RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MAGAZINE

JULY 2021 ISSUE 02

ScienceWorld

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TRENDS IN
EVOLUTION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Respiratory By The Respiratory
Lungs System and

Amphibia, Aves, Reptiles and Direct Diffusion

Mammalia. ( Cat & Human) Phylum Porifera, Phylum Cnidaria

and Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Table of Contents

03 05 10

01 How does 05 Respiratory By Gills
02 respiratory system
envolved? Aquatic animals (fish) and Tadpole.
Respiration trends
evolution 06 Respiratory By
Tracheal System

Phylum Arthrophoda.

03 Respiratory By Direct 07 Respiratory By Lungs
04 Diffusion
Amphibia, Aves, Reptiles and
Phylum Porifera, Phylum Cnidaria and Mammalia. ( Cat & Human)
Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Respiratory By Skin

Phylum Annelida and Amphibia

How does Larger organisms had evolve specialized
respiratory respiratory tissues such as gills, lungs, and
system envolved? respiratory passages accompanied by a complex
circulatory system to transport oxygen
Diffusion is a passive transport that is slow throughout their entire body.
in process. In order to be a feasible means
of providing oxygen to the cell, the rate of "IF A SMALL ANIMAL AND A
oxygen uptake must match to the rate of LIGHTED CANDLE BE PLACED IN A
diffusion across the membrane. In other CLOSED FLASK, SO THAT NO AIR
words, if the cell were very large or thick, CAN ENTER, IN A SHORT TIME THE
the diffusion will not be able to provide CANDLE WILL GO OUT, NOR WILL
oxygen quickly enough to the inside of the THE ANIMAL LONG SURVIVE." -
cell. Therefore, small organisms is only JOHN MAYOW
feasible of diffusion as a means of
obtaining oxygen and removing carbon The Respiratory System and
dioxide. Direct Diffusion

Respiratory is a processes that help organisms
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide range from
simple direct diffusion to complex respiratory
systems.

Respiration trends evolution
occur using a variety of

respiratory organs in different
animals from primitive
to advance animal

Respiratory by Diffusion Respiratory by Skin

Example: Sponge, Jellyfish, Example: Earthworm,
Flatworm, Roundworm Amphibia (Frog)

Respiratory by Respiratory by Gills
Tracheal System
Example: Aquatic animals
Example: Anthrophoda (Bee)

Respiratory by Lung

Example: Amphibia (Frog), Aves (Birds), Reptilia
(Crocodile) and Mammalia (Complete respiratory

system) such as cat and human.

RESPIRATORY BY DIRECT DIFFUSION

"Diffusion occur in small multicellular SPONGE >
organism across the outer membrane is
sufficient for oxygen needs. Gas exchange PHYLUM PORIFERA
occur directly by diffusion across surface
membranes for organisms less than 1 mm  S   ponges are a type of aquatic animal with the body
in diameter. " covered in tiny pores called ostia. The respiratory
system of a sponge is diffusion. The respiratory system
in sponge is controlled by the osculum, ostia and
special cells called choanocytes that help move water
around the sponge's body.

BASIC SPONGE JELLYFISH >
BODY PLAN
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
BASIC BODY PLAN IN
JELLYFISH    J ellyfish like sponge do not have a specialized
respiratory system. Their surface is thin layer which is
enough to take oxygen directly from the water and
then release carbon dioxide through diffusion.
The oxygen is absorbed through epidermis and into
the mesoglea

FLATWORM>

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

BASIC BODY PLAN IN     F   latworms are small that ‘breathe’ through
FLATWORM diffusion across the outer membrane. The shape of
this organisms is flat which increases the surface
area for diffusion, ensuring that each cell within
the body is close to the outer membrane surface
and has access to oxygen. This because if flatworm
had a cylindrical body make the cells in the centre
would not be able to get oxygen.

RESPIRATORY BY
SKIN

Phylum Annelida: Earthworm

This phylum mostly have segmented on worm’s
body. For example, earthworm, rag worm and
leeches. Earthworm use skin to breath.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the
earthworm's skin and gaseous exchange occur
by diffusion. The skin will keep moist by
release mucous and body fluid on the skin.

ANATOMY IN EARTHWORM

Amphibia: Frog

The frog has three respiratory surfaces on its
body for example moist skin that functioning
for gas exchange with the surroundings. The
mucous glands in the skin keep the frog moist
when frog is out to the water for absorbing
dissolved oxygen from the air.

ANATOMY IN FROG

RESPIRATORY BY GILLS

Aquatic animals: Fish

Respiration in fish occur by the help of gills. The possess gills possess on either side of
fish head. Fish and many other aquatic organisms have evolved gills to take up the

dissolved oxygen from water. Gills mean the thin tissue filaments which highly branched
and folded. When water passes over the gills, the dissolved oxygen in the water rapidly
diffuses across the gills into the bloodstream.

