Rujukan Custom-made English Form 4 ALAF SANJUNG SDN. BHD. (516756-V) Wisma Alaf Sanjung No. 23, Jalan Sungai Besi Indah 5/2, Taman Sungai Besi Indah, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel : 03-8941 0411 / 03-8941 0611 Fax : 03-8941 0041 E-mail : [email protected] © Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) All copyrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. ISBN 978-629-7512-11-2 Printed by : Metrobay Industry Sdn.Bhd. Hani . Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
CONTENTS Unit 1 Grammar Essay : Simple Present and Present Continuous || Stative Verb ||Comparatives and Superlatives || Used to, Be / Get Used to (SoW Lessons 2, 8) : Personal Webpage, Formal and Informal Email, Informal Letter (SoW Lessons 5, 11) 1‒8 Unit 2 Grammar Essay : Nouns || Relative Clauses || Past Simple and Past Continuous (SoW Lessons 15, 21) : Narrative (SoW Lesson 24) 9‒14 Unit 3 Grammar : Modal || Semi Modal || Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous (SoW Lessons 28, 34) 15‒17 Unit 4 Grammar Essay : Will, Be Going To || Future Perfect || Both, Neither, Either, None, All || Zero, First & Second Conditional (SoW Lessons 41, 47) : Opinion (SoW Lesson 50) 18‒23 Unit 5 Grammar Essay : Past Perfect || Past Perfect Continuous || Passive Voice I || Reported Speech (SoW Lessons 57, 63) : Descriptive (SoW Lesson 66) 24‒28 Unit 6 Grammar Essay : Passive Voice II || Verb with two objects || Passive Voice III || Clause of result/concession/purpose (SoW Lessons 70, 76) : Review (SoW Lesson 79) 29‒32 Unit 7 Grammar Essay : To-infinitive & Infinitive without to || Gerund || Exclamatory Sentence || Modal Verbs + Have + Past Participle (SoW Lessons 83, 89) : Formal Letter (SoW Lesson 92) 33‒38 Unit 8 Grammar Essay : Causative Form || Third Conditional || Wish/If only (SoW Lessons 96, 102) : Report (SoW Lesson 105) 39‒42 Answer Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 1 English F4 Textbook Unit 1 Grammar: Simple Present Tense Simple present tense is a verb tense used to describe actions that happen in the present. Simple present tense is formed by using the base form of a verb, depending on the subjects. Subject Form Singular Add –s, –es, or –ies at the end of the verb. I, you, plural Use the base form of the verb. To use –s, –es, and –ies, look at the last letter of the verb. Last letter of the verb Add Example Subject To be Consonant Vowel + y –s Sleeps, walks, plays, buys. I am Vowel o Ch, sh, ss, zz, x –es Goes, catches, washes, hisses, buzzes, fixes. Singular subjects is Consonant + y –ies Hurries, buries, cries, tidies. You, plural subjects are Simple present tense is used to: Function Example (a) describe habits I walk to school every day. Elise draws portraits as a hobby. The girls sell cookies in the evening. (b) describe an action that currently happens I eat the cake. Arif jumps over the fence. They need some help. (c) describe scheduled or fixed action I go back at 5 p.m. The train arrives at 3 o’clock sharp. The classes begin at 8 in the morning. (d) describe facts I have three siblings. Ipoh is in Perak. All the planets in the Solar System revolve around the Sun. Simple present tense can also be used in: (a) negative statements Examples: I do not walk to school every day. Elise does not draw portraits as a hobby. The girls do not sell cookies in the evening. (b) questions Examples: Do I walk to school every day? Does Elise draw portraits as a hobby? Do the girls sell cookies in the evening? \ Three sentences in simple present tense. (i) short sentence __________________________ __________________________ (ii) negative statement __________________________ __________________________ (iii) question __________________________ __________________________ Singular subjects: does not + infinitive I, you, plural subjects: do not + infinitive Singular subjects: Does + subject + infinitive? I, you, plural subjects: Do + subject + infinitive? ___________________________________________________________________________________ The verb to be has different forms depending on the subjects. Customise your own notes Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 2 English F4 Grammar: Present Continuous Tense Present continuous tense takes the form of to be in present tense and adding –ing to a verb. Subject To be Verb + –ing Example I am I am walking around the park. Singular subjects is Cheong is writing a novel. You, plural subjects are You are drinking my tea. Present continuous tense is used to: (a) describe an action that is currently happening Examples: I am baking a red velvet cake. He is chasing after his cat. We are carrying teacher’s books. (b) describe an action that often happens Examples: I am always smiling. Jane is constantly missing the bus. They are always crying when Mum is gone. (c) describe future plans or arrangements Examples: I am cooking spaghetti for dinner. Raju is coming with us to the cinema. My cousins are visiting next week. Present continuous tense can also be used in: (a) negative statements Examples: I am not baking a red velvet cake. He is not chasing after his cat. We are not carrying teacher’s books. (b) questions Examples: Am I baking a red velvet cake? Is he chasing after his cat? Are we carrying teacher’s books? am / is / are + not + verb–ing Am / Is / Are + subject + verb–ing? Three sentences in present continuous tense. (i) short sentence __________________________________ __________________________________ (ii) negative statement __________________________________ __________________________________ (iii) question __________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 