Maharashtri Prakkrut

emgZ {ZU©¶ H«$‘m§H$ … Aä¶mg - 2116 (à. H«$. 43 / 16) EgS>r - 4 {XZm§H$ 25.4.16 AÝd¶o ñWmnZ H$aʶmV Amboë¶m g‘Ýd¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m {XZm§H$
19.3.2019 amoOrÀ¶m ~¡R>H$s‘ܶo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ gZ 2019 - 20 ¶m e¡j{UH$ dfm©nmgyZ {ZYm©[aV H$aʶmg ‘mݶVm XoʶmV Ambr Amho.

‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V

‘ahÆ>r nAmgAmo

B¶Îmm AH$amdr

(V¥Vr¶ ^mfm)

महाराष््टर राज्य पाठ्यपुस्तक निर्तमि ी व अभ्यासक्रम सशं ोधन मंडळ, पुणे ४.

Amnë¶m ñ‘mQ>©’$moZdarb DIKSHA APP X²dmao nmR>²¶nwñVH$mÀ¶m n{hë¶m n¥ð>mdarb
Q. R. Code X²dmao {S>{OQ>b nmR>çnwñVH$ d nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb à˶oH$ nmR>mg§~§{YV
Aܶ¶Z AܶmnZmgmR>r Cn¶wº$ ÑH²$lmì¶ gm{h˶ CnbãY hmoB©b.

àW‘md¥ËVr … 2019 © ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo
n{hbo nwZ‘w©ÐU : 2020 ¶m nwñVH$mMo gd© h³H$ ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>imH$S>o

amhVrb. ¶m nwñVH$mVrc H$moUVmhr ^mJ g§MmcH$, ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d

Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i ¶m§À¶m boIr nadmZJr{edm¶ CX²Y¥V H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.

‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V ^mfm VÁk g{‘Vr g§¶moOZ …
S>m°. gXmZ§X ‘moao (Aܶj) lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i
S>m°. H$‘bHw$‘ma O¡Z {deofm{YH$mar, ‘amR>r
S>m°. amOlr ‘mohmS>rH$a lr‘Vr g§Ü¶m {dZ¶ CnmgZr
S>m°. [d‘b ~m’$Zm सहायक {deofm{YH$mar, qhXr
S>m°. Ama. Q>r. nmQ>rb {MÌH$ma …
S>m°. ‘¡Ìo¶r Xoenm§S>o lr. VoOg JmoJmdbo
S>m°. lrZ§X ~mnQ> ‘wIn¥îR> :
S>m°. ‘hmdra emñÌr lr. {ddoH$mZ§X nmQ>rb
lr. ~miH¥$îU Omoer AjaOwiUr …
lr‘Vr g§Ü¶m CnmgZr ~bXod H§$߶wQ>g©, ‘w§~B©
lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i (gXñ¶ g{Md) {Z{‘©Vr
H$mJX … 70 Or. Eg. E‘. H«$s‘dmoìh
प्रमुख समन्वयक ‘wÐUmXoe …
श्रीमती प्राची रविंद्र साठे ‘wÐH$ …

निर्मति ी ः àH$meH$ :
सच्चिदानदं आफळ,े मखु ्य निर्िमती अधिकारी lr. {ddoH$ Jmogmdr
राजेंद्र चिदं रकर, निर्मति ी अधिकारी {Z¶§ÌH$
राजदंे ्र पांडलोसकर, सहायक निर्िमती अधिकारी
nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i,

à^mXodr, ‘w§~B© - 25.

^mahñg g§{dhmU§

CÔo{gAm

Aåho, ^mahñg OUm, ^mah§ g§nwÊU-nhþÎm-g§nÊU§,
g‘mAdmB§, Yå‘{Uado³I§, bmoAV§{VA§ JUaÁO§ {dhmC§,
Vñg g‘Îmm UmA[aAm A
gm‘mB¶§, ApËWA§, amOUoBA§ M Um¶§,
{dAmañg, A{hdÎmrE, AËWmE, Yå‘ñg, CdmgUmE A gmV§V§,
nBÆ>mE, Adgañg A g‘mUA§ nmD${UC§;
Vogw gìdogw A
d{ÎmJmadñg aÆ>ñg A EH$AmE,
AI§S>AmE A gw{UÀN>mBA§ ~§YwA§ nd{–C§;
H$¶XT>g§H$ßnm EAmE AåhmU§ g§{dhmUghmE
A‚m, B©gdrE 1949 V‘o dñgo Zd§~a‘mgñg 26 V‘o {XUo
(2006 - V‘o {d³H$‘g§dÀN>ao ‘½Jgrg‘mgñg gw³H$n³Io gÎm‘r-{VhrE)
EEU BU§ g§{dhmU§ A§JrH$A§, A{h{U¶{‘A§, Aßn-Apßn¶§ M H$ao‘mo&

aÆ>JrA§

nBÊUm

^mahmo ‘‘ Xogmo ApËW&
gìdo ^mahdm{gUmo ‘ÁP ~§YwUmo g§{V&

‘ÁP Xogpå‘ ‘‘ noå‘_pËW&
‘ÁP Xog§{g {d‚m‘mUmU§

g{‘ÕmU§ {d{dhAmE {dhy{gAmU§ M
na§namU§ ‘o A{h_mUmo ApËW&

VmU§ na§namU§ a³IAmo hmoC§ g‘ËWmo hmo‚m {Îm
Ah§ {Uƒ§ nAÎm§ H$[añgm{‘&

Ah§ ‘ÁP nmbAmU§ JwéAUmU§ OoÆ>mU§ M
gå‘mU§ H$m{h{‘, nƒoHo$U gqÕ
gwAUÎmUoU ¶ Am¶[añgm{‘&

‘‘ Xog-~§YdmU§ M {UÆ>maŠIUñg Ah§ nBÊU§ H$ao{‘&
Voqg H$„mUo g{‘ÕrE A
‘ÁP gmo³I§ g‘m{dÆ>§ ^dB&

àñVmdZm

{ච{dXçmWu {‘Ìm§Zmo,

Vwåhm gdmªMo B¶Îmm AH$amdrÀ¶m dJm©V ñdmJV Amho. ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb “‘ahÆ>r nAmgAmo’’
ho nwñVH$ Vwåhm§bm AmdS>ob, ¶m {dídmgmZo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ Vw‘À¶m hmVr XoVm§Zm A{Ve¶ AmZ§X hmoV Amho.

‘amR>r Am{U ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoMm g§~§Y Iyn OdiMm Amho. AmO AmnU Or ‘amR>r ^mfm ~mobVmo
{VMo ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ho ‘yi ê$n Amho. ¶m ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VÀ¶m àmMrZVo‘wioM AmnU ‘amR>r hr A{^OmV ^mfm
Amho Ago åhUy eH$Vmo. ‘amR>r ^mfm g‘¥X²Y H$aʶmgmR>r “‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V’’ ^mfoMm Z³H$sM Cn¶moJ hmoB©b.
“‘ahÆ>r nAmgAmo’’ ¶m nmR>ç-nwñVH$mÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VMr àW‘M AmoiI H$ê$Z XoʶmMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. ˶mZwgma V¥Vr¶ EopÀN>H$ ^mfm {df¶mgmR>r ho nwñVH$ B¶Îmm AH$amdrgmR>r V¶ma H$aʶmV
Ambo Amho.

{‘Ìm§Zmo, EH$‘oH$m§er g§dmX gmYʶmgmR>r AmnU ‘amR>r ^mfoMm dmna H$aVmo. ‘amR>r hr Amnë¶m
amÁ¶mMr amO^mfm Amho. Amnbo {dMma, ‘Vo, H$ënZm, ^md^mdZm g‘moarb ì¶p³Vg‘moa ¶mo½¶ àH$mao Am{U
à^mdrnUo ‘m§S>ʶmgmR>r ˶m ^mfoda à^wËd AgUo JaOoMo Amho. ¶m nwñVH$mMm Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZo Vw‘Mo ‘hmamîQ´>r
àmH¥$Vdarb, n¶m©¶mZo ‘amR>rdarb à^wËd gwX²Ym dmT>ob.

àmMrZ ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V d AmOMr ‘amR>r ^mfm ¶m§Mm g§~§Y {H$Vr OdiMm Amho, ho ¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m
Aä¶mgmZ§Va Vw‘À¶m {ZpíMVM bjmV ¶oB©b. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V hr gm‘mݶ bmoH$m§Mr
~mobr^mfm hmoVr. ¶m ^mfo‘ܶo ì¶mH$aU, H$Wm, JXçnX瑶 M§ny d BVa gm{h˶gwX²Ym aMbo Jobo Amho.
˶mX²dmao Amnë¶mbm àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mOOrdZ, g§ñH¥$Vr g‘Oʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.

à˶oH$ nmR>mg§~§Yr A{YH$ ‘m{hVr XoʶmgmR>r A°nÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ ³¶y. Ama. H$moS>X²dmao Cn¶w³V ÑH²$lmì¶
gm{h˶ AmnUmg CnbãY hmoB©b. ˶mMm Vwåhm§bm Aä¶mgmgmR>r {Z{íMVM Cn¶moJ hmoB©b.

^m{fH$ {dH$mgm~amo~aM {dMmaj‘Vm, A{^ì¶p³V-H$m¡eë¶o Am{U g¥OZerbVm ¶m§À¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r
Cn¶w³V Agbobo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ Vwåhm§bm Z³H$s AmdS>ob, Agm {dídmg Amho.

nwUo (S>m°. gw{Zb ‘Ja)
{XZm§H$ : 20 OyZ, 2019 g§MmbH$
^maVr¶ gm¡a {XZm§H$ : 30 Á¶oîR>, 1941
‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr
d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo.

fgl ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V

^mfm{df¶H$ j‘Vm

B¶Îmm AH$amdrÀ¶m {dXçm϶mªH$S>o ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfm{df¶H$ nwT>rb j‘Vm {dH${gV ìhmì¶mV, Aer
Anojm Amho.

joÌ j‘Vm

l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V gm{h˶mVrb g§X^© d ^mdmW© g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$VmVrb {d{dY gm{h˶ àH$mam§À¶m Üd{Z{’$Vr EoHy$Z ˶mVrb ñdamKmV, Amamoh-

Adamoh ¶m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr OmU hmoUo.
ldU l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§dmX d g§^mfU EoHy$Z {M{H$ËgH$

{dMmam§gh ˶mV gh^mJr hmoVm ¶oUo.
l n[agamV ~mobë¶m OmUmè¶m {d{dY ~mobr^mfm EoHy$Z ˶m§À¶m d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgma VwbZm H$aVm ¶oUo.

l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$VmVrb CÀMma-{deofmZwgma ¶mo½¶ Ago JmWm§Mo nR>Z Am{U g§^mfU H$aVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$VmVrb H$Wmgm{h˶mÀ¶m d¡{eîQ>çmZwgma H$Wm-H$WZ d à~moYZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
^mfU l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ‘mܶ‘mV Aܶ¶ZH¥$VtÀ`m {df¶mbm AZwgê$Z AZw^d H$WZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z {d{dY eãX, dm³àMma qH$dm åhUr ¶m g§~§Yr A§VmjardOm

Ioi IoiVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoV MMm© H$aVm ¶oUo.

l ¶mo½¶ JVrZo {dam‘{M•m§Mr XIb KoD$Z AW©nyU© àH$Q> dmMZ H$ê$Z ˶mMm AmñdmX KoUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V gm{h˶mVrb {d{dY gm{h˶ àH$ma g‘OyZ KoD$Z, dmMyZ ˶mMm AmñdmX KoUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VmÀ¶m Aܶ¶ZmZo àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vr g‘OyZ KoUo.
dmMZ l g§Ho$VñWimda CnbãY Agboë¶m B©-gm{h˶mMo dmMZ H$ê$Z ˶m ‘m{hVrMm ñd¶§ Aܶ¶ZmgmR>r

Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oUo.
l JXç-nXç gm{h˶H¥$VtMo dmMZ H$ê$Z ^m{fH$ à^wËd {‘i{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aUo.

l boIZ H$aVmZm ewX²YboIZmÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo nmbZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
l ^mfm {Z¶‘m§Zm AZwgê$Z g§dmX/dU©Z/bKwn[aÀN>oX {b{hVm ¶oUo.
boIZ l ‘mܶ‘ ^mfoVrb ^mfm-{Z¶‘mbm AZwgê$Z AZwdmX H$aVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z A{^OmV Am{U àmMrZ gm{h˶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço ‘m§S>Vm ¶oUo.

Aܶ¶Z l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VmV hmoUmao ñda Am{U 춧OZm§Mo n[adV©Z g‘OyZ KoUo.
H$m¡eë¶ l H$moU˶mhr g§X^m©gmR>r eãXH$moe nmhVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V ^mfoV eãXOmb {Z‘m©U H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V ^mfoV H$WmnyVu H$aVm ¶oUo.
l ‘hmamîQ´>r-àmH¥$V ^mfoV AZwdmX H$aVm ¶oUo.
l AZoH$ ^mfm§Mm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z KoʶmMr {Okmgm {Z‘m©U H$aVm `oUo.
l g§JUH$mda CnbãY Agboë¶m {d{dY e¡j{UH$ Cn¶moOZm§Mm Aä¶mgmgmR>r dmna H$aVm ¶oUo.

^mfmä¶mg l Aä¶mgboë¶m ì¶mH$aU KQ>H$m§Mr COiUr H$aUo. eãXg§nÎmr - VËg‘, VX²^d, Xoer, g‘mZmWu,
{déX²YmWu, {d^³Vr à˶¶, H$mb-à˶¶ Am{U g§Yr `m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUo.

l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V Am{U ‘mV¥^mfoVrb eãXm§Mm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä¶mg H$aUo.

l ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoV ghOnUo g§dmX H$aUo.

l EH$ Vo n§Mdrg (1-25) A§H$ (H«$‘) OmUyZ KoUo.

{ejH$m§gmR>r

B¶Îmm AH$amdrMo ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VMo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ “‘ahÆ>r nAmgAmo’’ AmnUmg Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZmgmR>r XoVm§Zm
A{Ve¶ AmZ§X hmoV Amho. {dXçm϶mªMr ^m{fH$ H$m¡eë¶o A{YH$m{YH$ {dH${gV hmoʶmÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo nmR>çnwñVH$m‘ܶo
{dXçm϶mªÀ¶m ^md{dídmer g§~§{YV nmR>, H${dVm, H¥$Vr (ñdmܶm¶) d Ame¶mZwê$n {MÌo ¶mgma»¶m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm
g‘mdoe Ho$cocm Amho. nmR>çnwñVH$mV g‘m{dîQ> AgUmè¶m ^mfm{df¶H$ j‘Vm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z {ejH$m§Zr {dXçm϶mª‘Yrc
^m{fH$ j‘Vm A{YH$m{YH$ {dH${gV hmoʶmgmR>r nmR>çnwñVH$mVrc H¥$Vr~amo~aM BVa H¥$Vr Am{U CnH«$‘ ¶moOyZ Vo
{dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z H$adyZ ¿¶mdoV.

j‘Vm joÌmVrc ^mfmä¶mg ¶m erf©H$mImcr {Xcoë¶m gd© ì¶mH$aU KQ>H$m§Mr COiUr {ejH$m§Zr {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z
H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr. {ejH$m§Zr ñdV… ¶m ì¶mH$aU KQ>H$m§À¶m gamdmgmR>r {d{dY H¥$Vr ¶moOmì¶mV d ˶m {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z gmoS>dyZ
¿¶mì¶mV. nmR>çnwñVH$mVrc JXç d nXç nmR>m‘Yrc H$R>rU eãXm§Mo AW© nmR>mÀ¶m eodQ>r {Xcoco AmhoV. {ejH$m§Zr
Amdí¶H$VoZwgma nmR>mVrc BVa eãXm§Mo AW© g‘OyZ KoʶmgmR>r eãXH$moemMm dmna H$amdm, VgoM {dXçm϶mªZm g§X^©
åhUyZ eãXH$moe nmhʶmgmR>r ào[aV H$amdo.

{dXçm϶mª‘ܶo àmH¥$V ^mfoMr JmoS>r CËnÞ hmoB©c Agm à¶ËZ {ejH$m§Zr H$amdm. amoOÀ¶m ì¶dhmamVrc àmH¥$Ver
{‘iVo-OwiVo eãX {dXçm϶mªZm {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ XçmdoV. ‘amR>r d àmH¥$V‘Yrc Xoer eãXm§Mr ¶mXr {dXçm϶mªH$Sy>Z
H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr. amoOÀ¶m ì¶dhmamVrc dñVy, ˶m§Mo H$m¶© ¶m{df¶rMo àmH¥$V eãX {dXçm϶mªZm gm§JmdoV. CXm. nW - nh,
¶mZ - ¶mU, nmR>emim - nmT>gmcm, nwñVH$ - nmoËWA (nmoWr), CnmZh - dhmU (Mßnc).

