Introduction to 2D Animation

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines EANI0513 Subject Description: This course explores the domain of 2D animation. From simple camera-less animation to digitalized software animation. From sand animation to pixilation. Prepared by: Vince Q. Santiago

Page | 1 PREFACE Introduction to 2D Animation is a latest learning materials on studying the prelude of 2 dimensional animation. Every pages of different lesson consist of introductory images in order for the student‘s to know every lesson and to have an idea before they proceed on learning the entire topic. Introduction to 2D Animation this module consist of steps on creating 2D animation and also it‘s history on how it‘s started. It‘s also contain theory and principles, and some of application or software that you can use to create digital 2D animation that will help the learners to understand and apply their learnings on the subject. Also include the process one of the important in 2D animation and also the traditional way of 2D animation. Performance task and final requirements and some activities are required for the learners to easily understand the lesson, actual way of applying a general way making of 2D animation are one of the objectives in a lesson. Introduction to 2D Animation this module provide learnings for every student‘s under animation courses this will also help them to understand and apply those knowledge they get on the learning module. This module consist of: Lesson Objectives: This section provides a list of specific goals to be achieved in each lesson. It serves as a guide to ensure that the learning outcomes are successfully met. Pre-test/Post-test: A set of questions administered before and after each lesson to assess the students‘ baseline knowledge and evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson in enhancing their understanding of the content. Lesson Discussion: This part focuses on presenting the topic in alignment with the defined objectives for each lesson. It provides a structured framework for exploring and understanding the subject matter. Key Terms: In this section, students learn important terms along with their definitions. This helps reinforce their understanding of newly introduced, uncommon, or specialized vocabulary relevant to the lesson. Discussion Questions: A set of thought-provoking questions designed to encourage active participation and multiple viewpoints during class discussions. Learning Activity: These activities are designed to foster creativity and critical thinking skills among students. They serve as culminating exercises for each lesson, allowing students to apply what they have learned in a practical manner. Lesson Summary: A concise overview of the main topics covered in each lesson. This summary provides a quick reference for students to recall and review the key points. Self-evaluation/Performance Task: This section enables students to assess their comprehension of the lesson. It helps them identify their strengths and areas for improvement, fostering a proactive approach to their learning journey.

Page | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..............................................................................................................................................1 Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2 Lesson 1: Introduction to 2D Animation..........................................................................................4 Pre – assessment...........................................................................................................................6 Learning Activity........................................................................................................................13 Post – assessment .......................................................................................................................16 Self Evaluation / Performance Task ...........................................................................................17 Lesson 2: 2D Animation Creation Process.....................................................................................22 Pre – assessment.........................................................................................................................24 Learning Activity........................................................................................................................30 Post – assessment .......................................................................................................................32 Self Evaluation / Performance Task ...........................................................................................33 Lesson 3: Traditional 2D Animation..............................................................................................38 Pre – assessment.........................................................................................................................40 Learning Activity........................................................................................................................46 Post – assessment .......................................................................................................................49 Self Evaluation / Performance Task ...........................................................................................50 Lesson 4: Cel Animation................................................................................................................54 Pre – assessment.........................................................................................................................56 Learning Activity........................................................................................................................62 Post – assessment .......................................................................................................................65 Self Evaluation / Performance Task ...........................................................................................66 Lesson 5: Digital 2D Animation ....................................................................................................71 Pre – assessment.........................................................................................................................73 Learning Activity........................................................................................................................82 Post – assessment .......................................................................................................................85 Self Evaluation / Performance Task ...........................................................................................86 Lesson 6: Software and Application used in Digital 2D Animation...............................................91 Pre – assessment.........................................................................................................................93 Learning Activity......................................................................................................................105 Post – assessment .....................................................................................................................108 Self Evaluation / Performance Task .........................................................................................109 Lesson 7: The Future of 2D Animation........................................................................................114 Final Requirements......................................................................................................................117 References....................................................................................................................................123 Index.............................................................................................................................................125

Page | 3 Course Description INTRODUCTION TO 2D ANIMATION Lesson 1 Introduction to 2D Animation Course code EANI0513 This course explores the domain of 2D animation. From simple camera-less animation to digitalized software animation. From sand animation to pixilation.

Page | 4 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO 2D ANIMATION Objective: 1. Identify the historical development and key events in the timeline of 2D Animation. 2. Understand the theory and principles of 2D animation by critically analyzing animated sequences from different time periods or artists (traditional and digitalize 2D animation) 3. Apply traditional 2D animation and digital 2D animation by creating a multimedia presentation or infographic that highlights the differences in techniques, tools, and workflows.

Page | 5 Pre – assessment Multiple choice Directions: Please read each question carefully and circle the correct answer from the options provided. Choose the letter corresponding to your selected answer. Good luck! 1. What is 2D animation? a) An animation technique invented in the late 1800s. b) A three-dimensional shape with length, width, and thickness. c) An animation technique that uses two-dimensional flat images. d) A type of computer software used for animation. 2. When was 2D animation invented? a) 1908 b) 1960 c) 1985 d) 2002 3. What is the main purpose of 2D animation? a) Creating movies and cartoons b) Building computer software c) Designing three-dimensional characters d) Developing virtual reality games 4. What is the process involved in traditional 2D animation? a) Drawing each frame with pencils and painting them on transparent plastic sheets. b) Using a computer software to create characters and objects. c) Photographing live-action actors and adding animation effects. d) Generating three-dimensional models and rendering them. 5. Which film is considered the first fully animated cartoon with no live-action? a) Steamboat Willie b) The Enchanted Drawing c) Fantasmagorie d) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 6. What is persistence of vision in animation? a) The ability of the human eye to process 10 to 12 separate images per second. b) The illusion of continuous motion created by presenting a sequence of still images. c) The process of drawing characters and objects for animation. d) The use of computer software to create lifelike animations. 7. Which type of animation has a higher production cost? a) Traditional animation b) Computer animation c) Both have similar production costs. d) It depends on the complexity of the animation. 8. What is one advantage of computer animation over traditional animation? a) It requires fewer tools and equipment. b) It allows for easy correction of mistakes. c) It produces more realistic visuals. d) It has a longer history and tradition. 9. Which film was the first fully computer-generated feature film? a) The Enchanted Drawing b) Jurassic Park c) Toy Story d) Avatar 10. What technique did ParaNorman use for its models?