3 English F4 Grammar: Stative Verb Stative verbs describe a state rather than an action (dynamic). They are not used in continuous tenses. Instead, they are used in simple tenses. Stative verbs can be grouped in four categories: Category Example Sentence Thought Agree, believe, know, think, understand, agree, disagree, prefer, recognise, suppose, wish, realise I think you overcooked the chicken. Sense Look, see, hear, feel, taste, be, seem, appear, sound, sense This tea tastes too sweet. Emotion Like, dislike, love, hate, adore Haqeem loves repairing broken equipment. Possession Have, own, weigh, owe, possess They have a lot of fantasy novels. Some stative verbs can also be used as dynamic verbs. Examples: Verb Stative / Dynamic Sentence Explanation Have Stative She has a purple bicycle. She owns a purple bicycle. Dynamic Jean is having a party tonight. Having a party is an activity. Be Stative Alvin is a hilarious guy. Hilarious is part of Alvin’s personality. Dynamic They are being annoying. The behaviour is temporary. See Stative Do you see her? To see with your eyes. Dynamic Arash is seeing his sister tomorrow. Arash is going to meet his sister. Taste Stative Does this coffee taste weird to you? The taste of the coffee. Dynamic Mum is tasting the soup. The action of tasting. Think Stative We think it is a good idea. To have an opinion. Dynamic I am thinking of going out today. To consider. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _ Sentences with stative verbs. (i) prefer __________________________________ __________________________________ (ii) seem __________________________________ __________________________________ (iii) dislike __________________________________ __________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 4 English F4 Grammar: Comparatives & Superlatives Comparative adjectives are used to compare two nouns, whereas superlative adjectives are used to compare more than two nouns. To make a comparative or a superlative adjective, look at the adjective itself. Number of syllables Last letter of adjective Comparative / Superlative Change Example One Consonant + consonant Comparative Add –er + than warm → warmer than Superlative Add the + –est warm → the warmest Vowel e Comparative Add –r + than large → larger than Superlative The + –est large → the largest Vowel + consonant Comparative Double the consonant and add –er + than sad → sadder than Superlative The + double the consonant and add –est sad → the saddest Consonant y Comparative Drop y and add –ier + than dry → drier than Superlative The + drop y and add – iest dry → the driest Two Consonant –ow Comparative Add –er + than narrow → narrower than Superlative The + add –est narrow → the narrowest Vowel e Comparative Add –r + than simple → simpler than Superlative The + add –st simple → the simplest Consonant y Comparative Drop y and add –ier + than happy → happier than Superlative The + drop y and add – iest happy → the happiest Consonant Comparative More + adjective + than famous → more famous than Superlative The most + adjective famous → the most famous Three and above Consonant, vowel Comparative More + adjective + than expensive → more expensive than Superlative The most + adjective expensive → the most expensive ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Sentences with comparative and superlative adjectives. (i) adjective ________________________________________________ (ii) comparative ________________________________________________ (iii) superlative ________________________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 5 English F4 Grammar: Used to, Be / Get Used to Used to Be used to Get used to To talk about something that happened in the past but does not happen now. Only found in past tense. Examples: I used to take tennis lessons. Alia used to live in Sabah. We used to play netball. To talk about being already familiar with or accustomed to something. Be can take the form of past, present, or future tense. Examples: I am used to the hot weather. I was used to taking the bus. He was used to the loud noise. She is used to speaking in public. They are used to the harsh environment. We will be used to seeing flying cars in 50 years. To talk about the process of becoming familiar with or accustomed to something. Get can be in past, present, or future tense. Examples: I got used to the city. I will get used to waking up early. Lisa is getting used to her new job. Tanesh got used to living alone after he moved out. The boys are getting used to their new babysitter. You will get used to eating healthy food. Past: was, were Present: am, is, are Future: will be Used to + infinitive Be used to + noun Get used to + noun Be used to + gerund Get used to + gerund Past: got, was / were getting Present: get, gets, am / is / are getting Future: will get, will be getting ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ A sentence with: (i) used to ________________________________________________ (ii) be used to ________________________________________________ (iii) get used to ________________________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 6 English F4 Essay: Personal webpage A personal webpage is an online personal space that usually contains the writer’s personal information or thoughts. A personal webpage focuses on writing about an individual in such a way that readers feel as if they know the subject personally. The writer’s personality is often reflected through the words written. When writing a webpage, remember to: o Start with a topic and a working title o Organise your content o Write details that are