for Navdha

1 KNOW THE ALPHABET

WARM-UP

Solve the following alphabet quiz.
Read each question carefully. Write its answer in the box given after it.
1. Which is the first vowel of the alphabet?
2. Which is the last consonant of the alphabet?
3. Write a word with three different vowels.
4. Write a three-letter word in which the same vowel comes twice

after a consonant.
5. Write a word in which the same vowel comes three times.

LEARNERS’ TRACK 5

• Two Forms of Letters • Vowels and Consonants
• Letters Make Words • Alphabetical order
• Words Make New Words

BACKDROP

The alphabet is the family of letters that make words. The letters of the English
alphabet are of two types: Vowels and consonants. We have read about them in
the previous class. In this lesson, we shall read more about the letters and the
words they make.

Two Forms of Letters
We write the letters of the alphabet in two forms. We call them capital
letters and small letters. You have read about these two forms of letters.
Recall the alphabet tables of capital and small letters.

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A. look at the two boxes. Capital and small letters of the alphabet given in the two
tables are not in the correct order. Rewrite the letters in correct order in the
blank boxes given below.

Incorrect Capital letters of the alphabet
order SYJXTHWGOIZKEVLAMPBQRCDUNF
Small letters of the alphabet
Correct pkvzrcsx taydefgqhui jwlmnob
order Capital letters of the alphabet

______________________________________________________

Small letters of the alphabet

______________________________________________________

B. Read the words given in capital letters. Rewrite them as small letter words.

PRIZE : ____________ LIVE : ____________ TREE : ____________

GROW : ____________ MAT : ____________ DOG : ____________

BLACK : ____________ RAT : ____________ HAT : ____________

6 NAP : ____________ FEAST : ____________ TWIST : ____________

Vowels and Consonants
The English alphabet has 26 letters. Five of these letters are vowels. These
are ‘a’,’ e’, ’i’, ’o’ and ‘u’. The remaining 21 letters are consonants.

KNOW AND GROW

Each letter in the alphabet has some sound. Vowels are letters with their
own sound. Consonants do not have their own sound.

C. Look at the pictures. Naming word for each picture is given below it. Complete
the word with correct vowels.

T R __ E B __ C K __ T

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K __ T __ P __ G __ __ N

C __ M __ L B __ S

C __ K __ H __ R S __

D. Look at the pictures. Complete the naming words for them with correct consonants.

__ U __ __ E __ __ I __ 7
__ __ O __ __ __ __ A __ __
__ __ A I __
__ O __ __ U __ E
__

__ A I __ __ I __ __ __ __ I __ O __

Letters Make Words
Each word is a combination of different letters. Let us take a look at a few
examples.

EXAMPLES

t+e+a = tea m+i+l+k = milk b+r+e+a+d = bread h+o+n+e+y = honey

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c+a+t = cat r+o+a+d = road g+r+a+z+e = graze s+k+y = sky
c+a+r = car m+o+o+n = moon s+l+e+e+p= sleep f+i+r+e = fire

As you can see, letters combine in a certain order to form different words.

E. Some letters of the alphabet are given in the following table. Write four words
starting with each letter and complete the table with them. Then, rewrite these
words in alphabetical order in the space given below.

Letters Words starting with these letters
D
M

F

T

R
L

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

8 _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

Alphabetical Order
Do you know what a dictionary is? It is a book of words. In a dictionary,
words are given in alphabetical order with their meanings. This means
words starting with ‘c’ will come after words starting with ‘a’ and ‘b’, and so
on.

F. Write each group of letters in alphabetical order.
N D A F L ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
P B S E H ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
J C M T K ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
O N Z V X ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

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R A P M D ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Words also Make Words
Sometimes, we join two words to form one word.

EXAMPLES
butter+fly = butterfly rain+drop= raindrop grass+hopper= grasshopper
Sun+day = Sunday pan+cake= pancake book+shelf = bookshelf

G. Look at the pictures. For each picture, write the missing word and also write the
combination that matches the picture.

ice + _____ = _________ sun + _____ = _________ ____ + fall = __________

____ + apple = ________ ____ + nuts = _________ ____ + stick = _________ 9

LET’S SUM UP

• The English alphabet has 26 letters.
• The letters ‘a, e, i, o, and u’ are called the vowels.
• The remaining 21 letters are called the consonants.

QUERY CORNER

A. Circle the vowels in the words given below.

1. Classroom 2. Pomegranate 3. Aeroplane 4. Playground
8. Butterfly
5. Emperor 6. Pumpkin 7. Shoemaker

B. Read the following small letter words. Rewrite them as capital letter words.

heater:_____________ tail:_____________ delicacy:_____________

drawing:_____________ festival: __________ jamboree: ___________

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holiday: ___________ rowing: __________ picnic:_______________
greedy: ____________
keyboard: __________ curtain:____________

C. Read the words given in the first box. Rewrite them in the second box in the
correct alphabetical order .

Book Jam Bread Zoo Pencil Aquarium

Doctor Work Plant Kitchen Animal After

Curd Egg Blue Length Calf Cat

Bag Tale Guava Brain Slice Net

Fish Heart Date Van Fly Mad

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

D. In the table given below, read the list of some places which most of you visit.
Rewrite them in the correct alphabetical order.