Page | 6 a) Stop motion b) Computer-generated imagery (CGI) c) Traditional hand-drawn animation d) 3D printing

Page | 7 What is 2D Animation? 2D, a two-dimensional shape, is a flat plane figure or a body with only two-dimensions, length and width. It does not have the thickness and can be measured in just two faces. 2D animation is no different. 2D Animated Video is a widely used Animated video platform. In 2D animation, all the video features, including characters, objects, and backgrounds, are presented in a two-dimensional flat range. They consist of two-dimensions, length and width, with no volume. 2D animated video is used mainly for creating movies, cartoons, ads, presentations, educational videos, video games, etc. History of 2D Animation 2D animation is an old animation technique invented in the late 1800s. Traditionally artists used to draw every frame with pencils, and then they used to paint the images into transparent plastic sheets that are called cells. Later each of these cells was photographed one by one. The history of 2D animation involves drawing a picture and then drawing another picture close to the first one and keeping the change extremely subtle. Hundreds of drawings were being made from the first drawing to the last one to create a scene. This process is then shown in a prompt sequence to get the desired result. Nowadays, we have more appropriate computer software that has assisted in easing this process. 2D animation enables for more detailed and imaginative illustrations of thoughts. In short, 2D animation has evolved a lot. Starting from Fantasmagorie in 1908 till date to countless cartoons and flash animations. 2D has maintained its charm of taking viewers to another world of fascination through imaginative representations. Over the decades, the time-consuming method of 2D animation has become more convenient. 3D animation is gaining popularity with time, but 2D has its own solid space, which seems irreplaceable. The evolution of animation – a timeline 1900 – The Enchanted Drawing We kick things off with a silent film by J. Stuart Blackton, who some call the father of animation. His silent film shot in Thomas Edison‘s Black Moria studio in New Jersey is credited as the first animated sequence on film ever. An actor essentially does a bit of prop work and a cartoon man drawn on an easel occasionally changes expression thanks to some basic stop motion photography. Nothing fancy, but enough to capture the imagination of its viewers and other‘s looking to run with this new and exciting visual entertainment medium.

Page | 8 1906 – Humorous Phases of Funny Faces Without any live action actor this time, J. Stuart Blackton returns with this, the first animation recorded on standard picture film. Humorous Phases begins with an artist drawing portraits on a blackboard in chalk, before they begin to animate and interact with each other. It may be primitive, but this film would have blown your monocle clean off your face if you hadn‘t seen a drawing come to life before! 1908 – Fantasmagorie French Charicaturist Émile Cohl steps into the ring now, producing the first fully animated cartoon with no live-action whatsoever. Made from 700 drawings, each double-exposed, this 2 minute long film is the earliest example of what became known as traditional animation. With his characters morphing and transforming throughout, Cohl wanted to really demonstrate the fantastical, reality-defying possibilities of animation with his production. 1914 – Gertie the Dinosaur Whilst Gertie was perhaps the first animated character to gain notoriety, Windsor McCay‘s animated dinosaur film is worth a mention because it is the first animation to make use of key framing, inbetweening, registration marks and animation loops. These all became part of standard industry practice for traditional animation production for decades to come. 1919 – Felix the Cat Felix was the leading character of a series of short cartoons created by Otto Messmer and became the first real ‗star‘ of the animated silent film era. He was a bit of a pop culture icon as well, having dolls, toys, watches, ceramics, postcards and more made in his image. 1922 – Steamboat Willie We all know this one! Steamboat is often mistakenly thought to be Mickey Mouse‘s debut, when in fact, this wasn‘t his first outing. It was, however, the first animated film to both popularise Mickey and to be fully scored. Yeah that doesn‘t sound as impressive, but it‘s still an iconic moment in animation history with some of the most recognisable visuals of any animation ever. 1930 – Dizzy Dishes This animated cartoon about an incompetent chef gets a mention because it‘s the first cartoon in which Betty Boop appears. Although not as we know her… Back then, she was some kind of terrifying doghuman hybrid. Sorry for the nightmares.

Page | 9 1932 – Flowers and Trees This is part of Disney‘s Silly Symphonies series, and was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Short. The keen-eyed amongst you will notice that we‘ve left the black and white era behind us! Flowers and Trees was also the first animated film shot with a three-strip Technicolor camera, a process so costly that it almost ruined Disney financially. Luckily the cartoon was a smash hit – phew! 1933 – King Kong Widely considered to be one of the greatest films of all time – King Kong earns its spot in the history of evolution for including the most advanced and convincing stop motion animated characters yet seen. 1937 – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Probably the first animation on this timeline that still holds up nowadays, which speaks volumes of its polish, Snow White was the first ever full length animated feature film. The labour-intensive yet visually stunning production perhaps makes this the work that cemented Walt Disney as one of the world‘s most innovative storytellers. 1960 – The Flintstones This palaeolithic Hanna-Barbera cartoon was the first ever prime-time animated show. Amongst its long list of accolades and achievements, did you know that Fred and Wilma were also the first married couple to ever be shown in bed together on TV? Remember that one, might come up in a pub quiz one day! 1961 – One Hundred and One Dalmatians This one is on the animation timeline because it was the first full feature animated film Disney made using xerography. This is a process that eliminates hand-inking the outlines of the characters on each cel. Instead, the drawings were printed directly onto the cels, saving a massive amount of time and labour. Keep an eye out for the clear, bold lines in Dalmatians – a direct result of this process. 1985 – The Adventures of Mark Twain Another first, this Will Vinton production about Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn and Becky Thatcher was the first ever feature length stop motion claymation film It paved the way for studios like Aardman and Laika to take this process and run with it.

