Hanoi's War; Nguyen T. Lien-Hang (2012)

434 | Index

Peace movements. See Antiwar movement war and, 58; Le Duan’s relations with,
Peace proponents. See Diplomacy; Paris 9, 13, 29, 48–49, 56–57, 66–67, 77, 78,
80, 95, 113, 169, 181–82, 205–6, 214–15,
Peace Talks 241–42; Le Duan’s second wife in, 39,
Peasantry, 40, 47, 52, 66 56–57; national liberation struggles and,
“Pentagon East.” See Military Assistance 46; Nixon visit to, 240–41, 252, 299, 311;
North Vietnamese military agreement
Command, Vietnam (1972) and, 236, 237; North Vietnamese
Pentagon Papers, 12, 204, 212, 249, 315 relations with, 25–26, 41–42, 48, 69, 75,
77, 81, 94–97, 104, 116–19, 128, 168, 182,
(n. 12) 187–89, 191, 195, 205–7, 214–15, 224–25,
People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 71, 73, 226, 231–32, 237, 241–42, 251–52, 254,
256, 261, 263–64, 271, 288; North Viet-
98; Cambodian territory and, 166, 171, namese split with, 193, 301, 302; North
172, 179–80, 182, 274; civilian-military Vietnamese transport system and, 80,
relations and, 97–102; Dung’s eleva- 81, 94; Paris Peace Talks and, 117, 118,
tion in, 108; Easter Offensive and, 126–27, 128, 213–14, 217, 238, 241–42,
232–34, 244–45, 255, 259; five-year plan 248–49, 258, 261, 263–64, 276, 285, 286,
of, 59–60; Giap influence in, 262; Giap- 288, 295–96, 297, 299, 311; revolution-
Thanh showdown and, 28–29; GO-GU ary ideology of, 41, 48; Summit Meet-
plan and, 65–66; Laos counteroffen- ing of the Indochinese Peoples (1970)
sive and, 163, 164, 350 (n. 53); Le Duan’s and, 170–71, 182, 206; Tenth Anniver-
power over, 54; marginalization of sary celebration of, 57; Thieu regime
Moscow-trained officers in, 69; mobili- and, 232, 263, 264, 266, 286; Vietnam’s
zation campaign (1965) of, 76; Office of war (1979) with, 193, 301; Vietnam War
Art and Literature, 36; officers’ conflicts and, 80, 81, 82–83, 95–96, 116–19, 185,
and, 100; official statistics of, 13; peace 186, 191, 195, 231–32; warfare model of,
draft proposal and, 281, 282, 284, 285, 26, 27, 82, 96, 117, 119. See also Chinese
287, 289, 290, 292, 293; push for deci- Communist Party; Sino-American rap-
sive victory (1967) by, 80; Saigon’s fall prochement; Sino-Soviet split
(1975) to, 300–301; security forces of, 55, People’s Republic of Kampuchea, 302, 303
68; southern offensives (late 1972) and, People’s Revolutionary Party (Hanoi), 157
289; Tet Offensive surprise attack and, “Permanent war” thesis (Nixon peace
110, 111, 113; Three Readiness Campaign policy), 6–7
(1965) and, 76; U.S. peace proposal and, Pham Dinh Khai. See Le Duc Tho
209, 284; U.S. troop withdrawal and, Pham Hung, 24, 27, 38, 43, 45, 62–63, 99,
221–22. See also General Political 180; Cambodian incursion and, 173; Chi-
Department nese relations and, 119, 168; COSVN and,
People’s Liberation Army Forces (PLAF), 59, 73, 74, 102, 111, 119, 127; death of, 303;
62, 66, 72 Easter Offensive and, 234–35, 243, 244,
People’s Movement for Liberation (Angola), 246; National Reunification Committee
301 and, 53; peace talks and, 286; Politburo
People’s Republic of China (PRC): assassi- membership of, 323 (n. 11), 376 (n. 20);
nation of Ngo brothers and, 63; Cam- power of, 53–54; Saigon’s political scene
bodia and, 166, 167, 168–71, 182, 195; and, 279; urban political offensive
Cultural Revolution and, 69, 81, 107, strategy and, 211
117, 137, 182, 339 (n. 24); founding of, 25, Pham Huu Lau, 320 (n. 73)
42; French-Indochina War and, 25–26, Pham Thanh Van, 184
30, 41–42; Geneva Accords and, 224–25, Pham Van Dong, 2, 3, 22, 26, 28, 35, 37–38,
242; Great Leap Forward and, 29, 324
(n. 26); Ho Chi Minh’s death and, 147;
Hundred Flowers Campaign and, 37;
Indian disputes and, 41, 64; Laotian civil