¶m nwñVH$mVrc ~hþVoH$ nmR> ‘yi O¡Z àmH¥$V J«§WmVyZ KoVco Agë¶mZo {VWo Agcoë¶m “¶’’lwVr (H$, J, M, O,
V, X, n) À¶m EodOr ~hþVm§e {R>H$mUr “A’’ R>odcm Amho VgoM “Z’’ Mm “U’’ Ho$cm Amho.

àmH¥$V gm{h˶mVrc J«§Wg§nXm Bco³Q´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmV CncãY Amho. (CXm. Jain e-library). Var ˶m§Mmhr
Cn¶moJ Aä¶mgmH$[aVm {hVmMm R>aoc. Á¶m J«§WmVyZ nmR> {ZdS>co AmhoV, Vo ‘yi J«§W {ejH$m§Zr ñdV… nhmdoV VgoM
{dXçm϶mªZmgwX²Ym XmIdmdoV.

AZwH«$‘{UH$m nmZ
H«$.
AZw. J‚m-{dhmAmo 1
H«$. 7
10
gwJ‘ àmH¥$V 13
1) n[añg‘grbmo H$[agAmo 16
2) Ua-ngw-^oAmo 19
3) {d‚mmJhU§ gwh§H$a§ 22
4) godmdB© g§V-JmS>Jo‘hmamAmo 26
5) A‘§J{bA-nw[agñg H$hm
6) n‚mmdaUñg ‘mhßn§ 29
7) ‘AU-‘aU§ 32
36
n‚m-{dhmAmo 39
1) nmBA-H$ìd§ 42
2) H$¶½Kmo ‘mUwgmo 45
3) {ggwdmb-H$hm 50
4) gwhm{gAmB§ 51
5) gwH$å‘-nwß’$-gwdmgmo 59
6) nwÎmmU§ n[a³Im
7) X¶m-Yå‘mo 91
n[a{eîQ> 1 - Adm§Va-dmMZ 95
n[a{eîQ> 2 - ì¶mH$aU {ddoMZ

(1) àmH¥$V ^mfoVrc ñda, 춧OZ (2) g§Yr (3) H$mi
(4) {d^{º$à˶¶ d Cn¶moJ (5) Zm‘ (6) gd©Zm‘ (7) g§»¶m
n[a{eîQ> 3 - coIZ H$m¡eë¶
n[a{eîQ> 4 - {Z~§Y coIZ, aoImOmc

J‚m-{dhmAmo

gwJ‘ àmH¥$V
{d{dhm{U dËWwUm‘m{U

{d{dhmB§ {MÎm§ XßnU§/Am¶§gmo KS>mo
dËWyB§



H$cgmo Wm{cAm n{S>‘m/‘wÎmr Ka§/{Jh§/AmcA§

{d‚mmcA§/nmT>gmcm ‘§{Xa§/XoCb§/XoD$b§ ahmo M¸§$

dUß’$B©-OmBAmo



YUw-~mUmo g§JUA§ A§~é³Imo

cAm/do„r/d„r H$Æ>§/Xmê$/cJwS>§ VU§/VUm{U dU§/AaÊU§/aÊU§

1

gmhm/S>mcm é³Imo ’$cmB§, ’$cm{U nwß’$mB§/Hw$gw‘m{U/gw‘Um{U

Añgmo/hAmo/VwaAmo dmUamo/‘¸$S>mo {‘Amo/h[aUmo
ngw-np³IUmo





JAmo/hËWr/H$ar UmAmo/gßnmo/^wA§Jmo grhmo/Ho$gar/har/dUamAmo ‘moamo/‘D$amo

d½Kmo/gÔÿcmo n§{N>Umo/np³IUmo h§gmo {JÕmo
amAm/UadB©/{Udmo
BpËW-nw[agm



gwAmo/H$samo nmamdAmo

2

dw–mo/W{damo/‘hÎmamo Bgr/[agr BËWr/Umar Uamo/‘mUwgmo/nw[agmo

gmhÿ/‘wUr/Vdñgr ^S>mo/go{UAmo {g[aH$Êhmo/JmoqdXmo {H$gAmo/{H$grdcmo/H$[agAmo

g‘wÔAmAmg-g§nAm


do‚mmo/{M{JÀN>Amo aAUm{U g§Imo

UB©/g[aAm/{UÊUJm g‘wÔmo/gmAamo/aAUmAamo gw‚mmo/gyamo/gy[aAmo/{XUAamo ‘ohmo/~Ô„mo/Aã^mo
Ad¶dm{U






AmAmgmo/Uhmo/Am¶mgmo M§Xmo/{‘A§H$mo/gmo‘mo/B§Xÿ Umgmo/Um{gAm/U¸$mo

3

H$ÊUmo/gdUmo Orhm/{Oã^m A³Ir/U¶Um{U/cmo¶Um{U

g‘Amo/H$mcmo


hËWm/H$am/nm{UUmo n§MdmAU§

n§Mm{hAmo EAdmAU§ Xgm{hAmo XþdmAU§ gnmA-gÎmdmAU§

drgm{hAmo MCdmAU§ n§Mdrgm{hAmo n§MdmAU§ g–-n§MdmAU§

‘ÁPÊh§/~magdmAU§ N>Æ>dmAU§ gÎmdmAU§

4

dmga-Um‘m{U ‘§Jcdmgamo ~whdmgamo Jwédmgamo/{~hß’$B©
gmo‘dmgamo g{Udmgamo a{ddmgamo/gw‚mdmgamo
gw¸$dmgamo AmgmT>‘mgmo
H${ÎmA‘mgmo
‘mg-Um‘m{U ’$½JwU‘mgmo
MoÎm‘mgmo/MBÎm‘mgmo dBgmh‘mgmo OoÆ>‘mgmo
gmdU‘mgmo ^ÔdAmo ‘mgmo ApñgU‘mgmo/AmgmoA‘mgmo
‘½J{gñg‘mgmo/‘½Jgrg‘mgmo nmog‘mgmo ‘mh‘mgmo

gamd

g§»¶m Aja Am{U A§H$m‘ܶo {chm.

A§H$m A³Iam{U A§H$m A³Iam{U
3 Ud/UC
5
6 15
17
AÆ> 19
10
11 qdgB/drgm
21
Voag 25
14
N>ìdrg

{MÎmnAH$mogmo

dËWyB§ dUß’$BAmo

5

ngwUmo BpËW-
nw[agm

np³IUmo

{H$gr g‘wÔmo

AmAmgmo Ad¶dm{U ’$cm{U

qghmMo 6 gy¶m©Mo
g‘mZmWu g‘mZmWu

1. n[añg‘grbmo H$[agAmo

àñVwV nmR> n[al‘mMo ‘hËËd gm§JʶmgmR>r aMcocm Amho. ‘mZdmZo n[al‘ H$aV AgVm§Zm ‘Z…nyd©H$
H$amdoV. ˶m n[al‘mMo ’$i Ho$di ñdV…cmM {‘iVo Ago Zmhr Va nwT>À¶m {nT>rcm VgoM g‘mOmcmhr Cn¶w³V
R>ê$ eH$Vo, hmM {dMma à˶oH$mZo H$am¶cm hdm. hm g§Xoe ¶m nmR>m‘ܶo d¥X²Y eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m CXmhaUmVyZ {Xcm
Amho.

gXa nmR>mV H$V©ì¶Xj amOmMo ñd^md {MÌU Amcoco Amho. àOoÀ¶m AS>MUr g‘OyZ KoʶmgmR>r amOm
Amnë¶m godH$m§~amo~a ’o$a’$Q>H$m ‘maV AgVmo. EH$Xm Vmo EH$m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m PmonS>rOdi ¶oVmo. ñdÀN> PmonS>r
~KyZ amOm ˶mMr àe§gm H$aVmo. AmOhr "ñdÀN> ^maV' A{^¶mZ ApñVËdmV Amho.

amOm eoVH$è¶mMo n[al‘ d CXma ‘Zmod¥ËVrMrhr àe§gm H$aVmo d eoVH$è¶mda Iwe hmoD$Z ˶mcm
nm[aVmo{fH$mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV àmoËgmhZ XoVmo.

Ah EJpå‘ CS>E {UdgB H$mo {d H$[agAmo& BAmo Ed AmJÀN>B& ‘hmam¶§ U{‘D$U
gAA§ C‚m‘-grbmo gmo U H$¶m{d Abgmo R>mBËWm& A§Oqb ~§YoB&
JÀN>§VoU H$mboU dw–Îm§ AmdÊUmo gmo CS>¶-g‘rd§ Ed
{H$‘{d H$a|Vmo H$mb§ J‘oB& EJpå‘ {XUo {U¶S>d{Å>Um {UdB© … gpËW Vwã^§, ^mo H$[agA& VwÁP IoÎm§
‘½JoU AmJAmo VßnEgñg {UdB©& V§ AUwg[a¨gw ~o CS>¶§ M XÆz>U§ AB©d g§VwÆ>mo Iw Ah§&
{d am¶nw[agm& Amgéhm gH$moC¶§ nmqggw n¶mU§ AhþUm Vw‘§ qH$ H$ao{g?
n[añg‘ñg ’$bm{U& V‘wS>¶§ XÆz>U gmo ^ydB© H${hËWm,
"Ahmo gÀN>§ gwaB¶§ Mod CS>¶§&' H$[agAmo … AËW Uy¶Uo A§~-é³Io Amamodo{‘,
‘hmam¶!
nT>‘mo am¶nw[agmo … Ed§ E¶§, ‘hmam¶! AËW Xrg§{V
’$b-g{h¶m é³Im g‘rdÆ>m& {UdB© … ao W{da! Ho${Îm¶§ VwÁP d¶§?

~rAmo am¶nw[agmo … Xod! nrUm EE ngwUmo EËW Ma§{V& H$[agAmo … {Ma§ OrdC Xod! AgrB-d[agm{U
nmgC, ‘hmam¶! gmo d–mo H$[agAmo dB¸§$Vm{U ‘‘ Om¶ñg&

{UdB© … h§V! ^mo! AgrB-d[a{gAmo Vw‘§!
gmhþ, OaT>, gmhþ! YÞmo h§ O§ ‘‘ n¶m
{X½KmC§ Cd^w§OB& Ada§ M nwÀN>m{‘,
Añg UdrUñg A§~ñg ’$bmB© qH$
AmgmEC§ Or{dñg{g?

H$[agAmo … Xod, {U¶-H$mAìd§ Ed H$ao{‘&
E¶ñg A§~ñg AmamodU§ U Ho$db§
AßnUmo Cd^moJËW§& Ah§ M³Io{‘
nwìdEqh Amamo{d¶mU§ Vê$U§ ’$bm{U&
Vhod ‘E Amamo{d¶ñg VéUmo ’$bm{U

7

AmgmBñg§{V ‘o nwÎmm, nmoÎmm, nnmoÎmm H$‚moU& {JÊhgw VwÁP H$m¶ìd-~wÕrE
¶& Egod bmo¶ñg n[admS>r& nm[aAmo{g¶§& (BB Xg-gwdÊU-
‘wÔmAmo XoB)
{UdB© … ao ~§Yy, g‘rB©Um Ibw VwÁP
‘Umo{dÎmr& gwÆx> gmoh{g EEU gmohUoU H$[agAmo … ({dUEU {JpÊhD$U) Ahmo {H$dmby
JwUÊUy ¶ ^Ad§& AUw½J{hAmo påh&
gwÆx> H${h¶§ Ho$Um{d ‘hmnw[agoU O§&

C‚m‘oU {h H$‚mm{U {gÁP§{V U
‘Umoahm&

AAmo g¶m {h H$m¶ìdmo Aßn‘mEU
C‚m‘mo&&

gÔËWm

CS>E - PmonS>rV AgrB - (g§»¶m {d.) E|er

H$[agAmo - H¥$fH$, eoVH$ar ‘Umo{dÎmr - ‘mZ{gH$Vm

C‚m‘-grbmo - gVV H$m¶©‘¾ AUw½J{hAmo påh - ‘moR>r H¥$nm Pmbr ‘m¶mda, ‘r
Amgéhm - KmoS>oñdma Am^mar Amho
AmamodU§ - bmdUo
Amamo{d¶mU§ - bmdboë¶m gmhþ - N>mZ, CÎm‘
gpËW - jo‘Hw$eb
n[admS>r - ê$T>r, na§nam

g‘rB©Um - CÎm‘, gmpËdH$

JÀN>§VoU H$mboU - OgOgm H$mi bmoQ>V hmoVm Vgm n¶m - àOm

dw–Îm§ AmdÊUmo - åhmVmanU Ambobm W{da - åhmVmam

AUwg[a¨gw - ‘mJmo‘mJ Ambo OaT> - ho d¥X²Ym
nrUm - YîQ>nwîQ> H$mAìd§ - H$V©ì¶
gwaB¶§ - ì¶dpñWV JwUÊUy - JwUmMr H$Xa AgUmam
C‚m‘grbmo - CXçmoJr dB¸§$Vm{U - CbQ>br
{U¶S>d{Å>Um - Odi Agbobm d¶ñg - {‘Ì
gH$moC¶§ - Hw$VyhbmZo nmoÎmm nnmoÎmm - ZmVd§S>o, nVd§S>o
Ho${Îm¶§ - {H$Vr? {H$dmbw - X¶miy

8

gÁPmAmo

1 ¶mnmR>mVAmbobr^yVH$mirê$noAmoiIyZ˶m§Mo 5) amOmZo eoVH$è¶mMr Ho$bobr ñVwVr ñdV:À¶m
ì¶mH$aU {bhm. eãXmV ‘m§S>m.

2 nmR>mVrbU{‘D$U,XÆz>U,{JpÊhD$U,~§{YD$U 6) amOmZo {Xboë¶m nm[aVmo{fH$mMo ñdê$n
¶m nyd©H$mbdmMH$ YmVwgm{YV A춶m§À¶m Amnë¶m eãXm§‘ܶo ‘m§S>m.
Cn¶moJm§Mo {ZarjU H$am d ˶mà‘mUo nwT>rb
dm³¶o V¶ma H$ê$Z ˶m§Mo AW© {bhm. 7) eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m H$îQ>miy OrdZmMo dU©Z H$am.
1) Ob§ ........ gmo gamodañg g‘rd§ JÀN>B
(nmg)& 4. "C‚m‘oU {h H$‚mm{U {gÁP§{V U ‘Umoahm' ¶m
Cº$ser gmY嶩dmMH$ H$Wm {bhm.
2) Hy$dmAmo nm{U¶§ ........ gm é³Io qgMB
(H$–)& 5. {deofU-{deoî¶m§À¶m OmoS>çm bmdm.

3) nhy¶§ YU§ ........ {d gmo goÆ>r Z VwñgB 1. A§~ñg &
(bh)&
2. H$‚moU &
4) ^Îm§ ........ N>Îmmo nmT>gmb§ JAmo (^w§O)&
6. {H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m nyU© H$am.
5) nwß’$mB§ ........ gm nB{XU§ XoCb§ JÀN>B
(JoÊh)& AZw ê$no H$mi nwéf dMZ
HǤ$.
3 nwT>rb {df¶m§da H¥$Vr H$am. 1. Ma§{V
1) amOm d amOnwéf ¶m§Zr eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m ~m~VrV
H$m¶ {ZarjU Ho$bo? 2. AmJÀN>B

2) eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mMo dU©Z H$am. 3. Amamodo{‘

3) amOmZo eoVH$è¶mbm {dMmabobm àý gm§Jm. 4. OrdC

4) eoVH$è¶mZo amOmbm {Xbobo CÎma gm§Jm.

PPP

9

2. Ua-ngw^oAmo

{XJ§~amMm¶© lr{dXçmZ§X ‘wZr ¶m§À¶m à^mdr àdMZmVyZ hr H$Wm KoD$Z ˶mMo ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V‘ܶo ê$nm§Va
Ho$bo Amho. AmMm¶©ltMm OÝ‘ ~oiJmd {OëhçmVrb amoS>~mi Jmdr EH$m O¡Z Hw$Qw>§~mV 20-4-1925 gmbr
Pmbm. qhXrda ˶m§Mo {deof à^wËd AgyZ g§ñH¥$V d àmH¥$V J«§Wm§Mo Vo JmT>o Aä¶mgH$ AmhoV.