Page | 10 1988 – Who Framed Roger Rabbit The first feature film to have live-action and cartoon characters share the same screen – we‘ve come a long way since The Enchanted Drawing! Roger Rabbit is also a major milestone in animated history because of the sheer number of characters and assets from differentstudios that made an appearance. Where else can you get Bugs Bunny and Mickey Mouse in the same scene?! 1993 – Jurassic Park Jurassic Park mixed animatronics, stop-motion and CGI to create the most photo-realistic animated creatures ever before seen on screen. Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), the visual-effects studio behind these prehistoric creations, took a year to create just 4 minutes of computer generated dinos. 1995 – Toy Story Just 2 years after Spielberg‘s Jurassic Park, Pixar came out with the first entirely computer generated feature film. It had full model articulation and motion-control coding to bring Andy‘s toys to life, a real breakthrough in 3D animation which secured Pixar‘s position as the studio to beat. Toy Story was also the first animated film nominated for an Academy Award for best original screenplay, showing how animation was beginning to be recognized and respected as entertainment, rather than just for animation-related accolades. 2002 – Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers The second instalment of Peter Jackson‘s Lord of the Rings trilogy is remarkable for many reasons, not least of which is the motion capture and CGI work that went into creating Gollum. Whilst the dinosaurs of Jurassic Park were highly accomplished elements that looked right at home alongside live-action stars, Gollum was the first real character that showed the world what motion capture and CGI was capable of. A fully computer generated character could appear alongside actors and it looked amazing. 2009 – Avatar in both 2 and 3 dimensions. Moving from LotR‘s CGI characters in real world settings, the next milestone in animation history came from James Cameron‘s Avatar featuring real actors in completely computer generated worlds Avatar blew audiences away with its advanced CGI and motion capture techniques, bringing the lush, alien world of Pandora to life

Page | 11 2012 – ParaNorman Stop motion has come a long way! Us Brits, having grown up with the likes of Pingu, Bagpuss, The Magic Roundabout, Wallace and Gromit, and Creature Comforts on our screens, tend to have an especially soft spot for the medium as well. ParaNorman by studio LAIKA represents some of the most advanced stop-motion and modelling techniques in animation to date. It was the first to make use of mass 3D printing for its models – creating over 31,000 individual face parts during production. This technique is why the puppets in ParaNorman are so expressive and versatile – over 250 unique faces were used for one character to create a single shot lasting only 27 seconds. These groundbreaking stop motion techniques are enough to make viewers question if it‘s even models at all! Theories and Principles of 2D Animation Persistence of vision: how does animation work? How does persistence of vision work in animation? Animation works by using an optical illusion. By presenting a sequence of still images in quick enough succession, the viewer interprets them as a continuous moving image. This is the same principle that enables live action film making and projection to work. Film theorists often refer to this illusion of movement as the persistence of vision. Persistence of vision works because the human eye and brain can only process 10 to 12 separate images per second, retaining an image for up to a fifteenth of a second. If a subsequent image replaces it in this period of time it will create the illusion of continuity. The use of animation techniques to create moving images predates conventional cinema. Devices like the phenakistoscope (disk pictured above) and the zoetrope used the basic principles of animation to provide entertainment in the 19th century. A sequence of images printed on a spinning drum or disk provide the illusion of continuous motion when viewed through a slot in the drum or on a secondary moving disk. The slot acts as a shutter momentarily freezing the image. A traditional cinema projector works on the same illusion by actually stopping the film frames.

Page | 12 Understanding persistence of vision helps animators to create smooth and lifelike animations in the most efficient way by showing the viewer just enough frames to create the sense of motion. In animation, moving characters are often shot ―on twos‖, which means one image is shown for every two frames of film, a total of 12 drawings per second. Although this is just on the limit of our ‗persistence of vision‘ it is usually satisfactory for creating smooth and lifelike animation. Types of 2D Animation Each day we get exposed to different kinds of animations and with the improved precision among animators, it‘s now almost difficult to note the difference between traditional animation and computer animation. Hence this article will try to explore all the basic differences of the latter and also give you the advanced thoughts how to notice each. From the early days of cell-based animation in stop-motion, up to the current 3D seamless and creative works, the growth in technology made things easy, smoother and faster. The traditional animation artists needs a lot of stationary such as the cell paper, collage, pencils colors and many other equipment to establish an animation. This either does not bother the computer animator a lot as they just need their laptop which can wholesomely support the programs. Then before running the software the creator must be able to understand its basics and fully comprehend how to draw on them various moves for better quality. Also another aspect of is the cost of production associated with both. In traditional animation the cost of production is very much higher than that of computer animation. This is because of the tools involved in production. Computer animation removes the need for many extra tools used in traditional animation and the whole process is computerized, in that sense still pencil work cannot be ignored in computer animation to make outlines and perfections. In traditional animation also there‘s a small room for error in the production period, as each sequence or character can be redone when a mistake appears, unlike the computer animation where only you can undo mistakes that are made on the animation to a certain number and the rest remains the same. Hence requires that in each computer animation, visualization is very important to enable distinct character drawing.

Page | 13 Your answer: 1. 2. 3. Learning Activity Based on your learning from the lesson, answer the following questions: 1. What is the significance of persistence of vision in animation? Explain how it works. 2. What are the differences between traditional animation and computer animation? 3. Name three milestones in the history of 2D animation and briefly describe their importance.

Page | 14 Summary of the Lessons This lesson provides an overview of 2D animation, its history, and the theories and principles behind it. 2D animation involves creating videos with two-dimensional characters, objects, and backgrounds presented on a flat plane with length and width but no volume. It is widely used in movies, cartoons, ads, presentations, educational videos, and video games. The history of 2D animation dates back to the late 1800s, where artists would draw and paint each frame on transparent plastic sheets called cells, which were then photographed to create a sequence. Nowadays, computer software has made the process more convenient and allows for more detailed and imaginative illustrations. The lesson also highlights significant milestones in animation history, such as the first animated sequence on film, the first fully animated cartoon, the introduction of key framing and xerography, and the first full-length animated feature film. It explores the evolution of animation techniques, including stop motion, CGI, and motion capture. The lesson concludes by explaining the theory of persistence of vision, which creates the illusion of motion in animation. It also discusses the different types of 2D animation, comparing traditional methods with computer animation, including the tools, costs, and room for error in production. Overall, the lesson provides a comprehensive overview of 2D animation, its history, and the techniques involved in creating animated content.