Index | 435

44, 54, 216, 318 (n. 29), 351 (n. 65); Cam- national Works Committee, 235–36;
bodia and, 167, 168, 170, 171; Central leadership changes (1972) in, 261–62; Le
Military Commission and, 240; Chinese Duan critics in, 78; Le Duan/Le Duc Tho
relations and, 81, 95, 117, 187–89, 205, power in, 2, 3, 4, 9, 17–21, 47, 81–82 (see
214–15, 226, 263; diplomacy and, 78, also Le Duan; Le Duc Tho); Le Duan’s re-
96, 120, 199, 247; Newsweek interview port (1960) to, 51–52; Le Duan’s succes-
of, 283, 285; Nixon’s demands and, 248; sor in, 314 (n. 1); Le Toan Thu’s critical
peaceful reunification policy of, 43, 60; letter to, 135–36; members elected (1960)
Politburo membership of, 323 (n. 11), to, 323 (n. 11); members (1969–72) of,
376 (n. 20); Soviet relations and, 206, 261–62, 376 (n. 20); military affairs sub-
295; U.S. military withdrawal call by, 271 committee and, 98, 99; moderate fac-
Phan Boi Chu, 21 tion of, 60, 66, 129–30; North-firsters vs.
Phan Chu Trinh, 19, 21 South-firsters in, 42–43, 50; peace nego-
Phan Hien, 268, 269 tiations and, 117, 124–27, 130–31, 226,
Phan Quang Dan, 159–60 271, 273–79, 290–94; policy revisions
Phan Thang Toan (“Hairy” Toan), 197 and, 33–34; political purges of (see Re-
Phan Thi Minh, 184 visionist Anti-Party Affair); postwar
Phase H (of 1969 Spring–Summer Offen- changes in, 302–4; power of, 322 (n. 2);
sive), 130 power struggles in, 94, 97–102, 105–6;
Phase X (of 1969 Spring–Summer Offen- security forces of, 55, 56; shift to defense
sive), 130 of North by, 254, 259; shift to “strategy
Phat Diem, 155 of peace” by, 260–64; Sino-Soviet split
Philippines, 159, 219 neutrality of, 107, 310; state budget de-
Phnom Penh, 117, 118; demonstrations in, fense allocation of, 61; Tet Offensive
166, 169; Vietnamese assault (1979) on, and, 91, 101–2, 106, 108, 113; Thanh’s in-
303 duction into, 28; war policy resolution
Pike, Douglas, 233, 234 (1970) of, 158. See also Central Executive
“Ping pong diplomacy,” 207, 208, 214 Committee; Vietnam Workers’ Party
PLAF. See People’s Liberation Army Forces Political prisoners, South Vietnamese, 290–
Plain of Jars, 163, 164, 172, 350 (n. 53) 91, 292, 293, 295, 297
Plan 69 (Directive No. 69VP/P4), 56 Political War Department (PWD; South Viet-
Plan X (Saigon–Gia Dinh metropolitan nam), 141–42
area), 74 Pol Pot, 168, 179–81, 207, 351 (n. 68); geno-
Pleiku: attack on U.S. Army barracks at, cidal policy of, 192–93; Vietnamese mili-
74–75 tary ouster (1979) of, 301
Plumbers’ group (Nixon administration), Poor People’s Liberation Front to Oppose
204 Injustice, 263
Podgorny, Nikolai, 94, 224, 253, 377 (n. 36) Popular Front (France), 20, 100
Poland, 62, 64, 118, 189, 199; Vietnam peace Porter, Gareth, 252
move and, 78, 189 Porter, William J., 249
Polgar, Thomas, 282 Port Sihanouk, 201
Politburo: Americanization of war and, 329 Postcolonial states. See Third World
(n. 109); Central Military Commission Potsdam Conference (1945), 22
and, 127, 240; closed nature of, 236; POWs, American, 187, 191, 200, 208, 212,
Easter Offensive and, 232–33, 234, 246, 218, 226, 248; North Vietnam’s release
255; first secretary’s power in, 51, 53–54 of, 271, 272, 283, 291, 297
(see also Le Duan); Geneva Accords com- POWs, North Vietnamese, 250
pliance and, 32; Giap’s position in, 50; PRC. See People’s Republic of China
hardliners in, 66–67, 124, 125, 126; Inter- Preliminary Accord (1946), 23

436 | Index

Presidential election of 1968 (U.S.), 122–28; Quang Tri City, 245, 248, 259, 260; South
antiwar movement and, 114; Nixon cam- Vietnamese recapture of, 270, 272
paign and, 131, 132, 342 (nn. 72, 73);
North and South Vietnamese intrigue Quang Tri province, 13, 232, 243, 244, 245,
and, 129, 279; North Vietnamese mili- 259, 375 (n. 6)
tary strategy and, 80, 89, 90, 124; Paris
Peace Talks and, 123, 126–27; Soviet Quemoy-Matsu crises, 41
view of, 128; Tet Offensive influence Quynh Luu district, 310–20 (n. 60)
on, 112
Rach Gia province, 130
Presidential election of 1971 (South Viet- Radio Hanoi, 250, 262
nam), 209, 211, 212–13, 215, 216, 218; RAND Corporation, 133, 134
Thieu’s electoral law change and, 219– Randolph, Stephen, 232
23, 233 Reagan, Ronald, 302
Realpolitik, 7
Presidential election of 1972 (U.S.), 209, “Rectification of errors” campaign, 35–36
221, 237, 251, 260, 261; Nixon’s landslide Red Army (Afghanistan), 301
mandate and, 287; North Vietnamese Red River Delta, 9, 22, 53, 94, 102
political use of, 260, 261, 264–68, 271; Reeducation camps (North Vietnam), 56
peace agreement timing and, 272–81, Renmin ri-bao (Chinese newspaper), 57
286, 287 Republican Party (U.S.), 125, 129, 268;

