COLLEGIAL MODELS

COLLEGIAL
MODELS

GROUP 5 GROUP MEMBERS :

NORDIANA BINTI ZULKIPELI
G 1812050

ZAINANI BINTI MOHD ZADI
G 1814356

ROZILAH BIN TI MALEK
G 1811406

ROLE PLAY

DIMENSIONS

COLLEGIAL COLLEGIAL
LEADERSHIP FRAMEWORK

MODEL COLLEGIALITY AND
GENDER
CHARACTERISTIC

DEFINITION COLLEGIAL COLLEGIALITY AND
MODELS TEAM WORK

REFRENCES LIMITATION
IMPACT
SUMMARY

ISLAMIC
PERSPECTIVE



DEFINITION

Collegial : Use to describe Synonyms
a method of
• Relating to a working in • Hospitality
friendly which • Friendly
relationship • Agreeableness
between responsibility is • Warmly
colleagues shared between • Welcoming
several people.

Collegial Models : • Better interaction • Managerial orientation
among the members. is teamwork.
• The manager
participates in the • The basic foundation • Employee orientation is
process of the is on managing the responsible behaviour.
performance by feeling of partnership
the subordinates. with employees. • Employee psychological
results is self discipline.
• They work as a • Employees feel
team. needed and useful. • Performance results is
moderate enthusiasm.

CHARACTERISTICS

Central Features

• Collegial models include all those theories that emphasize that power
and decision-making should be shared among some or all members of

1. the organization (Bush, 2003)

• Collegial models assume that organizations determine policy and make
decisions through a process of discussion leading to consensus. Power
is shared among some or all members of the organization who are

2. thought to have a shared understanding about the aims of the
institution. (Bush, 2003)

• Collegiality can broadly be defined as teachers conferring and

3. collaborating with other teachers. (Brundrett, 1998)

Major Features

They are strongly normative in orientation. “The advocacy
of collegiality is made more on the basis of prescription
than on research-based studies of school practice” (Webb &
Vulliamy, 1996).

Appropriate for organizations such as schools and colleges that have
significant numbers of professional staff.
Teachers require a measure of autonomy in the classroom but also
need to collaborate to ensure a coherent approach to teaching and
learning (Brundrett, 1998). Collegial models assume that professionals
also have a right to share in the wider decision-making process.

Collegial models assume a common set of values held by members of
the organization. These common values guide the managerial
activities of the organization and are thought to lead to the
educational objectives. (Brundrett 1998) goes further in referring to
the importance of “shared vision” as a basis for collegial decision-
making.

The size of decision-making groups is an important
element in collegial management. They have to be
sufficiently small to enable everyone to be heard. This
may mean that collegiality works better in
elementary schools, or in sub-units, than at the
institutional level in secondary schools. (Bush, 2003).

COLLEGIAL
LEADERSHIP MODELS

COLLEGIAL LEADERSHIP
MODELS

Collegial-style management is based on the premise that
some or all members of an organization should participate
in decision making and share the power. Employees and
stakeholders are encouraged to share their opinions,
engage in debates and reach an agreement based on
common values.

The collegial model of educational management promotes
collaboration and participation. Unlike traditional
leadership styles, which tend to be vertical and
hierarchical. Basically, all stakeholders have the right to
make decisions and get actively involved in the company's
management.

1.TRANSFORMATIONAL • Building school vision
LEADERSHIP • Establishing school goals
• Providing intellectual stimulation
( LEITHWOOD- 1994) • Offering individualized support
• Modelling best practices and values
• Demonstrating high performance

expectations
• Creating a productive school culture
• Developing structures to foster

participation in school decisions

2.PARTICIPATIVE • Participation will increase school effectiveness.
LEADERSHIP
• Participation is justified by democratic principles.

• In the context of site-based management, leadership is
potentially available to any legitimate stakeholder

• Much of the teachers’ day is taken up in an intensity of relationship.

• Understanding the changing nature of relationship with young

students, the changing context of their lives and academic needs

3.INTERPERSONAL requires constant reflection and adjustment. ( Tuohy and Coghlan
LEADERSHIP
1970 )

DIMENSIONS

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SCHOOL

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

They found that only 4 of the 12 case study schools could be categorized as
operating fully in a collegial way. These type A school had the following features :

* A commitment to regular formal opportunities for collaboration with other
heads of department and colleague from different subject areas.

