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Published by 80398, 2022-06-07 03:29:14

SSF1033 Introduction to Social Malaysian Hostory

Group Assignmnet E-Booklet

DAY OF FREEDOM

Today, we celebrate August 31
as a day of independence

Faculty of Social Sciences and

Humanities

UW6345001 Development Planning

and Management

Lecture: Dr. Adibah Binti Yusuf
Group Assignment: Digital Booklet

Group Members:
1. Noor Elliya Natasya Binti Shamsir (80398)
2. Amira Syafiqah Binti Zulkarnain (78783)
3. Ivvonn Binti Bisterino (81795)
4. Nur'Ain Syafika Binti Mahrip (80730)
5. Chrystie Vennezuell Anak David (79110)
6. Nur Ainaa Zalikha Binti Ali (80506)
7.Nur Azmina Binti Mohd Arshad (80572)

I

TABLE OF
CONTENT

TOPIC 1 : HISTORY AND SOCIAL HISTORY (1-2)
TOPIC 2 : THE USES OF HISTORY (3-4)
TOPIC 3 : OFFICIAL VS MISSING HISTORY (5-6)
TOPIC 4 : PRE-HISTORY (7-8)
TOPIC 5 : ANCIENT HISTORY (9-11)
TOPIC 6 : TRADE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES (12-13)
TOPIC 7 : CREATION OF MODERN SE ASIA (14-15)
TOPIC 8 : POPULATION, IMMIGRANTS AND IDENTITY (16-17)
TOPIC 9 : ORANG ASLI (18-19)
TOPIC 10 : MALAYSIAN WOMEN MOVEMENTS (20-21)
TOPIC 11: POLITICS OF THE LEFT / LABOUR MOVEMENT (22-23)
TOPIC 12 : SECRET SOCIETIES (24-25)
TOPIC 13 : MALAYSIA STUDENT MOVEMENT(26-27)

II

Topic 1 : History and
Social History

DEFINITION OF HISTORY

History is the study of change over time that
encompasses all aspects of human society. History
includes political, social, economic, scientific,
technological, medical, cultural, intellectual,
religious, and military developments. Professional
historians typically specialize in a specific aspect
of history, a specific time period, a specific
approach to history, or a specific geographic
region.

HISTORY AND EVIDENCE

History and evidence are interrelated.
To study and write opinions about past events,
historians need to gather as much information
and evidence as possible.
No evidence means no history. Without history,
we cannot record or study history effectively.
Historical evidence is defined as an indication
and sign of the existence of a historical event.
Type of evidence:

1. Written word
2. Oral storied
3. Bones
4. Artifacts
5. Cave art
6. Buried settlements

1

HISTORY VS HISTORIOGRAPHY

HISTORY HISTORIOGRAPHY

Significant events and studies that Study of how history was written,
have a significant impact on who wrote it, and what factors
society, the world, or periods influenced how it was written.

When you study history, you study When you study historiography, you
the events of the past. study how different historians
interpret previous events in their
writings.

History is based on facts and The historiography of a particular
evidence and legends, myths. subject encompasses the way
historians study the subject using
specific sources, techniques,

and theoretical approaches.

HISTORY WITHIN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Social science is a branch of academic study or science that deals
with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Usually
included in the field of study of the social sciences are cultural (or
social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science,
philosophy, and economics. The discipline of historiography is
considered by many to be part of the social sciences, and certain
fields of historical study are almost indistinguishable from the work
done in the social sciences. Most historians, however, regard history
as one of humanity.

History, on the other hand, includes methodological approaches in
the Social Sciences as a background and analytical tool. It is a
process in which historians gather evidence and formulate ideas
about the past as a framework for the account of the past is
constructed.