Presidential libraries (U.S.), 5–6, 195–96 National Convention of 1972, 265–66
PRG. See Provisional Revolutionary Republican Women for Nixon, 342 (n. 73)
Republic of Vietnam (RVN; South Viet-
Government
Pribbenow, Merle, 64, 100, 282, 350 (n. 53) nam), 4, 26, 42, 53, 201, 311–12; archive
Prisoners of war. See POWs headings of, 5, 11, 12–13; Armed Forces of, 221,
Privalov, P., 81 385 (n. 175); Buddhist protests in, 327
Proud Deep (1971), 227, 237 (n. 65); Cambodia and, 171–79; commu-
Provisional Revolutionary Government nist groups of (see National Liberation
Front; Provisional Revolutionary Gov-
(PRG; South Vietnam), 4, 290; Binh ernment); communist-liberated ter-
(Madame) as foreign minister of, 154, ritories in, 200; control of insurgency
182–86, 191; Cambodia and, 170, 171; in, 127–28; Diem regime and (see Ngo
creation of, 140; Hanoi’s control over Dinh Diem); elections of 1971 in, 209,
diplomacy of, 236; international diplo- 211, 212–13, 215, 216, 218, 219–23, 233;
macy of, 295–96, 298; Paris peace agree- end of revolutionary autonomy of, 82;
ment and, 2, 10, 286–87, 297; peace talk image bolstering of, 154; Le Duan/Le
participation and (see under Paris Peace Duc Tho push for war in, 35, 43–46, 47,
Talks); purpose of, 140; Thieu negotia- 51; national reconciliation government
tions and, 266, 275. See also National proposal for, 267, 270, 272, 274; Nixon/
Liberation Front Kissinger policy and, 133, 146, 194, 208,
Psychological Operations Group (U.S.), 262 292–93; North Vietnamese goal in,
Psychological warfare, 242, 250, 268 269–70; North Vietnamese South-first
Public Security Services. See Ministry of strategy and, 26, 39–40, 42–47, 49–50,
Public Security 59–60; Paris peace agreement and, 2, 10;
Pushkin, Georgi, 58 peace talks representation and, 123–29,
PWD. See Political War Department 139, 287, 289–90, 292, 372 (n. 73); politi-
Pyongyang, 186 cal volatility in, 49; revamped foreign
policy of, 141–42; sovereign politics of,
Qiang Zhai, 195 7; Strategic Hamlet Program and, 61,
Quan Doi Nhan Dan (newspaper), 69, 155 162; Thieu regime and (see Nguyen Van
Quang Ngai province, 29

Index | 437

Thieu); tripartite government proposal 145–46; Cambodian policy and, 173;
for, 263–67, 270, 272–75, 280, 282, 378 Nixon decision making and, 202, 373
(n. 53); U.S. advisers in, 59, 63, 141, 297; (n. 95); South Vietnamese elections and,
U.S. duplicity and, 283–84; U.S. military 219; Thieu regime and, 221
presence in, 61; U.S. threatens aid cutoff Rolling Thunder. See Operation Rolling
to, 297–98; U.S. troop withdrawal from, Thunder
201, 208. See also Army of the Republic Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22
of Vietnam; Central Office of South Viet- Rostow, Walt W., 59
nam; Southern resistance movement; Route 9 (Laos). See Highway 9 supply trail
Vietnam War Royal Government of National Union of
Resolution 9 (1963), 67–68, 72, 74, 78, 92, Kampuchea (RGNUK), 179
108, 329 (n. 109); moderates’ challenge Royal Lao Government, 278
to, 104, 107, 157; public broadcast of, 327 Royal Lao Army, 350 (n. 45)
(n. 70) Rusk, Dean, 3
Resolution 13 (1967), 90, 91, 104, 158 RVN. See Republic of Vietnam
Resolution 14 (1968), 91, 106, 107, 109
Resolution 15 (1959), 39, 43, 45, 47, 71–72; Saigon: archives of, 5, 11, 12–13; Easter
Chinese view of, 58; as first stage in total Offensive and, 246; fall (1975) of, 2, 4, 10,
war, 47; guidelines for implementation 300–301, 303; as French colonial power
of, 45–46 center, 24; Le Duan’s mass-uprising call
Resolution 18 (1970), 158 to, 285; Southern Territorial Committee
Reunification of Vietnam, 29–34, 87; all- headquarters in, 33; Tet Offensive and,
out war for, 47, 49; canceled elections 110, 115, 121. See also Ho Chi Minh City
on, 29, 30, 42, 183; National Reunifi-
cation Committee and, 34, 53, 81, 183, Sainteny, Jean, 23, 136
327 (n. 65); Soviet “peaceful” approach Saloth Sar (“Brother Number One”), 168,
to, 58, 82–83; transition to, 301–12; two
ideological approaches to, 41, 42–43, 45, 180. See also Pol Pot
60, 62, 82–83; as Vietnam Workers’ Party SALT agreement, 205, 207, 208
goal, 35, 50, 53. See also Socialist Repub- Sandinistas, 301
lic of Vietnam Scherbakov, Ilya, 81, 96, 206, 247, 285, 295,
Revisionism, 66–69, 75, 92, 327 (n. 73)
Revisionist Anti-Party Affair, 48–49, 68–70, 335 (n. 36)
102–7, 118, 198, 236, 309; arrests/impris- Second Indochina War. See Vietnam War
onments (1967) and, 88, 91–94, 102, Second Party Congress (1951), 26, 28
104–7, 109, 120–21, 156–57, 334 (n. 21), Second Plenum (1956–57), 33–34
335 (n. 47); origins of, 93, 112; secret in- Second World War. See World War II
vestigations and, 70; as signal to Soviet Secretariat (VWP Politburo), 53–54, 68–70;
peace advocates, 96–97; stigmatization
of survivors of, 340 (n. 39); Tet Offensive political arrests and, 91–94
decision-making process and, 94, 102 Security forces (North Vietnam). See Bao Ve;
Revolutionary League, 22
Revolutionary Youth League, 19 Cong An
RGNUK. See Royal Government of National Senate (U.S.). See Congress
Union of Kampuchea Senate Foreign Relations Committee (South
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and
Museum, 315 (n. 12) Vietnam), 219
Rockefeller, Nelson, 342 (n. 72) Senate Foreign Relations Committee (U.S.),
Rogers, William, 133, 134, 135–36, 137, 144,
162
Senior Review Group (U.S.), 133
September Group (Kissinger NSC staff),