ANATOMY OF GILLS

Tadpole (before becoming
adult frog)

Tadpoles often live in water with low oxygen levels, also means the tadpoles need a
way to get to air to breathe. Tadpoles use gills for gaseous exchange. Tadpoles open
their mouth to let water enter. The water moves into the gills contain small
membranes that called as lamellae. The lamellae pull out oxygen from the water then
the oxygen was diffused into the bloodstream.

LIFE CYCLE FROM OF FROG

RESPIRATORY BY
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

PHYLUM ARTHROPHODA (BEE)

Insects have a highly specialized of respiratory
system called the tracheal system, which
consists of a network of small tubes that
carries oxygen to the entire body. The tracheal
system, the most direct and efficient
respiratory system in active animals.

Insect bodies have opening spiracles along the
thorax and abdomen on their body. These
openings connect to the tubular network,
allowing oxygen to pass into the body,
regulating the diffusion of CO2 and water
vapour. The movement of air enter and out
through the spiracles in tracheal system. Some
insects can oxygenate the tracheal system with
the body movements.

RESPIRATORY BY
LUNGS
(VERTEBRATES)

AVES: BIRD DRIB NI NOITALAHXE
DNA NOITALAHNI SSECORP EHT
Birds are different from other
vertebrates. Birds have lungs for
respiration, birds have small
lungs and nine air sacs that
function in respiration. The
lungs of birds do not have the
capacity to engorge as birds lack
diaphragm and a pleural cavity.
In birds, gaseous exchange
occurs between air capillaries
and blood capillaries instead in
alveoli.

During inhalation the
oxygenated air was taken in
then diffuses across the surface
of the lungs into the
bloodstream and carbon dioxide
diffuses from the blood into the
lungs then was expelled during
exhalation. The breathing details
between birds and mammalia
are differ significantly.

AMPHIBIA: ANATOMY LUNG OF FROG
ADULT
FROG

Amphibia have evolved multiple
ways of breathing. For young
amphibia like tadpoles they use
gills for breathing. The tadpole
then grow so the gills will
disappear and lungs will grow.
These lungs are primitive thus, it is
not as evolved as mammalia lungs.
Adult amphibia are having in
reduced diaphragm so that
breathing through the lungs is
forced.

REPTILES: ANATOMY IN CROCODILE
CROCODILE

Reptiles breathe through their lungs.
All reptiles breathe through their
lungs. The reptile lung has a much
greater surface area for the exchange
of gases than the lungs of amphibia.
The scales of reptiles prevent them
from absorbing oxygen through their
skin, as amphibia can. This makes
their lungs much more efficient than
those of amphibia. Lung breathing is
done dissimilarly in each main reptile
group.

Mammalia (Complete
Respiratory System)

Mammal, (class Mammalia), any member of the
group of vertebrate animals in which the young are
nourished with milk from special mammary glands of
the mother. In addition to these characteristic milk
glands, mammals are distinguished by several other
unique features.

CAT

Mammalia such as cat breathe through their lungs.
The respiratory system consists of the large and
small airways and the lungs. When a cat breathes air
in through its nose or mouth, the air travels down the
trachea, which divides into the tubes known as the
right and left bronchi, then into the smaller airways
called bronchioles in the lungs.

CAT RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

HUMAN

Fun Fact

Human also mammalia shared the same characteristics with mammalia group
which have hair and are warm-blooded. Most mammalia are giving birth same
like human. Next, the baby will fed milk produced by the mother's mammary
glands and they have more complex brain compare to other animals.

Complete Respiratory • Human also mammalia and
System in Human have complete respiratory
system. The respiratory system
in human consists of all the
organs involved in breathing. It
include the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi and
lungs
• The lungs in respiratory
system give function for
breathing. They bring oxygen
into our bodies called
inhalation and send carbon
dioxide out which is
exhalation. This exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide is
called respiration process
• Humans and other mammalia
suck air into their bodies by
lowering a muscle just below
the lungs called the diaphragm.
When the diaphragm raises up
the air compress out.

DID YOU KNOW?

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Ø Lungfish have a unique

respiratory system, they have

both gills and lung. It is the only

type of fish to have both organs

and there are only six known

species around the world.

aØdhsneeaAivhmasseotatoelroholtvssmtpheeejisenaunrlsagplaaternatmealdsitrkatthnpehhneenemahdeSgumauetemooamshyastuoettnmsnlrspeepi.aartACaosoantqnamfhuteifmsnsaet.hracoaOiatn.usnldmeer Ø Elephants move their
Ø Salamanders have lacks lungs by contracting and

releasing their chest
muscles. They breathe out
an average of 310 liters of

air per minute.

lungs, so they breathe by

absorbing oxygen through

its skin and the roof of its

mouth

EDITOR'S NOTE

Written By: Nur Ain Syafiqah

The editor is science student from course AT16. The term
is often used at newspapers, magazines, yearbooks, and

television news programs about digestive system in
kingdom animalia.