Page | 15 Post – assessment Multiple choice Instructions: Choose the correct answer for each question. 1. What is 2D animation? a) A three-dimensional animation b) An animation with length, width, and volume c) An animation with only two dimensions: length and width d) An animation with depth and thickness 2. When was 2D animation invented? a) Early 1900s b) Late 1800s c) 1950s d) 2000s 3. What is the process of creating 2D animation traditionally? a) Drawing each frame by hand and photographing them b) Using computer software to create the animation c) Printing the frames directly onto cels d) Making 3D models and capturing their movements 4. Which film is considered the first fully animated cartoon with no live-action? a) The Enchanted Drawing b) Fantasmagorie c) Gertie the Dinosaur d) Steamboat Willie 5. What is the significance of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"? a) It was the first animated film to win an Academy Award. b) It was the first film to use motion capture and CGI. c) It was the first feature-length animated film. d) It was the first film to popularize Mickey Mouse. 6. What is persistence of vision in animation? a) The ability of the human eye to process multiple images per second b) The illusion of movement created by quickly presenting a sequence of still images c) The process of drawing characters and backgrounds for animation d) The use of computer software to create smooth and lifelike animations 7. How many drawings per second are typically shown in animation to create smooth motion? a) 24 drawings b) 12 drawings c) 6 drawings d) 2 drawings 8. What is one difference between traditional animation and computer animation? a) Traditional animation is more cost-effective than computer animation. b) Traditional animation requires advanced computer software. c) Traditional animation involves drawing on paper, while computer animation is done entirely on a computer. d) Computer animation allows for more room for error during the production process. 9. Which film was the first to have live-action and cartoon characters share the same screen? a) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs b) The Flintstones c) One Hundred and One Dalmatians d) Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Page | 16 10. What was the significance of "Toy Story"? a) It was the first entirely computer-generated feature film. b) It was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Short. c) It was the first film to use motion capture and CGI together. d) It was the first film to popularize 3D animation.

Page | 17 Performance Task Instructions: Create traditional 2D animation (flipbook) and digital 2D animation (Software flipbook) provided with short explanation at last page of your animation frame (Techniques and tools you used). Note : Used the reference photo below that you need to animate using traditional and digital form. Photo Reference: Performance Task Rubrics Creating a traditional 2D animation (flipbook) and a digital 2D animation (software flipbook), along with a short explanation of techniques and tools used. Used this rubrics as a guide on creating your performance task. Criteria Satisfactory Partial Fair Accuracy (20 points) Animation demonstrates a clear understanding of motion and timing (8 points) Animation accurately portrays the intended subject or action (7 points) Animation effectively uses key frames and in-between frames to create smooth motion (5 points) Neatness (10 points) Animation frames are well-organized and easy to follow (4 points) Lines and shapes in the animation are clean and free from excessive smudging or erasing (4 points) Animation demonstrates attention to detail and precision in the drawing (2 points) Time (10 points) Animation meets the required duration or frame count (4 points) Animation maintains consistent pacing and timing throughout (4 points) Animation effectively uses timing techniques (e.g., slow-in, slowout, anticipation) to enhance the overall quality (2 points) Explanation (10 points) Clear and concise explanation of the techniques and tools used in creating the traditional 2D animation (4 points) Clear and concise explanation of the techniques and tools used in creating the digital 2D animation (4 points) Explanation demonstrates a good understanding of the animation process and terminology (2 points) Performance task rubrics Traditional and Digital Animation Criteria Satisfactory Partial Fair Animation Techniques 10 7 5

Page | 18 Drawing Skills/software skills 10 7 5 Timing and Pacing 10 7 5 Creativity and Originality 10 7 5 Presentation and Explanation 10 7 5 TOTAL 50 35 25

Page | 19 Answer keys Pre – assessment 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D Post – assessment 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A

Page | 20 References FutureLearn. (2022a). Updates, Insights, and News from FutureLearn | Online Learning for You. FutureLearn. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/explore-animation/0/steps/12222 Jamie. (2019a). The evolution of animation – a timeline. Fudge Animation. https://www.fudgeanimation.com/2018/11/the-evolution-of-animation-a-timeline/ Pixar Animation Studios. (n.d.-a). Pixar Animation Studios. https://www.pixar.com/

Page | 21 Course Description INTRODUCTION TO 2D ANIMATION Lesson 2 2D Animation Creation Process Course code EANI0513 This course explores the domain of 2D animation. From simple camera-less animation to digitalized software animation. From sand animation to pixilation.

Page | 22 LESSON 2: 2D ANIMATION CREATION PROCESS Objective: 1. Identify the key steps and procedures involved in the 2D animation creation process pre – production, production, post – productions. 2. Understand the significance of different uses of 2D animation. 3. Apply the 2D animation creation process to create a short animated sequence.

Page | 23 Pre – assessment Multiple choice Directions: Please read each question carefully and circle the correct answer from the options provided. Choose the letter corresponding to your selected answer. Good luck! 1. What is the first stage of the 2D animation production process? a) Production b) Post-production c) Pre-production d) Designing 2. What is the main focus during the pre-production stage? a) Animating the characters b) Creating the background music c) Finding inspiration and developing the story d) Adding visual effects 3. What is the purpose of storyboarding in the animation process? a) Designing the characters and backgrounds b) Composing the theme songs c) Recording the voices of the characters d) Planning the action and movement of the characters in each scene 4. What is the role of key animators in the animation process? a) Drawing the main poses of the characters b) Adding in-between frames to create smooth movement c) Designing the backgrounds of the movie d) Inking and coloring the animated scenes 5. What is the purpose of inking and coloring in 2D animation? a) Creating the sets where the action takes place b) Adding computer effects to enhance the animation c) Recording sound effects and ambiance d) Transforming pencil sketches into the final animated scenes 6. Which stage involves composing the songs to be sung by the characters? a) Designing the characters b) Scheduling the production c) Storyboarding d) Composing the theme songs 7. What is the purpose of concept art in 2D animation? a) Adding visual effects to the scenes b) Recording the voices of the characters c) Developing the style and overall artistic approach d) Inking and coloring the animated scenes 8. What is the final stage of the 2D animation process? a) Inking and coloring b) Production

Page | 24 c) Post-production d) Designing 9. What is the role of in-betweeners in the animation process? a) Drawing the main poses of the characters b) Adding computer effects to enhance the animation c) Filling in additional frames to create smooth movement d) Creating and recording sound effects 10. Where is 2D animation commonly used? a) Product commercials, music videos, and web animation b) Architectural animation and medical films c) Video games and TV specials d) All of the above