145
Settlement cell (Foreign Ministry Bu-

reau II), 269–70
Seventeenth parallel, 17, 30, 43, 126

438 | Index

Seventh Fleet (U.S.), 349 (n. 42) 48–49, 50, 57–58, 61–62, 66–67, 69–70,
Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 241 74, 75, 77, 78, 80–83, 94–97, 104, 107,
Shen Zhihua, 195 136–37, 149, 194–95, 199, 205, 231–32,
Sihanouk, Norodom, Prince, 165–72, 189, 310; North Vietnamese socialist revolu-
tion and, 4, 9, 69; Paris Peace Talks and,
191, 326 (n. 102), 351 (nn. 65, 68); Asian 117, 118, 126–27, 128–29, 191, 192; solidi-
communist alliance and, 169, 170; China fication (1963) of ideological positions
and, 182; coup against, 167, 169, 170, 172, and, 326 (n. 49); Third World postcolo-
189, 195, 206; five-point declaration of, nial development and, 306; U.S. rela-
172; newly created government (1970) tions and, 307–8; Vietnam War and, 9,
of, 179 50, 58, 64, 80–83, 94–97, 109, 112–13,
Sihanoukville port, 349 (n. 42) 116–17, 119, 136–37, 191, 205–7, 246–47,
Sim Var, 354 (n. 111) 252, 310; as zero-sum game, 119, 223–24
Singapore, 159, 160 Sirik Matak, Sisowath, Prince, 166, 168, 175,
Sino-American rapprochement, 10, 132, 134, 178
137, 144–45, 154, 189, 194–96, 204–8, Sixteenth Plenum (1959), 46
213–15, 216, 218–19, 221, 223–25, 228, Sixth Party Congress (1986), 302
255, 279, 284, 312; Easter Offensive tim- Small-power diplomacy, 227, 307, 311–12
ing and, 233–34, 246–48, 311; effective- Smith, Ralph B., 46
ness of, 233; Kissinger strategy/visits Snow, Edgar, 189
and, 154, 207, 213–14, 215, 218, 221, 225, Socialist economy. See Economic planning
226, 254; Nixon Christmas bombing Socialist realism, 36
condemnation and, 295; Nixon’s hard- Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), 10–11,
ened Vietnam position and, 227; Nixon’s 13, 301–4; Cambodian and Chinese wars
trip to China (1972) and, 240–41, 252, with, 192–93, 301; “integrationist” policy
299, 311; Nixon’s war escalation and, of, 304; official war history of, 111–12;
236, 237, 256, 295; North Vietnamese postwar problems of, 301–2; reforms
reactions to, 214–15, 226, 228, 233–35, and, 302–4; state archives of, 5, 11
243, 246–55, 271, 276, 311; North Viet- Social Sciences Institute, 48
nam pressure from, 258, 261, 299; peace Son La prison, 21
draft agreement timetable and, 285; Son My village, 203
“ping pong diplomacy” and, 207, 208, Son Tay province, 120–21; bombing of
214; Shanghai Communiqué and, 241; prison camp in, 191, 196
Thieu’s concerns about, 218–19. See also Souphanouvong, Prince, 163, 170, 189
Superpower diplomacy South Africa, 301
Sino-Indian War, 64 South China Sea, 349 (n. 42)
Sino-Soviet split, 13, 46, 90, 206, 310; Cam- Southeast Asia, 10, 158–60, 193, 324 (n. 30).
bodia and, 170; Chinese Great Leap See also specific countries
Forward and, 324 (n. 26); Chinese out- Southern manifesto (1956), 45
look on, 94, 191; factors in, 41–42, 48; Southern resistance movement, 23–24,
first indication of, 41; Ho Chi Minh and, 30–34, 42, 45–50, 83, 88, 120, 128, 130,
57–58, 147–48; Kosygin strategy and, 80, 149; Easter Offensive and, 246; French-
147–48, 189–90; Le Duan and, 48–49, Indochina War and, 26, 52; Geneva
61–62, 78, 95, 136, 149, 199, 205, 310; Accords and, 120; indigenous revolu-
Mao’s adherence to, 57–58, 80, 81, 144; tionaries and, 9, 63; Le Duan commit-
military border clashes and, 136–37, 148; ment to, 18, 23–24, 30–34, 43–47, 51, 59,
Nixon-Kissinger exploitation of, 112, 132, 60–63, 69, 82, 296; National Reunifica-
134–35, 137, 144–45, 149, 194, 195, 196, tion Committee and, 53, 81, 183; peace
224, 226–27, 236, 241, 242, 252, 291–92, settlement and, 295–96; resistance to
311; North Vietnamese policies and, 41,

