............................................................................................................................416
Neglected Tropical Diseases ...............................................................................................................416
Dengue and Chikungunya ...........................................................................................................417
Causative Factors .........................................................................................................................417
Solutions for the Management of NTDs ......................................................................................418
Antimicrobial Resistance ....................................................................................................................418
Impact ...........................................................................................................................................419
Current Situation in India .............................................................................................................419
Action Taken By WHO ................................................................................................................419
National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance ......................................................................420
Features of India’s Plan .........................................................................................................421
Government efforts on AMR ........................................................................................................422
India’s National Vaccine Regulatory Authority ..................................................................................422
Significance for India ...................................................................................................................422
eVIN Project .......................................................................................................................................422
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ..........................................................................423
Need for the Convention ..............................................................................................................423
Pictorial Warnings on Tobacco .....................................................................................................423
E-Cigarettes .........................................................................................................................................424
Background ..................................................................................................................................424
Problems with E-cigarettes ...........................................................................................................424
India’s Position .............................................................................................................................425
Way Forward ................................................................................................................................425
Recent Government Initiatives ............................................................................................................425
PRAGATI (Mission Indradhanush) ..............................................................................................425
Universal Immunisation Programme ............................................................................................426

Detailed Contents xxxv

Measles-Rubella Vaccine .......................................................................................................426
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine .........................................................................................426
Rotavirus Vaccine .................................................................................................................427
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ......................................................................................................427
National e-Health Authority ................................................................................................................427
About NeHA .................................................................................................................................427
Functions of NeHA .......................................................................................................................427
Benefits by Digitalizing Health Data through NeHA ...................................................................428
The Way Forward...................................................................................................................428
Need for National Policy on Thalassemia ..........................................................................................429
International Conference on Brucellosis ............................................................................................429
Brucellosis in India .......................................................................................................................429
Monkey Fever .....................................................................................................................................429
Elephantiasis .......................................................................................................................................430
Efforts to Eradicate the Disease in India ......................................................................................430
Black Fever .........................................................................................................................................430
Ancient Remedy for Kala-Azar ....................................................................................................430
Japanese Encephalitis ...................................................................................................................431
India Hypertension Management Initiative .........................................................................................431
Jeevan Bindi ........................................................................................................................................432
Rare Diseases ......................................................................................................................................432
Orphan Drugs ...............................................................................................................................433
Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana .....................................................................................................................434
About the Scheme ........................................................................................................................434
SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 Virus ......................................................................................................434
New COVID-19 Variants .............................................................................................................436
Black Fungal Disease ..........................................................................................................................438
Symptoms of Black Fungus ........................................................................................................438
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................438
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................440
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................442
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ...................................................................443
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................443
Part 4: ICT, Computing, Cyber Security and Advanced Technologies

11. Development in Computing, ICT and Cyber Security ..................................................................447
Introduction to Computers ..................................................................................................................447
Components of Digital Computers .....................................................................................................447
Classifications of Computers ..............................................................................................................448
Classification by Generations .......................................................................................................448
Computer Applications in the Society ..........................................................................................449
Supercomputer ....................................................................................................................................451
Uses of Supercomputers ...............................................................................................................451
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing .............................................................................452
High Performance Computing ......................................................................................................452
Supercomputing Systems .............................................................................................................452
National Supercomputing Facilities .............................................................................................453
Bioinformatics Research with the Help of Supercomputers ........................................................454

