CHAPTER 4:
Human
health
We will discuss about
• 4.1 INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• 4. 2 Body Defence
4.1 INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
DISEASE
Abnormal condition of body/mind
that causes discomfort, difficulty
to function or stress to an
individual
ZIKA VIRUS asthma
Dengue
H1N1 cancer
tuberculosis
DISEASE
INFECTIOUS NON-
DISEASE INFECTIOUS
DISEASE
INFECTIOUS DISEASE NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
1. caused by 1.caused: genetic
infection of factor and
pathogens directly lifestyle
through mediums
and vectors
INFECTIOUS DISEASE NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
2. Can be 2. Cannot be
transmitted transmitted
INFECTIOUS DISEASE NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
1.Tuberculosis 1.Cancer
2.Flu 2.Hypertension
3.Ringworm 3.Diabetes
4. Tinea 4.Asthma
5.Leptospirosis 5.Cardiovascular
6.Dengue fever
7.Malaria fever disease
8. Zika fever
20 Jul 2018 — Zika virus disease is caused by
a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, which
bite during the day. Symptoms are generally mild and
include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain,
malaise or headache. Symptoms typically last for 2–7
days. Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) is a rash caused
by a fungal infection. It's usually a red, itchy, circular rash
with clearer skin in the middle.
3 Feb 2021 — Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite.
The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of
infected mosquitoes. People who have malaria usually
feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills
Tinea is the name of a group of diseases caused by a
fungus. Types of tinea include ringworm, athlete's foot
and jock itch. These infections are usually not serious, but
they can be uncomfortable. You can get them by touching
an infected person, from damp surfaces such as shower
floors, or even from a pet.
How are infectious diseases
spread?
Ways infectious
diseases spread
Vector Air Water Physical
contact
(mosquito,
cockroach, fly,
rat)
Vector – an organism the spreads infections by conveying a pathogen or parasite form one host to
another. ( A vector does not cause disease itself)
Example of pathogens
Pathogens are organisms that can cause diseases. All
virus, some bacteria, protozoa, fungi , worms are
pathogens.
How are infectious diseases spread?
By vector
Example of diseases, their vector
and infectious agents (pathogens)
Disease Vector Pathogens
Dengue Female aedes mosquito Dengue virus
Zika Virus Female aedes mosquito Zika Virus
Malaria Anopheles mosquitoe Plasmodium sp. (Protozoa)
Chikunguya Female aedes mosquito Chikunguya virus
Filariasis Anopheles/aedes/culex mosquitoes Roundworms(parasites)
Leptospirosis Rats (urine) Leptospira (bacteria)
INFECTION THROUGH VECTORS
transmitted through animals (vector)
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How do vectors and suck
spread blood
diseases?
MOSQUITO
Effects:
Dengue virus produces lots of holes in the
blood vessels of the infected individual
causing the leakage of platelets together with
blood plasma-this lowers the platelet counts.
How do
vectors
spread
diseases?
FLY
THROUGH RAT AND FLEA
Bubonic plague: An infectious disease that is caused by
the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted to humans
from infected rats by the oriental rat flea. It is named for
the characteristic feature of buboes (painfully enlarged
lymph nodes) in the groin, armpits, neck, and elsewhere.
Symptoms: Fever
How do vectors spread
diseases?
THROUGH RAT AND FLEA
AIRBORNE DISEASES 1. Dust transmission
HOW?? - Bacteria (in saliva) dry
up and form spores
2. Droplet transmission (spread with dust in
the air)
- Spray from mouth/nose
sneezing coughing yawning
AIRBORNE DISEASES flu
- Example of diseases that can be spread
through air:
H1N1
chicken pox
How are infectious diseases spread?
By Air
Example of diseases, their
infectious agents (pathogens)
Disease Pathogens
Tuberculosis(TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus-bacteria)
H1N1 flu/ Swine flu H1N1 virus
SARS(severe acute SARS virus
respiratory syndrome)
Common cold Influenza virus
Aspergillosis Aspergillus sp. (fungi)
how tuberculosis (TB) spread?
When a TB patient The tiny droplets of fluid are carried by the air
exhales,cough or sneezes,
The TB bacteria are taken
tiny droplets of fluid into the lungs of persons
containing tubercle bacilli nearby during inhalation.
are released into air
Effect:
The tubercle bacilli destroy the lungs by
creating holes, making breathing becomes
more and more difficult .
AIRBORNE DISEASES
- Can be prevented by practising
the following ways:
No spitting Cover mouth
and nose
Ensure the living place
gets enough light as
ultraviolet rays
WATERBORNE DISEASES HOW??
- Usually happens in area with inadequate water
supply & poor sanitation (toilet built over a river)
WATERBORNE DISEASES cholera
- Example of diseases that
can be spread through
water:
H1N1
How are infectious diseases spread?
By Water
Example of diseases, their vector
and infectious agents (pathogens)
Disease Pathogen Symptoms and signs
Cholera Vibrio cholera bacteria Diarrhoea, nausea and
vomiting, dehydration
Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi bacteria High fever, muscle weakness
WATERBORNE DISEASES
- Flood can also spread
infectious diseases
WATERBORNE DISEASES Toilets: good
sanitation
- Can be prevented by the
following ways: Boil drinking water
Add chlorine into
swimming pool
and WSS
How are infectious diseases spread?
By Physical contact
Example of diseases, their vector
and infectious agents (pathogens)
Disease Pathogen Affected areas of the body
Ringworm Fungus (Tinea corporis) The body
Athletes‘s foot Fungus ( Tinea pedis) The feet
Jock itch Fungus The groin
Jock itch Athlete’s foot Ringworm
INFECTION THROUGH PHYSICAL CONTACT
- Example : Ringworm and tinea
- Caused by : Fungi
- How? : - accidently touch the infected skin
- wear infected person’s clothes
tinea ringworm
INFECTION THROUGH CONTACT
- Example : syphilis and gonorrhoea
- Caused by : pathogen in body fluid
(semen/vaginal fluid)
- How? : through sexual intercourse
INFECTION THROUGH CONTACT
- Example : AIDS
- Caused by : HIV virus
- How? : - through sexual intercourse
- blood (syringe sharing)
COVID-19
https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-
implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
THE MECHANISM TO PREVENT THE
SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PRIMARY STAGE SECONDARY STAGE TERTIARY STAGE
Improving health Determine Control vector
transmission population
STRENGTHENING through active
BODY’S DEFENCE and passive case Protect host
SYSTEM detection
• Give early
FREQUENT HEALTH
CHECK UPS treatment
• Separate patient
MAINTAIN HEALTHY
LIFESTYLE
Non – infectious diseases
Kahoot quiz
• https://create.kahoot.it/details/year-9-infectious-disease-key-term-
quiz/9ca0478a-9b66-419f-81bf-396221d91334 infectious disease
• https://create.kahoot.it/details/337b035c-b082-433e-b3be-
1e2012e7008f
• https://create.kahoot.it/details/7cfe0f33-ded5-4b15-a15b-
e948e7c79a50