relevant o Plan your content to be interesting and original Webpage Part Descriptions Ways to Prevent the Breeding of Aedes Title Good day my dear readers, it’s me, Khairil, again. Welcome to my blog. Today, we will visit a new topic. The increase of dengue fever cases around the country. The alarming rate of dengue fever occurring these days should make us aware of the danger it poses and take the right action in order to prevent it. In the introduction paragraph, you may start by asking how the readers are and how long since you have last updated your webpage. Then, state the topic that you are writing about. Firstly, watch for unused items or abandoned things that can hold water. Remove the water because it can be used by mosquitoes to breed. Secondly, use abate in your water tank and toilet. This is to prevent the mosquitoes from turning your house into their breeding ground. Thirdly, always inform the authorities of any dengue-related incident that occurs around your residence. The authorities will act upon the information and fog your area to kill the mosquitoes and their larvae. In the body paragraphs, you should explain the details of an event in a chronological or a sequential format. Start the paragraph with a topic sentence. The topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure! So, take care of yourself and others. In the conclusion paragraph, summarise the event and state your feelings about it. You may address your readers before you end your writing. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Write a personal webpage post on a topic of your choosing. Webpage Post Your audience Title Content Customise your own notes Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 7 English F4 Essay: Formal and Informal E-mail Writing an e-mail depends on the setting, whether in formal or informal setting. Formal Informal Talking to teachers, employers, people with authority (police etc.) Talking to friends, cousins, people with close relation to you Always consider: o who you are writing to o what is your relationship with them o the purpose of the e-mail Use appropriate language (formal or informal) in your e-mail based on the setting. Avoid the use of colloquial terms: Email Part Descriptions To: [email protected] (Recipient’s e-mail address) From: [email protected] (Sender’s e-mail address) Subject: My Favourite Food (Title of your e-mail) Dear Zul, (Salutation) Hope you are in a great shape. I just got back from my vacation from Maldives. You may start the (Introduction) paragraph by asking how the recipient is or wishing him or her well. Then, give an introduction which will provide the recipient with an idea as to why you are writing to them. I love the food there, but after several days, I already miss the food in Malaysia. I cannot wait to eat nasi kandar after coming back home. How about you? What is your favourite food? (Body) paragraphs consist of the main idea/s you want to convey, along with any other supporting details. Tell me so I can try it too, I think I still have a lot on my food bucket list to savour while staying here. Hope to hear from you again later! (Conclusion) is the paragraph where you can wrap everything up. You can sum up your main ideas in this paragraph, hoping to hear from the recipient or wishing them well. Then, end your e-mail by saying you have to go and bid a goodbye. Regards, Jim (Sign off) (Your name) ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Write a short e-mail to your friend about his/her favourite actor. E-mail To From Subject Examples of colloquial terms: “Gonna” – Going to “Y’all” – You all “Wanna” – Want to Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 8 English F4 Essay: Informal Letter When we write to friends, cousins, people with close relation, we use informal letter. Before writing a letter, we need to plan and ask ourselves questions by using these questions known as 6 Wise Men: o Where does the recipient live? o When are you writing this letter? o Who are you writing to? Then, list down the main ideas and some supporting details for your letter and organise them into the respective paragraphs. Always write in complete and full sentences, ensure the format of the letter is correct, use simple conjunctions and connectors to create flow in your paragraphs. Paragraph Planner Part Descriptions 30, Jalan Maharaja, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor. (Writer’s address) 3 June 2022 (Date) Dear Mike, (Salutation) Hope you are in the pink of health. I am sorry I have not written to you for some time as I was busy with some work. In the (Introduction), you may start the introduction paragraph by asking how the recipient is or wishing him or her well. Then, provide an introduction which will give the recipient an idea about why you are writing to them. I love the food there, but after several days, I already miss the food in Malaysia. I cannot wait to eat nasi kandar after coming back home. How about you? What is your favourite food? (Body) paragraphs consist of the main ideas you want to convey along with any other supporting details. Tell me so I can try it too, I think I still have a lot on my food bucket list to savour while staying here. Hope to hear from you again later! (Conclusion) paragraph is where you can wrap everything up. You can sum up your main ideas in this paragraph, hoping to hear from the recipient, wishing them well, or ending your letter by saying you have to go and bid him or her goodbye. Regards, Jun (Sign off) (Your name) ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Write a short letter to your friend about the upcoming holiday. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ o How is the recipient doing? o What is the letter about? o Why are you writing the letter? Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 9 English F4 Textbook Unit 2 Grammar: Nouns Nouns are words that refer to a person, animal, thing, place, or idea. Nouns can be divided into several types: (a) common nouns Words that refer to undefined or general things. Example: The cat is napping under the sofa. (b) proper nouns Words that refer to specific things and are used to distinguish a specific person, place, or thing. The words are always capitalised. Example: Azman bought a Panasonic kettle for Ellina. (c) concrete nouns Nouns that exist physically and can be perceived by the five senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing). Examples: Book, chocolate, perfume, radio, television, tree. (d) abstract nouns Things that are more like a concept, an idea, or feelings that can’t be perceived by the five senses. Examples: Intelligence, knowledge, time, love, experience. (e) collective nouns Refer to a group of people, things, or animals that functions as one unit. Function as a singular noun while talking about a group of people, things, or animals. Examples: A bouquet of flowers, a class of students, a flock of sheep, a pair of shoes. (f) compound nouns Two or more words are combined to make a single noun. Can appear as a single word (closed form), separate words (open form), or hyphenated. Examples: (i) Single word: toothpaste, football (ii) Separate words: swimming pool, bus stop (iii) Hyphenated: mother-in-law, dry-cleaning (g) countable nouns Nouns that can be counted. Can have singular and plural forms. Often use articles a or an. Can be modified by numbers or paired with quantifiers. Examples: Phone, truck, bag, a card, an umbrella, six doors. (h) uncountable nouns Nouns that cannot be counted. Typically don’t have plural forms and are always considered to be singular. Normally don’t use articles a or an. Include abstract nouns. Can be made countable by adding a unit of measurement. Examples: Flour, sugar, love, happiness, a stick of butter, two pinches of salt. Customise your own notes Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 10 English F4 (i) singular nouns Refer to one person, thing, place, or animal. Examples: Pencil, board, car, duck, chicken, boy, father, school, library. (j) plural nouns Refer to more than one person, thing, place, or animal. Can be divided into: (i) Regular nouns: add –s, –es, or –ies to the noun. Last letter of noun Add Example Consonant, Vowel + y –s Girls, toys S, x, z, ch, sh –es Houses, foxes, quizzes, matches, brushes Consonant + y –ies Berries (ii) Irregular nouns: the spellings either change or remain the same. Change Remain the same Children (Child) Teeth (Tooth) Women (Woman) Mice (Mouse) Deer Sheep Species Fish Quantifiers are used to indicate the amount or quantity of the nouns being discussed. Countable nouns Uncountable nouns A few Many A little Much Both All, both, some, any, a lot of, plenty of, more, less, none, enough _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ __ Nouns in plural form. Noun Plural Noun Plural Duck Goose Song Airplane Man Person Boss Foot Party Lens Key Box Watch Potato Banana Moose Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 11 English F4 Grammar: Relative Clauses A relative clause is a dependent clause that gives information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a relative pronoun. Pronoun Function Example Who To describe people (subject) The girl who scored 10 A’s is the principal’s daughter. Which To describe things I read the letter which was sent by Arif. That To describe people and things Gina lost the bag that she bought yesterday. The little boy that came with Rina is her cousin. Whom To describe people (object) Isaac is the student whom all the teachers are fond of. Whose To describe possession I have a friend whose mother is a lecturer. Where To describe place This is the bookstore where Alia usually goes to. When To describe time I learnt how to swim when I was six years old. Relative clauses can be divided into two types: Defining clauses (Essential) Non-defining clauses (Non-essential) Essential information is added into the sentence. A relative pronoun is used to introduce a defining relative clause. Do not add commas in defining clauses. When a defining clause is removed, the sentence becomes incomplete or changes meaning completely. Examples: That’s the guy who failed his driving test three times. The romance novel that Nisha read belongs to Anita. Non-essential information is added into the sentence. That is not used in non-defining clauses. Commas are added around non-defining clauses. When a non-defining clause is removed, the sentence does not change its meaning. Examples: The employee, whose name is Farid, is going to retire soon. The seafood restaurant, which we went to last month, is closing this week. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Sentences with relative clauses. (i) defining clauses ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (ii) non-defining clauses ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 12 English F4 Grammar: Simple Past Tense Simple past tense is a verb tense used to describe actions that happen in the past. Verbs in simple past tense are the same for singular and plural subjects except the verb to be. Subject To be Example I, singular was She was my student. You, plural were They were at the field. There are two types of verbs in simple past tense: regular verbs and irregular verbs. Regular verbs Irregular verbs Add –d, –ed, or –ied at the end of the verb to convert it into simple past tense. If the verb ends in: Last letter of the verb Change Example Vowel e Add –d Joke → joked Consonant Add –ed Scan → scanned Consonant y Remove y, add –ied Marry → married Some irregular verbs do not change their forms. Some irregular verbs change their spellings completely. Remain the same Change Cut Put Let Hit Do → Did Has / Have → Had Bring → Brought See → Saw Simple past tense is used to: (a) talk about action that happened in the past. Examples: I brought my wallet. The cat ate this morning. We bought the cake. (b) describe a habit that stopped in the past. Examples: I played the piano when I was a child. She worked at that shop after she graduated. They always skipped class. (c) describe past facts which are no longer true. Examples: I lived in Penang. My sister hated eating vegetables. The boys were quiet when they were still kids. Three sentences in simple past tense. (i) short sentence ____________________________________ (ii) negative statement ____________________________________ (iii) question ____________________________________ Simple past tense can also be used in: (a) negative statements Examples: I did not bring my wallet. The cat did not eat this morning. We did not buy the cake. (b) questions Examples: Did I bring my wallet? Did the cat eat this morning? Did we buy the cake? did + not + base form of verb Did + subject + base form of verb? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 13 English F4 Grammar: Past Continuous Tense Past continuous tense takes the form of to be in past tense and adding –ing to a verb. Subject To be Verb + –ing Example I was I was jogging at the park. Singular was Miss Low was watering the plants. You, plural were They were studying for the upcoming exam. Past continuous tense is used to: (a) show an action that continued for some time. Examples: I was crying the whole night. The kid was shouting for his parents. The students were practising in the classroom. (b) describe parallel actions. Examples: I was eating while my sister was doing laundry. Lina was jogging while Fira was feeding the ducks. We were writing down notes while the teacher was explaining the topic. (c) describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another action. Examples: I was watching the television when the postman arrived. He was bathing his cat when the cat scratched his arm. They were laughing loudly when the librarian scolded them. (d) express action at a particular moment in the past. Examples: I was having dinner at 7 p.m. She was studying at 11 p.m. last night. You were sleeping at 9 in the morning. Past continuous tense can also be used in: (a) negative statements Examples: I was not crying the whole night. The kid was not shouting for his parents. The students were not practising in the classroom. (b) questions Examples: Was I crying the whole night? Was the kid shouting for his parents? Were the students practising in the classroom? was / were + not + verb–ing Was / Were + subject + verb–ing? ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Three sentences in past continuous tense. (i) short sentence: ______________________________________ (ii) negative sentence: ____________________________________ (iii) question: ___________________________________________ Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd
© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V) 14 English F4 Essay: Fictional Narrative A narrative composition is a piece of writing about a story or a narration of an event. The incident could be based on your own experience or imagination. Plan the writing as follows: The purpose of a narrative composition is to tell the reader what happened in your story or account. Plan your plots to be interesting and original. Paragraph Planner Paragraph Description Example Opening introduces the main character and the situation You may describe the time and place to create a clear setting for the readers. Your opening should be short and sweet. It should also grab the readers’ attention. Dennis and Poppy are having a holiday at one of Australia’s beautiful bays. They decided to swim at the beach near their chalet. Body contains most of the information from the author about the topic This is where you explain the plot and tell the sequence of events that led up to the climax of the story. The climax is the most exciting part of a story. All of a sudden, a shadow under the water rushes towards Dennis. He turns to the figure and feels something sink its teeth into his right hand. Ending conclusion/moral values of the story You should tie all loose ends here. It must have a logical outcome to the story. You may create a twist or unexpected ending to make your ending more interesting. You may also end your narrative with what you learnt from your experience. Dennis is thrashed back and forth until suddenly, the shark lets him go. Dennis is white from loss of blood, but he refuses to close his eyes. He’s scared he might never open them again. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Write a short essay about your recent vacation. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _______________________________ Opening Climax Ending Tips and Tricks: I. Use the 6 Wise Men followed by the 5 senses to plan your essay. II. Draw inspiration from your own personal memory or imagination. III. Carefully select words, such as strong action verbs, specific adjectives, and nouns to provide detailed description in your narration. Customise your own notes Alaf Sanjung Sdn Bhd