xxxvi Science and Technology

Supercomputers Pratyush and Mihir ..................................................................................................454
National Supercomputing Mission ......................................................................................................454
Grid Computing ..................................................................................................................................455
Molecular Computing .........................................................................................................................455
Optical Computing ..............................................................................................................................455
Quantum Computing ...........................................................................................................................455
Applications of Quantum Computing ..........................................................................................455
D-Wave Quantum Computer ........................................................................................................456
How D-Wave Systems Work ........................................................................................................456
Programming D-Wave ..................................................................................................................456
Capabilities ...................................................................................................................................456
Quantum Cryptography ................................................................................................................457
Quantum Supremacy ....................................................................................................................457
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ...............................................................................................457
QuST.............................................................................................................................................457
Biocomputing ......................................................................................................................................458
DNA Computer .............................................................................................................................458
Future ............................................................................................................................................459
Latest World’s Trends .............................................................................................................459
Artificial Intelligence ..........................................................................................................................459
Introduction to Information Technology .............................................................................................460
Meaning of Information Technology ............................................................................................460
Definitions of Information Technology ........................................................................................460
Characteristics of Information Technology ..................................................................................460
Concept of Communication Technology ......................................................................................460
Concept of Information Technology ............................................................................................461
Basis for Human Existence ..........................................................................................................461
Role of Computer in ICT ....................................................................................................................461
Internet ..........................................................................................................................................461
Applications ...........................................................................................................................462
Role of Mobile Phone in ICT ..............................................................................................................462
Satellite Phone ..............................................................................................................................463
Satellite Phone Uses ..............................................................................................................463
Computer Networks ............................................................................................................................464
LAN ........................................................................................................................................464
MAN .......................................................................................................................................464
WAN .......................................................................................................................................464
WLAN .....................................................................................................................................464
Wireless LAN Technology ......................................................................................................464
Optical Fibre Technology ....................................................................................................................464
Applications ..................................................................................................................................465
Developments in India ..................................................................................................................466
Bharat Net Project (National Optical Fiber Network) ..........................................................467
Voice Over Internet Protocol ...............................................................................................................467
Internet Protocol Television ................................................................................................................467
Why IPTV is Different From Cable Technology ..........................................................................468
IPv6 ..............................................................................................................................................468
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ....................................................................468

Detailed Contents xxxvii

Domain Name Dispute Resolution .....................................................................................................469
Internet.org/Free Basics ......................................................................................................................469
Difference between Free Basics and Zero-Rating ........................................................................469
Net Neutrality ......................................................................................................................................469
Controversy with Facebook’s Free Basics and Net Neutrality .....................................................470
Bhargava Committee on Net Neutrality ..............................................................................................471
Issues Involved .............................................................................................................................471
Highlights of the Consultation Paper Related to Net Neutrality ..................................................471
On Internet Traffic Management Practices (TMPs) ..............................................................471
On Core Principles of Net Neutrality ....................................................................................471
On the Need of Transparency with Consumers Related to the Type of TMP Used by the Ser-
vice Provider ..........................................................................................................................471
On Regulatory Approach and Monitoring Mechanism Needed ............................................472
Importance of the Consultation Paper ..........................................................................................472
Challenges ....................................................................................................................................472
Communication Technology ...............................................................................................................472
Mobile Phone Technology ............................................................................................................472
Mobile Phone Standards ...............................................................................................................473
FDMA ....................................................................................................................................474
TDMA.....................................................................................................................................474
CDMA ....................................................................................................................................474
TDMA.....................................................................................................................................474
Mobile Phone Generations ..................................................................................................................475
GSM Technology ..........................................................................................................................476
Advantages of GSM ...............................................................................................................476
GPRS Technology ........................................................................................................................476
Services Provided by GPRS ...................................................................................................476
EDGE/EGPRS Technology ..........................................................................................................477
Advantages of EDGE .............................................................................................................477
3G Technology .............................................................................................................................477
4G Technology .............................................................................................................................477
How 4G Works .......................................................................................................................478
Benefits of 4G .........................................................................................................................478
5G Technology ....................................................................................................................................478
Bluetooth Technology .........................................................................................................................480
Wireless Fidelity .................................................................................................................................481
WiMAX ...............................................................................................................................................481
WIMAX vs Wi-Fi .........................................................................................................................481
WiMax Technology ......................................................................................................................482
WIMAX Base Station .............................................................................................................482
WiMAX Receiver ....................................................................................................................482
Applications ..................................................................................................................................482
Features ........................................................................................................................................483
Long Range ............................................................................................................................483
Mobility ..................................................................................................................................483
Interfacing ..............................................................................................................................483
Accessibility ...........................................................................................................................483
Uses ..............................................................................................................................................483

