1. Seasons in Alaska are primarily caused by which factor ...

1. Seasons in Alaska are primarily caused by which factor as Earth 2. Which statement correctly describes why there are fewer than 24 hours
revolves around the Sun? of daylight in Alaska during each day in April?

A. the tilt of Earth on its axis A. Earth's rotation slows during the day.
B. the rate of rotation of Earth B. Earth's rotation slows during the night.
C. the e ects of solar are activity C. Earth's rotation causes both day and night.
D. the relative distance between Earth and the Sun D. Earth's tilt on its axis causes both day and night.

3. Which location on Earth receives the most direct sunlight? 4. Study the diagram below.

A. the deserts B. the South Pole
C. the equator D. the Western Hemisphere

Which of these identi es what someone on Earth could see when the Earth and Moon are in the
positions shown in the drawing?
A. a solar eclipse B. a lunar eclipse C. a quarter moon D. a full moon

5. 6. How long would a complete day (day and night) on Earth be if it did
not spin on its axis?
A. 24 hours B. 1 month C. 3 months D. 1 year

The Earth is tilted 23 1 degrees on its axis. The direction of the Earth's tilt does not change
throughout its orbit. 2

At which position of Earth is it summer in the northern hemisphere?

A. W B. X C. Y D. Z

7. The seasons of the year on Earth are determined by the . 8. Why is there a full Moon approximately once a month?

A. speed of the Earth's revolution A. The Moon revolves around the Earth once a month.
B. speed of the Earth's rotation B. The Moon rotates on its axis once a month.
C. shape of the Earth's orbit relative to the sun C. The Moon revolves around the Sun once a month.
D. tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the sun D. The Moon does not rotate on its axis.

9. Which of these is caused by the rotation of Earth? 10. Explain why the Moon appears to be shining when viewed from Earth
at night. You may use labeled drawings as part of your answer.

A. Tides B. Days and nights
C. Spring and fall D. Rainfall

11. What causes day and night? 12. The Earth, moon and sun have regular and predictable motions.
Which pair of models shows a correct comparison of the motions of these objects?
A. The tilt of Earth's axis A. Is longer than
B. The rotation of Earth on its axis
C. Earth going around the sun B. Is longer than
D. Earth going around the moon
C. Is longer than

D. Is longer than

13. Which diagram shows the Earth-moon-sun system arranged to cause a total solar eclipse? 14. The temperature in Kentucky during the winter is usually colder than
A. B. it is during the summer because, during winter,

C. D. A. the sun emits less energy.
B. Earth is farther away from the sun.
C. the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.
D. Earth is traveling faster in its orbit around the sun.

15. When you are getting up to go to school in Louisiana, a student on 16. How long does it take Earth to spin around on its axis one time?
the other side of Earth is getting ready for bed. What is the reason
for this? A. a day B. a week C. a month D. a year

A. Earth revolves around the Sun.
B. Earth rotates on its axis.
C. The Sun rotates on its axis.
D. The Moon revolves around Earth.

17. Which object in the sky is a satellite of the planet Earth? 18. Why do the Sun and Moon appear to move across the sky?

A. Sun B. Moon C. Mars D. Saturn A. The rotation of the solar system makes the Sun and Moon seem
to move.

B. The rotation of Earth makes the Sun and Moon seem to move.
C. The Sun and Moon revolve around Earth.
D. Earth revolves around the Sun and the Moon.

19. The diagram below represents Earth's orbit around the Sun. 20. A student observed the shape of the Moon once every 7 days during the month of
June. Which of the following sets of drawings shows how the Moon's shape could
About how long does it take Earth to make one complete orbit around the Sun? have changed during the month of June?
A.
B.
C.
D.

A. 24 hours B. 7 days C. 1 month D. 1 year

21. A student made the drawing below to show the order of several 22. A student observed the Moon on a Tuesday. She drew a picture of its
phases of the Moon. One of the phases is missing. shape in her journal, as shown below.

Which of the following pictures shows the phase of the Moon that is Approximately how long will the student have to wait before she can
missing from the drawing? see the Moon with this same shape and position again?
A. B. C. D.

A. 7 days B. 14 days C. 28 days D. 365 days

23. Which of the following diagrams best shows the relative positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun during a 24. The diagram below shows the relative positions of Earth and the Moon and rays of sunlight.
lunar eclipse?
A. B. Based on the diagram, which of the following best represents how the Moon would appear as
seen from Earth?
C. D. A. B. C. D.

25. The diagram below shows the relative positions of Earth and the Sun 26. Which of the following sets of pictures shows the phases of the Moon in the order they would be observed?
at a certain time of year. A.
B.
Based on the diagram, which season is occurring in the Southern
Hemisphere of Earth? C.