Index | 439

Hanoi military by, 71; three-stage urban North Vietnamese aid/equipment from,
target plan (1972) and, 243; Vietnam 69–70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80–81, 144, 169,
Workers’ Party control of, 39–40, 52–53, 186, 207, 224, 231–32, 252, 254, 256, 261,
236. See also National Liberation Front; 288, 310; North Vietnamese influence of,
Provisional Revolutionary Government 82, 94, 117–18, 182–83, 191, 301; North
Southern Territorial Committee, 17, 23–24, Vietnamese Revisionist Anti-Party Af-
31–34, 320 (n. 73) fair and, 69–70, 96–97, 104; Paris Peace
Southern Uprising (1940), 24 Talks and, 121, 127, 128, 135, 189, 191,
South-firsters, 42–49, 51–53, 57–58, 59, 82, 238, 247–50, 258, 261, 276, 285, 286,
83, 88, 308–9, 310; arguments of, 43–44; 288, 295, 311, 377 (n. 36); peaceful co-
domestic ills and, 196; purge of moder- existence policy of, 41, 48, 49, 64, 82;
ate Party members by, 102–4; strategy Tho visits to, 80, 126; Vietnam War and,
for 1972 and, 239 58, 80–83, 96, 186, 231–32, 253; warfare
South Korea, 142, 159, 219 model of, 95, 96, 119. See also Cold War;
South Vietnam. See Republic of Vietnam Communist Party of the Soviet Union;
South Vietnamese Army. See Army of the Sino-Soviet split
Republic of Vietnam Special Case Committee, 70
Southward March (Nam Tien) units, 24 Special Military Operations Corps (Doan
Souvanna Phouma, Prince, 189 559), 45, 46
Soviet-American détente, 10, 58, 137, 195, Special Vietnam Study Group, 145
204–5, 208, 228, 255, 279, 284, 312; Spring-Summer Offensive (1972). See Easter
Easter Offensive timing and, 233–34, Offensive
246–48, 311; effectiveness of, 233; Glass- Sri Lanka, 185
boro Summit (1967) and, 96; Nixon SRV. See Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Christmas bombing condemnation Stalin, Joseph, 41, 42, 68
and, 295; Nixon-Kissinger approach to, State Department (U.S.): call for Thieu re-
14, 131–33, 137, 144, 145, 196, 204–5, forms and, 221; Nixon-Kissinger policy-
207, 217–18, 223–27, 231, 237, 238, 248, making and, 133–37, 144, 202, 219, 373
271; Nixon’s Moscow trip (1972) and, (n. 95). See also Rogers, William
195, 204–5, 207, 208, 225, 231, 252–53, Steps cell (Foreign Ministry Bureau II),
255, 299, 311; Nixon’s war escalation 269–70
and, 227, 237, 250, 252, 256; North Viet- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1971), 205,
namese reaction to, 226, 228, 233–35, 207, 208
246–55, 271, 276, 311; North Vietnamese Strategic Hamlet Program (South Vietnam),
pressure from, 258, 262, 299; Paris peace 61, 162
draft acceptance and, 285, 286; peace Student protests (U.S.), 174–75
talks and, 247–48, 250, 271. See also Suharto, 160, 324 (n. 30)
Superpower diplomacy Sukarno, 324 (n. 30)
Soviet Union: Cambodia and, 166–67, 170; Summit Meeting of the Indochinese
as communist world’s ideological cen- Peoples (1970), 170–71, 182, 206
ter, 42; détente policy and (see Soviet- Superpower diplomacy, 10, 196, 233, 248,
American détente); diplomacy advocacy 271, 272; balance-of-power politics and,
of, 81, 82, 88, 96, 104, 117–18; divided 307, 312; effectiveness of, 311; Nixon’s
Vietnam policy and, 42, 46, 48; French- triangulation and, 13, 132, 134, 195, 196,
Indochina War and, 25, 30; Geneva Ac- 207, 216, 223–28, 231–37, 242, 243, 248,
cords and, 224–25; Ho Chi Minh’s death 253–55, 258, 261, 271, 299, 307, 311;
and, 147; Le Duan’s funeral and, 302; Le North Vietnamese small-power diplo-
Duan’s policies and, 9, 13, 66, 118, 181, macy vs., 227, 312; two Vietnams and,
206; North-firsters and, 60–61, 62, 93; 299

440 | Index

Taiwan, 141, 142, 159, 213, 214, 219, 226, 241, Third Party Congress (1960), 44, 51–53,
263, 264 55–56, 67, 73, 100, 261