xxxviii Science and Technology

Light Fidelity.......................................................................................................................................483
How it Works ................................................................................................................................484
Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi ...............................................................................................................................484
The Future of Li-Fi .......................................................................................................................485
FASTag ................................................................................................................................................485
Radio-Frequency Identification ....................................................................................................485
Other Related Technologies .........................................................................................................485
Near-field Communication .....................................................................................................485
Barcode ..................................................................................................................................485
QR Code .................................................................................................................................485
Cloud Computing ................................................................................................................................485
Uses of Cloud Computing ............................................................................................................485
Nature of Cloud Deployments ......................................................................................................486
Public Cloud ..........................................................................................................................486
Private Cloud .........................................................................................................................486
Hybrid Cloud .........................................................................................................................486
Types of Cloud Services ...............................................................................................................486
Infrastructure-as-a-service ....................................................................................................486
Platform as a Service .............................................................................................................486
Software as a Service .............................................................................................................486
Advantages of Cloud Computing .................................................................................................487
Cost ........................................................................................................................................487
Speed ......................................................................................................................................487
Global Scale ...........................................................................................................................487
Productivity ............................................................................................................................487
Performance ..........................................................................................................................487
Reliability ...............................................................................................................................487
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing .............................................................................................487
Downtime ...............................................................................................................................487
Security and Privacy ..............................................................................................................487
Vulnerability to Attack ...........................................................................................................488
Limited Control and Flexibility .............................................................................................488
Cloud Computing Platform Dependencies ............................................................................488
Cloud Computing Costs .........................................................................................................488
Edge Computing .................................................................................................................................488
Relationship Between 5G And EDGE Computing .............................................................................489
Cyber Security and Cyber-Forensics ..................................................................................................490
Cyber-risks ...................................................................................................................................491
Cybercrime .............................................................................................................................491
Cyber War ..............................................................................................................................491
Cyber Terror ..........................................................................................................................491
Cyber Criminals ...........................................................................................................................491
Types of Malware .........................................................................................................................491
Viruses ....................................................................................................................................492
Worms ....................................................................................................................................492
Spyware/Adware ....................................................................................................................492
Trojans ...................................................................................................................................492
Attack Vectors ..............................................................................................................................492

Detailed Contents xxxix

Identity Theft ................................................................................................................................492
Firewall ...............................................................................................................................................493
Cyber Security for Organizations........................................................................................................493
ISO 27001 and Cyber Security ...........................................................................................................493
The Role of C-DAC in Cyber Security and Cyber-Forensics .............................................................494
Cyber-Forensics ............................................................................................................................494
Cyber-Forensic Solutions ......................................................................................................494
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime .................................................................................................494
Steps Taken by India ...........................................................................................................................495
Information Technology Act, 2000 .....................................................................................................496
Digital Signature .................................................................................................................................497
Controller of Certifying Authorities .............................................................................................498
Cyber Appellate Tribunal .............................................................................................................498
Biometrics ...........................................................................................................................................498
Types of Biometrics ......................................................................................................................498
How Biometrics Work ..................................................................................................................498
Security and Privacy Issues of Biometrics ...................................................................................499
Biometric Vulnerabilities..............................................................................................................499
Unique Identification Authority of India ............................................................................................500
Aadhaar Card ................................................................................................................................501
Features of Aadhaar ..............................................................................................................501
Aadhaar Authentication API Service .....................................................................................502
Digital India ........................................................................................................................................503
Vision Areas of Digital India ........................................................................................................503
Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen ...............................................................503
Governance and Services on Demand ...................................................................................503
Digital Empowerment of Citizens ..........................................................................................503
How Digital India will be Realized: Pillars of Digital India ........................................................503
Implementation Approach ............................................................................................................504
Background ..................................................................................................................................504
The National e-Governance Plan ..........................................................................................504
e-Kranti (Transforming e-Governance for Transforming Governance) ................................505
Technology for Education—e-Education ...............................................................................506
Technology for Health—e-Healthcare ...................................................................................506
Technology for Farmers .........................................................................................................506
Technology for Security .........................................................................................................506
Technology for Justice ...........................................................................................................506
Technology for Financial Inclusion .......................................................................................506
Technology for Cyber Security ..............................................................................................506
Broadband Highway ...........................................................................................................................506
Broadband for All—Rural......................................................................................................506
Broadband for All—Urban ....................................................................................................506
National Information Infrastructure ......................................................................................506
DigiLocker ..........................................................................................................................................507
BHIM—Bharat Interface for Money ..................................................................................................508
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................508
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................510
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................513

