Carbo n Compo und C H E M I S T R Y Cyan Lite W O W N O T E S
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF Press the link below to watch interactive video of Carbon Compound VIDEOS Press the link below to download more notes like this Nota Cyan Lite WOW Notes! NOTES • The hydroxyl group OH is different from the hydroxide ion OH‒ in alkali. There are no hydroxide ions OH‒ in alcohol. INFO INFOGRAPHIC
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2.1 TYPES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS Press the link below to download more notes like this Nota Cyan Lite WOW Notes! NOTES
Definition Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon as their constituent element Press the link below to watch interactive video of Carbon Compound VIDEOS
Organic CARBON COMPOUND Inorganic CARBON COMPOUND Compounds originating from living things that contain the carbon element bonded covalently with other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Compounds originating from non-living materials such as oxides of carbon, carbonate compounds and cyanide compounds. 2 TYPES OF CARBON COMPOUND
Hydrocarbon ORGANIC COMPOUND Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens. Non Hydrocarbon ORGANIC COMPOUND
Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbon ORGANIC COMPOUND
Attraction between molecules weak Attraction between molecules strong Small amount of heat is needed to break this attraction A lot amount of heat is needed to break this attraction INFO
METANA CH4 Lower MELTING AND BOILING POINT Higher MELTING AND BOILING POINT INFO Highest MELTING AND BOILING POINT
The fractions of hydrocarbons in petroleum are separated at different temperatures according to the size of the hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation Cracking Long chain hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller molecules at a high temperature using a catalyst. • In the cracking process, compounds of large hydrocarbon molecules are heated at a high temperature and pressure. • A catalyst such as a mixture of aluminium oxide, Al2 O3 and silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2 are usually used to increase the rate of reaction. • Cracking process produces: (i) smaller hydrocarbons such as petrol that is used as fuel. (ii) alkane and alkene hydrocarbons with shorter chains, to be used as raw materials in the manufacturing of useful things for humans. • The demand for smallersized hydrocarbons is higher because it combusts easily, and is used as fuel. SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON • Biomass is organic matter of plants and animals. It contains latent energy derived from the sun. • These alternative resources are renewable. Alternative energy sources can be derived from many chemical processes derived from biomass Press the link below to download more notes like this Nota Cyan Lite WOW Notes! NOTES
2.2 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
The same general formula Can be prepared in the same way. Example, alkena can be prepared by dehydration of alcohol. C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O C3H7OH → C3H8 + H2O Same chemical properties Different physical properties
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ALKANA ALKENA ALKUNA ALKOHOL ASID KARBOSILIK ESTER CnH2n CnH2n+2 CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+1COOH CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 CnHnH Single bond C – C Double Bond C = C Triple Bond C = C Hydroxyl OH Carboxyl COOH Carboxylate COO
ALKANA ALKENA ALKUNA ALKOHOL ASID KARBOSILIK ESTER Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Non hydrocarbon Non hydrocarbon Non hydrocarbon
Formula Molekul dan Formula Struktur Molecular Formula Structural Formula The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the type and actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule The structural formula shows the type of bond and how the atoms in a molecule are bonded to each other
Langkah Pembinaan Formula Struktur
Alkanes IN THE HOMOLOGEOUS SERIES Saturated Hydrocarbon General Formula Functional Group The presence of a single covalent bond between carbon atoms. A single covalent bond between carbon atoms, Cn H2n+2 , n = 1,2,3... Butane gas, C4 H10 used for cooking is an alkane The thin waxy layer on fruits is an alkane Touch the link for The First Ten Members of Alkanes INFO
The presence of double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Double bond between carbon atoms, Cn H2n , n = 2,3... Did you know that fruits produce ethene gas, C2 H4 naturally, causing them to ripen. Ethene gas, C2 H4 is a member of the alkene homologous series Unsaturated Hydrocarbon General Formula Functional Group Alkenes IN THE HOMOLOGEOUS SERIES Touch the link for The First Nine Members of Alkene INFO
e presence of triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Triple bond between carbon atoms, Cn H2n-2 , n= 2,3... Ethyne gas that is used for metal cutting Alkynes IN THE HOMOLOGEOUS SERIES Unsaturated Hydrocarbon General Formula Functional Group Touch the link for The First Nine Members of Alkyne INFO
Alcohol DI DALAM SIRI HOMOLOG Non Hydrocarbon Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Hydroxyl group, -- OH Cn H2n+1OH, n = 1,2,3... Hand sanitizer is made of alcohol. IN THE HOMOLOGEOUS SERIES General Formula Functional Group • The hydroxyl group OH is different from the hydroxide ion OH‒ in alkali. There are no hydroxide ions OH‒ in alcohol. INFO
Carboxylic Acid DI DALAM SIRI HOMOLOG Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carboxyl group, --COOH CnH2n+1COOH, n = 0,1,2,3... Non Hydrocarbon General Formula Functional Group IN THE HOMOLOGEOUS SERIES DI DALAM SIRI HOMOLOG Ant bites feels itchy because of Carboxylic Acid. • Replace the “e” ending from the alkane name with “oic acid”. Example: Molecular formula: HCOOH The number of carbon atom is 1 The corresponding alkane name is methane. The name for HCOOH is methanoic acid. INFO
Describing the Physical Properties of Compounds in a Homologous Series Physical Properties of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne • Members of the homologous series of alkane, alkene and alkyne consist of neutral molecules • Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes have physical properties of covalent compounds Physical Properties of Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid • Alcohol and carboxylic acid are non hydrocarbon organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. • The boiling points of alcohol and carboxylic acid are relatively higher than their corresponding alkenes. • Their solubility in water decreases as the molecule size increases
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