2

Topic 2 : The Use
of History

BIAS IN HISTORY

History biases are simple to understand. They are unrelated events that
occur before or during the implementation of the policy under
consideration and may have a greater impact on the policy's desired
outcome than the policy itself.
History – true/distorted/false
History as bias/one-sided

Male dominated Articulate vs silent
Old focus vs. young Hate vs love/War vs Peace
Powerful vs weak Terrorist or Freedom Fighter
Winners vs Losers

POST WORLD WAR II: NEW NATIONS, NEW COUNTRIES

Nation-building
Desire for national identity and national unity
An "imagined identity" of what it meant to be a citizen of a
country was created.
As a result, a shared national memory requires a common
history. A common history that rejects the colonial past

3

ROLE OF HISTORY

Telling the truth about the past; being a
"neutral" arbitrator of "facts" (especially
in politics, diplomacy, and war, but within
national bounds!) -Ranke Academy
To convey the ordinary story of common
people, events, and things; economic
history; human attitudes history; and
history that transcended national
borders-Annales School

THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSPECTIVE

Evidence + perspective = interpretation
Perspectives shift (for example, the goal of colonialism:
civilisation vs. exploitation).
Actors' perspectives are influenced by their historical
context as well as their personal interests. Different
perspectives on memory and remembering winner’s vs
losers; elites vs proletariat; ethnic vs class

4

Topic 3 : Malaysia; Official VS
Missing History

COLONIAL HISTORY

Colonialism is defined as “ control by one
power over a dependent area or people. ”
The concept of colonialism is closely linked to
that of imperialism, which is the policy or

ethos of using power and influence to
control another nation or people that underlies
colonialism.

MISSING HISTORY

The untold truth or untold stories of certain

historical events.

Missing – Malay Origins

Malays as a British ‘creation’

Orang Asli, Sabah/Sarawak Native

Migrations, Migratory Settlements,

Influences of other Civilisations.

Role of the Sultans under Colonialism

Nationalism as struggle to build democracy,

progressive and open society, religious and

ethnic diversity, human rights, freedoms.

Malaya/Malaysia – was more inclusive and

saw the involvement of Chinese, Indians,

Rich, Poor, left-wing and conservative

elements.

5

NATIONALISM AND NATION BUILDING

Nationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual
’ s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other
individual or group interests.
Nation-building is constructing or structuring a national
identity using the power of the state.
The formation of the country aims to unite the people in
this state so that it remains politically stable and can be
implemented in the long run.
During the 1920s and 1930s, many residents of Malaya

had started to receive education, either from the Middle
East or local education.
As a result, this educated group had appeared to fight
in the name of nationalism. They used media such as
newspapers and magazines to spread their ideology.
There were also among them who had formed Associations
such as the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) and Kesatuan
Melayu Singapura (KMS) which were aimed at driving away
the invaders and formed their own Government.

6

Topic 4 : Pre-History

AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATIONS

Originate from a prehistoric seaborne migration from Taiwan
around 3,000 to 1,500 BCE (Austronesian expansion)
First people to invent maritime sailing technology which
enabled their rapid dispersal to the islands of the Indo-
Pacific
Austronesian Migration Theory propounds on the expansion
of a group of people called the Austronesians from Asia into
the Pacific by means of Taiwan 6,000 years ago. (Peter
Bellwood)

OUT-OF-AFRICA THEORY

Ancestors of modern humans evolved in Africa.
Homo erectus migrated out of Africa c.2 million years ago and
populated the Old World.
Homo erectus specimens were found in Africa, in Europe (Dmanisi,
Georgia) and Asia (Peking Man, Java Man), but not in Bukit Bunuh.