Page | 25 2D Animation Creation Process Now we‘re going to explain and break down the workflow of 2D animation. However, it‘s worth mentioning that every animated movie has been made in a different way, with different techniques and devices. There is no ―correct‖ or ―unique‖ way to animate and the steps explained below aren‘t always followed in the same order What we‘re talking about here is just the 2D animation production process that is largely practiced in big animation studios (Disney, Dreamworks, Ghibli, etc.) We have specifically broken down the production process of 2D animation into 3 parts: 1. Pre-production 2. Production 3. Post-production Each of these stages consists of different mini-stages that are the building blocks of a complete animated work. 2D Animation Pre-production Stage 1. Finding inspiration To make an animated movie (or any movie in general) you need to think of a story first. However, trying to come up with a good story can be really difficult sometimes. The story is the most important part of any animated movie. If the animation isn‘t the best but the story is great, you have a good movie; but when it‘s the other way around, then the movie is worthless. To come up with a good story you need to find inspiration. How can you do that? You just have to observe what is around you. Inspiration can come from everywhere, a movie, a song, a poem Use anything from your own life to get inspired. Any person you‘ve ever met, any place you‘ve ever been to, and any experience you‘ve ever had might make all the ideas in your head click and create a story. 2. Developing an idea It‘s now time for the director and producer(s) to get together and think of the changes we want to add to the story we have chosen to animate. We propose different ways to add depth to it, the message we want to transmit, the main plot, etc. We try to make them more complex and appealing to the contemporary audience. 3. Finalizing the script In this stage, all the dialogues of the animation are written. When writing, it is important to take into account the audience of the animation that is going to be addressed. It‘s worth mentioning the script evolves a lot during the creation of the movie and changes many times until we get the final one. 4. Scheduling the production Just like the way you prepare your suitcase before a trip and make sure you have all you need to make the journey, in the same way, you need to plan ahead when and how you‘re going to start producing your animation project. Although it can sound very boring, it is essential to organize the project and prepare everything before starting to animate. Some of the things that are worth planning are:

Page | 26 Delivery date Preliminary data Crew plan recruiting budget 2D Animation Production Stage 5. Designing Once all the scheduling is done, we start designing the characters and backgrounds for the animation which comes down to two sub-categories: Character designing When it comesto designing characters, everyone contributes with their ideas. Every animator takes a pencil and a piece of paper and starts sketching different designs of the characters over and over again. Finally, they come up with a reasonable character design that all the team is into. Sometimes artists outsource this stage to character design studios that are able to deliver fast and reliable assets for their projects. Check out our guide for designing a brand character to see how brands utilize the power of design to make a deep relationship with the audience. Location designing Animators also have to design the backgrounds of the movie, even if it is just the bedroom of the main character, a school class, or a whole village, everything must be planned. When designing backgrounds, they sometimes use photographs they had taken during the research process. Other times, they just draw from their imagination. 6. Composing the theme songs (optional) This part of the process consists of composing the songs that are going to be sung by the characters. This step is only applicable when talking about a musical film, not every animated movie has sung in it. When composing, musicians tend to add easy and catchy songs so that people remember the lyrics and they get stuck in their heads. Just take a look at some of the best Pixar movies like COCO in which a type of song is sung by the characters. 7. Storyboarding Storyboards are sketches similar to comic books that follow the action of the script and show how the characters will move in every scene. To plan the storyboard, animators use a bar sheet to organize the scenes. A bar sheet (or exposure sheet) is a table that contains the breakdown of the action, dialogue, and sound of every sequence. It determines exactly which posses, drawings, and movements animators will have to draw later. It is organized in a similar way as a music pentagram and it is usually smaller than an A4 paper. Once the bar sheet is completed, storyboard artists begin to draw everything.

Page | 27 Storyboards don‘t have to be as clean as the final animation, they are just rough sketches. The character‘s features don‘t have to be very exact either. However, there are storyboards that are very well elaborated and even colored. It depends on the artist who draws it. 8. Concept art In doing concept art, We develop the style, tone, color, and overall artistic approach to each and every sequence. Concept art will not be in any part of the movie, it just helps the animators to get inspired and know how the movie will finally look. Everything has to be designed, from the major characters to the smallest of props. They make thousands and thousands of drawings, paintings, blueprints, sculptures, and models to design everything. 9. Voice recording When the concept art is already finished, it is time to record the voices of the characters. This process can be divided into three steps: casting, character presentation, and recording. 10. Animating This is when animation truly begins. All the storyboards and the planning is done, so now it‘s time to let the animators do magic. Animators are divided into two groups, the key animators (or main animators) and the in-betweens. Key animators Every character is assigned to one main animator, usually, the one who designed them, that will draw all the scenes where the mentioned character appears. Key animators draw the frames that have the essential poses of the characters without taking into account the fluidness of the movement. Tweening artists (Inbetweeners) The inbetweeners are the animators that receive the mainframes the key animator has created and fill them with more frames to make the movement flow and Look real. The average number of frames a second has to contain is 24 f/s. The procedure of filling the mainframes is called tweening. They have to keep in mind that the characters must do simple human things like breathing and blinking, etc. They have to give them the feeling of having flesh and bones. Tweening is also a difficult process because everything has to look the same, unified. To see if there are any mistakes in their animation, they put all the drawings together in a videotape called a pencil test. It is a preliminary version of the final animated scene, and sometimes they even add the dialogue to see if the lip-sync is Done correctly

Page | 28 2D Animation Post-production Stage 11. Inking and coloring When all the scenes have been animated, they are taken to the inking department. That is where they pass the pencil sketches into celluloid. A celluloid is a thin, clear sheet of transparent plastic. There, they ink or photocopy the outline of the drawing onto a cel, depending on if they are doing it traditionally or digitally. Originally everyone inked the sketches by hand, and they could spend a lot of hours with just one of them. Luckily, with the invention of the computer, the process has become a lot faster and easier. 12. Background The backgrounds are the sets where the action of each animated sequence takes place. As well as the previous step, they can be done by computer or by hand. Traditionally painted drawings are usually made with gouache or acrylic paint, though some animated productions also use watercolor and oil paint. 13. Visual effects Sometimes, a sequence requires some type of animation that would be very difficult to do by hand and that is when we use computer effects. They are used for many different things. Animators use the computer when they need to animate a scene with a huge crowd or with some kind of magic effect or fire on them. By animating the background characters with a computer, we are able to save extra work and time. Using the computer, animators change the angle of the camera, edit possible mistakes, correct the lighting, the speed of movement, the atmosphere of scenes, etc. They give the final look to the movie. They also use the computer to add the initial and ending credit. 14. Sound design This is the last part of the animation process. The sound designers create and record sound effects and ambiance (footsteps, clothes rustling, doors opening,…) to create the textures and layers of sound that enrich the story. Nowadays they are created digitally but at the beginning of the animation, sound designers had to make the sounds they needed themselves. In Snow White, they recorded the sounds of broken dishes, animals, doors knocking, etc. because they didn‘t have another way to do it. After that, the background music is composed. Background music reflects the way the main character is feeling at the moment. That is why, depending on the type of scene, the music will be fast or slow-paced. Post-production Phase Wrap-up Then, the dialogues recorded before are added making them coincide with the lip movement of the characters. Finally, the dialogue, music, and sound effects are assembled on the sound