xl Science and Technology
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ..................................................................515
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................515
12. Development in New and Emerging Technology ............................................................................516
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................516
Nanotechnology ..................................................................................................................................516
Generations of Nanotechnology ...................................................................................................518
Self-Assembly Nanomaterial .......................................................................................................518
Self-Replicative Nanomaterial .....................................................................................................518
Carbon Nanotubes ........................................................................................................................519
Carbon Nanotubes vs Carbon Fibres ....................................................................................519
Uses of Carbon Nanotubes ....................................................................................................519
Scope of Nanotechnology ............................................................................................................520
Applications of Nanotechnology ........................................................................................................521
Bio-Nanotechnology ....................................................................................................................521
Chemistry and Environment .........................................................................................................522
Energy...........................................................................................................................................523
Information and Communication .................................................................................................523
Consumer Goods ..........................................................................................................................523
Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................524
Defence .........................................................................................................................................525
Construction .................................................................................................................................525
Challenges Facing Nanotechnology ....................................................................................................525
Nano Mission ......................................................................................................................................527
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................527
Organizational Structure .....................................................................................................................528
DST Activities in NanoScience and Technology ...............................................................................528
Support for R&D Projects to Individual Scientists ......................................................................528
Strengthening of Characterization Facilities ........................................................................528
Establishment of Centres of Excellence .................................................................................528
International Collaborative Programmes ......................................................................................529
Joint Institution-Industry Linked Projects and PPP activities ......................................................529
Human Resource Development in Nanoscience and Technology ...............................................529
Second Phase of Nano Mission ...........................................................................................................529
Major Stakeholders .......................................................................................................................529
Emerging Nano-Technologies and Materials in 21st Century ....................................................530
Superconductivity ...............................................................................................................................532
Uses and Applications ..................................................................................................................533
Research on Superconductivity in India .......................................................................................533
LASER ................................................................................................................................................534
Applications ..................................................................................................................................534
In Consumer Electronics .......................................................................................................534
In Computer Technology ........................................................................................................534
In Industries ...........................................................................................................................535
In Medicine and Healthcare ..................................................................................................535
In Defence ..............................................................................................................................535
In Aviation ..............................................................................................................................535
In Holography ........................................................................................................................535
In Fusion Process ..................................................................................................................535

Detailed Contents xli

In Telecommunication ............................................................................................................535
In Cleaning of Monuments .....................................................................................................535
Laser Technology in India ...................................................................................................................536
Laser Development .......................................................................................................................536
Light Detection and Ranging .......................................................................................................537
Applications of Lidar .............................................................................................................537
Water Wave Laser ..................................................................................................................537
NASA’s BILI ...........................................................................................................................538
European XFEL .....................................................................................................................538
Holographic Technology ..............................................................................................................538
Applications of Holographic Technology ..............................................................................539
Robotics ..............................................................................................................................................539
Major Developments ....................................................................................................................539
Applications of Robotics ..............................................................................................................540
Robotics in Industry ...............................................................................................................540
Robotics in Military ...............................................................................................................540
Robotics in Health and Medicine ..........................................................................................541
Robotics in Environment ........................................................................................................541
Robotics in Societal and Domestic Domain ..........................................................................541
Robotics in Space Exploration ...............................................................................................541
Robotics in Disaster Management .........................................................................................542
Humanoid Robots .........................................................................................................................542
Robotics in India ..........................................................................................................................543
Artificial Intelligence ..........................................................................................................................544
Status of AI in India ......................................................................................................................545
AI in Various Domains .................................................................................................................546
Future of AI ..................................................................................................................................547
Emrging Technologies.........................................................................................................................547
Quantum Communication ............................................................................................................548
3D Printing ...................................................................................................................................548
Benefits of 3D Printing ..........................................................................................................549
Applications of 3D Printing ...................................................................................................549
Bio-printing ..................................................................................................................................550
Bio-Ink for 3D Printing .........................................................................................................550
DNA Storage Device ....................................................................................................................550
Significance ............................................................................................................................550
Limitations .............................................................................................................................550
Artificial Eye or Bionic Eye .........................................................................................................550
Bionic Leaf ...................................................................................................................................550
Electronic Paper ...........................................................................................................................551
Millimetre Wave Technology .......................................................................................................551
Electro Magnetic Drive ................................................................................................................551
Working Mechanism of EmDrive ...........................................................................................551
Controversy ............................................................................................................................551
3D Television ................................................................................................................................551
Technologies ..........................................................................................................................551
3D TV Sets .............................................................................................................................552
Virtual Reality ..............................................................................................................................552