7

OUT-OF-MALAYSIA THEORY

For development of modern humans.
In the Out-of-Africa Theory, the area now known as Malaysia was
only a land-bridge on the way to Australia.
The Austronesian migration implies that the Malays (like other
groups e.g. the Chinese and Indians) are migrants
The Malays cannot claim to be the original people (Bumiputera) of
Malaysia (this would deny the Malays the right to rule and other
priveleges)

PRE-HISTORY

The portion of human history that extends back before the time of
written documents and archive (Fagan, 1983)
The period of human history between the use of the first stone tools
by hominins.
Two stages of prehistory :

i) Stone hand-axe dated at
more than 1.83 million years at
Bukit Bunuh.
ii) The artefacts were found
embedded in suevite rock,
formed as a result of the impact
of meteorite crashing down at
Bukit Bunuh.

8

Topic 5 : Acient
History

EARLY KINGDOMS IN SE ASIA / MALAY
ARCHIPELAGO

Hindu-Buddhist have existed since on early kingdoms in SE Asia
/ Malay Archipelango. For example, is Sailendra, Borobodur
temple, Mataram, Prambanan temple, Khmer and Angkor Wat.

1) ANGKOR WAT 2) BOROBUDUR

Built by Suryavarman II (Khmer Borobudur Temple Compounds is
one of the world's most important
empire) on 12th century AD. Buddhist buildings.
Borobudur was built around 750-
This temple dedicated to Vishnu. 850 AD under Sailendra dynasty.
The monument situated in the
The city of Angkor served as the Kedu Valley, in the southern part
of Central Java, in the middle of
royal capital of one of the Indonesian island of Java.

Southeast Asia's largest,

wealthiest, and most

sophisticated kingdoms,

governed by a succession of

Khmer kings.

9

MALAY PENINSULA : FROM PRE-
TO PROTO-HISTORY

Peninsular Malaysia conducted intra and extra-
regional trade (forest goods and luxury items).
On the Malay Peninsula and elsewhere in Southeast
Asia, several kingdoms and entrepots evolved.
Although there were few upland kingdoms, the most of
them were on the coast (e.g. Kuala Selinsing, Bujang
Valley, Santubong).

1) KUALA SELINSING 2) SANTUBONG

Prambanan Temple constructed Buddhist Tantric shrine and
on 850 by either Rakai Pikatan
(king of 2nd Mataram dynasty) or ritual deposit box in
Balitung Maha Sambu during the
Sanjaya dynasty. Bongkissam,Santubong.
On Java Island, these buildings
are located on the boundary Maritime trade: gold objects,
between the provinces of
Yogyakarta and Central Java. glass beads, Chinese
Prambanan that are dedicated to
Shiva and Brahma. ceramics, gold, local iron

production, Hindu Buddhist

objects.

10

THE INDIANIZATION OF SOUTHEST ASIA



1) MANDI SAFAR

Mandi Safar is a festival that was once held by many
Malay communities, especially in the Malay Peninsula.
Bathing in the river or the sea for religious purposes.
It is used to cleanse oneself of spiritual defilement and to
guard against disaster.
The festival takes its name from the Islamic calendar's
second month of Safar, when the last Wednesday of the
month is dedicated to people bathing on the beach with
the intention of supposedly repelling the forces, despite
the fact that it is not based on Islam, and there are also
those who used the opportunity to go to the beach for
more secular purposes such as picnics

11

Topic 6 : Trade and Its
Consequences

CAPITALISM / COLONIALISM

International trade - Understanding rights and obligations in
business
(Western powers - belief in the value of signed contracts) (local=
belief in the value of solemn oath)
Politic - new administration/ forming alliances/ diplomatic
relationships/ diplomatic relationships
Economic contracts and trades
Social - lifestyles changes/ cultural changes

ECONOMY

Economy is the areas production, distribution and trade, as well as
concumption of goods and services by different agents.
Rise and fall in trade of economy can be found between Kingdoms and
Country Survive.
Some elements that help the flourish of trade in economy is combination
between contracts and alliances by mutual economic interest.

12

TRADE

The original form of trade was barter
which is the direct exchange of goods
and services. Generally, modern traders
negtiated thrugh exchange media such
as money.
Thus, purchases can be separated from
sales or revenue. The design of money
greatly facilitates and promotes trade.
Trade between two traders is called
'bilateral tride' while trade between
more than two trader is caled
'multilateral trade'.