Tan Son Nhut Airbase (Saigon), 201 Third World, 4, 10, 41, 42, 255, 296, 306–7,
Tan Trao meeting, 28 308, 312; Indochinese development shift
Tan Viet (New Vietnam) Revolutionary and, 154; national liberation struggles
in, 42, 46, 50, 58, 59, 301; nonaligned
Party, 19 movement and, 154, 185–86; Sino-Soviet
Tanzania, 185 policies and, 42, 306; small-power tools
Taylor, Maxwell D., 59 and, 307
Tay Nguyen area, 244
Tay Ninh province, 73, 122 Thompson, Sir Roger, 146
Tchepone area, 202, 203 Three Readiness Campaign (1965), 76
Teng Sary, 351 (n. 68) Three-Year Plan for Economic Development
Tenth Plenum (1956), 35
Territorial Committee of the South. See and Transformation of Cultural Devel-
opment (1958–60), 40–41
Central Office of South Vietnam; South- Thua Thien province, 232, 243, 244, 245,
ern Territorial Committee 259
Tet Offensive (1968), 10, 88–109, 110–29, Tibet, 41
130, 200, 262, 298, 301; big-unit war- Tito, Josip, 327 (n. 73)
fare plans and, 105; casualties of, 111, Toan Thang. See Operation Toan Thang
115, 121, 122, 123, 125, 148; China and, To Huu, 36–37, 44, 70, 276; Party no-
96, 195; counteroffensives to, 125, 148; confidence vote for, 302, 303; peace talks
current Vietnamese official history of, and, 286; poem eulogy for Thanh of,
111–12; decision-making process and, 88; power of, 53–54; Viet Bac (book of
88–94, 98, 99, 100–101; Easter Offensive poetry), 37
and, 234, 243–44, 259; failures of, 112, Tonkin, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 199; French-
120, 123–24, 129, 130, 148, 158, 234, 235, Indochina War battles in, 25, 27
246, 255, 259, 309; go-ahead for, 102, Tonkin Gulf incidents (1964), 74, 75, 329
107; Le Duan’s belief in, 98–99, 206, 339 (n. 110)
(n. 16); negative effects of, 112, 148, 157, Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): U.S. Senate
158; North Vietnamese political gains repeal (1970) of, 174
from, 124; perceived favorable condi- Tonkin Party Committee, 21
tions for, 89; phase 1 of, 113–15, 119–20, Tou Samouth, 351 (n. 68)
148; phase 2 of, 115–22, 125, 148; phase 3 Tran Do, 148
of, 122–29, 148; planning changes and, Tran Kim Phuong, 292
106; primary objective for, 112; purges Tran Kinh Chi, 70
of Party critics of, 101–2, 104–6, 107, Tran Ngoc Nghiem. See Hoang Minh Chinh
309; reasons for failure of, 234, 235, Tran Quang Huy, 39
259; strategy for, 101–2, 182, 310; sur- Tran Quoc Hoan, 68, 70, 268; background
prise element of, 108; urban targets of, of, 55–56; as Politburo alternate, 323
90–91, 98–99, 101, 102, 105, 106; U.S. re- (n. 11); Politburo elevation of, 261–62,
action to, 149; U.S. vulnerability and, 98; 376 (n. 20); Revisionist Anti-Party Af-
Vietnamese official assessment of, 148; fair and, 92, 105, 107, 154, 156–57, 198;
Western literature on, 333 (n. 5) security crackdowns and, 156, 157, 192,
Thailand, 159, 160, 164, 165, 219 197–98
Thailand, Gulf of, 349 (n. 42) Tran Thien Khiem, 160, 177, 187, 191, 209,
Thich Quang Duc: funeral ceremony for, 210, 216
327 (n. 65) Tran Van Don, 289–90
Thieu regime. See Nguyen Van Thieu Tran Van Giau, 24, 317 (n. 10)
Third Indochina War, 193, 301 Tran Van Huong, 300

Index | 441

Tran Van Lam, 141, 172, 176, 219, 238; dential election of 1968; Presidential
Kissinger meeting with, 281–82 election of 1972; Vietnam War
Ussuri border clash (1969), 136–37, 148
Tran Van Than, 197
Tran Van Tra, 71–72, 106 Vance, Cyrus, 121, 126
Tra Vinh province, 130 Van Doan, 69
Treaty to End the War and Restore Peace in Vang Pao, 163, 164, 165, 211, 350 (nn. 45, 53)
Van Kien Dang Toan Tap (Vietnamese Com-
Vietnam (draft proposal), 275
Tri Phai village, 31 munist Party documents collection),
Triangular diplomacy. See Superpower 12–13
Van Nghe-Quan Doi ( journal), 36
diplomacy Van Tien Dung, 310; background and career
Truman, Harry S., 6, 22, 25 of, 100–101; Easter Offensive and, 233,
Trung Gia conference, 115 245, 375 (n. 6); fall of Saigon to, 300;
Truong Chinh, 1, 21–22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 48, Party no-confidence vote for, 302–3; as
Politburo alternate, 323 (n. 11); Polit-
54, 56, 64, 309, 318 (n. 29); Central Mili- buro elevation of, 261–62, 376 (n. 20);
tary Commission and, 240; collectivi- Tet Offensive and, 101–2, 105, 108, 109,
zation and, 325 (n. 40); demotion of, 111, 121
37–38, 44, 53; Easter Offensive strategy VCP. See Vietnamese Communist Party
and, 233; as Le Duan’s successor, 314 Vichy France, 20
(n. 1); National Defense Council and, Viet Bac (To Huu book of poetry), 37
240; peace negotiations and, 297; Polit- Viet Bac region, 100
buro membership of, 323 (n. 11), 376 Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front
(n. 20); Politburo war policy resolution Viet Minh, 24–29, 37, 43, 52, 115; Cambodia
(1970) and, 158; political purge punish- and, 180; founding of, 20; Laos and, 163;
ment decree of, 92–93; rehabilitation of, seizure of power by, 21; three-stage de-
66, 67–68; retirement from Politburo of, fensive war process of, 65
302; Revisionist Anti-Party Affair and, Vietnam (divided): seventeenth parallel
105, 107 and, 17, 30, 42, 126; superpower diplo-
Truong Son trail. See Ho Chi Minh Trail macy and, 299. See also Democratic Re-
Truyen Kieu (Vietnamese epic poem), 153 public of Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam;
Tuyen Quang, 155 Reunification of Vietnam
Twelfth Plenum (1965), 75, 76, 78, 80 Vietnam (unified). See Socialist Republic of
Twentieth Congress (Soviet Communist Vietnam
Party), 41 Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (Viet-
Twentieth Plenum (1972), 238–39, 243 nam Independence League). See Viet
Minh
Uganda, 185 Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP): found-
U Minh Forest, 24 ing (1928) of, 19. See also Indochinese
Ung Van Khiem, 67 Communist Party; Politburo; Vietnam
United Nations, 42, 213, 226 Workers’ Party
United States, 4, 7; French-Indochina War Vietnamese-Khmer Friendship School, 180
Vietnamese Nationalist Party, 22
and, 25, 26, 29; Indochina policy and, Vietnamese-Soviet Friendship Association,
22, 23; Laotian policy and, 58, 59, 172; 69
Nixon-Kissinger team and, 129 (see also Vietnamization, 129, 131, 132, 138, 140,
Kissinger, Henry A.; Nixon, Richard M.); 146, 209, 276; Cambodian incursion
Paris peace agreement and, 2; Soviet and, 173; communist condemnation
Summit meeting (1967) with, 96; Viet-
nam normalizes relations with, 304. See
also Antiwar movement; Bombing of
North Vietnam; Paris Peace Talks; Presi-