Names of places Correct alphabetical order

10 Library
School

Park

Market

Village

Canteen

E. Rearrange the following group of letters to get meaningful words. Write these
words in the space provided.

sricosss tna tne lalt

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

esro labl owcr lapy

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

yob hops ared esno

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

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ACTIVITY ZONE
Divide the class into small groups. The children in each group will write their names
on small pieces of paper and hold them up. The children in each group will then stand
in alphabetical order.

11

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2 NAMINGWORDSOR NOUNS

WARM-UP

Here is a box of naming words for people, places, animals and things.Arrange
these words in the correct columns.

doormat teacher zoo hippopotamus
milkman cauliflower armchair engineer
hospital giraffe drawing dolphin
People Places Animals Things

12 LEARNERS’ TRACK

• Naming words or Nouns
• Types of Nouns
 Proper noun  Common noun  Collective noun

BACKDROP

As you know, naming words are names of people, places, animals and things. In
this lesson, we shall read about some types of naming words.

Naming Words or Nouns
All names we use are naming words. We also call them nouns.

A. Look at the pictures of people, places, animals and things. Choose their names
from the help box. Write them below their pictures. One has been done for
you.

Doctor Potter Television Orchard Peacock Rabbit Crocodile Jackfruit

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Crocodile _______________________ _______________________

_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

_______________________ _______________________

Types of Naming Words
Naming words or nouns are of different types. Let us understand them.

Proper Nouns 13
A proper noun is the special name of a particular person, place, animal or
thing. It always begins with a capital letter.

EXAMPLES
• Virat Kohli is the name of a particular person.
• Qutb Minar is the name of a particular monument.

Famous SOME PROPER NOUNS
personalities Gautam Buddha, MahatmaGandhi,Abraham Lincoln,
Famous Mother Teresa, Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Queen
monuments Elizabeth, Lata Mangeshkar
Months of a year Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Eiffel Tower, Lotus Temple, India
Gate, Gateway of India, Charminar, Statue of Liberty

January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August, September, October, November, December

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Days of a weak Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday

Seasons Summer, Winter, Autumn, Spring, Monsoon

countries and Asia, Europe, India, USA, China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
states France, Japan, Odisha, Karnataka, Texas

Cities Mumbai, Delhi, Tokyo, New York, Paris, London,
Rome

Mountains, peaks, Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Ganga, Indus,
rivers and lakes Mississippi, Nile, Lake Superior, Caspian Sea

Famous cartoon Donald Duck, Tweety, Popeye, Scooby, Mickey
characters, shows, Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, Tom and Jerry, The Jungle
books and films Book , Harry Potter

Languages English, Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Sanskrit, French,
German, Bengali, Tamil, Japanese

B. Each group of words has one word that is not a proper noun. Circle it.

1. Sheila Tulika girl Angela
14 2. Imran boy Piyush Joseph

3. Kolkata Chandigarh Beijing city

4. Spanish Arabic Telugu language

5. Bhutan Thailand country Nepal

6. Brahmaputra Narmada Sutlej river

C. Look at the pictures of some popular fairy tale and comics characters. Choose
their names from the word search box given below. Write them in the space
provided.

_______________________ _______________________ _______________________
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_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

MO S S I N B A D CW
C I ND E R E L L AG
T NO J F Z D A B XO
HVWAMK U D P S L
I GW L Y E R D NU D
F X HWM P G I L S I
Z K I R A P UNZ E L
AC T T VQDOB TO
RME H Y I C K S L C
B R OW T I E A N P K

Common Nouns 15

Common or general names of people, animals, places or things are common
nouns.

EXAMPLES

• An actor is performing. • I visited a dentist yesterday.
‘Actor’ is a common name for any actor who performs on stage. ‘Dentist’
is a common name for any dentist who checks up our teeth and treats
their problems.
So they are common nouns.

D. Read the following word box. It has some common nouns. Arrange these in the
table under the correct headings.

painter garden grasshopper scientist door
bell sparrow radio lizard shop
park cook sheep game hammer
hawk station theatre dancer driver

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People Places Animals Things

E. Underline the common nouns in these sentences. Some sentences may have
more than one common noun.

1. A blue bird is flying in the sky.
2. My teacher likes me.
3. Vinita has a beautiful doll.
4. He rang the doorbell.
5. I have got a candy for you.
6. A policeman caught the robber.

16 Common Nouns with Proper Nouns
Read the following sentences.
• Akshay Kumar is an actor.
• Debashish Sen is a dentist.
The first sentence tells us that Akshay Kumar is the name of a particular
actor. Similarly, the second sentence tells us that Debashish Sen is the
name of a particular dentist. So Akshay Kumar and Debashish Sen are
proper nouns. In the first sentence, ‘actor’ is a common noun. In the second
sentence, ‘dentist’ is a common noun.

F. This is how Bhumika introduces herself to her class in her new school. Read what
she tells her classmates about herself. Circle the proper nouns and underline the
common nouns.

1. My name is Bhumika.
2. I was born in the month of August.
3. My father is an engineer.

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4. My mother is a housewife.
5. My elder brother Atul studies in class 5.
6. My pet dog is Tommy.

Collective Nouns 17
Collective nouns are names that we use for groups of people, animals or
things.