Page | 29 mixing stage. They add audio levels, equalization, perspective, and treatments (Echo, TV, or radio sound…) as tracks, and they are mixed into the final version of the movie. Where is 2D Animation Used? Applications of 2D animation are many. Here are the main divisions: Product commercials (animated ads) Educational films Feature films (theatrical film longer than 60 minutes) Music videos Web animation Original animated video (program created for home video playback videotape, laser disc or DVD) Short feature films (theatrical film longer than 30 minutes but shorter than 60 minutes) Short or experimental subjects (theatrical or television film shorter than 30 minutes) TV series (at least 30 minutes in length, including a segment TV specials (an hour in duration, including segments) Television bumpers (introductions/endings of program segments, only a couple of seconds long) Video games Video game trailers Architectural animation Medical or other industrial films Multi-path movies Logos, intros, and credits for other structures‘ avatars, banners, and web advertising Mobile phone images

Page | 30 Learning Activity Based on your understanding about the lesson, please answer the following questions. Instructions: choose the correct answer above the box base on the 2d animation creation process. Choices: 1. Finding inspiration 2. Developing an idea 3. Finalizing the script 4. Scheduling the production 5. Designing 6. Composing the theme song 7. Storyboarding 8. Concept art 9. Voice record 10. Animating 11. Inking and coloring 12. Background 13. Visual effects 14. Sound design Pre – production Production Post – production

Page | 31 Post-Assessment Instructions: Choose the correct answer an encircle it for each question 1. Which stage of 2D animation involves finding inspiration and developing an idea for the story? a) Designing b) Pre-production c) Post-production d) Production 2. What is the most important part of any animated movie? a) Animation quality b) Character design c) Story d) Background art 3. What is the purpose of storyboarding in 2D animation? a) Creating character designs b) Recording voiceovers c) Planning the animation sequence d) Applying visual effects 4. What do inbetweeners do in the animation process? a) Design characters b) Create storyboards c) Add final details to animated frames d) Develop concept art 5. In 2D animation, what is the purpose of inking and coloring? a) Recording sound effects b) Adding visual effects c) Designing backgrounds d) Finalizing the outline of drawings 6. What is the final stage of 2D animation that involves creating sound effects and background music? a) Inking and coloring b) Voice recording c) Concept art d) Sound design 7. Which stage of 2D animation involves designing characters and backgrounds? a) Production b) Pre-production c) Post-production d) Animation 8. What is the purpose of concept art in 2D animation? a) Finalizing the script b) Recording voiceovers c) Designing characters and backgrounds

Page | 32 d) Creating sound effects 9. When does the process of animating begin in 2D animation? a) During voice recording b) After inking and coloring c) After storyboarding d) During concept art development 10. Where is 2D animation commonly used? a) Architectural design b) Medical imaging c) Video games d) All of the above

Page | 33 Performance Task Instructions: Create a short 2D Animation in digital considering the creation process (pre – production, production, post – production) that we discuss to be submitted next week in our meeting. Note : You are allow to choose what scenario of the animation you want to create, and also you need documentation for each process that will serve as proof that you‘re the one who create that task. Performance task rubrics Criteria Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement Pre – production (15points) Thorough and welldocumented storyboard that effectively communicates the sequence of scenes (15 pts) Adequate storyboard that conveys the basic structure of the animation, but lacks some details or clarity (10pts) Partial or incomplete storyboard that lacks coherence and fails to effectively communicate the animation's process (5pts) No storyboard or lack of any substantial preproduction planning (0pts) Production (15points) Smooth and visually appealing animation with well-executed character movements, timing, and attention to detail (15pts) Animation shows decent effort with reasonable character movements and timing, but lacks some refinement and polish (10pts) Animation demonstrates limited skill and effort, with noticeable issues in character movements, timing, or overall execution (5pts) Animation is incomplete, contains severe errors, or lacks any discernible effort (0pts) Post – production (10points) Enhanced overall process and completed all the post – production to attract viewer with visual and soundings (15pts) Sound effects and music are adequately incorporated, but some areas lack finesse or could be improved for better synchronization with the animation (7pts) Basic sound effects and music are present, but their integration feels rushed or incomplete, detracting from the overall quality (3pts) No sound effects, music, or any attempt at postproduction enhancements (0pts) Creativity and impact (10points) The animation displays exceptional creativity, originality, and a unique approach, leaving a lasting The animation showcases a good level of creativity, originality, and an engaging approach, capturing the The animation demonstrates average creativity and a somewhat generic approach, failing to stand The animation lacks creativity, originality, and fails to make a lasting impact on the audience (0pts)

Page | 34 impression on the audience (10pts) attention of the audience (7pts) out significantly (3pts) TOTAL : 50 POINTS

Page | 35 Answer keys : Pre – assessment 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D Post – assessment 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. D

Page | 36 References Technologies, U. (n.d.). What is 2D animation. Unity. https://unity.com/solutions/what-is-2danimation#:~:text=The%20process%20of%202D%20animation,events%20across%20an %20entire%20animation.

Page | 37 Course Description INTRODUCTION TO 2D ANIMATION Lesson 3 Traditional 2D Animation Course code EANI0513 This course explores the domain of 2D animation. From simple camera-less animation to digitalized software animation. From sand animation to pixilation.

Page | 38 LESSON 3: TRADITIONAL 2D ANIMATION Objective: 1. Identify the theories and principles of traditional 2D Animation to enhance understanding and application. 2. Understand the different types of traditional 2D Animation considering it‘s step and procedures and tips and techniques that will benefits in making 2D Animation. 3. Apply the step-by-step process and procedures in making traditional 2D Animation to create a cohesive and visually appealing animation sequence.