VrWªH$am§À¶m à{V‘oImbr ney d nXmWmªMo {MÝh AgVo. ‘mZdOmVrMo {MÝh ZgVo. ¶mMo H$maU Ago, H$s
‘Zwî¶mMm AmH$ma EH$gmaIm AgVmo. {d{dY {MÝhm§dê$Z VrWªH$am§Mm n[aM¶ qH$dm Zmd g‘Oʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.
¶m nmR>mV newnjr Am{U ‘mUyg ¶m§À¶m‘Yrb ‘hËËdmMm ’$aH$ AmMm¶mªZr g‘OmdyZ gm§{JVbm Amho. newnjr
¶m§Mo ~mhçê$n gmaIo ZgVo; na§Vw ˶m§Mo A§Va§J ‘mÌ gmaIo AgVo. ‘mUgm§Mm ~mhç AmH$ma gmaIm Agbm Var
{dMma, ^mdZm ‘mÌ doJdoJiçm AgVmV. hm ’$aH$ g‘OmdyZ gm§JʶmgmR>r Imbrb JmoîQ> AmMm¶mªZr a§OH$nUo
gm§{JVbr Amho.

ApËW EAm a‘UrAm AS>dr& gm ¶ dS>- EËW§Vapå‘ {OUmb¶ñg nmgmAmo E¶m ‘{hbm
Vmb-M§XU-qb~w§~a-O§~w-A§~-’$UgmB-é³Ioqh JÀN>B& gm {VËW¶amU§ d§XUÆ>§ Vpå‘ n{dÆ>m& VËWpã^¨Vao
‘mbB©-‘mhdr-‘{„Am-‘mo½Ja-nmS>b-OdmB-b¶mqh J¶-Añg-{dgha-grhmB-nm{UUmo XÆz>U gm ^¶^r¶m
M {dgmo{h¶m& VËWpËW gw‘Umoha§ {OUmb¶‘oA§& Vpå‘ Om¶m, {OUmb¶mAmo Vw[a¶§ {U½J§VyU Ymd‘mUr AßnUmo
g§{V MCdrg-{VËW¶amU§ H$mCñg½J‘wÔmE n{S>Æ>m{d¶mAmo Ka§ JAm&
n{S>‘mAmo&
V¶mU§Va§ WodoU g‘EU E¸$mo g‘Umo VËWmJAmo&
EApå‘ {X¶ho gwhoU qhS>§Vmo B¸$mo dmUamo gmo {d {OU-d§XUÆ>§ ‘§{Xa§{g n{dgB& grhmB-^rgU-
VËWmJAmo& gmo CñgwJ‘UoU Vpå‘ {OUmb¶på‘ n{dgB& nm{UUmo XÆz>U {d U gmo {d¶{bAmo ^yAmo& {Uã^¶-‘UoU
H$moCEU B¸o$¸§$ n{S>‘§ nmg‘mUmo gmo EAmE n{S>‘mE nwaAmo gmo na‘-^ÎmrE H$‘oUo¸o$H§$ {OU-n{S>‘§ d§{XC§ b½Jmo&
g{dpåhAmo {R>Amo& VrE n{S>‘mE nm¶nrT>ñgwd[a dmUa- O¶m gmo {garA{^U§XU-gm{‘Umo n{S>‘§ d§XB V¶m Vñg
qMY§ XÆz>U gmo dmUamo h[a{gAmo OmAmo& Om¶ÀN>[aEU
UoU g¶bmAmo n{S>‘mAmo {UÁPmB¶mAmo& VmU§ n{S>‘mU§
{n nmAnrT>mU‘wd[a dgh-J¶-Añg-h[aU-{dgha-
grh-g§I-Hw§$^mB-b§N>Um{U nm{gD$U Vñg {MÎmo
H$moChb‘wßnÊU§&

‘Uo {H$‘{d qM{VD$U gmo dmUamo {OUmb¶mAmo
{U½JAmo& OmU OmU nmUrU§ b§N>UmB§ {XÆ>mB§ Vo Vo nm{UUmo
gÔm{dD$U g§ImB-n¶ËWm KoÎmyU VoU Vqh Am{U¶m& OËW
Oñg b§N>U‘pËW VËW gmo nmUr {UgÊUm{dAmo n¶ËWmo ¶
R>{dAmo& g¶§ M gmo dmUa-b§N>U§{H$¶mE n{S>‘mE nwaAmo
Cd{dÆ>mo&

10

d§XUoU VËW Cd{dÆ>mo dmUamo ngÊUmo hmoB& "hr {h' {Îm "Egmo MCËWmo {VËW¶amo ^Jd§ {gar A{^U§XUmo
nm¶§ Cã^§ H$mD$U "VwÁP H$„mU§ hmoC'{Îm VoU dmUaoU ApËW&'
Vñg Amgrgmo {XÊUmo&
"H$h§ Om{U‚mB?'
VAmo g‘UoU ^{U¶§ - qH$ ‘ÁP Amgrg§ Xo{g?
U ‘¶m Vw‘§ ^Jd§ {V ‘pÊUD$U d§{XAmo& "dmUañg b§N>U§ XÆz>U& OAmo ^JdAmo {gar
A{^U§XUñg dmUamo {Îm b§N>U‘pËW&'
VAmo dmUamo nwÀN>B - "OB ‘§ ^Jd§ U ‘ÊU{g, Vm
{H$‘oËW ‘‘ b§N>U§ C¸$s[a¶§? B‘m H$ñg n{S>‘m ApËW? "AAmo {ƒ¶ Ah‘{d ^Jd§ {VËW¶amo'{Îm dmUaoU
{XT>gaoU dwÎm§&

VAmo Vo Xþdo {d qH${M H$mb§ {ddm¶§ Hw$U§{V&

nÀN>m g‘Umo dmUa§ OmUmdoC§ ~mo„B- "ngw-
n³IrU§ ~m{hamAmam {d{dhm& UamU‘mAmamo CU
g‘g‘mUmo& AAmo Uañg b§N>U§ U C¸$s[a¶§& {VËW¶amU§
ngw-n§{N>-Hw§$^-g§ImB-b§N>Um{U C¸$s[a¶m{U&'

V§ gmoD$U dmUamo AßnUmo ‘Upå‘ CßnÊU§ ^md§
nm¶S>§ H$aoB - "UamU§ ~m{ham¶mamo g‘mUmo& A§Vapå‘ CU
Vo g‘g‘mUm UpËW& ngw-n§{N>Umo ~m{ham¶maoqh {d{dhm&
A§Vapå‘ CU EAg[agm&'

g‘Umo ngÊU‘UoU ^UB- "gmhþ! Vw‘E Ua-
ngyB©U§ ^oAmo gwÆx> ~mo{hAmo& YÊUmo {g&'

gÔËWm

AS>dr - Aaʶ, dZ H$mCñg½J‘wÔmE - H$m¶moËgJ© ‘wÐo‘ܶo, H$m¶moËgJ©‘wÐm
‘{„Am - ‘{„H$m / OmB©OwB© åhUOo ܶmZ‘wÐm.
O§~y - Om§^yi
nmS>b - Jwbm~ CñgwJ‘UoU - CËgwH$ ‘ZmZo
Odm - Onm / Omñd§X nmg‘mUmo - nmhUmam, ~KUmam
{dgmo{h¶m - emo^yZ {XgV hmoVr. n{S>‘m - à{V‘m, ‘yVu
MCdrg - Mmodrg nm¶nrT> - nmXnrR>, nm¶ R>odʶmMm Mm¡a§J, ‘y{V©-
{VËW¶a - VrWªH$a, O¡Zm§Mo Oo 24 ‘hmnwéf AmhoV à{VîR>mnZmMo AmgZ.
˶m§Zm VrWªH$a åhUVmV.
qMY - {M•, IyU
Om¶ÀN>[aEU - Amü¶©M{H$V hmoD$Z (Om¶ +
AÀN>[aEU)

11

{UÁPmB¶mAmo - ZrQ> {ZaIyZ nm{hë¶m. VËWpã^¨Vao - {VWo AmV‘ܶo
dgh - d¥f^, ~¡b ^rgU - ^rfU
b§N>Um{U - bjUo, {M•o {d¶{bAmo ^yAmo - J^©JirV Pmbm
nm{gD$U - nmhÿZ nm¶§ Cã^§ H$mD$U - nm¶ C^m H$ê$Z, nm¶ C§MmdyZ
gÔm{dD$U - ~mobmdyZ MCËWmo - Mm¡Wo
n¶ËWm - nXmW© (AZoH$dMZ) {XT>gaoU - ÑT> ñdamZo, R>m‘nUo
{UgÊUm{dAmo - ~gdbobm C³H$s[a¶§ - H$moabo
dmUab§N>U§{H$¶mE - dmZamMo {M• Agboë¶m OmUmdoC§ - g‘OmdyZ XoʶmgmR>r
Cd{dÆ>mo - ~gbm ‘pÊUD$U - ‘mZyZ
dƒB - OmV AgVo, OmVo gwQ²>Rw> - ZrQ>, Mm§Jë¶màH$mao
{U½J§VyU - {ZKyZ, ~mhoa OmD$Z gmhþ - N>mZ
Ymd‘mUr - YmdUmar ~mo{hAmo - H$imbo
WodoU g‘EU - WmoS>çm doimZo

gÁPmAmo

1 AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$am. 3 g§Yr gmoS>dm.
O§JbmVrb PmS>m§Mr Zmdo VËWmJAmo, {OUmb¶‘oA§, nm¶nrT>ñgwd[a,
H$moChb‘wßnÊU§, ~m{hamAmam, UamU‘mAmamo

4 àmH¥$V^mfoV H¥$Vr H$am.
1) ‘r emioV OmVmo.

2 ‘mܶ‘ ^mfoV CÎmao {bhm. 2) ‘r VrWªH$am§Zm d§XZ H$aVo.
1) dmZamÀ¶m Hw$VyhbmMo H$maU gm§Jm. 3) lrA{^Z§XZñdm‘tMo {M• dmZa Amho.

2) "gmo dmUa-b§N>U§{H$¶mE n{S>‘mE nwaAmo 5 OmoS>çm bmdm.

Cd{dÆ>mo' - ho {dYmZ ñnîQ> H$am. (A) (~)
3) "dmZamZo gmYybm Amerdm©X {Xbm' ho dm³¶ Vmb n{S>‘m
é³I
ñnîQ> H$am. ‘{„¶m bAm

4) VrWªH$am§Mr bjUo ({M•o) gm§Jm. H$mCñg½J‘wÔm

5) hçm nmR>mMm gmam§e {bhm. 6 nmR>mVrb A춶m§Mr ¶mXr H$am.

PPP
12

3. gwh§H$a§ {d‚mmJhU§

"CÎmaÁP¶UgwÎm§' ho O¡Z AmJ‘mVrb ‘hËËdmMo ‘ybgyÌ Amho. ¶mda AmMm¶© Zo{‘M§Ðgyar (XodoÝÐJUr) ¶m§Zr
B.g. 1073 ‘ܶo "gwI~moYm' ZmdmMr Q>rH$m g§ñH¥$V‘ܶo {b{hbr. ˶m§Zr ûcmoH$m§À¶m ñnîQ>rH$aUmH$[aVm ‘hmamîQ´>r
àmH¥$V ^mfoV g{dñVa H$Wm {b{hë¶m AmhoV, ho ¶m J«§WmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. ¶m H$WoV EH$ {gX²Y nwéf X¶miynUmZo
Jar~ nwéfmg ‘§Vabobm KS>m XoVmo. Vmo Jar~ ‘Zwî¶ Ë¶m KS>çmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo {d{dY gwIo ^moJVmo. EH$Xm Xmê$À¶m
Yw§XrV à‘mXm‘wio ˶m nwéfmMm KS>m ’w$Q>Vmo. ¶mà‘mUo ˶mMo gd© d¡^d ZîQ> hmoVo. ˶mZo Oa Vr ‘§Ì{dXçm {eHy$Z
KoVbr AgVr, Va ˶mbm ZdrZ KS>m {Z‘m©U H$aVm Ambm AgVm d Xþgè¶m§Mr ZmoH$ar H$amdr bmJbr ZgVr. ¶m
H$WoV ho gm§{JVbo Amho, H$s ñdV… kmZ àmá H$amdo. ˶m‘wio à˶oH$mbm Amnbo OrdZ ñd~imda gwIr H$aVm ¶oVo.

EH$mo Jmohmo A^½Jgohamo AB©d-XmoJƒoU ~m{hAmo& VoU JmohoU gmo {XÆ>mo& nÀN>m gmo qMVoB, qH$ ‘ÁP
{H${g-H$å‘mB§ H$a|Vñg {d Vñg U qH${M ’$bB& ~hþEU n[a^‘UoU? E¶§ Mod Amob½Jm{‘& Vñg§{V¶§ J§VyU
VAmo doa½JoU {U½JAmo JohmAmo, b½Jmo nwhB§ qh{S>C§& VoU ^ÊUB, "Ah§ ‘§X-^½Jmo, XmoJƒoU H$¶pËWAmo, Vwåh
gaU‘mJAmo& Vm Vwåh ngmEU Ah§ Ed§ Mod ^moJo ^w§Om{‘&'
Hw$UB AUoJ YUmod‚mUmodmE, na§ U qH${M g§n‚mB& {gÕ-nw[agoU qM{VA§, "Ahmo! Eg damAmo AB©d Xm[aÔ-
VAmo gmo {UaËWAn[aã^‘UoU§ {UpìdÊUmo nwUa{d OAmo Xþh¸§$Vmo& Xþ{h¶mU dÀN>bm hd§{V ‘hm-nw[agm& AÊU§ M
n{S>{U¶Îmmo& EJpå‘ Jm‘o XodmbE aqÎm dmgmodJAmo&
g§nqÎm nmdoC§ H$mAìdmo gìd-gÎm-CdAmamo&
VAmo Xodmb¶mAmo EAmo nw[agmo {U½JAmo {MÎm- AÎmmodAmb{bÀNy> C¶a§ nwaoB H$ñg {d&&
KS>-hËW-JAmo& gmo EJ-nmgo R>mBD$U V§ {MÎmKS>§ Vm H$ao{‘ B‘ñg CdAma§' {V&
nyBD$U ^UB, ""bhþ§ ‘o na‘-a‘{U‚m§ dmgha§ g‚mo{h&''
VoU V³IU‘od H$A§& Ed§ g¶U-AmgU-YU-YÊU- VAmo VoU ^ÊUB, "qH$ {d‚m§ Xo{‘ C¶mhþ
n[a¶U^moJgmhUmB§ H$m[aAmo& Ed§ O§ O§ ^UB V§ V§ H$aoB {d‚mm{^‘§{V¶§ KS>¶§?' VoU {d‚mm-gmhU-nwaƒaU-
{MÎm-KS>mo Omd nhmE n{S>gmaB& ^réUm ‘§X-~w{ÕUm ^moJ-{V{gEU ^{UA§,
"{d‚mm{h‘§{V¶§ KS>§ Xo{h'& VoU {XÊUmo& gmo V§ Jhm¶ hÆ>-
VwÆ>-‘Umo JAmo gJm‘§& {M§{V¶§ M AUoU,

"qH$ VrE {garE nrdamE Om hmoB AÊU-Xogpå‘&
Om A U {‘Îmoqh g‘§ O§ Mm{‘Îmm U noÀN>§{V&&'

VËW ~§Yyqh {‘Îmoqh A g‘§ Ohm{^éB¶§ ^dU§
{dCpìdD$U ^moJo ^w§O§Vmo AÀN>B&

gmo H$mb§VaoU AB-VmogoU KS>§ I§Yo H$mD$U
"E¶ñg n^mdoU Ah§ ~§Yw-‘ÁPo n‘mo¶m{‘' {Îm ^{UD$U
Amgd-nrAmo nU{ƒAmo& Vñg n‘mEU gmo KS>mo ^½Jmo&
gmo {d‚mm-H$Amo Cd^moJmo UÆ>mo& nÀN>m gmo nbB©^yA-
{dhdmo na-nogUmB©qh Xþ³Im{U AUwhdB& OB nwU gm