EXAMPLES
• A flock of birds • A herd of cows • A class of students
You should remember that when we speak about a group, we speak about
it as ‘one’ group even though there are many in it.

EXAMPLES
• A group of dancers is called a troupe though there are many dancers in
the troupe.
• A set of keys is called a bunch though it has many keys in it.

KNOW AND GROW

SOME COLLECTIVE NOUNSYOU MUST REMEMBER

library of books gaggle of geese swarm of flies army of soldiers
colony of ants team of players choir of singers pack of cards
band of musicians gang of thieves bundle of sticks herd of cattle
school of fish litter of kittens parliament of owls bouquet of flowers

G. Circle the collective nouns in the sentences below.

1. A fleet of ships 2. The pride of
sailed in the lions roared
sea. loudly.

3. The monkey ran 4. I saw a flight
with a bunch of of birds in the
bananas. sky.

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5. A litter of
kittens played
in the garden.

LET’S SUM UP

• Nouns are naming words or names we use for people, places, animals and
things.

• Proper nouns are special names of particular persons, places, animals or
things. They always begin with a capital letter.

• Common nouns are common names of people, animals, places or things.
• Collective nouns are the names we use for groups of people, animals or

things.

QUERY CORNER

A. Underline the proper nouns in the following sentences.

18 Mount Everest 2. National
is the highest Museum in
1. mountain peak Kolkata is the
in the world. largest museum
in the country.

Tehri Dam in The Qutb Minar
Uttarakhand is was built by
3. the highest dam 4. Qutbuddin

in India. Aibak in Delhi.

5. Ali Baba saw a Miss Rupali
band of thieves 6. Bannerji is
entering a cave. my new class
teacher.

B. Look at the following pictures of some animals. From the options given
in the brackets after each picture, choose the correct name of the animal.
Write it in the space given below the pictures.

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_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

C. Arrange these proper and common nouns in the correct columns.
Ali peon woman mall Punjab National Bank April Miss Paul
Hotel Satkar nurse day Mr Sharma conductor

Proper nouns Common nouns

19

D. Look at the pictures. Fill in the correct collective nouns.
1. 2.

A _______ of grapes A _______ of bees
3. 4.

An _______ of soldiers A ______ of goats

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ACTIVITY ZONE
A. Make a picture dictionary of collective nouns. Look for pictures of

collective nouns. Paste them in a booklet. Name the collective nouns.
B. Form groups. Each group will make a four-column chart with the following

titles.
• Persons
• Places
• Animals
• Things
The groups will have twenty seconds to fill the columns with as many nouns

as they can think of. The teacher will time the activity. The team with the
longest fully correct list wins the noun race!

20

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3 NOUNS: NUMBERS

WARM-UP

Read the following groups of letters. Rearrange the letters in each group to get
a naming word. Write the naming word in the blank space.
1. NRAGEO _______________ 2. DELPORA _______________
3. AREPINT _______________ 4. GELIVAL _______________
5. DREANG _______________ 6. TUBKCE _______________

LEARNERS’ TRACK 21

• Noun Numbers: Singular and Plural
• Plural number nouns ending with ‘s’
• MorePlural number nouns
• Special plural number nouns
• Countable and uncountable nouns

BACKDROP

We can change a noun from one(singular) intomany or more than one(plural).
To do this,we have to follow some rules. We have read about some of these
rules in the previous class. Now, we shall read more about them.

In the previous class, we have read thatwe usemany naming words or nouns
for one person, animal, place or thing. We have also read that when we add
the letter ‘s’ to these naming words, we can use these for more than one
thing.
When we use a noun for one thing, it is called a singular noun. When we use
a noun for more than one thing or many things, it is called a plural noun.

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Since singular and plural nouns tell us about the number of persons, animals,
places or thing, they are also called noun numbers or simply, numbers.

EXAMPLES (singular number noun)
(plural number noun)
• Ratan is a boy.
The boys are playing cricket. (singular number noun)
• Saima is a girl. (plural number noun)
The girls are singing.

A. Read the following singular nouns. Change them into plural nouns and write
them.

1. Table : ________________ 2. Pencil : ________________

3. House : ________________ 4. River : ________________

5. Park : ________________ 6. Game : ________________

7. Plant : ________________ 8. Fruit : ________________

9. Wall : ________________ 10. Door : ________________

22 More Plural Number Nouns
You have read about the plural nouns that end in ‘s’. Apart from this, there
are several other forms of plural number nouns. Let us see discuss them.

Plural nouns ending in ‘es’ (H2)
Many plural nouns end in ‘es’.
Some of these are formed by adding the letters ‘es’ to the singular nouns
that have ‘o’, ‘s’ , ‘x’ , ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘ss’ etc. at the end.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Potato Potatoes Mango Mangoes Ass Asses
Gas Gases Box Boxes Switch Switches
Brush Brushes Dish Dishes Class Classes
Witch Witches
Match Matches Watch Watches

Note: Some singular nouns that end in ‘o’, may take only ‘s’ to form plural

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nous.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Photo Photos Logo Logos
Kangaroos Zoo Zoos
Kangaroo Silos Kilo Kilos
Silo Radios Stereo Stereos
Radio

Plural nouns that end in ‘ves’

To make plural nouns from singular nouns that end in ‘f’ or ‘fe’, we change
‘f’ to ‘v’. Then, we add ‘es’.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Leaf Leaves Calf Calves
Half Halves Loaf Loaves
Knife Knives Life Lives

Some singular nouns that end in ‘f ’ just need ‘s’ to form the plural.