xlii Science and Technology

Augmented Reality .......................................................................................................................552
Significance ............................................................................................................................552
Blue Ray Disc ...............................................................................................................................553
MicroLED ..............................................................................................................................553
OLEDs and MicroLEDs .........................................................................................................553
Biochar .........................................................................................................................................553
Advantages .............................................................................................................................554
Disadvantages ........................................................................................................................554
Big Data ........................................................................................................................................554
Applications of Big Data .......................................................................................................555
Link between Cloud Computing and Big Data ......................................................................555
Data Mining ...........................................................................................................................555
Data Encryption .....................................................................................................................555
Internet of Things .........................................................................................................................556
Industrial Internet ..................................................................................................................556
Internet of Things and The Right to Privacy .........................................................................556
Right to Privacy and Supreme Court Judgement ...................................................................556
Array of Things ......................................................................................................................556
Cyber-Physical System .................................................................................................................557
Applications ...........................................................................................................................557
Relevance for India ................................................................................................................557
Government Initiatives ...........................................................................................................558
Cybernetics ...................................................................................................................................559
Cryptocurrency .............................................................................................................................559
How Do Cryptocurrencies Work? ..........................................................................................559
Factors Responsible for Growth of Cryptocurrencies ..........................................................559
Acceptability ..........................................................................................................................560
Global Stand on Cryptocurrencies ........................................................................................560
Blockchain Technology ................................................................................................................560
Importance .............................................................................................................................561
Challenges .............................................................................................................................561
Free Space Optical Communication .............................................................................................561
Voice over Long Term Evolution .................................................................................................562
Bharat QR Code ...........................................................................................................................562
Hyperloop Development in India .................................................................................................562
Significance ............................................................................................................................562
Challenges .............................................................................................................................563
The Indian Drone Policy and Digital Sky Platform ...........................................................................563
Drones ..........................................................................................................................................563
Categories of Drones .............................................................................................................563
Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit .....................................................................................564
Operation of Drones in India .................................................................................................564
Restrictions for Drones in India ............................................................................................564
Digital Sky Platform ..............................................................................................................564
Importance of Drone Regulations ..........................................................................................565
Key features of Drone Regulations 1.0 ..................................................................................565
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................568
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................570

Detailed Contents xliii

Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ..................................................................571
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................571
Part 5:Agriculture and Earth Science