13

{d‚mm J{h¶m hþ§Vm, VAmo
^½Jo {d KS>o nwUmo H$ao¨Vmo&

eãXmW©

Jmohmo - (Xo.) nwéf A^½J - H$‘Z{e~r

goha - eoIa, Vwam XmoJƒoU - XþX£dmZo

~m{hAmo - ÌñV Pmbm {H${gH$å‘mB§ - eoVrMr H$m‘o

doa½JoU - H§$Q>miyZ qh{S>C§ b½Jmo- (H¥$X§V) qhSy> bmJbm, {’$ê$ bmJbm

AUoU - ˶mZo YUmod‚mUmodmE - n¡go {‘idʶmMm Cnm¶

U qH${M g§n‚mB - H$mhrM / WmoS>ohr {‘i{dbo Zmhr {UpìdUmo - Xþ…Ir

aqÎm - amÌr dmgmodJAmo - dmg + CdJAmo - {Zdmg Ho$bm

{MÎm-KS>-hËW-JAmo - {M{ÌV / nyBD$U - (H¥$X§V) nyOm H$ê$Z

a§Jdbobm KS>m hmVmV KoVbobm na‘-a‘{U‚m - A˶§V gw§Xa

bhþ§ - bdH$a, bJoM g‚mo{h - V¶ma H$a, {Z‘m©U H$a (AmkmW©)

dmgha - {ZdmgJ¥h gmhUmB§ - gmYZo

V³IU‘od - (V³IU§ + Ed) VËjUr Vñg§{V¶ - Vñg + A§{V¶ = ˶mÀ¶mOdi

g¶UmgU - g¶U + AmgU, eæ¶m åhUOo A§WéU d AmgZ H$¶pËWAmo - Ìmgbobm

Amob½Jm{‘ - ZmoH$ar qH$dm godm H$aVmo damAmo - (Xo.) {~Mmam, ~mnS>m

‘§X-^½Jmo - ‘§X^m½¶, H$‘Z{e~r gìd-gÎm-Cd¶mamo - gd© àmʶm§da CnH$ma

ngmEU - àgmXmZo, H¥$noZo H$aUmam

Xm[aÔ-Xþh¸§$Vmo - Xm[aÔ + Xþh + A³H§$Vmo H$ñg {d - H$moUmMrhr

- Jar~rZo Jm§Obobm {d‚mm{^‘§{V¶§ KS>§ - {dXçoZo ‘§Vabobm KS>m

dÀN>bm - ào‘i, dËgb C¶mhþ - (A춶) AWdm

AÎmmodAmb{bÀNy> (Xo.)- ñdmW©bmobwn hÆ>-VwÆ>-‘Umo - AmZ§{XV, g§VwîQ> ‘ZmMm/Zo

14

nwaƒaU - nwaüaU, gamd nrdamE - {dnwb
{garE - bú‘rMm, g§nÎmrMm nU{ƒAmo - OmoamZo ZmMy bmJbm
Mm{‘Îmm - M + A{‘Îmm - Am{U eÌy UÆ>mo - ZîQ> Pmbm, ’w$Q>bm
Ohm{^éB¶§ - Ohm + A{^éB¶§ - nbB©^yA - ZîQ Pmbobo
nanogUmB©qh - Xþgè¶m§Mr MmH$ar H$ê$Z
Amnë¶m AmdS>rà‘mUo, ¶WoÀN> Amgd-nrAmo - Xmê$ ߶m¶bobm (Vmo)
{d‚mm-H$Amo - {dXçoZo ‘§Vabobm
{dCpìdD$U - (H¥$X§V) {Xì¶ gm‘϶m©Zo {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z
n‘mEU - {ZîH$miOrnUm

gÁPmAmo

1 nmR>mVyZ ¶mo½¶ eãX {ZdSy>Z dm³¶ nyU© H$am. 4 ì¶mH$aU …
1) Jmohmo ........ ~m{hAmo&
2) nw[agmo {MÎmKS>§ nyBD$U ........ ^UB& A) Imbrb H$moîQ>H$ nyU© H$am.
3) ‘hmnw[agm ........ dÀN>bm hd§{V&
4) Vñg KS>mo ........ ^½Jmo& AZw. eãX qbJ dMZ {d^³Vr
5) Jmohmo ........ Xþ³Im{U AUwhdB& 1. Xodmb¶mAmo
2. ngmEU
3. E¶ñg

2 WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {bhm. ~) ê$no AmoiIm …
1) nwéfmÀ¶m dmQ>çmbm ¶oUmè¶m XþX£dmMr H$maUo {H${g-H$å‘mB§, Jm‘o, Xodmb¶mAmo, dmgha§, {XÆ>mo,
{bhm. nw[agoU, qMVoB, ^{UD$U, n‘mo¶m{‘, ‘§X-~w{ÕUm
2) Xodmb¶mVrb A{^‘§{ÌV KS>çmMo d¡{eîQ>ç
gm§Jm. 5 g§Yr gmoS>dm …
3) {dXçmJ«hUmMo ‘hÎd ñnîQ> H$am. A) dmgmodJAmo, V³IU‘od, gaU‘mJAmo,
4) ""níMmÎmmnmMr doi ¶oD$ Z¶o'' ho {dYmZ {d‚mm{h‘§{V¶§, g¶UmgU
{gX²Y H$am.
~) g§Yr H$am …
3 Imbrb dm³¶mVrb hoVy ñnîQ> H$am. Vñg + A§{V¶§, YU + Cd‚mU + CdmE, Xþh
1) qH$ ‘ÁP ~hþEU n[a^{‘EU? + A¸§$Vmo, Ohm + A{^éB¶§, H$mb + A§VaoU
2) "Ahmo! Eg damAmo AB©d Xm[aÔ-Xþh¸§$Vmo&'
3) "{d‚mm{h‘§{V¶§ KS>§ Xo{h& H$) ¶mnmR>mVrb{H«$¶mnXm§MmAWm©g{hVg§J«hH$am.
4) "OB nwU gm {d‚mm J{h¶m hþ§Vm, VAmo ^½Jo
{d KS>o nwUmo H$a|Vmo'&

PPP

15

4. godmdB© g§V-JmS>Jo-‘hmamAmo

g§V JmS>Jo ‘hmamO ho AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb g§V hmoV. ñdÀN>Vo{df¶r à~moYZ H$aʶmgmR>r ˶m§Zr ñdV…
hmVmV PmSy> KoVbm d Amnë¶m H¥$VrVyZ ñdÀN>VoMo ‘hËËd nQ>dyZ {Xbo. ‘amR>rV KS>çmbm JmS>Jo Ago åhUVmV.
Zoh‘r Amnë¶m~amo~a JmS>Jo dmJdV Agë¶m‘wio ‘hmamOm§Mo "JmS>Jo ‘hmamO' Ago Zmd à{gX²Y Pmbo. ˶m§Zr
g‘mOmgmR>r {d{dY àH$maMo godmH$m¶© Ho$bobo Amho. {dXçm϶mªZm ˶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr AmoiI ìhmdr ¶mgmR>r ¶m
nmR>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. AmOhr dbJmd (A‘amdVr) ¶oWo ˶m§Mr g‘mYr Amho. ˶m§Mo H$m¶© AZoH$ AZw¶m¶r
nwT>o MmbdV AmhoV. JmS>Jo‘hmamOm§Zm Ano{jV AgUmè¶m ñdÀN>VoMo d godmd¥ËVrMo à˶j Xe©Z ¶oWo Amnë¶mbm
KS>Vo.

EJ¶m H$Am {d {dAã^ogw "Xmnwam' Jm‘ñg g‘rdo gT>oU VoU Hw$grEU§ gm YUamgr dw{–ê$doU Ed ‘p½JAm&
nwÊUmUB©E n[agao Ho${d JmodmbXmaAm ^moAUÆ>§ g‘mJ¶m& "‘yb§ [aU§ Vw‘E A‚m{d U {XÊU§' {V nwUmo nwUmo gmo
VËW Ho$B© XmaAm nAX{bAÎmUoU§ gh^moAUmAmo ~mqh Hw$grXAmo V§ V‚mB& AUoU {UÆx>aoU§ d§MUmKmEU S>o~y{Oñg
H$¶m& ""Eqh g‘§ Ed ^w§Om{‘'' {Îm {dqM{VD$U "S>o~yOr' ‘mCbmo ghg {Îm H$mbJAmo& Vhm {Ug§gmo gmo Hw$grAmo
Um‘§ H$mo{d AÆ>d[agdAmo ~mbmo Voqg gAmg§ J§VyU {^ƒoqh g‘§ IoÎm§ ~boU h[aC§ g‘mJAmo& E¶§ UA{déÕ§
Voqh g‘§ Mod ^w§{OËWm& Egmo Mod ~mbmo H$mb§VaoU H$‚m§ Agh‘mUoU S>o~y{OUm gmo g{^ƒmo Hw$grXAmo Vhm
"JmS>Jo‘hmamO' Um‘oU gwßn{gÕmo OmAmo& Vm{S>Amo Ohm AÊUo {d Hw$grXAm ^AmCbm OmAm&
VAmU§Va§ M VoU Hw$grEU Vñg IoÎmhaUñg nAmgmo Ed
23 ’o$~«wdmar 1876 V‘o {XU§Ho$ "e§oS>Jmd' Um‘ N>{È>Amo&
Jm‘o aAAmU§ Hw$bo S>o~yOr OmAmo& "qPJmamOr' Vñg
{nAm, "gIw~mB©' ¶ Vñg ‘mAm& {ddmhmU§Va§ VéUo Ed d¶{g S>o~y{OUm {UA{Jh§
gAU§ M MBD$U n[aã^‘UìdA§ J{hA§& VAmo A
S>o~y{Oñg ~mbdA§{g Mod Vñg {nAm H$mb§ ~magd[agmU§Va§ n{S>{UdwÎmmo gmo [aU-‘moAUOÎmmE
JAmo& VAmo Egmo ‘mB©E g‘§ JAmo {UA‘mCbñg n§H$nCao ‘½Jo dmbwAËWaUo {U‘½Jmo {XÆ>mo OUoqh& V¶m
Joh§& {H${gH$‚mdmCS>mo ¶ d§{MAmo gÁPm¶mAmo& Vqh VËWmJAm Vñg ‘mAm OUgodmaA§ gnwÎm§ nm{gD$U
JmodmbUmB¶§ Hw$U§Vmo "S>o~wOr' nÊUago Mod d[ago OmAmo hÆ>VwÆ>m OmAm& Aƒ§Vn‘wBAm gm V§ {Jh§ n{S>{Ud{Å>C§
{UCUmo {H$grdbmo& Vñg ‘mCboU "{VS>Ho$' Um‘mAmo {dÊUdoB& {U~Õ-{dÊU{dAmo {d gmo {Jh§ n{S>{Ud{Å>C§
Hw$grAmAmo qH$ {n [aU§ J{h¶§ Amgr& nƒpßnE {d [aUo UoÀN>B& OÎmm-g‘ÎmrE nwUmo {d n[a^{‘C§ AÊUËW JAmo&
gmo g¶m AßnUmo gh ‘{Å>Am KS>§ dhoB AAmo Vñg
"JmS>Jo‘hmamO' B¶§ Um‘§ n{gÕ§ OmA§&

{OÊUMrdadgUmo KS>H$ßnaYmaAmo "g§V-
JmS>Jo‘hmamO' U H$qh {n {XUÕ¶m{hA§ H$mb§ {UdgB&
O§ Jm‘§ JÀN>B VËW nhmApå‘ gå‘‚mUH$‚m§ H$[aD$U
OUgod§ H$aoB& KS>H$ßnapå‘ WmoA§ Mod {^³I§ JopÊhD$U
V§ ^³IoB& H$Am {d VéVbo gwdB& Ed§ OUgodmaAmo gmo
H$mb§ J‘oB&

16

OUgodmdA§ Am¶a§VoU§ EEU ‘hßnUm XrUmUmhmU§ dw–ñg‘m, Jmoa³IUg§R>mAmo BƒmB¶mAmo g§R>mAmo
Cdop³I¶mU§ {J[aAUmU§, ~mbmB©U§ M H$E CdOwÎmmAmo {Up呶mAmo&
Yå‘gmbmAmo, Amg‘gmbmAmo, {d‚mmb¶mB§, N>Îmmdmgm,
Vhod M {H$ÎmUogw§ EEU ‘hßnUm nm{Uhƒm,
~mb{ddmhm, {ddmhogw§ gw¸$½JhU§, A§YgÕmAmo, ‘‚mnmU§,
{Ua³IaAm BƒmB¶mAmo bmoA{dhmB¶mAmo ê$T>rAmo
^§{OD$U bmoAßn~mohU§ H$A§& "JmS>Jo‘hmamO'ñg EEU
bmoAgodmH$‚moU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$amBAmo {d n^m{d¶mAmo& VoU
gh Vo {dAma-{d‘ñg§ H$a|{V& Ed§ Egmo JmS>Jo‘hmamAmo
bmoCÎmamo ‘hmnw[agmo ³Iw&

gå‘‚mqU H$ßna-d¸$-b{Æ>§, YmaoD$U gmo
{OÊU{d{MÎmdogmo&

g§{H$ÎmU§ bmoA{d~mohUËW§ godmdAËW§ ^‘U§ H$aoB&&

gÔËWm

godmdB© - godmd«Vr, godoMo d«V KoVbobo JmodmbXmaAm - Jwam»¶m§Mr ‘wbo
nAX{bAÎmUoU§ - nXX{bV Agë¶m‘wio gh^moAUmAmo - EH$Ì (~gyZ) OodU H$aʶmnmgyZ
~mqh H$¶m - ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo AÆ>d[agdAmo - AmR> df} d¶mMm
‘mAm - ‘mVm ~mbdA§{g - ~mbnUmV, bhmZnUr
H$mb§ JAmo - ‘¥Ë¶y nmdbo {H${gH$‚mdmCS>mo - eoVr H$aʶmV Jw§Vbobm
‘mB©E g‘§ - AmB©~amo~a d§{MAmo - ‘wH$bm, d§{MV Pmbm
gÁPm¶mAmo - Aܶ¶Z qH$dm {ejUmnmgyZ nÊUago - n§Yamì¶m
{UCUmo - {ZnwU, Hw$eb {H$grdbmo - eoVH$ar
Hw$grA - gmdH$ma [aU§ - H$O©
nƒpßnE - naV {Xë¶mda gT> - bwƒm, b~mS>
dw{–ê$doU - ì¶mOmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV V‚mB - Ìmg {Xbm
d§MUmKmEU- ’$gdUwH$sÀ¶m AmKmVmZo ^AmCbm - ^¶^rV
{U~Õ-{dÊU{dAmo - H$iH$irMr {dZ§Vr Ho$bobm {OÊUMrdadgUmo - ’$mQ>Ho$ OwZo H$nS>o KmVbobm
KS>H$ßnaYmaAmo - KS>çmMo ’w$Q>bobo Imna KoVbobm gå‘‚mUH$‚m§ - ñdÀN>VmH$‘©, ñdÀN>VoMo H$m¶©
XrUmUmhmU§ - XrU + AUmhmU§ - XrZ AZmWm§Mr bmoA{dhmB¶mAmo - bmoH${dKmVH$
{XUÕ¶m{hA§ - {XU + AX²Y¶ + A{hA§ - Aܶm© gå‘‚mqU - PmSy>
{Xdgm§nojm OmñV

17

gÁPmAmo

1 [aH$må¶m OmJr ¶mo½¶ eãX {bhÿZ dm³¶ nwÝhm 3 g§Yr gmoS>dm. XrUmUmhmU§,
{bhm.
^AmCbm, VËWmJAm,
A) JmS>Jo‘hmam¶ñg {nAm ........ & ~magd[agmU§Va§, {XUÕ¶m{hA§

~) JmS>Jo‘hmam¶ñg ‘m¶m ........ & 4 ê$no AmoiIm.

H$) JmS>Jo‘hmam¶ñg ‘ybUm‘§ ........ & ~mbmo, J§VyU, ^w§{OËWm, {^ƒoqh, KS>H$ßnapå‘,
VéVbo
S>) Ho$B© XmaJm ........ gh^mo¶UmAmo ~mqh
H$¶m& 5 ¶m nmR>mVrb Zm‘o d gd©Zm‘o ¶m§Mr ¶mXr H$am.

B) S>o~y{Oñg ........ Mod Vñg {n¶m H$mb§ 6 "g§V JmS>Jo ‘hmamO' ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©~Ôb Vwåhm§bm
JAmo& H$m¶ dmQ>Vo? Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

2 Imbrb àmH¥$V eãXm§gmR>r ‘amR>r eãX Xçm. PPP

‘mAm, {nAm, ‘mCb, Jmodmb, [aU§, gÁPm¶,
Hw$grA, {Jh§, OÎmm, Aƒ§V

18

5. A‘§J{bA nw[agñg H$hm

hm nmR> "nmBA{dÊUmUH$hm' ¶m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ KoVbm Amho. ¶m H$Wmg§J«hmMo boIH$ {dO¶H$ñVyagyarœa
‘hmamO AmhoV. ˶m§Zr MmVw¶© H$Wm, ì¶mdhm[aH$ H$Wm, ~moYH$Wm, Y‘©H$Wm B˶mXr {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m H$Wm
{b{hë¶m AmhoV. ¶m H$Wmg§J«hmMr ^mfm ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V AgyZ ¶m H$Wm g‘Om¶bm gmo߶m, ‘Zmoa§OH$ d ~moYàX
AmhoV.