Singular Plural Singular Plural 23
Roof Roofs Handkerchief Handkerchiefs
Chef Chefs
Chief Chiefs Puff Puffs
Cliff Cliffs

Plurals of some nouns that end in ‘f’ can be spelt in two different ways.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Dwarf Dwarfs / Dwarves
Hoof Hoofs / Hooves

Plural nouns ending in ‘ies’

Some nouns have the letter ‘y’ at the end. To change them to the plural
noun, ‘y’ is first changed to ‘i’. Then, the letters ‘es’ is added.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Party Parties Candy Candies
Pony Ponies
Fairy Fairies Fly Flies
Family Families Lily Lilies
Baby Babies

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Cherry Cherries Diary Diaries

Plural nouns ending in ‘ys’

Some singular nouns end in ‘y’ and have a vowel before them. To make
them plural, we only add ‘s’ to their singular form.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Toy Toys Key Keys
Ray Rays Day Days
Way Ways Trolley
Valleys Trolley Monkeys
Valley Trays Monkey Diaries
Tray
Diary

B. For each singular noun, two options of plural noun are given. Tick (ü) the
correct one.

1. colony a. colonys ( ) b. colonies ( )

2. pigmy a. pigmys ( ) b. pigmies ( )

3. six a. sixs ( ) b. sixes ()

24 4. box a. boxes ( ) b. boxs ()

5. room a. roomes ( ) b. rooms ( )

Special Plural Number Nouns

The formation of some plural nouns does not follow any of the above rules.
Such nouns are quite few. So you must remember them.

Plural number noun Its singular form Plural number noun Its singular form

Mice Mouse Geese Goose

Teeth Tooth Feet Foot

Children Child Man Men

Women Woman Oxen Ox

Now, look at the following list of words. The plural form of these nouns is
the same as their plural form.You should remember them as well.

Plural number noun Its singular form Plural number noun Its singular form

Deer Deer Fish Fish

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Bison Bison Sheep Sheep

Some nouns are always used in their plural form.

trousers scissors spectacles gloves goggles
pliers shorts pincers shoes stockings
slippers pants jeans tweezers binoculars

We can use these plural nouns as singular by adding ‘a pair of’ before them.

EXAMPLES

a pair of trousers a pair of jeans a pair of tweezers a pair of binoculars
a pair of shorts a pair of pliers a pair of pincers a pair of scissors

C. Look at the pictures. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the help box
given below.
jeans trousers tweezers pincers goggles binoculars

1. 2. 3.

25

A pair of _____________ A pair of _____________ A pair of _____________

4. 5. 6.

A pair of _____________ A pair of _____________ A pair of _____________

Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable nouns are the naming words for things that we can count. These
nouns have both singular and plural forms.

EXAMPLES

• one flower • three pens • five fingers

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‘Flower’, ‘pen’, ‘finger’ are all countable nouns.
Uncountable nouns are the naming words for things that we cannot count.
These nouns cannot have a plural form.

EXAMPLES

• some milk • some honey • some salt

‘Milk’, ‘honey’, ‘salt’, ‘sugar’ are a few examples of uncountable nouns.
We can say ‘a glass of milk’, ‘a jar of honey’, ‘a packet of salt’. But we cannot
say ‘a milk’, ‘a honey’ or ‘a salt’. Why? Because we cannot count them.

D. Write ‘C’ for countable nouns and ‘U’ for uncountable nouns.

1. Oil ( ) 2. flour ( ) 3. inkpot ( )

4. chairs ( ) 5. shoes ( ) 6. sugar ( )
26

LET’S SUM UP

• When we talk about just one person, animal, place or thing, we use
singular nouns.

• When we talk about two or more people, animals, places or things, we
use plural nouns.

• Countable nouns are names of things that we can count.
• Therearesomenounsthatwecannotcount.Thesearecalleduncountable

nouns.

QUERY CORNER
A. Some plural nouns are given in the table below. Make singular nouns from

them. Write them in the table.

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Plural Singular Plural Singular
Marbles Bananas
Crows Chairs
Students Windows
Shirts Leopards

B. The table below has some singular nouns. Complete the table with their
plural form.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Jersey Leaf
Knife Wolf
Hobby Nanny
Turf
Butterfly

C. Tick ( ) the correct sentences in the following pairs of sentences.

1. a. He drank a water. ()

b. He drank a glass of water. () 27

2. a. I bought some butters from the market. ()

b. I bought some butter from the market. ()

3. a. These buckets are small. ()

b. These bucket are small. ()

4. a. There are six roses in the bouquet. ()

b. There are six rose in the bouquet. ()

5. a. Pass me two rice. ()

b. Pass me the salt. ()

ACTIVITY ZONE
Each child will paste pictures of singular and plural nouns on a drawing sheet.
Partners will then exchange the sheets and match the singular nouns with the
plural nouns on each other’s sheet.