442 | Index

of, 271; communist military blow to, (1964) and, 74, 75, 174, 329 (n. 110); U.S.
203, 208, 210–11, 228, 233, 239; grad- advisers in South Vietnam and, 59, 63,
ual de-escalation and, 157; Nixon and, 141, 297; U.S. bombing campaigns and
160–61, 163, 192, 201, 202, 241; South (see Bombing of Cambodia; Bombing
Vietnamese negotiations and, 221, 287; of North Vietnam); U.S. entry into, 65,
weakness of, 243 74–77, 82, 310, 329 (n. 109); U.S. escala-
Vietnam National Archives, 11 tion of, 31, 70, 72, 74–77, 135–36, 191,
Vietnam Veterans against the War (VVAW), 236, 237, 249, 250–52, 254–56, 258–59,
203–4, 296 266–68, 279–82, 288, 291–92, 295, 296–
Vietnam War: Americanization of, 6, 49, 99; U.S. troops in (1965), 49, 50, 75–76;
50, 65, 74–77, 82, 310, 329 (n. 109); ar- U.S. troops in (1968), 125; U.S. troops in
chives of, 5, 11–13, 308; assassinations of (1969), 221; U.S. troops in (1972), 221;
1963 and, 64; background of, 19; casual- U.S. troop withdrawals (1969), 138, 140,
ties and costs of, 14, 76–77, 79, 82, 317 144, 146, 221; U.S. troop withdrawals
(n. 38); cease-fire proposal and, 208, 276, (1970), 161, 162, 165, 221; U.S. troop with-
279, 290, 377 (n. 42); Chinese policies drawals (1971), 174, 200, 201, 202, 203,
concerning, 80, 81, 82–83, 95–96, 116– 221–22; U.S. troop withdrawals (1972),
19, 185, 186, 191, 195, 231–32; diplomacy 226, 237, 243, 248; U.S. troop withdrawal
and, 78, 88, 62, 312 (see also Paris Peace timetable, 186–87, 208, 209, 210, 212,
Talks); diplomacy vs. escalation (1963) 213, 215, 218, 223, 272, 277–78; U.S. war
of, 63; end (1975) of, 2, 4, 10, 300–301, crimes investigation and, 203–4; Viet-
303; documentation of damages from, namese official histories of, 5, 13, 124.
276; expansion of (see Cambodia; Laos); See also Paris Agreement on Ending the
foreign powers’ involvement in, 82–83; War and Restoring the Peace
global context of, 8, 9, 10; initial steps Vietnam Workers’ Party (VWP), 8, 12, 24;
toward, 42–47, 59; international history archives of, 11, 12–13; Cambodian com-
of, 305–6, 308–12; leaders of combatants munists and, 154, 165–71, 179–81, 182,
in, 4; military mistakes of, 310; 1968 and, 191; Chinese-U.S. rapprochement and,
88–130; 1969 and, 129–49; 1970 and, 149, 214–15, 226, 241–42; civilian-military
153–93; 1971 and, 200–228, 231–33; 1972 relations and, 97–98; collective deci-
and, 194–228, 234–56; Nixon Doctrine sion making and, 38; Constitution of
and, 143–47, 159, 205, 210–11, 307, 312; 1959 and, 323 (n. 10); decolonization
Nixon’s triangular diplomacy effects on, success and, 30; dissent suppression
231–32, 241; North Vietnamese offen- by, 35–37, 40, 44, 49, 64, 91, 94; Easter
sives and (see Easter Offensive; Gen- Offensive and, 232–34, 259; ethnic mi-
eral Offensive and General Uprising; norities and, 340 (n. 32); first two con-
Tet Offensive); pacification and, 123, gresses of, 322 (n. 2); five-level organiza-
157, 239, 243, 259; penultimate finale to, tion of, 322 (n. 2); five-year military plan
298–99; Pentagon Papers and, 12, 204, of, 59–60; fortieth anniversary of, 155;
212, 249, 315 (n. 12); postwar analysis Geneva Accords terms and, 225; great
of, 2–3, 7–8, 305–12; redefinition of vic- power patrons of, 189–90; Ho chair-
tory in, 115; regionalization of, 10, 71–72; manship of, 37; Ho founding (1951) of,
scholarship and, 7–8; Sino-Soviet split 26; Ho marginalization in, 66–67, 68,
and, 9, 50, 58, 64, 80–83, 94–97, 109, 78, 90, 105, 120, 144, 309; ideological/
112–13, 116–17, 119, 136–37, 191, 205–7, personality divisions in, 3, 9, 48, 50–51,
246–47, 252, 310; Southeast Asian troops 60–62, 77–78, 88–90, 310; Laos and,
in, 159; Soviet policies concerning, 58, 163–65, 207, 224, 228; Le Duan’s fortieth-
80–83, 96, 186, 231–32, 253; stalemate anniversary speech to, 155; Le Duc Tho
(1967) in, 80, 89; Tonkin Gulf incident and, 34, 35, 47, 87; military command-