WEALTH AND RESOURCES

Desire for wealth and resources via Trade brought about
contracts and alliances and political-economic control of
trade routes
Struggle for control over trade roules, trade ports =
control over resources; struggle over different rules of law
Furopeans constantly shitting alliances with local chiets to
enter a region (SE Asia)
Participation of SE Asia countries in international trade

13

Topic 7 : Creation of
Modern SE Asia

CONSEQUENCES/EFFECT

Political division now affects everything - resource exploitation,
control of trade, Riau-Johor Temenggung family becomes Sultan of
Johor; movements of peoples, academic study, even identity and
nationalism
1826 - Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca & Singapore formed
into Straits Settlements (SS)

IMPERIALISME
Trade between Europeans a
nd local chiefs in SE Asia =

access/control over resources that benefits both parties
economically and politically
Tor example: Europeans gains control over resources while NMS
gains military supports/protection over an agreement
Furopean presence led to destruction of Old Malay World and
creation of the New

14

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

New markets, resources, scientific discoveries

Economy increasing drastically (especially in the Western
region)
Molivates imperialist/capitalist to expand their business/empire
to SE Asia regions which was rich and varies with resources.
(lead to exploitation in SE Asia country/region)

SIAM AND NORTHERN MALAY STATES

Sometimes involves war among countries/region (among SE
Asia region= e.g. Siam and Northern Malay states
Siamesc Overlordship over Northern Malay States (NMS)
post 1782
East India Company (EIC) interest in North Malay States
acknowledging Siam's power/control over North Malay
Stales
Lead to treaty/agreement forming (EIC & NMS)

TREATY

1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty- divide SE Asia between British
Sphere and Dutch Sphere (now=Indonesia and Malaysia
region/country)
1826 EIC-Siam Treat led to 1900 Anglo-Siam Trcat»: Formal
division of sovereignty and land (creates new division of
Northern Malay Stales between Siam and Britain power)

15

Topic 8 : Population, Immigrants
and Identity

CENSUS

Census is an enumeration of people, houses, firms, or other
important items in a country or region at a particular time.
With the coming of the Portuguese, Dutch and British census
and classification of groups via backgrounds such as region of
origin, religion, and ethnicity. Some country needs for census
data for trade or investment purposes.

COMMUNITY

Community is a group of people who share the same things, For
example, they shared an interest in providing food for their families
and formed a community to protect themselves from other groups that
wanted their resources.
Japanese settlement in almost every country in the region. The largest
were in the Philippines, Malaya, and the Netherlands East Indies. For
example, The Japanese Community in Molaya before the Pacile War.
For a brief interregnum during the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)
the Japanese became the politically dominant community in the region
with contral over its economic resturces.

16

IMMIGRATION

Immigration refers to the movement of people living in one
country into another country, is a fundamental aspect of
human history, though it was as controversial hundreds of
years ago as it is today.
Many of the Chinese in the region arrived due to large-scale
immigration to Southeast Asia in the 19th and 20th century for
demands of economic development. The immigrants brought
with them their belief: traditions and customs from China
(Webmaster, 2020).

THE CREATION OF 'MALAY' ETHNICITY

Great diversity in Southeast Asia
Malay is the language of regional trade
With the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch and English was a census and
classification of groups by background (region of origin, religion and
'ethnic')
British colonial practice at a high level of migration has created a plural
society / plural Malaya / Malaysia.