13. Development in Agri-Technology .....................................................................................................575
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................575
Agriculture Sector in India ..................................................................................................................575
Indian Council of Agricultural Research ............................................................................................576
Indian Agricultural Research Institute ................................................................................................577
Krishi Vigyan Kendras ........................................................................................................................577
Soil Health Management .....................................................................................................................578
Soil Health Card ...........................................................................................................................578
Fertilizers ......................................................................................................................................579
Classification .........................................................................................................................579
Neem-Coated Urea ................................................................................................................580
Manure ...................................................................................................................................580
Vermicompost .........................................................................................................................580
Bio-fertilizers .........................................................................................................................581
Biopesticides ..........................................................................................................................582
Permaculture .......................................................................................................................................583
Sustainable Agriculture .......................................................................................................................584
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sustainable Farming ..............................................................584
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture ..............................................................................585
Organic Farming .................................................................................................................................586
Greenhouse Agriculture ......................................................................................................................587
Genetically Modified Food .................................................................................................................587
Advantages of GM Foods .............................................................................................................587
Controversies Surrounding Genetic Modification ........................................................................588
Genetically Modified Rice ............................................................................................................589
Golden Rice ...........................................................................................................................589
Bt Cotton.......................................................................................................................................589
Bt Cotton in India ..................................................................................................................590
Controversies Surrounding Bt Cotton....................................................................................590
Genetically Modified Seeds ..........................................................................................................590
Integrated Pest Management ...............................................................................................................590
Combining Management Approaches for Greater Effectiveness .................................................591
Biological Control .................................................................................................................591
Cultural Control ....................................................................................................................591
Mechanical and Physical Controls ........................................................................................591
Chemical Control ...................................................................................................................591
IPM Programmes ..........................................................................................................................591
Aquaponics ..........................................................................................................................................591
Futuristic Agriculture ..........................................................................................................................592
Vertical Farming ...........................................................................................................................592
Emerging Agricultural Technologies ..................................................................................................594
Soil and Water Sensors ..........................................................................................................594
Weather Tracking ...................................................................................................................594
Satellite Imaging ....................................................................................................................594

xliv Science and Technology

Pervasive Automation ............................................................................................................594
Minichromosomal Technology ...............................................................................................594
Radio-frequency Identification Technology ...........................................................................594
Vertical Farming ....................................................................................................................594
Genetically Designed Food ...................................................................................................595
In Vitro Meat ..........................................................................................................................595
Agricultural Robots ...............................................................................................................595
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................595
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................597
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................597
Previous Years’ Questions (Main Examination) ..................................................................598
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................598
14. Development in Earth Science .........................................................................................................600
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................600
Earth System Science Organization ....................................................................................................600
Programmes Launched by ESSO .................................................................................................602
Meteorology ........................................................................................................................................603
Weather .........................................................................................................................................603
Climate .........................................................................................................................................603
Prognosis ......................................................................................................................................603
Forecast Period .....................................................................................................................604
Cloud Seeding ..............................................................................................................................604
Applications ...........................................................................................................................604
India Meteorological Department .......................................................................................................604
Ocean Resources .................................................................................................................................606
Biological Resources ....................................................................................................................607
Fresh Water Resources .................................................................................................................607
Solar Still ...............................................................................................................................608
Electrodialysis .......................................................................................................................608
Flash Distillation ...................................................................................................................608
Reverse Osmosis ....................................................................................................................608
Mineral Resources ........................................................................................................................608
Chemicals ..............................................................................................................................608
Metals/Minerals .....................................................................................................................608
Energy Resources .........................................................................................................................609
Energy from Oceans...............................................................................................................609
Food Resources ............................................................................................................................611
Ocean Resource Planning in India ...............................................................................................611
Ocean Development in India ........................................................................................................612
Some Accomplishments of DOD .................................................................................................613
Drugs from Sea .............................................................................................................................613
Geo-strategic Importance of Indian Ocean .........................................................................................614
Marine Macrocosm .......................................................................................................................614
Geo-politics of Oceans .................................................................................................................614
Sea and Maritime boundaries .......................................................................................................615
Oceanic Routes and International Canals .....................................................................................615
Ocean Transport and Trade ...........................................................................................................615
Marine Environmental Degradation ....................................................................................................616