* Department priorities correlated closely with the School Development Plan,
with themes and issue identified and agreed collectively.

* Head of department were actively involved and consulted in whole school
policy and decision- making.

* The head teacher saw the heads of department as having a wider whole school
management role.

* Type A schools overcame the problem of size by adopting flexible structures.
One school changed its senior management team into a school management
team and included representation from all areas of the teaching staff. Working
parties or curriculum groups with cross-department and voluntary representation
were also favoured ways of widening involvement

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SCHOOL

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

• The introduction of collegial approaches in secondary
schools has been slower, less complete.

• The tradition of all powerful heads, with authority over staff
and accountability to external bodies, has stiffled several
attempt to develop participative modes of management.

• The formal position is that principals alone are responsible
for the organization and management of schools.

• (Brown, Boyle and Boyle ,1999 ) carried out research on
collegial models of management in 21 secondary schools in
the north-west of England.

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SCHOOL

COLLEGIAL MODELS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

• Collegiality became established during 1980s and 1990s as the
most appropriate way to manage primary schools.( Little, 1990 )
describes how collegiality operate in practice :
• * Teachers talk about and preparation.
• * There is shared planning and preparation.
• * The presence of observers in classrooms is common.
• * There is mutual training and development.

• (Webb and Vulliamy ,1996 ) examined the tension between
collegiality and managerialism in their study of a national sample
of 50 primary schools in England and Wales.

FRAMEWORK : GOALS,
STRUCTURE,ENVIRONMENT

AND LEARDERSHIP

• Assume that numbers of an organization agree on its goals. Goals have three main function

• they provide a general guide to activity

GOALS • goals serve as source of legitimacy.
• they are means of measuring success.

• is an objective fact which has a clear meaning for all members of
STRUCTURE the institution.

• It is characterized by a decision-making as a process with all members of the
ENVIRONMENT institution having an equal opportunity to influence policy and action.

LEADERSHIP • The leader is an academic organization supposedly run by professional experts. The basic
idea is less command than to listen, less to lead than to gather expert judgements, less to
manage than to facilitate, less to order than to persuade. Meaning leader is not so much as a
star.

COLLEGIALITY
AND GENDER

Women form the majority in primary schools
and some have an all-female staff.

There is also a much bigger, higher proportion
of women leaders in primary schools than in
secondary schools or colleges.

Al-Khalifa (1989) claims that women adopt
different management styles from men with a
much greater emphasis on collaboration, co-
operation and other ‘feminine’ behaviours.

(Nias, Southworth and Yeomans, 1989) discuss
the applicability of a gender perspective to the
collegial culture prevalent in many primary
schools.

They refer to examples of successful
collaborative behaviour involving both women
and men

However, (Coleman,1994) presents evidence
that women managers in education tend to be
more democratic than men, demonstrating
qualities of warmth and empathy.

COLLEGIALITY
AND TEAMWORK

• Competitive Collaboration
Competitive collaboration can help ensure that faculty learn with and
from one another, cheer for each other’s achievements, support each

1 other as team members who take risks individually and collectively,
fail forward, and grow.

• It requires a high level of trust. The willingness to risk and fail in
front of one’s colleagues is not easy for most adults. When
principals, as lead learners, are the first to demonstrate this level of

2 openness and transparency, it will be easier for faculty members, to
follow .

• Sharing Data
“Along the way, faculty will share their practices and student learning
outcomes data more openly. They will coplan, coteach, and collectively

3 reflect on practice.” (Moreillon ,2018). If educators are to succeed at
solving individual instructional challenges and schoolwide issues, they
must openly share data.

• Sharing data can be a pathway to engaging colleagues in helping individual
educators reflect on their practice in new ways. Others can “show” us our
teaching from another perspective and suggest strategies for revising our

4 instruction, changing up resources, or making other improvements that can
better meet students’ needs. Principals and supervisors can take this role.

LIMITATION

• Conflict and disagreements, it can slow down the company. This scenario is more likely to
occur when the stakeholders involved in decision making are authoritative or highly

1 competitive individuals.

• May not be the best option for large organizations because the teams need to be small

2 enough to ensure that everyone is heard.