D.

A. winter B. spring C. summer D. fall

27. Use the information below to answer the following questoin(s). 28. A new moon, as viewed from Earth, is diagrammed below.
Students visited the Morris W. O it telescope located at the Maryland Space New Moon
Grant Observatory in Baltimore. They learned about the stars, planets, and moon.
The students recorded the information below. Which statement best describes how a new moon occurs?
Star patterns stay the same, but their locations in the sky seem to change. A. Earth receives no sunlight.
B. The moon receives no sunlight.
The sun, planets, and moon appear to move in the sky. C. Earth is between the moon and the sun.
D. The moon is between Earth and the sun.
Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our solar system.

Polaris is a star that is part of a pattern of stars called the Little Dipper.
Which statement best explains why the sun appears to move across the sky each
day?

A. The sun revolves around Earth. B. Earth rotates around the sun.
C. The sun revolves on its axis. D. Earth rotates on its axis.

29. The diagram below shows the moon in one of its crescent phases. 30. The period of rotation for each planet in our solar system is di erent.
The period of rotation for Earth is
Which statement best explains the cause of the phases of the moon?
A. The sun hides part of the surface of the moon. A. 24 hours B. 28 days C. 13 weeks D. 1 year
B. The sun, the moon, and Earth are in a straight line in space.
C. Only part of the illuminated moon is visible from Earth.
D. Only the light from the back side of the sun is re ected by the moon.

31. Use the information below to answer the following question(s). 32. Which statement best describes the orbit of Earth around the sun?
The diagram below represents the relationship among Earth, the sun, and the moon.
A. Earth's orbit is elliptical.
B. Earth's orbit is irregularly-shaped.
C. Earth's orbit takes about 30 days to complete.
D. Earth's orbit takes about 24 hours to complete.

According to the diagram, the rays from the sun are striking the Northern Hemisphere.
What season does this represent in the Northern Hemisphere?

A. fall B. spring C. summer D. winter

33. Which object does Earth move around once each year? 34. The Moon causes which of the following on Earth?

A. the Sun B. the Moon A. exploding volcanoes B. high and low tides
C. the North Star D. the constellations C. changing weather patterns D. high and low temperatures

35. Which sentence explains why we see the phases of the Moon? 36. Where does the energy that heats most of Earth's surface come from?

A. The Moon is a large planet. A. melted rock in the center of Earth
B. The Moon revolves around Earth. B. hot rocks from new volcanoes
C. The Moon is covered with many craters. C. sunlight entering Earth's atmosphere
D. The Moon revolves around the Sun. D. plants making food energy for animals

37. How many times does Earth rotate on its axis in one day? 38. Which gravitational pull has the greatest in uence on Earth's tides?

A. once B. twice C. 24 times D. 365 times A. the gravitational pull between Earth and the Moon
B. the gravitational pull between Earth and the Sun
C. the gravitational pull between Earth and Jupiter
D. the gravitational pull between Earth and Mars

39. Which evidence best helped people to accept the idea that Earth is 40. Earth's magnetic eld most a ects which of the following?
round, not at?
A. the rotation of Earth on its axis
A. A convincing model of a round Earth was distributed to the B. the water cycle on Earth
people. C. the movement of Earth's tectonic plates
D. the amount of radiation reaching Earth's surface
B. People had sailed completely around Earth.
C. People had accepted the theory that Earth revolved around the

Sun.
D. Some people never returned from sailing expeditions.

41. The picture below shows the phases of the Moon. 42. The picture below shows the position of Earth as it orbits the Sun.

Which phase of the Moon cannot be seen from Earth?

At which point will Earth be six months after it reaches point A?

A. Full Moon B. 1st Quarter C. New Moon D. 3rd Quarter

A. A B. B C. C D. D

43. Kim observed that the moon on November 4 was in the waxing 44. The diagram shows the relative positions of Earth and the Sun for each of the four seasons. Because Earth travels in an elliptical
crescent phase. orbit, it is about two million miles closer to the Sun in the winter than in the summer.
Which phase of the moon will Kim observe on November 18?
If Earth is closer to the Sun in winter, why is Mississippi colder in the winter than in other seasons?
A. Full moon B. Last quarter A. The Sun releases less energy in the winter.
C. Waxing gibbous D. Waning gibbous B. The Eastern Hemisphere faces the Sun during the winter.
C. The Moon is between the Sun and Earth during the winter.
D. The Northern Hemisphere is pointed away from the Sun in the winter.