17

Topic 9 :
Orang Asli

CATEGORIES OF ORANG ASLI

1) NEGRITO 2) SENOI

Smallest category of the Orang Asli, The Senol - largest Orang Asli
population-wise. group,.
Comprise the Kensiu people Live mainly on both slopes of
(northeast Kedah), Kintak people the Titiwangsa Range in Perak,
(Kedah-Perak border), Jahai people Kelantan and Pahang (Semai
(northeast Perak and West and Temiar people), in central
Kelantan), Lanoh people (North- Pahang (Jah Hut and Chewong
central Perak), Mendriq people people), in south-central
(Southeast Kelantan) and Batek Pahang (Semoq Beri people)
people (Northeast Pahang and and in coastal Selangor (Mah
South Kelantan), Meri people)

3) THE ABORIGINAL PROTO MALAYS

Second largest group, consisting about 43 percent of the total
Orang Asli population.
Live mainly in the southern half of the Peninsula; in Selangor and
Negeri Sembilan, central Pahang and east Negeri Sembilan
(Semelai people), south Pahang and north Johor (Jakun people),
east Johor (Orang Kanaq) and west and central coasts of Johor
(Orang Kuala, Orang Seletar).

18

THE ORIGINS OF ORANG ASLI

literally known as “Original Peoples”, are
the descendants of the earliest known
inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula,
arriving as early as 25,000 years ago.
It is an ethnic label given by the colonial
government to differentiate them from the
dominant Malay, Chinese and Indian.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORANG
ASLI AND VARIOUS GROUPS

1) BEFORE WWII 3) THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

The Orang Asli had important The jungle peoples also became
leadership roles and at times even targets for Communist
oversaw Malay subjects (Nicholas, propaganda
2000: 74–75). Members of the MPAJA carefully
Indeed, they played an important nurtured friendships with the
role in the formation of the Melaka Orang Asli and they even went
empire in the 15th century (Andaya, as far as to protect the jungle
2002). peoples from the attacks of
bandits and Japanese troops.
2) THE EMERGENCY
4) POST EMERGENCY
After centuries of relative isolation
they experienced considerable and 1957: Federation of Malaya gained
often brutal contact with warring
factions of outsiders. independence
Despite unfortunate episodes and
bitter experiences, the armed 1960: Emergency was declared
struggle of the Emergency brought
much benefit to the jungle over by the YDP Agong
communities.
But despite these, until today, the

Orang Asli continue to be one of

the most marginalised groups in

Malaysia.

19

Topic 10 : Malaysian Women
Movements

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Malaysia increasing awareness of feminism,
sexual oppression and VAW
In 1982, Women’s Aid Organization (WAO) deal
with problems of battered women and
domestic violence
In 1985, 5 women’s group came together to
highlight and campaign on stopping VAW,
formed the Joint Action Group Against Women
(JAG)
Women’s issues seen not as women’s issues
but fundamentally, discrimination and social
injustices

WOMEN AS LEADERS




Early 20th century Arab reform movements also
influenced local education that promotes
women’s education, legal reforms, rights of
women to work and end to veiling of women
Malay women became teachers and got
involved in women’s education
Chinese women involved in political movements
reflecting situation in China, joined nationalist
(KMT) and communist movements (CPM)
Indian women joined Indian Independence
Movement led by Chandra Cubha Bose (Rani of
Jhansi Regiment, Indian National Army)

20

WOMEN’S LABOUR RIGHTS

Women active in labour strikes throughout
Malaya before and after WWII
In 1962-1965, labour party celebrated
International Women’s Day on March 8
Produced special booklets, passed resolutions
demanding pay for women
In 1960, setup National Council of Women’s
Organization (NCW) initially multi-racial and
urban based women professionals

21

Topic 11 : Politic
Left/ Labour
Movement

ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLE / THE LEFT

The Left (Anti-Colonial) struggle was clearly not an
ideological one at first. They only needed recognition
and, indeed, after the declaration of emergency, moved to
UMNO without excessive inconvenience, where many of
them finally took up leadership roles.
As an example, Aishah Ghani and Khadijah Sidek,
some of the leader of Syarikat Bekerjasama Am
Saiburi (SABERKAS) that are Senu Abdul Rahman and

Mohd Khir Johari, Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
(PKMM), Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), and Angkatan

Wanita Sedar (AWAS). They had been called as
transient left.