¶m nmR>mV EH$m AneHw$Zr nwéfmMr H$Wm Amho. gH$mir ¶m nwéfmMo Omo Vm|S> ~KV Ago ˶mbm OodU {‘iV
Zgo. ˶mÀ¶m ¶m bjUmdê$Z ˶mbm "A‘m§J{bH$' Ago Zmd nS>bo hmoVo. amOmZo ˶mMr narjm KoʶmMo R>adbo.
amOmbmhr VmoM AZw^d Ambm. amOmZo A‘m§J{bH$mMo à˶j ñdê$n nm{hbo d ˶mbm ’$merMr {ejm R>moR>mdbr.
EH$m X¶miy nwéfmZo A‘m§J{bH$mMr ì¶Wm EoH$br. ˶m X¶miy nwéfmZo A‘m§J{bH$mbm {ejonmgyZ ~Mmd H$aʶmMm
H$moUVm ‘§Ì {Xbm d ˶mMr H$er gwQ>H$m Ho$br ¶mMo agmi dU©Z ¶m H$Wo‘ܶo Ambobo Amho.

EApå‘ UAao EAmo ‘wÕmo nw[agmo Amgr& gmo E[agmo ^¶H$maU§ AXÆz>U nwUmo UAa§ n{dÆ>mo& nmgmA§ n{d{gD$U
ApËW, Omo H$mo {d nhm¶g‘E Vñg ‘wh§ nmgB gmo V{Ôdgo U[a¨Xmo qMVoB- "A‘§J{bAñg gê$d§ ‘E nƒ³I§ {XÆ>§,
^moAU§ {n U bhB& Egmo Vñg JwUmo OUogw {d³ImAmo VAmo Egmo h§Vìdmo'& Ed§ qM{VD$U A‘§J{b¶§ ~mo„m{dD$U
OmAmo& VAmo bmoEqh Vñg "A‘§J{bAmo' {Îm JwU{Uß’$ÊU§ dhËW§ M§S>mbñg ApßnAmo&
Um‘§ H$A§& U¶aOUm nƒygo Vñg ‘wh§ U no³I§{V&
V§ ‘½JoU E§V§ XÆz>U U¶a-bmoAm Vñg X§gU§ n[ah[aC§
C‚m‘§{V& Egm dÎmm ‘whna§naoU amAñg H$ÊU§ nÎmm&
U[a¨XoU n[a³IUËW§ gmo A‘§J{bAnw[agmo Am{UAmo&
n^mAH$mbo Vñg ‘wh§ {XÆ>§&

A‘§J{bAmo éA§Vmo gH$呧 qUX§Vmo M§S>mboU gh

^moAUdobmE amAm ^moAUËW§ Cd{dÆ>mo& O¶m JÀN>B& V¶m EAmo H$mé{UAmo ~w{Õ‘§Vmo nw[agmo dhËW§
nT>‘‘od H$db§ aÊUm ‘who np³IÎm§ V¶m UAao AH$åhm {U‚m‘mU§ V§ XÆz>U nwÀN>B- ""^mo ^Ô, Ho$U H$maUoU
naM³H$^EU hb~mobmo OmAmo& V¶m amAm {d ^moAU§ Vw‘§ d{h‚m{g''? A‘§J{bAmo ^UB- "A‚m n^mE aÊUm
CpÁPD$U ghgm CËWm¶ ggoÊUmo U¶amAmo ~qh {U½JAmo& ‘‘ ‘wh§ {XÆ>§& VAmo VoU ^moAU§ {n U bÕ§& "E¶ñg
A‘§J{bAñg ‘whX§gUoU Ed ‘E ^mo¶U§ U bÕ§' {Îm

19

qM{VD$U aÊUm ‘o dhmo AmUÎmmo& ‘§X^½Jmo Ah§ g§nB Vñg H$ÊUo qH$ {n H${hA§& A‘§J{bAmo g§VwÆ>mo OmAmo&
AßnmU§ Ed qUXm{‘& AhþUm U qH$ {n ‘‘ gaU§ ApËW&'' M§S>mboU gh dhÆ>mU§ M{bAmo&
A‘§J{bAñg E¶§ dAU§ gmoD$U VoU X¶mbwUm nw[agoU
O¶m gmo dhËW§^o R>m{dAmo V¶m gmo M§S>mboU nwÆ>mo-
""Or{dA§ ‘moÎmyU OB Vd H$m {d AÊUm BÀN>m ApËW
Vm ‘½Jgw''& A‘§J{bAmo ^UB- ""nT>‘§ ‘§ U[a¨Xg‘³I§
Uo{h, V¶m ‘½Jm{‘''& U[a¨Xg‘rd§ Am{UA§ V§ amAm
nwÀN>B- ""{H$‘oËW AmJ‘UßnAmo¶U§''? gmo ^UB- ""^mo
U[a¨X, E¶§ gƒ§ O§ nƒygo ‘‘ ‘whX§gUoU Vwh ^moAU§
U bÕ§& qH$Vw Vwh ‘wh-no³IUoU ‘‘ ‘aU§ nÎm§& nCam
qH$ H${hñg§{V? "nhmE amAX§gU§ A‘§J{b¶ñg dhH$maU§
OmA§' {V& AAmo UmAam {d nhmE Vwh ‘wh§ U nm{gñg§{V'
Ed§ Vñg dAUOwÎmrE g§VwÆ>mo amAm dhmEg§ n{S>g§haoB&
A‘§J{bA§ M nm[aVmo{gA§ XmD$U {Jh§ nogoB&

A‘§J{bAmo - AneHw$Zr gÔËWm
{d³ImAmo - à{gX²Y
nƒygo - nhmQ>o ‘wÕmo - ^moim
n[ah[aC§ - (n[a + ö) Q>miʶmgmR>r JwU{Uß’$ÊU§ - JwUm§‘wio àmá Pmbobo
dÎmm - ~mV‘r E§V§ - ¶oUmam
AH$åhm - EH$mEH$s C‚m‘§{V - à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVo
CpÁPD$U - Q>mHy$Z, gmoSy>Z H$db§ - Kmg
éA§Vmo - aS>Umam hb~mobmo - JS>~S>, Jm|Yi, AmdmO
d{h‚m{g - ‘mabm Omerb ApßnAmo - ñdmYrZ Ho$bm, {Xbm
dAUOwÎmrE - dMZ H$m¡eë¶mZo H$mé{UAmo - X¶miy
AhþUm - (A.) AmVm
n{S>g§haoB - ‘mJo KoVmo

gÁPmAmo

1 WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {bhm. 3) X¶miy ~w{X²Y‘mZ nwéfmZo A‘§Jb nwéfmÀ¶m
1) "A‘§J{bA' nwéfmMm {d{eîQ> JwU gm§Jm. H$mZmV Oo gm§{JVbo Vo {bhm.
2) amOmZo ˶mbm R>ma ‘maʶmMr Amkm XoʶmMo
H$maU gm§Jm. 4) A‘§Jb nwéfmbm amOmZo nm[aVmo{fH$ XoʶmMo
H$maU ñnîQ> H$am.
20
5) ¶m nmR>mMo VmËn¶© gm§Jm.

2 AmH¥$Vr~§Y nyU© H$am. 4 nwT>rb eãX dmnê$Z àmH¥$V dm³¶o V¶ma H$am.
1) dÎmm 2) H$db§ 3) AhþUm 4) nƒygo 5) gh
nmR>mVrb gd©Zm‘o
5 dV©‘mZH$mimVrb EH$dMZr {H«$¶mnXo nmR>mVyZ
emoYyZ {bhm.



3 ê$no AmoiIm …
1) nw[agmo, U[a¨XoU, UAamAmo, ^moAU§
2) nmgB, n[ah[aC§, C‚m‘§{V, qUXm{‘

PPP

21

6. n‚mmdaUñg ‘mhßn§

n¶m©daUmMm emó ¶m ÑîQ>rZo Pmbobm {dH$mg H$mhr dfmªVrb KQ>Zm Amho. {ZgJ© d ‘Zwî¶ ¶m§À¶mVrb
g§~§Y gm‘§Oñ¶mda AmYm[aV Agob VaM XmoKm§Mo OrdZ gwImMo hmoD$ eHo$b. bmoH$g§»¶oV gVV hmoUmar dmT>
d gwImgrZ Am¶wî¶ OJʶmgmR>r ‘mZdmZo Ho$boë¶m gwYmaUm ¶m‘wio {ZgJm©Mm g‘Vmob T>mgiV Amho. n¶m©¶mZo
n¶m©daU Xÿ{fV hmoV Amho. n¶m©daU hm eãX A{bH$S>Mm Agbm, Var ˶mg§~§Yr {dMmaYmam àmMrZ ^maVr¶
gm{h˶mVhr à{Vq~{~V Pmbobr AmT>iVo. àñVwV g§dmXmË‘H$ nmR>mV ‘mZdmÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r n¶m©daUmMo ajU
A˶§V ‘hËËdmMo Amho ho gm§{JVbo Amho.

(nÎmm{U - OUAmo, H$ÊUm H$‘bm) H$‘bm … VmA, d½KmU§ {dUmg§ {Ué§{YC§ gmgUoU
d½Ka³IU-nAßnm Cd¸§$Vm&
OUAmo … H$‘bo, A{¶ H$‘bo! Ahmo! U OmUm{‘ H$ËW
JAm Egm& H$„§ Mod gm n‚mmdaU{dgE ‘§ OUAmo … gƒ‘od V§& H$‘bo qH$ Vw‘§ OmU{g,
qH${M nwpÀN>ËWm& H$‘bo {g½K§ AmJÀN>& d½K{dgE Aåh§ nwìdEU§ qH$ ^{UA§? h§
nT>m{‘ -
H$‘bm … VmA, Egm AmJAm&
{UìdUmo hÊUB d½Kmo {Uìd½K§ {N>‚mB dU§&
OUAmo … H$‘bo, {X½KH$mb§ Omd h§ Vw‘§ h¸$mao{‘&
A{d A‚mV{UA§ dÎmnÎm§ Vw‘o n{T>A§? H$„§ d½Kmo dU§ {h a³IoÁOm dU§ d½K§ M a³IC
Ed nmT>gmbmE n‚mmdaUnmT>mo AÁPm{dAmo &&1&&
{Îm Vw‘o dwÎm§&
d½KmBUmo ngwUmo gAmh[a¶m{U ¶ dUm{U
H$‘bm … gƒ§ EA§& Vñg qH$? ‘h{U‚mm{U Ed&

OUAmo … V§ Mod dmoÎmw§ BÀN>m{‘& n‚mmdaU{dgE Ed H$‘bm … VmA, qH$Vw dÎmnÎmogw ^yAmo ^yAmo n{T>‚mB O§
B‘m dÅ>m& gwU, nÁOmdaU{d³IodH$maUm d½Km U¶adg{h§ n{d{gD$U ngwUmo ‘mUdm
{JÕ{dgogmU§ H$dmoA{dgogmU§ M OmBAmo ¶ ^³I|{V & ghmd-H$mAaoqh Uaoqh qH$
bwßnßnm¶m UÆ>ßnm¶m A hd§{V& H$m¶ìd§? d½KmU§ hUU§ {dUm H$m AÊUm
JB©?
H$‘bm … Ahh! H$h{‘U§ OmA§&
OUAmo … Uo¶§ CBA§& Oh ‘mUdm Vh AÊUo {d
OUAmo … H$‘bo, EËW Omd ‘mUdñg agUmbmobwdÎmU§ ngwnp³IUmo n¶B-Xod¶mE Adƒm{U
AmIoS>mBgAmo ¶ H$maUm dÅ>§{V& ‘Uwñgmo g§{V& dUmB§ Ho$db§ ngwn³IrU§ {UdmgËW§
^³IUÆ>§ ‘moamU§ H$dmoAmU§ M dh§ H$aoB& Ed§ CdH$pßnAmB§& VËW {d gËWbmobwdoU
AßnoUod H$mboU§ d½KOmB© {d Xþ„hX§gUm UaoU A³H$‘U§ H$A§& Ed§ {R>E VdpñgUmo
^{dñgB {Îm ‘o qMVm& OAmo d½Kñg M呧 ngwnp³IUmo qH$ Um‘ Hw$‚mm & gìdo {d nm{UUmo
Uhm{U ¶ ‘Uwñgmo {UAAbmhËW§ nC§OB& {U¶Or{dAOÎm§ gwhoU Or{dC§ BÀN>§{V&
nwam Opñg¨ ^maho MÎmmbrgghñgm{h¶m d½Km EËW ‘mUdmo Iw n‚mmdaU{d³IodH$maUm
Amgr, VËW XmqU Uda§ MCghñgd½Km AdaÁPB&
Cìd[a¶m& AB©d Xþhmdh‘o¶§&

22

H$‘bm … H$h‘o¶§? OUAmo … EËW gmgU§ H$aoB Ohmg{Îm§ CdmAOmoAU§&
n‚mmdaU{XU§, dg§wYam{XU§, dU‘hÿgdmo,
OUAmo … nñg - A^¶maÊUnH$ßnm Ed AUoJm Cd¸$‘m
AdUt AdUrH$mC§ C‚mwÎmmo Ibw ‘mUdmo& gmgUoU g‘maÕm& n‚mmdaU{dgAmo
AÁP¶U¸$‘o {d g‘mdo{gAmo& qH$ Vw Uo¶§
AßnmU§ AmdBJÎmo {IdB {Îm U g§gAmo n‚mÎm§& UaoU Adñg§ Adhma{U‚m§ - Ohm
&&2&& E¶§ nwhdrAb§ ‘mUdñg H$E hmoB Vhm V§
AÊUo{g§ H$E {d dÅ>B& gìdoqg A{damohoU
dUmU§ {dUmgoU nmCg‘mU§ {n {I‚m‘mU§ OB gmo {Udgo‚mm Vm n‚mmdaUñg nÊhmo
XrgB& Ed§ n‚mmdaUnÊhmo O{S>bmo H$Amo U nwUmo Cã^{dñgB& AdUrE AdU§ Um‘
‘UwñgoU§& a³IU§ Aåhoqh Ed H$a{U‚m§ OoU gm {d
AdUr Aåh§ AdU§ Hw$‚mm&
H$‘bm … qH$ qH$ ‘UwñgoU§? H$h‘o¶§?
H$‘bm … VmA ‘E n‚mmdaUñg ‘mhßnU§ g呧
OUAmo … n‚mmdaU{d³Iodñg nhmU§ H$maU§ ApËW Om{UA§&
nD$gU§& V§ M {V{dh§& dmCnD$gU§,
ObnD$gU§, Pw{UnD$gU§ M& nD$gU§ OUAmo … gmhþ! gmhþ! AAmo h§ ^Um{‘ -
‘mUdmo Ed H$aoB&
gmhþap³IA§ n‚mmdaU§ ^dB,
H$‘bm … Vm¶, nD$gU{UamH$aUËW§ ApËW H$mo {d
CdmAmo?

23

^wdUH$„mUH$maA§& H$aoh n‚mmdaUa³IU§ AËWw, BXmqU nmT>gmbmJ‘Udobm g§dwÎmm&
gAbbmoA{hA‘hmgmhU§&& V¶ËW§ {gÕm hd&

(C^Am {d {U¸§$Vm)

gÔËWm



nwpÀN>ËWm - {dMmabo h¸$mao{‘ - ~mobmdVmo Amho

dÎmnÎm§ - dmVm©nÌ, d¥ÎmnÌ, g‘mMmanÌ A{d - A{n dm³¶mÀ¶m gwédmVrbm Amë¶mg àýmW©H$

A‚mV{UA§ - AmOMo AÁPm{dAmo - {eH${dbm

dwÎm§ - gm§{JVbo dÅ>m - dmVm©

{d³Iod - hñVjon {JÕ - {JYmS>

H$dmoA - H$~yVa bwßnßnm¶m - OdiOdi bmon nmdbobo

agUmbmobwdÎmU§ - {O^oMo MmoMbo nwa{dʶmMr d¥Îmr AmIoS>mBgAmo - {eH$marV hmoUmar dmT>

^³IUËW§ - ImʶmgmR>r Xþ„hX§gUm - {XgUo H$R>rU hmoB©b

V¸$mo - VH©$ M呧 - Mm‘S>o

bmhËW§ - ’$m¶XçmgmR>r nC§OB - dmnabo OmVo

MÎmmbrgghñgm{h¶m - Mmirg hOmamhÿZ A{YH$ MCghñg - Mma hOma

{Ué§{YC§ - Wm§~{dʶmgmR>r nAßnm - àH$ën, ¶moOZm

Cd¸§$Vm - gwê$ Ho$ë¶m AmhoV {UìdUmo - dZa{hV, {Zd©Z

n‚mmdaU§ - n¶m©daU

ûcmoH$ 1 ^mdmW© - O§JbmVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë¶m dmKmbm R>ma H$aVmV, O§JbmV dmK Zgob Va O§JbVmoS> H$aVmV.
IamoIa, dmKmZo O§JbmMo ajU H$amdo d dZmZohr dmKmMo ajU H$amdo.