• Decision making tends to be slow and time consuming in companies that embrace this

leadership model. Employees are required to attend lengthy meetings and engage in endless

3 debates. Additionally, some participants may display hostility or lack of interest, which can
affect collaboration and teamwork.

• Major differences between participants. Let's say you're planning to invest in the company's

IT department, so you discuss this aspect with your team. Some employees insist that you

purchase new hardware, such as computers and audio-visual equipment, while others want to

4 have access to the latest software. You listen to what everyone has to say and consider both

points of view, but you can't reach a consensus.

IMPACT

helps identify shares power build a team
areas need to and authority that works
equally among well together
strengthen and supports
and builds the a group of one another
confidence as colleagues. professionally.

a leader.

ISLAMIC
PERSPECTIVE

Encouraging teamwork for the The strength of a thriving Muslim
better community lies in its unity. God

says in the Noble Qur’an:

And hold fast all together by the
rope which Allah (stretches out

for you) and be not divided
among yourselves; and

remember with gratitude Allah’s
favor on you; (Al `Imran 3:103)

There are many examples of Similarly, `Umrah and Hajj, brings
teamwork in Islam. One of the most together a myriad of Muslims from all
important being the congregational over the globe to come together for
these important rites, no one being
prayers and the recitation of Al-
Fatihah – where Muslims recite the raised above another and all
chapter conscientiously as “we” or as prostrating with their foreheads on
one – following God’s Straight Path.
the ground, one next to another

The Concept of Shura in Islam

Islam has always looked highly The Shura (consultation) is one of
upon leadership as the “head” of the Islamic principles of
teamwork, reminding Muslims to
leadership in the faith, which
select the best of leaders instills brotherhood and also the
according to creed and leadership fear of God. A leader, in a Shura

qualities and also to be good situation, would be unable to
followers of such a leader. freely make decisions based on
personal interest, It will comprise
of men and representatives of all
walks of life of the community and
to help make daily decisions as a

team.

The Battle of Khandaq

The Battle of Khandaq, Ahazab is another name for
which took place two years the Battle of Khandaq,
after the Battle of Uhud, is
one of the important battles which was given this name
due to the trenches

(khandaqs) dug around
Madinah upon the order of
the Messenger of Allah in
order to stop the attack of

the enemy easily.

SUMMARY

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3

• Prophet Muhammad S.A.W • The Hadith also emphasizes • Everyone should play an
was stern about Muslims the need of an Ameer integrative role to help to
working together as a team. (someone who would lead achieve targets, reach the
In a beautiful hadith, he the group). Beloved Prophet highest and contribute to
once said: “There is no Muhammad S.A.W said that the nation as a whole.
Islam without Jama'a (team) “if there are three of you Working in teams and
and there is no existence of appoint one of you as the effective leadership is a
Jama'a without leadership head” Showing that even crucial need for this and will
and there is no leadership the smallest group has to hope the best for the
without submission” have a leader. future.
(Reported by ad-Darimi in
his Sunan). This is a very
important hadith that
highlights the whole
concept of teamwork and
its necessity in a nutshell.

The Power Of Teamwork
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCQg0gMhvOU

REFERENCES

Bush,T. (2009). Theories of educational leadership and management. London;
Sage Publications.

Bush,T. And Bell, L.A. (2003). The principles and practise of educational management . London;
Sage Publications.

Ways To Improve Teamwork And Collegiality http://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislative-
staff/program-evaluation/ways-to-improve-teamwork-and-collegiality.aspx
Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019

My Organisational Behaviour Notes
https://www.myorganisationalbehaviour.com/collegial- model-of-organisational-behaviour/

Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019
Teamwork in Islam, Living in a Muslim Team

https://aboutislam.net/reading-islam/living-islam/teamwork-islam-living-muslim-team/
Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019
What Is Collegial Style? https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/collegial-style-26172.html
Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019
The Disadvantages of Collegial Management https://bizfluent.com/info-8502535-disadvantages- collegial-
management.html Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019
Collegial Model https://prezi.com/m/cp8h1iv2dw8y/collegial-model/ Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019
What Are Some Advantages And Disadvantages Of Collegial Model? https://business
finance.blurtit.com/760148/what-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-collegial- model
Retrieved on 2nd Dec 2019