Page | 39 Pre – assessment Instructions: Encircle the letter if the best answer. Good luck! 1. Which principle of traditional 2D animation refers to the phenomenon where the human eye retains an image for a split second after it disappears from view? a) Keyframes b) Persistence of Vision c) Squash and Stretch d) Anticipation 2. What is the process of creating frames that come between keyframes in traditional 2D animation called? a) Squash and Stretch b) Anticipation c) Inbetweening d) Staging 3. Which principle in animation involves exaggerating the shape and volume of an object as it moves? a) Arcs b) Exaggeration c) Timing and Spacing d) Staging 4. What is the term for arranging the elements within the frame to guide the viewer's attention in traditional 2D animation? a) Persistence of Vision b) Staging c) Keyframes d) Inbetweening 5. Which principle in animation is used to prepare the audience for an upcoming action or movement? a) Staging b) Squash and Stretch c) Anticipation d) Timing and Spacing 6. What role do timing and spacing play in traditional 2D animation? a) Determining the speed and rhythm of movement b) Creating believable arcs c) Adding flexibility to characters and objects d) Enhancing the visual appeal of the animation 7. What animation technique allows for animating written text? a) Whiteboard animation b) Frame-by-Frame animation c) Shape animation d) Cut-out animation 8. Which type of animation is often used to animate logos and add creativity to branded video intros or conclusions?

Page | 40 a) Whiteboard animation b) Frame-by-Frame animation c) Shape animation d) Cut-out animation 9. What is the process of creating animated images by hand, where each frame is drawn on paper or cel? a) Whiteboard animation b) Frame-by-Frame animation c) Shape animation d) Cut-out animation 10. What is the first step in making traditional 2D animation? a) Animatics b) Key Frames c) Storyboarding d) Background Painting

Page | 41 Theories and Principles of Traditional 2D Animation Traditional 2D animation is a classic form of animation that has been used for decades to create captivating and memorable animations. It involves creating a sequence of hand-drawn or digitally rendered images that, when played in rapid succession, give the illusion of movement. In this lesson, we will explore the fundamental theories and principles that underpin traditional 2D animation and understand how they contribute to the overall animation process. Persistence of Vision: The principle of persistence of vision is the foundation of animation. It refers to the phenomenon where the human eye retains an image for a split second after it disappears from view. This persistence allows us to perceive a series of individual images as a continuous motion. Animators leverage this principle by creating a sequence of slightly different images, known as frames, and playing them in quick succession to create the illusion of movement. Keyframes and Inbetweening: In traditional 2D animation, keyframes are significant frames that define the major poses or actions in an animation sequence. These keyframes serve as important reference points for the animation. Inbetweening, also known as interpolation or tweening, is the process of creating the frames that come between the keyframes. Inbetween frames help to smooth out the animation and make the movement appear more fluid. Squash and Stretch: Squash and stretch is a crucial principle in animation that adds life and flexibility to characters and objects. It involves exaggerating the shape and volume of an object as it moves, depending on the applied force. For example, when a ball bounces, it stretches in the air and squashes upon impact with the ground. Squash and stretch add a sense of weight, impact, and elasticity to the animation, making it more dynamic and engaging. Anticipation: Anticipation is used to prepare the audience for an upcoming action or movement. It involves showing a subtle movement or reaction just before the main action takes place. For instance, before a character jumps, they might crouch down slightly, indicating the impending jump. Anticipation adds realism and builds anticipation, making the animation more believable. Staging: Staging refers to the presentation of an idea, action, or story in a clear and visually appealing manner. It involves arranging the elements within the frame to guide the viewer's attention and convey the intended message effectively. Proper staging helps to emphasize the most important elements, ensures clarity, and enhances the overall storytelling in animation. Timing and Spacing: Timing and spacing play a vital role in creating believable and impactful animation. Timing determines the speed and rhythm of the movement, while spacing refers to the distribution of positions between keyframes. Understanding the principles of timing and spacing allows animators to control the pace, weight, and impact of actions, making the animation more realistic and engaging.

Page | 42 Arcs: In nature, most movements follow a curved path rather than a straight line. Arcs in animation help mimic this natural motion and make it appear more organic. Characters' movements, camera pans, and object trajectories should generally follow an arc, unless a specific effect or style requires otherwise. Arcs add a sense of fluidity and grace to the animation, enhancing its visual appeal. Exaggeration: Exaggeration is a technique used to accentuate the action or expression of a character or object to create a stronger impact or convey emotions more effectively. It involves pushing the boundaries of reality to make movements, expressions, or reactions more noticeable and entertaining. Exaggeration can add humor, drama, or emphasis to the animation, making it more engaging for the audience. The theories and principles of traditional 2D animation provide a solid foundation for creating captivating and visually appealing animations. Understanding concepts such as persistence of vision, keyframes, squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, timing and spacing, arcs, and exaggeration allows animators to bring characters and objects to life, evoke emotions, and tell compelling stories through motion. Practicing and mastering these principles will help you create animations that are both technically proficient and artistically engaging. Types of Traditional 2D Animation Below are five types of animation techniques in 2D that can be perfectly tailored to the type of video you would like to create and specific business goals. Whiteboard videos A whiteboard animation type appeared in 2009 and is still used in marketing video production. The idea of the style is simple. With the help of such a video, you can explain a certain concept by using simple drawings which appear on the white screen (whiteboard) along with a voiceover explaining the essence. Creating whiteboard videos is relatively simple. The explanation of the concept is more important here than sophisticated animation. Whiteboard animating technique is often used for explainer and eLearning videos. Kinetic Typography Kinetic typography is form of animation that allows for animating written text. Typography videos offer an opportunity to play with fonts, letter sizes, shapes, rotation, and most importantly, with the marketing message you want to convey. As for the practical usage of this style of animation, it is sometimes used as a preview or introduction to the next piece of content which should have a different style. This is also an option for sharing breaking news, and for creating bold promo videos with short and clear marketing messages.

Page | 43 Frame-by-Frame Animation Frame by frame or stop motion animation is mostly a cartoon style meaning animating an object by changing the frames. This is one of the oldest animation styles. In this case, the creator takes several pictures of a moving object and then overlaps them one by one to create an effect of the movement. Stop motion animation type can be challenging and costly to create because of the incredible number of required frames. However, some brands use it in their marketing videos to stand out with a unique style. It can be a good choice for short and attention-grabbing promo videos. Shape Animation As the name suggests, shape animation is the process of transforming geometric figures into different ones, changing their shapes, sizes, positions, colors, and angular rotations. Shape types of computer animations have a lot in common with frame-by-frame ones. The only difference is that when creating shape animation, the artist has to specify the initial position and the desired position of the object. Usually, shape animation is used to animate logos, and to add some creativity to a branded video‘s intro or conclusion. Infographic video Infographics are clear and engaging by their nature, and they perform even better when they take the form of a video. As the name suggests, an infographic video is an animation that shares facts, statistics, and numbers, plus uses other visual means to retain users‘ attention. Infographic videos are good for educating users and sharing fresh insights in the most engaging manner, following this style of animation. Cut-out animation Cut-out animation roots back in the 18th century and the popularity of shadow theaters. The workflow in this animated style begins with making characters from paper, cardboards, or photos, and then, the layers are overlapped to create the effect of movement. The cut-out is a sub-kind of stop motion type of cartoon style, and it is used for creating 2D cartoons. For example, South Park is the most famous example of cut-out animation. As for the use of this animation style in marketing, you can choose it for promo videos or entertaining cartoons. Traditional Animation is the process of creating animated images by hand. The animator creates the images on paper or cel, and then photographs them one frame at a time. This method was used for most of the 20th century and produced such classics as Disney‘s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The animator starts by sketching out each frame of the animation on paper. They then use an opaque projector to trace these sketches onto cels, which are thin sheets of plastic. Each cel is placed over a background image, and the entire scene is photographed one frame at a time. When played back in succession, these frames create the illusion of movement.