‘h{U‚mm{U - ‘hÎdnyU© n{T>‚mB - dmMʶmV ¶oVo

U¶adgqh - ehamMr dñVr n{d{gD$U - àdoe H$ê$Z

ghmd-H$mAaoqh - ñd^mdV… {^Ìm AÊUm JB© - Xþgam ‘mJ©, J˶§Va

CBA§ - ¶mo½¶, C{MV n¶B - {ZgJ©, g¥îQ>r

Adƒm{U - An˶o, g§VVr CdH$pßn¶mB§ - ¶moObobr AmhoV

gËWbmobwd - ñdmW©bmobwn VdpñgUmo - Jar~ {~Mmao
Hw$‚mm - H$amdo Or{dAOÎm§ - Am¶wî¶H«$‘

AdaÁPB - AnamYr Amho AdUt - n¥Ïdrbm

ûcmoH$ 2 ^mdmW© - n¥Ïdrbm O§Jba{hV H$aʶmg (AdUrH$mC§) CXçw³V Pmbobm ‘Zwî¶ IamoIa ñdV…bm (AßnmU§)
g§H$Q>mÀ¶m ImB©V (AmdB©JÎmo) bmoQ>Vmo ({IdB) ¶mV g§e¶ Zmhr.

24

nÊhmo - àý O{S>bmo - O{Q>b, {~H$Q>
nhmU§ - ‘w»¶, àYmZ Pw{U - ÜdZr
Ohmg{Îm§ - Hw$dVrZwgma, ¶Wme³Vr g‘maÕm - gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV
n‚mÎm§ - nwaogo, n¶m©ßV Adhma{U‚m§ - bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo
‘mhßnU§ - ‘mhmËå¶, ‘hÎd gmhþap³IA§ - Mm§Jë¶màH$mao ajU Ho$bo

gÁPmAmo

1 nmR>mVrb ¶mo½¶ eãX {ZdSy>Z dm³¶o nyU© H$am. 3 Imbrb dm³¶m§À¶m AZwf§JmZo ¶mo½¶ Vo ñnîQ>rH$aU
A) n‚mmdaU{d³IodH$maUm ........, ........, Xçm.
........ hd§{V& A) Oh ‘mUdm Vh AÊUo {d ngwnp³IUmo n¶B-
Xod¶mE Adƒm{U g§{V&
~) ‘mUdmo ........, ........, ........ dh§ ~) d½KmU§ {dUmg§ {Ué§{YC§ gmgUoU {d{dhm
H$aoB& CdmAOmoAUm Ama§{^¶m&
H$) n‚mmdaU{d³Iodñg nhmU§ H$maU§ nD$gU§
H$) nwam ^maho ........ d½Km Amgr, XmqU ApËW&
........ Cìd[a¶m& S>) ‘mUdñg agUmbmobwdÎmU§&
B) n‚mmdaUa³IU§ g¶bbmoA{hA‘hmgmhU§&
S>) d½Km U¶adgqh n{d{gD$U ........,
........ ¶ ^³I§{V& 4 ê$no AmoiIm.
dUmB§, {Ué§{YC§, AdUrE, nÊhmo, UaoU, H$‘bo,
B) dUmB§ Ho$db§ ........, ........ ‘mUdñg, AmJÀN>, nwpÀN>ËWm, Egm, nmT>gmbmE,
CdH$pßnAmB§& d½Km, AdaÁPB

2 H§$gmV {Xbobo AW©nyU© {H«$¶mnX dmnê$Z dm³¶ 5 n¶m©daUg§~§Yr ñd‘V gm§Jm.
nyU© H$am.
A) ‘UwñgoU§ n‚mmdaUnÊhmo O{S>bmo ........& 6 Imbrb ‘amR>r eãXm§gmR>r nmR>mVyZ àmH¥$V eãX
(H$aoB, {H$‚mB, H$Amo) emoYm.

~) gìdo {d nm{UUmo {U¶Or{dAOÎm§ gwhoU {nVm =
Or{dC§ ........& (BÀN>§{V, BÀN>o‚mm)
n¶m©daU =
H$) dUmU§ {dUmgoU§ nmCg‘mU§ {n {I‚m‘mU§
........& ({XÆ>§, XrgB, XrgËWm) bwßVàm¶ =

S>) VmA! ‘E n‚mmdaUñg ‘mhßnU§ g呧 dmK =
........& (OmUm{‘, Om{U¶§, Om{UD$U)
newnjr =

PPP

25

7. ‘AU-‘aU§

19 ì¶m eVH$mVrc O¡Z‘wZr {dO¶H$ñVyagyar ¶m§Zr O¡ZY‘m©Mo AmMma, {gX²Ym§V Am{U ì¶dhma gm‘mݶ
cmoH$m§Zm g‘OmdyZ gm§JʶmgmR>r A˶§V gai d gmo߶m ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoV AZoH$ CnXoemË‘H$ cmoH$H$Wm
{c{hë¶m. ¶m H$Wm§Mm g§J«h "nmBA-{dÊUmU-H$hm' ¶m ZmdmZo XmoZ ^mJm§‘ܶo à{gX²Y Pmcocm Amho. ˶mVrc
"‘XZmMo ‘aU' hr cmoH$H$Wm {ZdS>cr Amho.

EH$m ZJamV EH$ Hw§$^ma hmoVm. ˶mMr nËZr ^Ðm. ^Ðm d ‘hmamUr ¶m§Mr ‘¡Ìr hmoVr. ^ÐoOdi EH$ JmT>drU
hmoVr. H$mcm§VamZo JmT>drZo ídoVdUm©À¶m qeJécm OÝ‘ {Xcm. {VZo ˶mMo Zmd ‘XZ R>odco. ˶mÀ¶mda ^ÐoMo
nwÌmà‘mUo ào‘ hmoVo.

EH$Xm ‘hmamUrMr Xmgr ^ÐoMo jo‘-Hw$ec {dMmaʶmg Amcr Voìhm ^Ðm A§JUmV ~gyZ Jim H$mTy>Z aS>V
hmoVr H$maU ˶mM {Xder "‘XZ' ‘¥Ë¶y nmdcm hmoVm. {Vcm ~KyZ Hw§$^mahr aSy> cmJcm. Xþê$ZM Vo nmhÿZ Xmgrcm
dmQ>co ^ÐoÀ¶m Kar H$moUmMmVar ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcocm Amho. Xmgr erK«VoZo Jocr d ‘hmamUrcm gm§{JVco. EoH$VmM amUrhr
^ÐoÀ¶m Kar Amcr d {VÀ¶m eoOmar ~gyZ aSy> cmJcr. hiy-hiy hr ~mV‘r g§nyU© ZJamV ngacr. amOm, àYmZ,
‘§Ìr, goZmnVr, H$moVdmc, ZJaloîR>r AZoH$ ZmJ[aH$ VoWo Joco d aSy> cmJco. EH$m dmQ>gê$Zo ho nm{hco d {dMmaUm
Ho$cr AgVm H$ico, H$s Iar hH$sH$V H$moUmcmM ‘mhrV ZìhVr.

eodQ>r amUrZo ^Ðocm {dMmaco AgVm Ago H$ico, H$s ‘XZmMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm åhUyZ Vr aS>V hmoVr. ¶mdê$Z
Ago cjmV ¶oVo, H$s H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm qH$dm dmVm© nyU©nUo H$icr Zgoc Va ˶mMr g§nyU© g˶Vm nS>VmiyZ nmhmUo
Amdí¶H$ Amho AݶWm A§YmZwH$aU ‘yI©nUmMo R>aVo. hm ~moY ¶m H$WoVyZ àmá hmoVmo.

H$på‘ {d U¶ao Hw§$^mañg ^‚mmE gh U[a¨XaÊUrE Hw§$^AmarE Joho J§VyU, éd§VrE VrE g‘rdo Cd{d{gD$U
g{hÎmU§ Aho{g& Hw§$^Ama^‚mmE EJm JÔhr AB©d d„hm gm amo{dC§ c½Jm, U[a¨Xmo {d VËW ‘{hgrE J‘U§ gw{UD$U,
Am{g& JÔhrE nwÎmmo Om¶B, qH$Vw gmo Om¶‘oÎmmo ‘aB& gmo gßnhmUmo VËW JAmo, nÀN>m goUmdB©, H$moÅ>dmcmo,
VoU Hw§$^Ama^‚mm gEd PyaoB& EA¶m VrE JÔhrE, UAagoÆ>r, nCaOUm {d J§VyU amo{dC§ c½Jm& H$mo EËW ‘C
nwÎmmo g§OmAmo& gmo AB©d goAê$dmo ApËW& VrE Vñgwd[a¨ {Îm' Ho${d U nwÀN>§{V, gìdo éd‘mUm g§{V&
~hÿ Uohmo ApËW, VAmo Vñg Um‘§ ‘AUw {Îm {XÊU§&
gm ‘AU§ g呧 nmcoB, EJ§{‘ dmgo OmE g‘mUo gmo {d VBAm VËW EH$mo dBE{gAmo AmJAmo, gmo AÊU§
‘AUmo ‘ƒw§ nÎmmo& VAm gm Hw§$^Amar AB©d amodB& VrE nCaOU§ nwÀN>B - "H$mo EËW ‘Amo'? gmo H$hoB - "Ah§
amod‘mUrE Vßn[admamo {d amodoB& V§{‘ H$mco U[a¨X^‚mm {‘Îmñg nÀN>m AmJAmo, VoU ‘‘ {‘Îmmo OmUoB&' gmo {‘Îm§
qH${n H$maUËW§ Hw§$^Amar-Joho Xmqg nogoB& gm Xmgr VËW nwÀN>B, gmo AÊU§ X§goB, Ed§ H$‘oU EEU nCaOUoUwÎm§ -
AmJ¶m gn[adma§ M Hw§$^Am[a¨ éd§{V§ XÆz>U qMVoB - "UyU§ "Ah§ UAago{Æ>Umo nÀN>m AmJAmo' UAagoÆ>r H$moÅ>dmc§,
B‘rE Joho H$mo{d ‘Amo, VoU gìdo éd§{V'& H$moÅ>dmcmo goUmdB§, goUmdB© nhmU§ X§goB& nhmUmo {d
H$hoB - "U[a¨Xñg nÀN>m Ah§ AmJAmo'& nhmUmo U[a¨X§
V¶m gm Xmgr {g½K§ VÎmmo {Uñg[aA apÊU¨ H$hoB- nwÀN>B - "EËW H$mo ‘ƒw§ nm{dAmo'& U[a¨Xmo H$hoB - "Ah§
"VrE {Jho H$mo {d ‘[aAmo&' V§ gw{UD$U gXmgr aÊUr U OmUm{‘ OAmo Ah§ ‘{hgrE nÀN>m AmJAmo'&

26

U[a¨Xmo ‘{hqg nwÀN>B- "H$mo EËW ‘Amo'& gm gm ~mo„oB- ""A‚m ‘‘ JÔhrnwÎmmo ‘AUmo Um‘ ~mcJÔhmo
dEB- "Ah§ U OmUm{‘, qH$Vw Xmgr OmUoB'& V¶m aÊUr ‘Amo, ~mcJÔhmo Egmo ‘‘ ABd„hmo Am{g, VoUmh§
Xmqg nwÀN>B - "H$mo EËW ‘ƒw§ nm{dAmo?' Xmgr H$hoB- amodo{‘'' Ed§ ‘AUñg ‘aU§ na‘ËW§ AUƒm JAmUwJBAm
Ah§ U OmUm{‘, na§Vw Vd gqh Hw§$^m[a¨ éd§qV XÆz>U gìdo AmJAm g‘mUm hgUrAm g§Om¶m&
‘E CÎm§- "Vd ghrE Joho H$mo {d ‘Amo'& V¶m ‘{hgr
Hw§$^Am[a¨ {U¶gqh nwÀN>B - "H$mo Vd Joho A‚m ‘Amo? VAmo cmoJwÎm‘o Yå‘o gÕ呧 g呧 Om{UD$U
n¶{Å>Aìd§, U J¶mUwJB¶ÎmUoU&

gÔËWm

^‚mmE - nËZrÀ¶m U[a¨XaÊUrE - amOmÀ¶m amUrMo
g{hÎmU§ - ‘¡Ìr Aho{g - hmoVo
JÔhr - JX©^r, JmT>dr gEd - gX¡d
Om¶‘oÎmmo - OÝ‘V:M PyaoB - Xþ:ImZo jrU hmoUo
goAê$dmo- ídoV, nm§T>è¶m a§JmMm Uoh - ñZoh
‘AUmo - ‘XZ (‘XZ åhUOo H$m‘Xod, gm¢X¶m©Mo àVrH$) EJ§{‘ dmgo OmE g‘mUo - EH$ dfm©À¶m Pmë¶mda
‘ƒw§ nÎmmo - ‘¥Ë¶w nmdbm UyU§ - Z³H$sM
VÎmmo {Uñg[aA - VoWyZ {ZKyZ gw{UD$U- EoHy$Z

27

J§VyU - OmD$Z éd§VrE - aS>V AgUmè¶m

‘{hgrE- ‘hmamUrMo gßnhmUmo- àYmZm~amo~a

H$moÅ>dmb - ZJaajH$ amo{dC§ - aSy>

‘C / ‘Amo - ‘aU nmdbm dBE{gAmo - ¶mÌoH$ê$, {dXoer

nÀN>m - níMmV, ‘mJyZ AÊU§ X§goB- Xþgè¶mbm XmI{dbo

nCaOUoUwÎm§ - nCa + OUoU + CÎm§ - ZmJ[aH$mZo gm§{JVbo U[a¨Xñg - amOmÀ¶m

~mbJÔhmo - N>moQ>o JmT>d, qeJê$ ABd„hmo - A˶§V {à¶

AUƒm - Z g‘Oë¶mZo JAmUwJBAm - JVmZwJ{VH$, {dMma Z H$aVm AZwgaUo

hgUrAm - hmñ¶mñnX

gÁPmAmo

1 [aH$må¶m OmJr ¶mo½¶ eãX {bhm. 4 WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) ^Ðm Hw§$^m[aUrMr ‘¡ÌrU ........ 1) A{dMmar XmgrZo amUrg H$m¶ gm§{JVbo?
2) ^Ðm Hw§$^m[aUrÀ¶m JmT>dmMo Zmd ........ 2) H$moUVohr H$m¶© {dMmanyd©H$ H$amdo Ago H$m åhQ>bo

2 nwT>rb eãX dmnê$Z àmH¥$VmV dm³¶ V¶ma H$am. Amho?
1) nCa-OUm 2) na‘ËW 3) goA
5 dU©{df¶H$ ~Xb ñnîQ> H$am.
3 ê$no AmoiIm.
‘Amo
XÆz>U nhmU
amodB ‘AU
‘{hgrE {n¶ghr
nwÎmmo AB©d
h{gC§

PPP

28

n‚m-{dhmAmo

1. nmBA-H$ìd§

àmH¥$V H$mì¶mMr ‘hVr H$m¶ dUm©dr? ˶mMr ‘hVr gm§JUmar gw^m{fVo, JmWmgßVeVr, JCS>dhmo, d‚mmb½J§
B˶mXr ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V J«§Wm§‘YyZ {ZdSy>Z ¶m nmR>mV EH$Ì H$aʶmV Ambobr AmhoV. àmH¥$V nXç gai, gwb^,
d¥ËV~X²Y Am{U ‘Ywa Amho, Ago {dÛmZm§Zr àmH¥$V H$mì¶mMo JwUJmZ Ho$bo Amho.