45. Early scientists kept track of the changes they saw in the Moon by 46. The picture below shows the positions of Earth, the Moon, and the
drawing pictures of how the Moon appeared in the night sky. The Sun.
picture below shows how these early drawings of the Moon looked.
Row 1

Row 2

What is the phase of the Moon in this picture?

Row 3

A. Full B. New C. Quarter D. Crescent

Row 4
Which row in the picture shows the new moon?

A. Row 1 B. Row 2 C. Row 3 D. Row 4

47. The diagrams below show the tilt of a planet's axis relative to a star it is orbiting. This planet 48. How many full moon phases occur over a period of 28 days?
has an orbit that is similar to Earth's. In which diagram does the planet have no seasons?
A. B. A. 1 B. 6 C. 14 D. 28

C. D.

49. Tasha is studying polar and tropical climates on Earth. She learned the following: 50. The following diagrams show the axis of Earth at its present 23 angle and at a
Tropical climates: Summer and winter temperatures are similar. perpendicular axis of 0 .

Polar climates: Summer temperature is much higher than winter Earth with Axis at 23 Angle Earth with Axis at 0 Angle
temperature. How would seasons be a ected if Earth's axis were at a 0 angle?
Tasha wonders why the tropical climate has the same temperature year round, but A. Earth would have no seasons.
the polar climate temperature di ers greatly. B. Seasonal variation would decrease at the poles.
Which of these explains the reason for this di erence? C. Seasonal variation would increase at the equator.
D. Earth would have two seasons instead of four seasons.
A. More clouds block direct sunlight from reaching the polar surface during the
winter months.

B. Most regions with subtropical climates are located near large bodies of water
that make the climate more even.

C. The subtropical regions have longer days and shorter nights than polar
regions, so they receive more solar energy.

D. The axis of Earth causes the polar regions to be tilted either toward or away
from direct sunlight, depending on the time of year.

51. Why does the moon appear to change during the month? 52. Which best explains why the moon has phases?

A. because the clouds in the sky hide the moon from Earth A. The moon's position changes in relation to the sun and Earth.
B. because the sun blocks the moon from Earth B. The sun's position changes in relation to the moon and Earth.
C. because the moon moves farther away from Earth C. The Earth casts a shadow on the moon as it rotates.
D. because the moon re ects sunlight as it rotates around Earth D. The moon rotates along its axis.

53. Which factor makes Earth di erent from all the other planets in the 54. Which of these best shows the position of the summer sun at noontime in New Jersey?
solar system in its ability to support life? A. B.

A. The Earth is exposed to rays from the sun. C. D.
B. The Earth has only one moon that orbits around it.
C. The Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit around the sun.
D. The Earth has a breathable atmosphere.

55. 56.

What phase of the Moon will come next in the sequence shown above? The picture shows the earth spinning on its axis. What would happen if the earth
A. B. C. D. spun faster?
A. Days would be hotter.
B. Days would be less than 24 hours long.
C. Days would be colder.
D. Days would be longer than 24 hours long.

57. If the Moon did not rotate at the same rate that it revolved, which of 58. The picture below shows the appearance of the moon that a student observed on a clear night.
the following would be true?
Which phase of the moon could the student observe three nights later?
A. There would be no more tides. A. B. C. D.
B. We would no longer see eclipses.
C. The cycle of the Moon's phases would repeat faster.
D. We would be able to see all sides of the Moon.

59. The diagram below shows the relative positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun. 60. Which diagram correctly shows the orbits of Earth (E) and the moon (M) around the sun (S)?
A. B.

C. D.

Which phase of the moon can be observed from Earth when these bodies are
positioned in this way?

A. full moon B. new moon
C. rst quarter D. waxing gibbous

61. The picture shows how the Sun appeared to change position during a day. A shadow from a agpole and ag is 62. Which statement describes how the sun appears to move in the sky as
also shown. observed each day?

A. The sun sets in the north in the evening.
B. The sun rises in the east in the morning.
C. The sun sets in the east in the evening.
D. The sun rises in the south in the morning.

Which position of the Sun most likely caused the shadow shown in the picture?

A. position 1 B. position 2 C. position 3 D. position 4

63. The picture below shows the appearance of the moon that a student observed on a clear night. 64. Which statement best describes Earth's movement in relation to the
sun?
Which phase of the moon could the student observe three nights later?
A. B. C. D. A. The sun goes around the Earth.
B. The sun and Earth go around each other.
C. The Earth goes around the sun.
D. The sun and Earth go around other planets.

65. Which example requires one Earth year to complete?

A. Earth rotating once on its axis
B. Earth revolving once around the Sun
C. the Sun rotating once on its axis
D. the Sun revolving once around Earth

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