SPSS Survival Manual (6th Edition)

collapsing the number of categories 92–4
Compare Means 233, 245, 250, 257, 262
comparing correlation coefficients for two groups 141–4
Compute Variable 89, 96
confounding variables 4–5, 149
construct validity 7
content validity 7
contrast coefficients 262–4
convergent validity 7
corrected item-total correlation 104
correcting errors in the data file 44, 48–9
Correlate 135, 140, 146
correlation 75, 77, 101, 104, 107–8, 117–8, 125–31, 132–44
correlation coefficients

between groups of variables 139–41
comparing two groups 141–4
Cox & Snell R Square 177, 180
covariates 172, 295
Cramer’s V 218, 221
creating a data file 27–43
criterion validity 7
Cronbach’s alpha 6, 101–5
Crosstabs 218–21

Data Editor window 16, 17–8, 31, 36
data entry using Excel 37–8
data files

creating 27–43
modifying 37
opening 15–16
saving 16
data transformation 95–8
defining the variables 31–5
deleting a case 37
deleting a variable 37
descriptive statistics 45–8, 55–65
dialogue boxes 22–4
Direct Oblimin 189, 199, 201
discriminant function analysis 108
discriminant validity 7

editing a graph 81–2
effect size

analysis of covariance 316, 324
chi-square 221–2

independent-samples t-test 247–8
introduction 211–12
mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance 287
multivariate analysis of variance 300
non-parametric 221–2, 233–4, 235–6, 240, 242
one-way between-groups analysis of variance 260–1
one-way repeated measures analysis of variance 268
paired-samples t-test 252–3
two-way analysis of variance 277
eigenvalues 193, 194–5, 201
entering data 36–7
eta squared see effect size
Excel files, conversion to SPSS format 37–9
exp(B) 179
Explore 59–65

Factor 188
factor analysis

confirmatory 182
exploratory 108, 182–203
factor extraction 184–5, 193
factor rotation 185–6, 194, 199, 201
finding errors in the data file 44–9
Frequencies 45, 55–6, 97
Friedman Test 215, 240–2

General Linear Model 265, 273, 282, 295, 312, 313, 319
graphs 67–84

Help menu 21, 24
histogram 68–9
homogeneity of regression 294–5, 306, 311–13
homogeneity of variance 208–9, 259, 276
homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices 291, 295, 299
homoscedasticity 130, 133, 160
Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit 176

importing charts into Word documents 83
independence of observations 129–30, 215
Independent-Samples t-test 118, 215, 230, 244–9
inserting a case 37
inserting a variable 37
interaction effects 276, 286
internal consistency 6, 101–5, 305, 309

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy 187, 193, 201

Kaiser’s criterion 185, 193
Kappa Measure of Agreement 215, 227–30
KMO see Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy
Kolmogorow-Smirnov 63
Kruskal-Wallis Test 215, 236–40
kurtosis 53, 57, 63

lambda see Wilks’ Lambda
Levene’s test 208, 246–7, 259, 276, 286, 299, 315, 322
line graphs 72–5
linearity 130, 133, 135, 152, 160, 187, 294, 301, 309–11, 316
logistic regression 126, 169–81

Mahalanobis distance 160–1, 292–4
main effects 110, 271, 277, 278, 282, 286–7, 288, 322
manipulating the data 85–98
Mann-Whitney U Test 119, 215, 230–4, 240
MANOVA see multivariate analysis of variance
Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity 268, 286
maximum scores 47
McNemar’s test 222–4
mean 48, 53, 55–7, 63, 65
means plots 260
median 58, 63, 81, 91, 232–4, 242
merging files 40–1
minimum scores 47–8
missing data 33, 58–9, 90, 130–1, 137, 212–3, 246
mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance 110, 120–1, 280–8
moving an existing variable 37
multicollinearity 152, 159–60, 168, 172, 291, 295, 301
multiple comparisons 259–60, 277
multiple regression 108, 118, 126, 149–68

hierarchical 150, 164–8
standard 150, 154–63
stepwise 151
multivariate analysis of variance 110, 120–1, 206, 289–301
multivariate normality 292–4

Nagelkerke R Square 177, 180
non-parametric statistics 58, 96, 115–16, 133, 137, 206, 214–45
normal distribution 59–64, 96, 115, 214, 291
Normal Q-Q plots 63
normality see normal distribution

oblique rotation 186

odds ratio 178–9, 180
Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients 176
one-way analysis of variance 109, 119, 206, 207, 215, 236, 255–69
opening an existing data file 15–16
Options 28–31
orthogonal rotation 186
outliers 44, 51, 64, 81, 127–8, 134, 152, 160–1, 170, 172, 179, 188, 291–4, 305

paired-samples t-test 119, 206, 215, 244, 249–53
parallel analysis 185, 194
parametric techniques 57, 96, 109, 115–16, 129, 206–9
part correlation coefficients 163
partial correlation 107–8, 118, 126, 128, 132, 144–8
partial eta squared see effect size
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient see correlation
Phi coefficient 221–2
Pivot Table Editor 17, 20
planned comparisons 109, 210–11, 261–4
post-hoc tests 109, 216–17, 243, 245, 258, 259, 263, 265, 280, 306
power 209–10, 261, 303
principal components analysis 182–203
printing output 20

R square 162, 163, 166–7, 177
R square change 167
recode 87–8, 93–4
reliability 6, 101–5, 305, 309
residuals 152, 160–1, 170
response format 7–10
restricted range of scores 128
reversing negatively worded items 87–8

saving a data file 16
saving output 18
scatterplots 75–9, 133–5, 188, 294, 309–11
Scheffe test 211
scree test 185
screening and cleaning the data 44–50
screeplot 191, 193, 201
Select Cases 40
sensitivity and specificity 177, 229
sets 42
skewness 53, 63, 64, 69
Sort Cases 39
sorting the data file 39

Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation 107, 129, 133, 137, 215
Split File 39, 141–2, 279
splitting the data file 39
SPSS windows 17–22
standard deviation 55–7, 163, 212, 246, 248, 261, 268
standardised regression coefficients 162, 167
starting a new data file 17
starting SPSS 15
structural equation modelling 108
Syntax Editor 21–2, 23, 86

test-retest reliability 6
tolerance 159, 170
trimmed mean 63, 65
t-tests 109, 118, 206, 244–53

assumptions 207–9
independent-samples 109, 244–9
paired-samples 109, 119–20, 207, 271–9
Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test (HSD) 211, 261
two-way analysis of variance 110, 119–20, 207, 271–9
type 1 error 209–11, 240, 242, 255, 261, 289–90
type 2 error 209–10

validity 7
value labels 33, 43
variable names 11, 12–13, 22, 31, 32, 38
variable type 32
Variable View 32
Varimax rotation 186, 199, 200
Viewer window 18–19
Visual Binning 91–2

website ix
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 109, 119, 206, 215, 234–6, 250
Wilks’ Lambda 268, 269, 287, 299, 301

Zero order correlation 132