nmBAH$ìdñg U‘mo, nmBAH$ìd§ M {Upå‘A§ OoU&
Vmh§ {MA nU‘m‘mo, n{T>D$U ¶ Oo {d ¶mU§{V&&1&&
Xo{g¶-gÔ-nbmoÅ>§, ‘hþa³Ia-N>§Xg§{R>A§ b{b¶§&
’w$S>-{d¶S>-nm¶S>ËW§, nmBAH$ìd§ nT>oAìd§&&2&&
nmBAH$ìdpå‘ agmo Omo Om¶B Vh d N>o¶^{UEqh&
CdAñg d dm{g¶grAbñg {VqÎm U dƒm‘mo&&3&&
Ud‘ËW-X§gU§ g§{Udog-{g{gamAmo ~§Y[aX²YrAmo&
A{dab{‘U‘mo Am-^wdU-~ÝY{‘h Uda nAApå‘&&4&&
gAbmAmo B‘§ ¶m {dg§{V EÎmmo A U|{V dmAmAmo&
E§{V g‘wÔ§ {ƒA U|{V gmAamAmo {ƒ¶ ObmB§&&5&&
JyT>ËW-Xo{g-g{hA§ gwb{b¶-dÊUoqh {daBA§ a呧&
nmBA-H$ìd§ bmoE H$ñg U {h¶A§ gwhmdoB&&6&&
nmBA-^mgm-aBAm ‘ahÆ>¶-Xo{g-dÊU¶-{U~Õm&
gwÕm gAb-H$h {ƒA Vmdg-{OU-gËW-dm{h„m&&7&&
A{‘A§ nmCA-H$ìd§ n{T>C§ gmoC§ A Oo U ¶mU§{V&
H$m‘ñg VÎmV§qV Hw$U§{V Vo H$h§ U b‚m§{V&&8&&
E‘oA ‘wÕ OwAB-‘Umoha§ nmAAmE ^mgmE&
n{dab-Xo{g-gwb³I§ H$hgw H$h§ {Xìd-‘mUw{gA§&&9&&

29

gÔËWm

nmBAH$ìdñg - àmH¥$V H$mì¶mMo ¶mU§{V - OmUVmV, g‘OVmV

gÔ - eãX nbmoÅ>§ - Iyn, ^anya

‘hþa³Ia - ‘hþa + A³Ia - ‘Ywa Aja N>§Xg§{R>A§ - N>§XmV Agbobo

b{b¶§ - gw§Xa, AmH$f©H$ ’w$S> - ñnîQ>

{d¶S> - H$R>rU nm¶S>ËW§ - ñnîQ> H$aʶmgmR>r

nT>oAìd§ - dmMmdo agmo - ag, éMr

Om¶B - CËnÞ hmoUo N>o¶^{UEqh - MVwa qH$dm {dÛmZm§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$bobo

CdAñg d - nmʶmà‘mUo {VqÎm - V¥ár qH$dm g‘mYmZ

dm{g¶grAbñg - dm{g¶ (R>odbobo {eio AÞ nXmW©) Ud‘ËW - ZdrZ AW©

Am{U W§S>Jma AÝZmMo g§{Udog - aMZm (àmH¥${VH$)

U dƒm‘mo - {‘iV Zmhr (nmohmoMV Zmhr) ~§Y[aX²YrAmo - H$mì¶~§YmMo d¡^d

X§gU - Xe©Z, ÑîQ>r (gm¢X¶©) Uda - Ho$di, ’$³V

{g{gamAmo - {e{ea F$Vy‘ܶo nAApå‘ - àmH¥$V ^mfoV (àH¥$Vr åhUOo {ZgJm©à‘mUo)

A{dab{‘U‘mo - A{dab§ + BU‘mo - hm nyU©nUo B‘§ - hçm

Am-^wdU-~§Y{‘h§ - g§nyU© {dûdm{df¶rMo ho H$mì¶~§Y {dg§{V - {‘giVmV, àdoe H$aVmV, ^oQ>VmV

qH$dm aMZm U|{V - KoD$Z OmVmV, ZoVmV, {ZKVmV

gAbmAmo - gH$b, gd© E§{V - ¶oVmV

¶m - Á¶m {ƒA - (A춶) {ZíM¶dmMr

EÎmmo - ¶oWyZ ObmB§ - nmUr (AZoH$dMZ)

dmAmAmo - dmUr, ~mobr^mfm Xo{g - Xoer eãX

g‘wÔ§ - g‘wÐmV dÊUoqh - Ajam§‘wio

gmAamAmo - gmJamVyZ a呧 - aå¶, ‘Zmoha, gw§Xa

JyT>ËW - JyT> qH$dm ahñ¶‘¶ AW© gwb{b¶ - A˶§V gw§Xa

{daBA§ - aMbobo, aMZm Ho$bobo H$ñg U gwhmdoB - H$moUmbm gwIm{dUma Zmhr?

bmoE - OJmV dÊU¶-{U~Õm - dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho

{hAA§ - öX¶ gAb-H$h - gH$b H$Wm

‘ahÆ>¶ - ‘hmamîQ´>r {OU - VrWªH$a

gwÕm - ewÕ dm{h„m - ì¶m{YJ«ñV, é½U

Vmdg - Vnñdr gmYy E‘oA - E‘ + EA - Aer hr

gËW - Vm§S>m, g‘yh OwAB - ¶wdVr

30

{Xìd - XodVmg§~§Yr nmAAmE ^mgmE - àmH¥$V ^mfmê$nr (¶wdVr)
‘mUw{gA§ - ‘Zwî¶g§~§Yr ‘wX²Ym - ^moir ^m~S>r, {ZXm}f

n{dab - {dñV¥V, ngabobr ‘Umoha§ - gw§Xa, AmH$f©H$

H$hgw - gm§Jm gwb³I§ - ew^ bjUm§Zr ¶w³V

H$h§ - H$Wm ("H$hm' ¶m eãXmMr X²{dVr¶m {d^³Vr )





gÁPmAmo

1 A) Imbrb eãXm§‘Yrb Ajam§À¶m ~Xbm{df¶rMo {Z¶‘ gm§Jm.
àmH¥$V (nmBA), H$mì¶ (H$ìd), àU‘ (nU‘), Aja (A³Ia), eãX (gÔ), AW© (AËW),
gmW© (gËW ), dU©H$ (dÊUA), ‘w½Y (‘wÕ), gwbj(U) (gwb³I), {Xì¶ ({Xìd), öX¶ ({hAA),
g‘wÐ (g‘wÔ).

~) nwT>rb eãXm§Vrb 춧OZm§Mo ~Xb gm§Jm.
{dAS>, grAb, ^mgm, ~m{h, gwh, gmAa, dmAmAmo, H$hm, Vmdg
H$) ¶m nmR>mVrb Xoer, VX²^d d VËg‘ eãXm§Mr ¶mXr H$am.
S>) ¶m nmR>mÀ¶m AmYmao "¶-lw{V'Mm {Z¶‘ ñnîQ> H$am.
B) "àmH¥$V^mfm' ¶m {df¶mda ‘mܶ‘ ^mfoV 10 AmoitMm {Z~§Y {bhm.

2 nwT>rb nXç nyU© H$am.
1. Xo{g¶-gX²X .................................................................... &
......................................................................... nT>oAìd§ &
2. JyT>ËW-Xo{g .................................................................... &
.................................................................. {hAA§ gwhmdoB &
3. A{‘A§ nmCA-H$ìd§ ............................................ ................. &
........................................................................ U b‚m§{V &&

PPP

31

2. H$¶½Kmo ‘mUwgmo

gw‘mao AmR>ì¶m eVH$mV EH$m AkmV H${dZo "‘{Un{VM[a¶§' ho àmH¥$V H$mì¶ aMco. "EH$m O¡Z ‘wZrda
MmoarMm ImoQ>m Ami KoVcm Jocm' ¶m {df¶dñVycm AZwgê$Z ¶m 16 H$Wm àíZmoËVamÀ¶m ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV.
¶m H$mì¶g§J«hmMo àmH¥$V, g§ñH¥$V Am{U JwOamWr ^mfoV AZoH$ nmR>^oX CncãY AmhoV.

àñVwV H$mì¶mV ney hm ‘mZdmnojm H$gm doJim Amho, ho nQ>dyZ {Xco Amho. Hw$ͶmgmaIo àmUr ñdm{‘{ZîR>
AgVmV. ¶mMm à˶¶ gdmªZmM ¶oVmo. ¶m nmR>mV EH$ dmZar Amnco dMZ {ZîR>oZo nmiVo d Amnë¶m eaUmWuMm
Ord dmMdVo; na§Vw ‘Zwî¶ ‘mÌ Amncm Ord dmM{dUmè¶m dmZarMm {dídmgKmV H$aVmo. gwX¡dmZo dmZarMo OrdZ
gwa{jV amhVo.

‘Zwî¶ ñdmWu àd¥ÎmrMm AgVmo. Vmo CnH$maH$˶m©À¶m ~m~VrV H¥$V¿ZnUm XmI{dVmo. H¥$VkVo d H¥$V¿ZVoda
AmYm[aV H«$‘e… JwU d AdJwUm§Mo ‘m{‘©H$ ñd^md {MÌU ¶m H$WoV Amcoco Amho. O§JcmV cmHy$S> Jmoim H$aUmam
nwéf d dmZar ¶m§À¶m àmH¥$V ^mfoVrc g‘Oʶmg A˶§V gmonm dmMH$m§gmR>r g§VmofàX Amho.

EAmo dQ²>Q>B nw[agmo, H$Q²>R>-{U{‘ËV§ Vw gmo JAmo AS>qd&
VoU ¶ {XQ²>R>mo grhmo, Vñg ^EU§ Xþ‘o M{S>Amo&&1&&

Vw§Jo Vpå‘ Xþ‘på‘, A{hê$T>§ dmU[a¨ {dbmoBËVm&
^A-noa§V¶-JËVmo, qMVB "C^¶§Vao n{S>Amo&&2&&

gmo Eg d½KXþËV{SUmAmo OmAmo ‘h§' VAmo ^{UAmo&
dmU[a¶mE, "nwËVA, ‘m ^rAgw, ‘m A H§$nogw&&3&&

g§OmAmo drgËWmo, grhmo {MQ²>R>oB é³I-‘ybpå‘&
OmAm aAUr, VËVmo {UX²Xm¶B dU¶amo gmo A&&4&&

^{UAmo A dmUarE, "‘h CÀN>§Jo {ga§ H$aoD$U§&
gwdgw' B‘§ VoU H$A§, grhmo V§ dmU[a¨ ^UB&&5&&

"JmT>§ Nw>hmCbmo h§, ‘w¶gw B‘§ ‘mUwg§ Ah§ VwÁP&
hmohm{‘ ¶ da{‘ËV§, H$¶m{d Vwh CdA[añgm{‘&&6&&

qH$ Vwh E¶ñg, XþQ²>R>-‘mUwgñg a³ImB h¶-H$¶½Kñg§&
^{UA§ M dmUarE, "Umh§ gaUmJA§ Xo{‘'&&7&&

n{S>bmo‘m{U ~hÿ{U, ^{UD$U {R>Amo har {d {UpìdÊUmo&
n{S>~wX²Ymo ¶ dU¶amo O§nB "A§~o, Vw‘§ gw¶gw'&&8&&

VñgwÀN>§Jo H$mC§, gm {ga§ dmUar {d A ngwËVm&
grhmo O§nB, "‘mUwg, ‘‘ E¶§ dmU[a¨ Xoqh&&9&&

32

^p³»mËVm Ah‘oA§ d{ƒhm{‘ Vdm{d hmoB nhmo'&
‘UwEU§ Ap³IËVm H$S>rAmo dmUar VoU&&10&&
gm S>mbmE b½Jm N>oAËVUAmo VAmo ^UB gm C&
"Yr, Yr, ‘mUwg-^mdñg VwÁP ‘mUwg-H$A½Kñg'&&11&&
VoU nhoU ‘h§Vmo gËWmo M{bAmo Vñg gX²XoU§&
VËVmo A AB³H§$Vmo har, JAmo dUAamo Joho&&12&&

(‘{Un{VM[a¶§, Jm. 1144 Vo 1155)

33

gÔËWm

H$¶½Kmo ‘mUwgmo - H¥$V¿Z ‘mUyg dQ²>Q>B - hmoVm
H$Q²>R>-{U{‘Îm§ - bmHy$S> AmUʶmgmR>r AS>qd - O§JbmV
{XQ²>R>mo - nm{hbm Xþ‘o - PmS>mda
Vw§Jo - A˶§V C§M A{hê$T>§ - MT>boë¶m
{dbmoBÎmm - ~KyZ ^A-noa§V¶-JÎmmo - WaWa H$mnUmè¶m earamMm
C^A§Vao - XmoKm§À¶m‘ܶo (^rVrZo ˶mMo eara WaWê$ bmJbo)
d½K-XþÎm{S>-UmAmo - BH$S>o dmK {VH$S>o XþWS>r
^abobr ZXr, {ÛYm AdñWm ^{UAmo dmU[a¶mE - dmZar ˶mbm åhUmbr
Joho - Kar
drgËWmo - {dídñV, {ZqüV {MQ²>R>oB - Wm§~bm qH$dm ~gbm hmoVm
aAUr - aOZr, amÌ {UX²Xm¶B - Pmon Ambr
CÀN>§Jo - ‘m§S>rda gw¶gw - Pmon
Nw>hmCbmo - ^wHo$Zo ì¶mHy$i ‘w¶gw - gmoS>
hmohm{‘ - hmoB©Z da{‘Îm§ - Mm§Jbm qH$dm CÎm‘ {‘Ì
CdA[añgm{‘ - CnH$ma ’o$S>oZ hA-H$¶½Kñg - XþîQ> d H¥$V¿Z ‘mUgmMo
Umh§ - U + Ah§ - ‘r Zmhr gaUmJA§ - gaU + AmJA§ - eaU Ambobm
n{S>bmo‘m{U - à{VHy$b har - qgh
{UpìdÊUmo - Xþ…Ir n{S>~wÕmo - OmJm Pmbm
O§nB - åhUmbm A§~o - ‘mVo
ngwÎmm - JmT> Pmonbr Xo{h - Xo
^p³IÎmm - ImD$Z d{ƒhm{‘ - {ZKyZ OmB©Z
Ap³IÎmm - T>H$byZ {Xbr H$S>rAmo - H$S>odê$Z
S>mbmE - ’$m§Xrbm b½Jm - {~bJbr, Yabr
N>oAÎmUAmo - hþemarZo Yr Yr - {Y³H$ma Agmo
^mdñg - ^mdmMm (^mdZm) nhoU - ‘mJm©Zo
‘h§Vmo - {demb, Iyn ‘moR>m gËWmo - (¶mÌoH$ê§$Mm) g‘yh
gX²XoU - AmdmOmZo AB³H§$Vmo - {ZKyZ Jobm

gÁPmAmo o

1 [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am.
1) AaÊUpå‘ JAmo nw[agmo ........ M{S>Amo&
2) ^rAmo nw[agmo dmUarE ^{UAmo ........, .........., .........&
3) grhoU dmU[aAm {dÊU{dAm ........&

34

2 {ZX}emà‘mUo H¥$Vr H$am.
1) ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m XþîQ> AmMaUmMo {ZdoXZ H$am.
2) "H$¶½Kmo ‘mUwgmo' ¶m H$WoVrb ~moY ñnîQ> H$am.