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4 NOUNS:GENDER

WARM-UP

Read the words given below. Colour the female naming words in green and the
male naming words in red.

horse lion princess queen duke boy goose peahen

LEARNERS’ TRACK • Common gender nouns

• Genders: Feminine and masculine

BACKDROP

We use many naming words for people and animals who are male. Similarly, we
use many other names for people and animals who are female. There are also
28 some naming words that we use for both male and female. We call these words
gender nouns. In this lesson, we shall read about them.

Genders: Feminine and Masculine
The nouns that we use for females are called feminine nouns.

EXAMPLES

girl woman hen
duck mother sister

daughter tigress

The nouns that we use for males are called masculine nouns.
EXAMPLES

boy man rooster
drake father brother

son tiger

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MORE FEMININE AND MASCULINE NOUNS

PEOPLE

Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine

Wife Husband Queen King

Grandmother Grandfather Hostess Host

Princess Prince Aunt Uncle

ANIMALS

Goose Gander Lioness Lion

Cow Bull Peahen Peacock

Mare Horse She-goat He-goat

A. Circle the masculine and feminine nouns in the following sentences. Write ‘F’
for feminine nouns and ‘M’ for masculine nouns.

1. My grandfather tells me interesting things about his childhood. ( )

2. Sumit’s mother is going to market. ()

3. His elder sister baked his birthday cake. ()

4. The peacock has colourful feathers. () 29

5. The tigress roared in the forest. ()

Common Gender Nouns
Some nouns are used for both males and females.These are called common
gender nouns.
Some common gender nouns are given in the box. Remember them.

EXAMPLES

baby student classmate parent teacher bird fish
neighbour singer dancer doctor astronaut scientist friend

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B. Look at the following pictures. Write the naming word for each of them. In
the brackets, write ‘M’ for the masculine, ‘F’ for the feminine and ‘C’ for the
common gender nouns.

1. 2. 3.

_____________ ( ) _____________ ( ) _____________ ( )
5.

30 _____________ ( ) _____________ ( ) _____________ ( )

LET’S SUM UP

• A noun that refers to a female is called the feminine gender.
Examples: sister, mother, grandmother

• A noun that refers to a male is called the masculine gender.
Examples: brother, father, grandfather

• Common gender nouns are used for both males and females.
Examples: driver, teacher, student

QUERY CORNER

A. Rewrite the following sentences changing the noun or pronoun into the
opposite gender. One has been done for you.

1. The cows are grazing in the field.
The oxen are grazing in the field.

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2. She was happy to see a tiger and a lion at the zoo.
___________________________________________
3. He bought an umbrella for his grandmother.
___________________________________________
4. The peahen was dancing in the rain.
___________________________________________
5. The courageous prince decided to face the giantess.
___________________________________________
6. He is a great actor.
___________________________________________

B. Look at the words given in the box. Put the nouns in the correct columns.

grandfather toddler boy cousin son child mother
daughter aunt person girl father uncle grandmother

grandchild

Feminine Masculine Common 31
gender nouns gender nouns gender nouns

ACTIVITY ZONE
Make a list of 20 nouns connected with your school. Make a table with four
columns—feminine gender nouns, masculine gender nouns, common gender
nouns and neuter gender nouns. Put each noun under the appropriate column.

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5 ARTICLES

WARM-UP

Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’.

1. ___ orange 2. ___ ant 3. ___ peacock
6. ___ umbrella
4. ___ mirror 5. ___ tree

LEARNERS’ TRACK • Useof thearticle ‘the’

• Use ofthe articles ‘a’ and ‘an’

BACKDROP

‘A’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called articles. We have read about them in the previous
32 class. In this lesson, we shall read more about their usage.

Use of the Articles ‘A’ and ‘An’
‘A’ and ‘An’ are called indefinite articles.
Some important rules for using the articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ are described below.
Read and remember them.
• We use ‘a’ and ‘an’ before nouns. We use them when we speak of one

person, one animal, one place or one thing.
• When a word starts with a vowel sound, we use ‘an’ before it.

EXAMPLES
an apple an umbrella an airplane an eagle
an orange an ice-cream an actress
• When a word starts with a consonant sound, we use ‘a’ before it.

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EXAMPLES
a banana a window a book a basket a mattress a chair a torch
a hotel

A. Write ‘a’ or ‘an’ in the blanks. 3. 4.
1. 2.

____ girl ____ elephant ____ giraffe ____ tree
5.

____ alligator ____ truck ____ ant ____ ostrich

B. Here are a few things in Ruchita’s school bag which she is carrying to school. 33
Choose the correct words from the box and fill in the blanks.

art sheet apple notebook eraser photograph story book

1. An _________________ for snack time.

2. A _________________ for her mathematics class.

3. An _________________ for her drawing class.

4. An _________________ in her pencil box.

5. A _________________ for the reading class.

6. A _________________ of herself for identity card.

Use of the Article ‘The’
‘The’ is called definite article.
Here are some important rules for using the article ‘the’ in a sentence. Read
and remember them.

English Grammar Book – 1

• We use ‘the’ when we talk about a particular noun.
EXAMPLES
The puppy is sleeping in the kennel.