Detailed Contents xlv

Induced Changes of Sea level ......................................................................................................616
Marine Pollution ...........................................................................................................................616
Corals in Danger ...........................................................................................................................617
Polar Science and Cryosphere .............................................................................................................617
Arctic Research ............................................................................................................................618
Objectives ..............................................................................................................................618
Implementation Plans ............................................................................................................618
Deliverables ...........................................................................................................................618
Polar Expeditions—Antarctica .....................................................................................................619
Background ............................................................................................................................619
Objectives ..............................................................................................................................620
Implementation Plan ..............................................................................................................620
Deliverables ...........................................................................................................................620
Achievements .........................................................................................................................620
Svalbard Global Seed Vault ................................................................................................................621
India’s Seed Vault ................................................................................................................................621
Seismological Research ......................................................................................................................621
Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges ...............................................................621
Objectives ..............................................................................................................................622
Participating Institutions .......................................................................................................622
Implementation Plan ..............................................................................................................622
Monsoon Mission Programme .....................................................................................................622
Desalination of Water ...................................................................................................................623
High Powered Computing—Pratyush and Mihir Supercomputers ..............................................623
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................624
Previous Years’ Questions (Preliminary Examination) .........................................................625
Practice Questions (Preliminary Examination) ....................................................................625
Practice Questions (Main Examination) ...............................................................................627
Part 6: Appendix
Appendix A: Solved Questions of UPSC Civil Services Examination (Prelims) 2020
(With Explanations) ............................................................................................................631
Appendix B: Detailed Answers of UPSC (Main) Examination 2020 (Science and Technology).........638
Attributions ................................................................................................................................................642



1




PART




Science and Technology



Infrastructure



CHAPTER 1


Science and Technology


Ecosystem









“Science is a beautiful gift to humanity; we should not distort it.”
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam



After reading this chapter, you will:

● Understand the development of science and technology in India
● Know about the various government departments related to science and technology
● Be able to explain the policiesconnected with this field




Development of Science anD aware that India has been the fountainhead of
important foundational scientific developments
technology in inDia and approaches. These include many great
cience provides remarkable insights into scientific discoveries and technological
the world we live in. All the phenomena achievements in mathematics, astronomy,
Swe experience every minute are based on architecture, chemistry, metallurgy, medicine,
scientific principles. For instance, setting curd and natural philosophy. A great deal of these
at home is a very good example of fermentation developments have travelled outwards from
by the lactobacillus bacteria. Science and India.
technology have profoundly influenced the The extraordinary inventions of the Indian
course of human civilization. The scientific scientists have played a vital role in the overall
revolutions of the 20th century have led to development of mankind. Indian scientists
many new technologies, which promise to are famous throughout the world. They
herald wholly new eras in many fields. We must have pioneered several significant scientific
ensure the optimum use of these developments discoveries so far. Since the ancient period, they
for the well-being of our planet, country, and have made numerous path-breaking discoveries
people. in the field of science, mathematics, warfare,
Science and technology (S&T) have been geometry, astronomy, medicine, space science,
an integral part of the Indian civilization and physics, chemistry, botany, etc. They have made
culture over the past several millennia. Few are India proud with their scientific achievements,

4 Science and Technology Ecosystem
and severalhave also received prestigious ● Varahamihira, an Indian astronomer and
international awards. Many inventions and mathematician
discoveries that are believed to have originated ● Kanada, a Hindu sage and philosopher
in the Western world were actually studied in who founded the philosophical school of
India several centuries earlier. Vaisheshika.
The ancient Indian scientists and scholars
Development of Science and developed geometric theorems many years
Technology in Ancient and before Pythagoras did in the 6th century BC.
Medieval Times They were also using advanced methods for
determining the number of mathematical
The contributions made by the scholar- combinations by the second century BC. They
scientists Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, Brahmagupta, were using10 numerals by the 5th century AD
Dhanvantari, and Nagarjuna, to name a few, to and had started treating zero as a number by
the fields of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, the 7th century. Several other technological
and chemistry during the prehistoric period are discoveries were also made. These were related
legendary and invaluable, not only to Indian to physical science, pharmacology, medicine,
S&T but also to the knowledge base of the entire artificial colours and glazes, metallurgy, re-
humanity. The astronomical observatories at crystallization, chemistry, geometry, astronomy,
Jaipur and New Delhi and the Ashoka Pillar the decimal system,language and linguistics,
in New Delhi stand as living testimonies to etc. Other significant mathematical inventions
the high standards of Indian capabilities. The such as the conceptualization of rectangles,
Vedic sciences are considered as the richest circles, triangles, squares, fractions; algebraic
and most comprehensive contribution of formulas; and the ability to express the number
ancient India. Several Indian scientists studied 10 to the 12th power had also been described in
and enhanced Vedic sciences,which comprise Vedic sciences.
various branches such as medicine, space
science, astronomy, and mathematics. The The concepts of astronomy, metaphysics,
ancient Indian scientists have also contributed and perennial movement were described in the
many mathematical and scientific explanations Rig Veda. During the Indus Valley Civilization
that can be proven using the current methods. and Harappa Culture, Indian scientists continued
discovering newer scientific and mathematical
There were many notable scientists in the concepts. In that era, the main discoveries made
ancient era: by the Indian scientists were basically applied
● Baudhayana, an Indian mathematician for metal casting, distillation, brick and pottery
● Bhaskara, an Indian mathematician, making, hydraulics, surveying, town planning,
who wrote numbers in the Hindu-Arabic development of a lunar calendar, etc. Further,
decimal system with a circle for ‘zero’ in the medieval period, the Muslim rulers of
● Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician India including the Mughals also patronized the
and astronomer Indian scientists to make new discoveries. The
● Halayudha, a 10th century Indian emperors of the Mughal dynasty also spread
mathematician who wrote the their inventions all over the world.
Mṛtasañjīvanī. Indian Scientists in Modern
● Jayadeva, a Sanskrit poet around 1200 AD times
● Nagarjuna, an important Buddhist teacher
and philosopher The dawn of the 20 century witnessed great
th
● Sushruta, an ancient Indian surgeon and strides made by Indian scientists such as
the author of the book Susrutasamhita Srinivasa Ramanujan, J.C. Bose, P.C. Ray,