3 àmH¥$V à{VeãX Xçm.
1) AS>{d -
2) Xþ‘ -
3) har -

4 dU© {df¶H$ ~XbmMo {Z¶‘ gm§Jm d ~Xbbobm eãX {bhm.
é³I, Nw>hm, gX²X, aAUr, XþQ²>R>

5 ê$no AmoiIm.

hmo{‘
O§nB
Cd¶[añgm{‘
‘w¶gw
Vñg
Joho
dmUarE
6 H§$gmVrb ¶mo½¶ ê$n dmnê$Z dm³¶ nwÝhm {bhm.
1) A§~o Vw‘§ ........& (gw¶gw, gwdm{‘, gwÎmmo)
2) ^p³IÎmm Ah§ ........& (dƒB, dƒm{‘, d{ƒhm{‘)
3) U Ah§ gaUmJA§ ........& (Xoh, Xm{‘, Xo{‘)
4) grhmo Vñg ^EU§ Xþ‘o ........& (MS>m{‘, MS>{g, M{S>Amo)
5) ........ VwÁP da{‘Îm§ hmohm{‘& (Aåho, VoU, Ah§)

PPP

35

3. {ggwdmb - H$hm

{eewnmb hm H¥$îUmMm AmVo^mD$ hmoVm. ˶mbm OÝ‘V…M Mma hmV hmoVo. ˶mbm ~KyZ ˶mMr AmB©
H$miOrV nS>br. àmH¥$V gm{h˶mV {VMo Zmd ‘mÐr Ago ¶oVo. hçm~m~V {VZo Á¶mo{Vfmbm {dMmabo. Vmo åhUmbm,
"Á¶mbm nm{hë¶mda ¶mMo Mman¡H$s XmoZ hmV JiyZ nS>Vrb, ˶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z ¶mbm YmoH$m Amho.' lrH¥$îUmZo ˶mbm
nm{hë¶mZ§Va {eewnmbmMo Mman¡H$s XmoZ hmV JiyZ nS>bo. ‘mÐrZo lrH¥$îUmbm Ho$bobr {dZ§Vr, lrH¥$îUmZo ˶mÀ¶m
100 AnamYm§~X²Xb Ho$bobr j‘m d AIoarg gwXe©ZMH«$mZo Ho$bobm {eaÀN>oX, hm gd© d¥ËVm§V ¶m nmR>mV Ambm
Amho.

dgwXod-gwgmE gwAmo, X‘Kmog-Uam{hdoU ‘ÔrE&
OmAmo MC>ã^wAmo@ã^wA-~b-H${bAmo H$bh-nÎmQ²>R>mo&&1&&
XÆz>U VAmo OUUr, MCã^wA§ nwÎm‘ã^wA‘U½K§&
^A-h[ag-{dåh¶-‘whr, nwÀN>B Uo{‘{ÎmA§ ghgm&&2&&

36

Uo{‘{ÎmEU ‘w{UD$U, gm{hA§ VrE {hÆ>-{hAAmE&
Oh Eg Vwã^ nwÎmmo, ‘hm-~bmo Xþ‚mAmo g‘ao&&3&&

E¶ñg A O§ XÆz>U, hmoB gmhm{dA§ ^wAm-Ow¶b§&
hmohr VAmo {M¶ ^A§, gwAñg Vo UpËW g§Xohmo&&4&&

gm {d ^A-do{da§Jr, nwÎm§ X§goB Omd H$Êhñg&
Vmd {ƒ¶ Vñg {R>A§, n¶BËW§ da-^wAm-Ow¶b§&&5&&

Vmo H$Êhñg {nCÀN>m, nwÎm§ nmS>oB nmA-nrT>på‘&
Adamh-Im‘UËW§, gmo {d gA§ go I{‘ñgm{‘&&6&&

{ggwdmbmo {d hþ OwìdU-‘EU Umam¶U§ Agã^oqh&
dAUoqh ^UoB gm {d hþ, I‘B I‘mE g‘ËWmo {d&&7&&

Adamh-gE nwÊUo, dm[a‚m§Vmo U {MÆ>B© Omho&
H$ÊhoU VAmo {N>ÊU§, M³Ho$U§ CÎm‘§J§ go&&8&&

gÔËWm

gwgmE - ~hrUrbm X‘KmogUam{hdoU - X‘Kmof amOmZo
‘ÔrE - dgwXodmMr ~hrU, ‘mÐr {hbm ( hr ‘mÐr, MCã^wAmo - Mma ~mhÿ§Zr ¶w³V, Mma hmV Agbobm
ZHw$b, ghXod ¶m nm§S>dm§Mr AmB© ‘mÐr, {hÀ¶mnojm H$bhnÎmÆ>mo - ^m§S>Imoa
doJir Amho) ^Ah[ag{dåh¶‘whr - {d. ^rVr,
Aã^wA~bH${bAmo - AMmQ> gm‘϶m©Zo ¶w³V AmZ§X d {dñ‘¶¶w³V ‘wI Agbobr
nwÎm‘ã^wA‘U½K§ - nwÎm§ + Aã^wA§ + AU½K§ - AU½K§ - ‘m¡ë¶dmZ (¶oWo, ‘moR>çm H$m¡VwH$mMm)
AX²^yV, A˶§V H$m¡VwH$mMm ‘hm‘mobmMm nwÌ Uo{‘{ÎmA§ - bjU emó OmUUmè¶mbm
{hÆ> - AmZ§{XV ^wAmOw¶b§ - ~mhÿ§Mr OmoS>r, XmoZ hmV
hmohr - (^.H$m.) hmoB©b ^Ado{da§Jr - ^¶mZo {OMo eara WaWa
n¶BËW§ - ñdm^m{dH$ H$mnV Amho Aer
H$Êhñg - H¥$îUmMr {nCÀN>m - Am˶m
nmAnrT>på‘ - nm¶ R>odʶmÀ¶m Mm¡a§Jmda AdamhIm‘UËW§ - AnamYm§À¶m j‘ogmR>r
gmo {d gA§ go I{‘ñgm{‘ - Vmo (H¥$îU) åhUmbm OwìdU‘EU - VméʶmÀ¶m ‘ñVrZo
¶mbm e§^a AnamYm§~X²Xb ‘r j‘m H$arZ AdamhgE nwÊUo - (g{V gá‘rMr aMZm),
{d hþ - (A.) Oar IamoIaM e§^a AnamY nyU© Pmë¶mda
Umam¶U§ - H¥$îUmbm CÎm‘§J§ - ‘ñVH$mbm
dm[a‚m§Vmo - AS>dyZ qH$dm ‘ZmB© H$ê$Z gwX²Ym U {MÆ>B© Omho - O§oìhm (AnamY H$aʶmMm)

Wm§~bm Zmhr V§oìhm

37

gÁPmAmo

1 ¶m nXçmVrb {eewnmbH$Wm Amnë¶m eãXmV {bhm.
2 OmoS>çm bmdm.

"A' JQ> "Am' JQ>
‘w{UD$U, XÆz>U
1) X²{dVr¶m A) Uo{‘{ÎmA§, Umam¶U§
nmAnrT>på‘
2) V¥Vr¶m Am) {R>A§, {N>ÊU§
E¶ñg, H$Êhñg
3) n§M‘r B) VAmo
{hÆ>{hAAmE, OwìdU‘EU§, dAUoqh
4) fîR>r B©)

5) gá‘r C)

6) H$‘©. ^y.Ym.{d. D$)

7) ny.H$m.Ym.A. F$)

3 nwT>rb àmH¥$V eãXm§Mo ‘amR>rV AW© {bhm.
1) MCã^wAmo 2) OwìdU 3) {nCÀN>m 4) H$bhnÎmÆ>mo 5) CÎm‘§J

4 ^¶ ^rV 5 àmH¥$VmV g‘mZmWu eãX {bhm.

nwÌàmárZ§Va ‘mÐrMr 1) gwAmo -
Pmbobr AdñWm 2) {dåh¶ -
3) h[ag -

4) OUUr -

6 nwT>rb eãXm§Mo {déX²YmWu eãX {bhm. 3) H$å‘ x
4) gƒ x
1) nwÎm x 5) Yå‘ x
2) gwhr x

7 nwT>rb JmWoMm ‘mܶ‘^mfoV AW© gm§JyZ, JmWoVrb H$ënZm H$WoÀ¶m g§X^m©V ñnîQ> H$am.
nmgn[ag§{R>Amo {d hþ JwUhrUo qH$ H$aoB JwUdVmo&
Om¶§Y¶ñg Xrdmo hËWH$Amo {Uß’$bmo ƒo¶&&
(nmgn[ag§{R>Amo - Odi Agbobm, Om¶§Y¶ - OÝ‘mÝY, JwUdVmo- JwUdmZ, hËWH$Amo - hmVmV Agbobm)

PPP

38

4. gwhm{gAmB§

amOm gmVdmhZ hm hmc H$dr ¶m ZmdmZohr AmoiIcm OmVmo. Xþgao qH$dm {Vgao eVH$ hm ˶mMm H$mi
‘mZcm OmVmo. gmVdmhZ ho EH$m amOKamʶmMo Zmd AgyZ Vo amOo à{VîR>mZmV (gܶmMo n¡R>U) amÁ¶ H$arV hmoVo.
˶m amOm§Mm àmH¥$V ^mfm§H$S>o ’$ma AmoT>m hmoVm. ˶m§Zr àmH¥$V àgmamgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$co. Vo A§V…nwamV àmH¥$V‘ܶo
~mocV Ago åhUVmV. hmc ZmdmÀ¶m gmVdmhZ amOmZo àmH¥$V‘Yrc gw^m{fVaËZm§Mm g§J«h Ho$cm Am{U VmoM gag
d dmMZr¶ H$mì¶g§J«h "JmWmgßVeVr' ¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmVmo. ¶m g§J«hmV ˶mZo ñdV… aMcoë¶m JmWmhr
AmhoV. JmWmgßVeVrÀ¶m àma§^r ‘§JcmMaUmV ˶mZo gy¶m©cm Z‘ñH$ma Ho$cm Amho. ˶mdê$Z Vmo gy¶m}nmgH$ hmoVm
Ago dmQ>Vo. ho‘M§Ð Am{U ‘oéVw§J ¶m§Zr hmc hm ZmJmOw©ZmMm {eî¶ hmoVm Ago åhQ>co Amho.

"JmWmgßVeVr' ho e§¥JmaagàYmZ Ago ‘w³VH$ H$mì¶ Amho. J«m‘dm{g¶m§À¶m OrdZmV haKS>rg KS>Umao àg§J
¶oWo {M{ÌV Ho$co Amho. {ZgJ©{MÌU, cmoH$ì¶dhma d emídV ‘mZdr ^mdZm§Mo JmoS> Am{dîH$ma a§J{dUmè¶m JmWm
{dcmo^Zr¶ d AmZ§X XoUmè¶m AmhoV. ZrVr d ì¶dhma ¶m{df¶r AZoH$ AW©nyU© d aoIrd gw^m{fVo JmWmgáeVrV
‘mo˶mà‘mUo {dIwacocr AmhoV. hmcmZo àmH¥$V‘Yrc gd©loîR H$dtÀ¶m CËH¥$îQ> H$mì¶mVyZ CÎm‘moÎm‘ gmVeo JmWm
{ZdSy>Z ˶m§Mm g§J«h Ho$cm Amho. ˶m g§J«hmcm nydu JmWmH$moe Ago åhUV AgV. ‘yi JmWmH$moe hm gw‘mao 1000
JmWm§Mm g§J«h Agmdm d nwT>o H$‘r hmoV hmoV 700 JmWm§Mm g§J«h am{hcm Omo AmO {dXç‘mZ Amho. Cn‘m, ê$nH$
B˶mXr Ac§H$mam§Zr ZQ>coë¶m ¶m JmWm ‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$VmV Am¶m© N>§XmV aMcoë¶m AmhoV.

^maVr¶ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmda gw^m{fVm§Mm ’$ma à^md Amho. ‘mZdr d¥ËVr, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë¶o ¶m§Mo dmñVd
Xe©Z EImXçm Cn‘m ÑîQ>m§VmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ A˶§V n[aUm{‘H$[a˶m gw^m{fVm§‘ܶo {M{ÌV Ho$coco AgVo. ˶m§À¶m
aMZm g˶dMZm§da AmYm[aV AgyZ Aënmjao AgVmV d ˶m§Mm AW© {demc AgVmo. ˶m§Mm Cn¶moJ d¡pídH$
nmVirda hmoV AgVmo.

1) Vw§Jmo {ƒA hmoB ‘Umo ‘U§{gUmo A§{V‘mgw {d Xgmgw&
AËW‘Upå‘ {d aBUmo {H$aUm CÕ§ {MA ’w$a§{V&&

2) ’$bg§nÎmrA g‘moUAmB± Vw§JmB± ’$b{dnÎmrE&
{hAAmB gwnw[agmU§ ‘hmVê$U§ d {ghamB§&&

3) OmE‚m dUwÔogo Hw$‚mmo {d hþ Urgmhmo P{S>nÎmmo&
‘m ‘mUwgpå‘ bmoE VmB© a{gAmo X[aÔmo A&&

4) {dÊUmUJwU‘h½Ko nw[ago dogÎmU§ {n a‘{U‚m§&
OUqU{XE CU OUo {nAÎmUoUm{d b‚mm‘mo&&

5) N>‚mB nhþñg b{bA§, {nAmB ‘mUmo, I‘m g‘ËWñg&
OmU§Vñg A ^{UA§, ‘moU§ M AAmU‘mUñg&&

6) gwAUmo U Hw$ßnB pìdA, Ah Hw$ßnB {dpßnA§ U qMVoB&
Ah qMVoB U O§nB, Ah O§nB b{‚mAmo hmoB&&

39

7) H$sa§Vr pìdA UmgB CAE aoh ìd IbAUo ‘oÎmr&
gm CU gwAUpå‘ H$Am AUhm nmhmUaoh ìd&&

8) A{hAmA‘m{UUmo Xþ½JAñg N>mqh nAñg a³I§Vr&
{UA~§YdmU± OyaB K[aUr {dhdoU EÎmmU§&&

9) Uy‘o§{V Oo nhþÎm§ Hw${dA§ Xmgm ìd Oo ngmA§{V&
Vo pìdA ‘{hbmU {nAm, gogm gm{‘ pìdA damAm&&

10) gmo AËWmo Omo hËWo, V§ {‘Îm§ O§ {Ua§Va§ dgUo&
V§ ê$A§ OËW JwUm, V§ {dÊUmU§ Oqh Yå‘mo&&

gÔËWm

{ƒA - {Zü¶ gm§JUmao A춶 ‘U§{gUmo - ‘moR>o ‘Z AgUmam

AËW‘Upå‘ - AñV hmoV AgVm§Zm, Zme hmoV AgVm§Zm aBUmo - adrMo, gy¶m©Mo

’w$a§{V - ñ’w$aU nmdVmV, àH$m{eV hmoVmV, àH$Q> hmoVmV g‘moUAmB± - Z‘« hmoVmV

{hAAmB - öX¶o {ghamB§ - {eIao

Urgmhmo - ’$m§Xçm Zgbobo VmB© - ˶mJr

P{S>nÎmmo - nmZJi Pmbobm Hw$‚mmo - N>moQ>m, IwOm

a{gAmo - a{gH$, Mm§Jë¶m JmoîQ>tMr AmdS> AgUmam ‘h½Ko - ‘m¡ë¶dmZ, ‘hZr¶

{dÊUmU§ - {deof kmZ dogÎmU - d¡a, Ûof

{nAÎmUoU - ào‘^md Agë¶mZo, ào‘inUm‘wio N>‚mB - emo^Vo, emo^yZ {XgVo

AAmU‘mUñg - Z OmUUmè¶mMo Hw$ßnB - amJdVmo

{dpßnA§ - dmB©Q>, A{චO§{nA§ - ~mobbobo

H$sa§Vr - H$aVm§Zm CAE - nmʶm‘ܶo

IbAUo - XþîQ> 춳Vr~amo~a AUhm - (Xo.) AjV, pñWa, Z nwgbr OmUmar

nmhmUaohm - XJS>mdarb aoK A{hAmA‘m{UUmo - Cƒ H$w bmMm

Xþ½JA - Jar~ A{^‘mZ AgUmè¶mÀ¶m

N>mqh - N>m¶m, VoO, gmdbr (BWo "VoO') OyaB - {IÞ hmoVo/hmoVmo

Uy‘o§{V - bn{dVmV nhþÎm§ - ‘mbH$sh³H$, ñdm{‘Ëd

ngmA§{V - àgÞ H$aVmV AËWmo - YZ

dgUo - g§H$Q>m‘ܶo ê$A§ - ê$n

40

gÁPmAmo

1 WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) g‚mZm§À¶m Am{U XþO©Zm§À¶m ‘¡Ìr‘Yrb ’$aH$ gm§Jm.
2) Xm[aÐçmÀ¶m Xþ…ImMo dU©Z H$am.
3) g‚mZm§À¶m JwUm§Mo dU©Z H$am.
4) gogm gm{‘ pìdA damAm' - ho {dYmZ ñnîQ> H$am.
5) AW©, {‘Ì, ê$n Am{U {dkmZ ¶m§Mo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2 Imbrb H¥$Vr H$am.
1) nmR>mV Amboë¶m {H«$¶mnXm§Mr gyMr Xçm.

2) nmR>mV Amboë¶m Zm‘o d gd©Zm‘m§Mr ¶mXr H$am.

3) Imbrb ‘amR>r eãXm§gmR>r ¶m nmR>mVyZ à{VeãX emoYm.
gy¶©, AdñWm, ñ’w$aUo, öX¶, {eIa, ’$m§Xra{hV, PS>bobo, {deofkmZ, ào‘inUm, emo^Uo, j‘m, g‚mZ.

4) Imbrb àmH¥$V eãXm§Mm ‘mܶ‘ ^mfoV AW© {bhm.
Vw§J, AËW‘U, ’$bg§nÎmr, a‘{U‚m, g‘ËW, OmU§V, AAmU‘mU, b{‚mA, AUhm, nmhmUaohm.

5) ‘amR>r‘ܶo dmnamV Agbobo Xhm Xoer eãX {bhm.

3 nwT>rb JmWm nyU© H$ê$Z ewX²Y {bhm.

1) ’$bg§nÎmrA ................................................................ &
................................................................... d {ghamB§ &&

2) H$sa§Vr ................................................................ & &&
................................................................... ìd

3) gmo AËWmo ................................................................ &
................................................................... Oqh Yå‘mo &&

4) N>‚mB ................................................................ &
................................................................... AAmU‘mUñg &&

5) OmE‚m ................................................................ &
................................................................... X[aÔmo A &&

PPP

41