• In a pair of sentences, we use the articles ‘a’ or ‘an’ when we talk about
something in the first sentence for the first time. But we use ‘the’ in the
second sentence, when we talk about the same thing again.

EXAMPLES
I saw a squirrel with a tiny, bushy tail. The squirrel was running around the
park.
• We use ‘the’ when we talk about things that are only one of a kind.
EXAMPLES
The Sun The Moon The Himalayas The Taj Mahal

C. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’.
34 1. Sun gives us ____ light of day.

2. Priya wants to be ____ pilot when she grows up.
3. He went to watch ____ English movie with his family.
4. Jatin’s uncle is ____ engineer.
5. He is ____ boy whom I met yesterday.
6. ____ true friend will never cheat you.
7. Pratul has ____ new pet pup.
8. Huma went to ____ birthday party. She had lots of fun at party.

D. Rewrite the sentences correctly.

1. A milk in the glass is very hot.
2. An stars twinkle at night.
3. She had a apple for breakfast.
4. Qutb Minar is in Agra.
5. Vipul wants an blue balloon.

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LET’S SUM UP

• ‘A’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are articles.
• We use ‘the’ when we talk about a particular noun.
• When we talk about something for the first time, we use the articles ‘a’

or ‘an’.
• When we talk about the same thing again, we use ‘the’.
• We use ‘the’ when we talk about things that are only one of a kind.

QUERY CORNER

A. Tick (ü) the correct one and cross (û) the wrong one.

1. an umbrellas ( ) an umbrella ( )

2. an ink pot ( ) an ink pots ()

3. an oranges ( ) an orange () 35
4. a rabbit ( ) a rabbits ()

5. a chair ( ) a chairs ()

6. a papaya ( ) a papayas ()

B. Fill in the correct articles.
1. Salil has ___ elder brother and ___ baby sister.
2. I saw ___ giraffe at the zoo. ___ giraffe was so tall!
3. I have ___ green cap and ___ orange cap. ___ orange cap is my favourite.
4. Nisha had ___ egg sandwich for breakfast. ___ sandwich was delicious.
5. We saw ___ beautiful cottage in the jungle. ___ cottage had a small pond.
6. ___ old lady and her dog went for ___ walk in the park.

C. In the word search, spot and circle the following.
1. Two words that would have ‘a’ before them

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2. Two words that would have ‘an’ before them

3. Two words that would have ‘the’ before them

VHD S K

P I MA T

C MO N I

J AOGC

Z LNE E

BAL L C

L YAUR

WA F Q E

I STAA

GHE XM

ACTIVITY ZONE
Divide the class into four groups. Each group gets five minutes to write the
maximum number of words that take the article ‘a’ or ‘an’. The group that lists
36 the maximum number of words wins.

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6 DOING WORDS OR VERBS

WARM-UP 37

Take a close look at the following word grid. Find 20 doing words by combining
letters vertically or horizontally. Circle them.

NS KGOF T E J D
QB C J R VMRUN
K C OME F A RM I
G R OWA L K T P U
ZHKADOE A T R
PU T S EWL K E F
CRYHR I DEAL
TDR I NKYECY
P A R S K OWP H N

LEARNERS’ TRACK

• Verbs or Doing Words

BACKDROP

We have read in the previous class about doing words.They tell us about the
actions of people or animals, i.e. what they ‘do’. We call them verbs. In this
lesson, we shall read about them.

Verbs are also called doing words or action words.
Read the following sentences.
• Swati dances beautifully.
• They play football every day.
• He writes a letter.

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In the above sentences, ‘dances’, ‘play’ and ‘writes’ are verbs or doing
words. These words tell us about some kind of action.

A. Read the following word box. It has some verbs or action words mixed with
other types of words. Identify the verbs and circle them.

speak slowly black listen smart sing table swim drive
move nice hop insect glad cave them priest for bulb
player music throw blood blow brick wind learn pencil
breathe bathe smooth quick catch out sweep horse

B. Choose action words from the help box to say what’s happening in each
picture.

jog carry read play dance laugh eat talk

1. 2. 3. 4.

38 5. ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

C. Choose the correct action words to complete the sentences.

1. His pet dog Tommy _____________ loudly. (chirps/barks)

2. The Moon _____________ brightly. (shines/finds)

3. Jaya _____________ books. (reads/talks)

4. Susan _____________ yummy cakes. (bakes/writes)

5. Rahman _____________ beautiful pictures. (grows/draws)

LET’S SUM UP

• People and animals do different things.

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• Words that tell us what people and animals do are called action words or
verbs.

QUERY CORNER

A. Match the people with the actions they do.

People Actions they do
• Flies airplanes
Carpenter • • Sells different things
• Builds roads and bridges
Barber • • Makes furniture
• Grows crops
Pilot • • Cuts our hair

Farmer •

Shopkeeper •

Engineer •

B. In the passage below, underline the verbs. 39
Black bears live in a den. Mother bear gives birth to a baby bear in winter
season. A baby black bear is called a cub. Mother bear keeps it warm. Mother
bear also teaches the baby how to move and walk. By summer the cub is
ready to spend time outside the den. Bear cubs also have brothers and sisters
to play with. They love to play on trees.