22

IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS AND APPROACHES
BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE YOUNG

The Malay left began with the Islah (reform) movement which refer to
the Young against the Old.
The Young began to challenge the Old regarding the Islamic affairs.
However, the Young movement overshadowed by the emerging of the
Malay Associations in 1920s.
Therefore, the Malay divided into two wings;

1.The right wing - the Malay Associations
2.The left wing - the young Malay formed Kesatuan Melay

Muda (KMM).

REASON OF LABOUR MOVEMENT

Capitalism (via European Colonialism) together with Chinese and
Indian labour, brought major changes in the Malayan economy,
Tin and rubber industry became prominent in Malaya - created the
labour movement.
Huge number of Indian labour in rubber estates became victims of
their employers with low wages and horrible living conditions.
The Central Indian Association (CIAM) was formed in 1937 to help
Indian labour.
The demand for rising wages and conducive work conditions led to
several strikes such as shoemakers and tailor strike in 1933 and 1934
respectively (KL), the rubber factory strike in Klang and coal mine
strike in Batu Arang (1937).

23

Topic 12 : Secret Society

CHINESE ORIGIN

According to Thomas John Newbold (1807-1850), an officer in the 23
Regiment, Madras Light Infantry, in Malacca (1832-1835), SS were
already in existence in Penang in 1799.
Ghee Hin was the earliest mention by the British and centered in
Penang
The Straits Settlements was the 'birth place' of secret societies in
Malaya.

KONGSI FEDERATIONS AS DEMOCRACIES OR REPUBLIC

Historians and observers in the nineteenth century classified the
kongsi federation as a republic or a democratic country.
Dutch Sinologist Jan Jakob Maria de Groot agrees with this
interpretation, calling the empty section a "rural republic" with a
"democratic spirit."
When historians only emphasized the connection between the
kongsis and republicanism, they ignored the Chinese
characteristics of the kongsi federation. On the contrary, kongsi
should be regarded as a Chinese democratic country that is truly
independent of the influence of the Western political system.

24

SECRET SOCIETY ORIGIN IN MALAY

The meaning of Kongsi is clan hall or brotherhood
which related with Chinese overseas organization-
benevolent organization.
Objective - aimed at assisting their clan members
especially migrants from China in adjusting to live in
Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo, and
others.
Secret societies will help the newcomers (Singkeh) to
start new life in Malaya based on their own
communities.

25

Topic 13 : Malaysia
Student Movement

ELECTION 1969

The Studets Movement took part in the 1969
election, although not as candidates. Instead,
they expressed their opinions on everything
from politics to economics to social concerns.
They created their own manifesto and went on
a 13-seat road trip ( 9 of the seats fall to
opposition). They also urged voters to choose
candidates who shared their platform.
Tunku was accused by a group led by Anwar
Ibrahim of being a terrible leader who did not
support Malay and did not increase the usage
of the Malay language adequately.

MALAYSIAN STUDENT MOVEMENT

•Malaysia's student movement goes all the way back to before
World War II.
The student movement was a new social force that raised political,
economic, and social consciousness and struggle. Every country has
promoted student movements.
•Students were urged to support local and international
concerns after displaying their learning and the state of
people's lives.

26

THE SITC

Poduced many nationalist students such as Ibrahim
Yaakub.
Ibrahim was heavily influenced by Indonesian
student movements and nationalist movements. He
was inspired by Sumpah Pemuda Indonesia to
organise student activities at SITC.
Young Students Alliance (Ikatan Pemuda Pelajar)
and Peninsula-Borneo Students Alliance were
formed to bring this notion to life (Ikatan Pelajar
Semenanjung Borneo).
Nationally, the formation leads to Kesatuan Melayu
Muda (KMM).

27

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