Page | 44 This type of animation is a very labour-intensive process, as each frame must be drawn by hand. However, it can produce very smooth and detailed animations that have a timeless quality to them. Steps and Procedure including it’s tips and Techniques in Making Traditional 2D Animation Traditional 2D animation is a captivating and time-honored art form that has delighted audiences for decades. It involves the creation of hand-drawn or painted frames that are photographed or digitally scanned to produce the illusion of movement. In this lesson, we will explore the step-bystep process of making traditional 2D animation, from concept development to final production. By understanding the fundamental techniques and procedures involved, you can embark on your own animation journey and bring your imaginative stories to life. So, let's dive into the world of traditional 2D animation and discover the magic of creating moving images frame by frame. Step 1: Concept Development - Start by brainstorming and developing a concept for your animation. Determine the story, characters, and key elements you want to include. Step 2: Storyboarding - Create a storyboard, which is a sequence of rough sketches that represent each scene of your animation. This helps visualize the flow of the story and plan the composition of each shot. Step 3: Character Design - Design the main characters and any supporting characters. Consider their appearance, personalities, and how they will move and interact within the animation. Step 4: Background Design - Create or design the backgrounds that will be used in each scene. These provide the setting and context for the characters and action. Step 5: Animatics - Develop animatics by combining the storyboard sketches with temporary voiceovers, sound effects, and music. This helps to refine the timing and pacing of the animation before proceeding to the next steps. Step 6: Layout - Based on the storyboard and animatics, create more detailed layout drawings for each scene. These drawings define the composition, camera angles, and character placements within the frame. Step 7: Key Frames - Identify the key poses or frames that define the main actions or movements within each scene. These frames capture the essence of the motion and guide the animation process. Step 8: Inbetweening - Fill in the gaps between the key frames by creating intermediate drawings, also known as inbetween frames. These frames smooth out the motion and create a fluid animation sequence.

Page | 45 Step 9: Clean-up - Refine and clean up the inbetween drawings, making sure the lines are smooth and consistent. This step prepares the drawings for the final stages of the animation process. Step 10: Coloring - Add colors to the cleaned-up drawings. Decide on the color palette and apply it consistently throughout the animation. Step 11: Background Painting - Paint the backgrounds, either traditionally or digitally, based on the designs created earlier. The backgrounds should complement the characters and enhance the overall visual appeal. Step 12: Compositing - Combine the colored and painted elements, including characters and backgrounds, to create the final frames of the animation. This can be done traditionally using a multiplane camera or digitally using compositing software. Step 13: Post-Production - Finalize the animation by adding any necessary visual effects, sound effects, and music. This step brings the animation to life and enhances the overall viewing experience.

Page | 46 Learning Activity: Traditional 2D Animation Word Search Instructions: Find the following key terms related to traditional 2D animation in the word search grid below. The words can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, forwards, or backward.

Page | 47 Summary of the Lesson This lesson provides an overview of traditional 2D animation, its theories, principles, types, and the step-by-step process involved in creating animations. Traditional 2D animation relies on the persistence of vision, which allows us to perceive a sequence of images as continuous motion. Keyframes define major poses or actions, while inbetweening creates frames that smooth out the animation. Principles such as squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, timing and spacing, arcs, and exaggeration add realism, impact, and engagement to animations. The types of traditional 2D animation include whiteboard videos, kinetic typography, frame-by-frame animation, shape animation, and infographic videos. The process of making traditional 2D animation involves concept development, storyboarding, character and background design, animatics, layout, key frames, inbetweening, clean-up, coloring, background painting, compositing, and post-production.

Page | 48 Post – assessment Instructions: Read and analyze the question and encircle the letter your answer. Pre-Assessment Questions: 1. What is the principle that forms the foundation of animation? a) Persistence of Vision b) Squash and Stretch c) Keyframes and Inbetweening d) Anticipation 2. Which technique involves creating the frames that come between the keyframes in animation? a) Persistence of Vision b) Squash and Stretch c) Keyframes and Inbetweening d) Anticipation 3. Which principle adds life and flexibility to characters and objects in animation? a) Persistence of Vision b) Squash and Stretch c) Keyframes and Inbetweening d) Anticipation 4. Which principle is used to prepare the audience for an upcoming action or movement? a) Persistence of Vision b) Squash and Stretch c) Keyframes and Inbetweening d) Anticipation 5. What does staging refer to in animation? a) The distribution of positions between keyframes b) The presentation of an idea, action, or story in a clear and visually appealing manner c) The process of transforming geometric figures into different ones d) The exaggeration of action or expression in animation 6. What role do timing and spacing play in animation? a) Controlling the pace, weight, and impact of actions b) Creating a curved path for movements c) Adding life and flexibility to characters and objects d) Accentuating action or expression in animation 7. What do arcs in animation help mimic? a) The presentation of an idea, action, or story in a clear and visually appealing manner b) The process of transforming geometric figures into different ones c) A curved path of natural motion d) Accentuated action or expression in animation 8. What technique is used to accentuate action or expression in animation? a) Persistence of Vision b) Squash and Stretch c) Keyframes and Inbetweening

Page | 49 d) Exaggeration 9. Which type of animation involves explaining a concept using simple drawings on a white screen? a) Whiteboard videos b) Kinetic Typography c) Frame-by-Frame Animation d) Shape Animation 10. Which step in making traditional 2D animation involves creating rough sketches that represent each scene? a) Concept Development b) Storyboarding c) Character Design d) Animatics