C. Look at the following pictures. Write a few words to describe the action
they show.

__________________________________________
1. __________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________
2. __________________________________________

__________________________________________

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3. __________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. __________________________________________

5. __________________________________________
__________________________________________
6. __________________________________________

40 __________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

ACTIVITY ZONE
Make pairs. One child has to do an action without speaking. The other child has
to guess the action.

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7 HELPING VERBS

WARM-UP 41

Payal is telling us about her school. Fill in the blanks with ‘am’, ‘is’ or ‘are’ to
complete what she is saying.
Listen! Now, I ___ going to tell you about my school.
My name ___ Payal Saxena.
I ___ a student of Class 2.
The name of myschool ___ Blue Bells Public school.
My school building ___ red in colour.
There ___ many trees in the school garden.
There ___ a playground where we have our morning assembly.
At one corner of the playground, there ___ swings, see-saws and other rides.
My classroom ___ on the second floor of the building.
Miss Protima Bose ___ our class teacher.
There ___ fifteen girls and fifteen boys in my class.
Our classroom ___ very big.
It ___ fun to read, write, learn and make friends in school.

LEARNERS’ TRACK • Use of ‘was’ and ‘were’

• Use of ‘am’, ‘is’ and ‘are’
• Use of ‘has’ and ‘have’

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BACKDROP

Doing words need helping words to complete many sentences. ‘Is’, ‘are’, ‘am’,
‘was’, ‘were’, ‘has’ and ‘have’ are used as helping verbs.
Sometimes, we also use helping verbs independently, without doing words. Let
us learn about them in more detail.

We may use helping words either with verbs (doing words) or without verbs.
EXAMPLES

• Malay is going to school. (with ‘-ing’ form of the verb ‘go’)
• Pranav is an intelligent boy. (without verb or doing word)

‘Am’, ‘Is’ and ‘Are’
Each action happens at a particular time. Some actions happen ‘now’ or
at the present time. ‘Am’, ‘is’ and ‘are’ are used as helping verbs to tell you
about present actions.
• When you talk about yourself, you use the helping verb ‘am’.

42 EXAMPLES

• I am reading a story book. • I am eating a cake.

• When we talk about one person, animal or thing, we use the helping
verb ‘is’.

EXAMPLES

• Pragati is doing her homework. • Ritvik is taking bath.

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• When we talk about more than one person, animal or thing, we use ‘are’.
EXAMPLES

• They are reading in the • Jagan and his friends are
library. watching a match.

A. Fill in the blanks with ‘am’, ‘is’ or ‘are’.
1. It _____ very hot today.

2. I____ going to school with my friend Manushi.

3. The bowl ____ full of soup.

4. My name _____ Richa.

5. The mangoes my mom bought yesterday _____ very sweet. 43
6. Fruits______ good for health.
7. I ______playing games.

8. My home ______ near the railway station.

‘Was’ and ‘Were’

Many actions happen in the past. For such actions, we use ‘was’ and ‘were’
as helping verbs.

EXAMPLES

• She was playing. • I was talking to my friend.
• They were in the party. • You were going to market.

• When we talk about one person, animal or thing in the past, we use the
helping verb ‘was’.

• when we talk about more than one person, animal or thing in the past,
we use ‘were’.

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B. Fill in the blanks with ‘was’ or ‘were’.
1. Garima _______ in the science class yesterday.
2. The child ______ playing with a knife.
3. The boys______ enjoying the party.
4. It ______ a rainy day.
5. The little pups ______ hiding behind the bush.

‘Has’ and ‘Have’
• For one person, animal, place or thing, we use the helping verb ‘has’.

EXAMPLES

• The peacock has colourful feathers. • The tree has many fruits.
• The house has brown roof. • Saima has many toys.

• For more than one person, animal, place or thing, we use the helping
verb ‘have’.

44 EXAMPLES

• The trees have many fruits. • The peacocks have colourful feathers.
• The houses have brown roof. • Saima and Sana have many toys.

C. Read the first sentence in each pair of sentences given below. Then, read the
second sentence, which is related to the first sentence. Complete it with ‘has’ or
‘have’.

1. Manjit has an orange cap.
Manjit and Vimal ________ orange caps.
2. Deepa and Riya have many story books.
Deepa_______many story books.
3. The little birdies have learnt to fly.
The little birdie ________learnt to fly.
4. The child _______ done well in her exam.
The children have done in their exam.

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5. I have three pens.
He ________ two new pains.

D. Fill in the blanks with ‘has’ and ‘have’.
1. Shruti _________ a pet cat.
2. An elephant _______long ears.
3. Shamim ________ a new bicycle.
4. They ________ a dinner at 8 o’clock.
5. Mahima ________ many friends.
6. Jay and Dev _______finished their work.
7. Uncle _______ a yellow car.
8. Do you __________ jigsaw puzzles?

LET’S SUM UP 45

• Helping words or verbs are words that help action words.
• We use them when action words are not able to give complete meaning.
• Words such as ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, ‘were’, ‘has’ and ‘have’ are known as

helping verbs. These are used along with verbs.

QUERY CORNER
A. Choose the correct option from the brackets to complete the sentences.