Science and Technology Ecosystem 5

MeghnadSaha, C.V. Raman, S.N. Bose, Indian scientists have played a stellar role
BirbalSahni, P.C. Mahalanobis, and M. in the development of India. In the short span
Visvesvaraya, who have left indelible imprints of its post-independence history, India has
on the world S&T scene. achieved several great scientific achievements.
The extent of scientific research grew with The scientists have proved their mettle in the
the British invasion of India. Indian scientists face of international sanctions and have made
contributed to numerous new scientific India one of the scientific powerhouses of
developments during the British period, the world. Besides, India has also assimilated
and the developments added to the original scientific ideas and techniques from other
achievements of the previous millennia. countries with open-mindedness and a rational
During this time, Indian scientists took up the attitude. India’s traditions have been founded
new role of assisting the Europeans in their on the three principles of universal harmony,
scientific explorations and research. However, respect for all creation, and an integrated
there were many Indian scientists who worked holistic approach. This background is likely to
independently and made important scientific provide a strong foundation for future scientific
discoveries. They made lots of pioneering advances.
discoveries during the first half of the 20th In the past 71 years since Independence,
century—discovery of life in plants, Raman India has been committed to the task of
effect, Raman-Nath theory, application of promoting the spread of science. The key
electromagnetic waves to wireless telegraphy, role of technology as an important element of
ionization theory, Bose-Einstein statistics, national development is also well-recognized.
Boson particles, etc. The Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 and
During the century prior to Independence, the Technology Policy Statement of 1983 (both
there was an awakening of modern science explained later in this chapter) enunciated the
in India through the efforts of a number of principles on which the growth of science
outstanding scientists. They were responsible and technology in India has been based over
for great scientific advances of the highest the past several decades. These policies have
international calibre. emphasized self-reliance, as also sustainable
and equitable development. They embody a
Indian Scientists in Independent vision and strategy that are applicable even
India today and will continue to inspire us in our
endeavours.
After independence, Indian scientists received
support from the Government of India. They DepartmentS relateD to
also started to explore advanced fields—
positron theory, nuclear science, cosmic Science anD technology
rays, biotechnology, astrophysics, liquid
crystals, environment, mining, molecular In the context of the various policies related
biology, virology, condensed matter physics, to science and technology, the Government
crystallography, etc. The Government of India, of India set up several departments. These
since then, has provided all the necessary departments were set up with the objective that
financial support for Indian scientists to they would not only work on new technological
continue their research work. Some of the advancements but also fulfil the immediate
prominent scientists of this period include needs of the society.
DrVikram Sarabhai, Dr Homi Jehangir Bhabha, The first Science & Technology
Dr S. Chandrasekhar, DrHargovind Khorana, departments established in the country were
and Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. those related to atomic energy, science and