Rewrite the sentences in the space given below each sentence.
1. She __________ going to meet her grandparents. (are/is/am)
___________________________________________________
2. Joy and Veer ___________ good friends. (is/are/ am)
___________________________________________________
3. Monica ________ ill yesterday. (was/were)
____________________________________________________________

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4. My name _______ Shivani. (am/are/is)
____________________________________________________________
5. I________ many friends. (have/has)
____________________________________________________________
6. Green vegetables __________ good for health. (are/am/is)
____________________________________________________________

B. Circle the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. It was/were my brother’s birthday yesterday.
2. The rabbits is/are eating carrots.
3. Prema was/were in Class 1 last year.
4. I am/is scared of spiders.
5. The sky is/are blue and the grass are/is green.

C. In each pair of sentences, tick (ü) the sentence that is correct.
46 1. She is good at telling jokes.

She are good at telling jokes.
2. The mason were building a house.
The mason was doing funny tricks.
3. There is a well in the woods.
There were a well in the woods.
4. The children was jumping around in joy.
The children were jumping around in joy.
5. My aunt is a kind woman.
My aunt am a kind woman.

ACTIVITY ZONE

Paste a picture of your favourite sport on a drawing sheet. Write five sentences
on why it is your favourite sport. Remember to use verbs and helping verbs.

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8 REPLACING WORDS OR
PRONOUNS

WARM-UP 47

Circle the nouns that have been repeated in these sentences. Rewrite them
using the suitable replacing words.
1. Shamita loves to play badminton. Every day, Shamita plays badminton in

the neighbourhood park.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Miss Roopasi Sinha is our class teacher. Miss Roopasi Sinha teaches us

English.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Manav studies in Class 2. Manav has many friends in school.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The Sun is a big star. The Sun gives us light.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Bono is a pet puppy. Bono likes to run and fetch a ball.
_______________________________________________________________

LEARNERS’ TRACK • ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’, ‘they’

• Pronouns in a sentence
• ‘me’, ‘him’, ‘her’, ‘us’, ‘them’

BACKDROP

In the previous class, we have read about replacing words. These are the words
that we use in place of nouns. We also call these words pronouns. In this lesson,
we shall read more about them.

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Pronouns in a Sentence
We use a pronoun in any sentence to avoid repeating the same noun again
and again.
Read the following paragraph to understand how we use pronouns in a
sequence of sentences.

EXAMPLES
Meena has a pink doll. She loves to play with her doll. She has a pet dog
too. It has four puppies. They are black in colour.
• In the first sentence, Meena is a noun.
• In the second sentence, we use the pronoun ‘she’ for Meena.
• In the third sentence, ‘dog’ is a noun.
• In the fourth sentence, we use the pronoun ‘it’ in place of dog.
• In the fourth sentence, ‘puppies’ is a plural noun.
• In the fifth sentence, we use the pronoun ‘they’ in place of puppies.
48 Pronouns are of many kinds. Personal pronouns are the most common
among them.

KNOW AND GROW

• When a pronoun acts as the ‘subject’ (doer of the action) in a sentence,
we call it a subject pronoun. ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and ‘they’ are
examples of subject pronouns.

• When a pronoun acts as the ‘object’ (receiver of the action) in a sentence,
we call it an object pronoun. ‘Me’, ‘us’, ‘him’, ‘her’, ‘it’ and ‘they’ are
examples of subject pronouns.

• ‘You’ and ‘it’ are the two pronouns that are used both as subject pronouns
and object pronouns.

Read the following examples to understand how we use some of the
personal pronouns in sentences.

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EXAMPLES

• I am reading a Harry Potter book.
• We are going to Agra.
• You have a red pen and a blue pencil.
• She lent me her eraser.
The highlighted word in each of these sentences is a personal pronoun.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS THAT WE USE
I we you he she it they me us him her them

A. Look at each picture and read the question given with it. Complete each sentence
that answers the question, using the correct pronoun from the bracket.
1. 2.

What are Ali, Seema and Sohail doing? What is Mohit doing? 49

____ are playing in the park. (You/They) _____ is watering plants. (He/It)

3. 4.

What is aunt doing? Where is the crow?

________ is making a cake. (We/She) ____ is sitting on the branch. (It/He)

Use of ‘I’, ‘You’, ‘He’, ‘She’, ‘We’, ‘They’ and ‘It’
• ‘I’, ‘he’ and ‘she’ refer to one person. We always use ‘am’ with ‘I’.

EXAMPLES
• He is a painter. • I am a sculptor.

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• ‘It’ refers to one animal, place or thing.
EXAMPLES
• It is my friend’s house.

• ‘We’ and ‘they’ refer to more than one person.
EXAMPLES
• We are friends.

• ‘He’ is used for boy and man.
EXAMPLES
• He was a prince.

• ‘She’ is used for girl and woman.
EXAMPLES
• She is a waitress.

• ‘You’ is used for one person or animal or more than one person or animal.
50 EXAMPLES

• You are my cousin.

B. Rewrite the sentences by using the correct pronouns in place of the nouns.
1. The children are going for a movie.
________________________________________________________________
2. Shaila is packing her school bag.
________________________________________________________________
3. Ajay is wearing his uniform.
________________________________________________________________
4. Mother kept the lunchbox on the table.
________________________________________________________________
5. Ratan and I are waiting for the school bus.
________________________________________________________________

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