Index | 443

ers’ tensions with, 97–98; military- ground of, 28; Dien Bien Phu strategy of,
planning committee (see Central Mili- 29, 30, 65; Dung friction with, 100, 101;
tary Commission); moderate faction in, Easter Offensive and, 233, 234, 245, 259,
60, 61, 64, 77, 82, 87, 129–30; nationwide 261–62, 309, 375 (n. 6); guerrilla tactics
support for anti-American war of, 76; and, 50, 79–80, 98; Laos campaign suc-
1970 war assessment by, 157–59; 1972 cess and, 163, 239, 262; Le Duan rivalry
war assessment by, 238–39; Nixon’s with, 29, 39–40, 44, 45, 99–100, 106,
bombing campaign and, 296; Nixon’s 109, 239–40, 261–62, 303, 309; on Le
triangular offensive and, 207, 216, 224, Duan’s political rise, 44; marginaliza-
228, 231–32, 235–36, 242, 248, 253–54, tion of, 239–40, 303, 309; military great-
271; official war history of, 111–12; old ness of, 303; military tactics and, 27–28,
guard of, 37–38; Organizational Com- 234, 235; moderating influence of, 158;
mittee, 22, 54; peace talk goals of, 269– North-firsters and, 43; peaceful reunifi-
70; peace vs. militant factions in, 77, 81, cation and, 60; Politburo membership
83; postcolonial land reform and, 34–35; of, 37–38, 323 (n. 11), 376 (n. 20); popu-
power in communist world of, 148; larity of, 97; return from self-imposed
power structure of, 53–55, 303; primacy exile of, 119; Revisionist Anti-Party Affair
of control by, 107; Provisional Revolu- and, 105; Thanh rivalry with, 28–29, 44,
tionary Government created by, 140; 50, 54, 79–80, 99; U.S. psychological
“rectification of errors” campaign of, warfare and, 250
35–36; Regional Committee, 257; repres- Vo Van Kiet, 30, 31, 33, 60, 303
sive hierarchy of, 9; resolutions of (see Vo Van Sung, 223, 257, 261, 369 (n. 30), 389
Resolution headings); reunification goal (n. 235); Bureau II Steps cell and, 269,
of, 35, 50, 53; revisionism and, 66–69, 270
75, 92, 327 (n. 73) (see also Revisionist Vu Anh (Le Duan’s daughter), 30
Anti-Party Affair); southern resistance Vu Dinh Huynh, 92
control and, 39–40, 52–53, 236; Statute Vuong Chi Sinh, 324 (n. 17)
of 1960 of, 53, 54; strategy for 1972 and, Vuong Quang Xuan, 92
238–39; superpower sellout of, 196; Vu Thu Hien, 92
“talking while fighting” policy and, 115, Vuving, Alexander L., 304
129–30, 148, 154, 196; Third Party Con- VVAW. See Vietnam Veterans against the
gress (1960), 44, 51–53, 55–56, 67, 73, War
100, 261; Three Readiness Campaign VWP. See Vietnam Workers’ Party
(1965), 76; two contending factions in,
42–43, 46, 48–49, 77–82 (see also North- Walters, Vernon, 161, 223, 226, 369 (n. 30)
firsters; South-firsters); U.S. presidential War crimes, 203, 212
candidates and, 125–26; war intensifica- Warsaw, 118, 189
tion and, 71–75, 89–91, 234–36. See also Warsaw Pact, 226
Central Executive Committee; Central Washington Post, 204
Military Commission; Politburo Watergate scandal, 7, 19, 204
Vinh Long province, 130 Westad, Odd Arne, 305–6
Vinh Yen, battle of (1951), 27 West Germany, 142
Vo Chi Cong, 60, 179, 303 Westmoreland, William, 75, 76, 113, 310
Vo Nguyen Giap, 2, 3, 22, 26–29, 35, 54, 87, Wheeler, Earle, 113, 136, 137
105–9, 111, 245, 318 (n. 29); arrests of Wilde, James, 139
staff of, 91, 105, 156; cautious approach Winter Soldier Investigation (U.S. war
of, 90, 129–30; challenges to war policy
by, 50, 79–80, 98–100, 102, 311; Chinese crimes), 203
relations and, 95; cosmopolitan back- Women’s Association of South Vietnam,

183–84

444 | Index

Women’s Auxiliary Corps (North Vietnam), of, 209; U.S. presidential election (1972)
257 prospects and, 268, 272; U.S. war escala-
tion and, 215
Women’s Committee, 183 Xu Xiangqian, 145
Women’s diplomacy, 184–85
Women’s International League for Peace Year of the Monkey (1968), 108, 129
Year of the Rat (1972), 234
and Freedom (U.S.), 199 Year of the Rooster (1969), 129
Women’s Movement Demanding the Right Ye Jianying, 145
“Yellow music” movement (nhac vang), 155,
to Live (Vietnam), 199
Women’s National Liberation Forces, 24 156; court case against, 197–98
Women’s Union, 38–39 Yen Bai uprising, 20
World Proletarian League, 263 Yen Sa. See Nguyen Thi Binh, Madame
World Trade Organization, 304 Youth Party (South Vietnam), 183
World War II, 20–22, 23
Zambia, 185
Xuan Thuy, 184, 213, 223, 247, 249, 250, 252, Zhenbao island: Sino-Soviet border clash
254, 272, 290, 291; assessment of pub-
lic peace meeting (1971) by, 199–200; (1969), 136, 137, 148
Chinese-American talks and, 216; Chi- Zhou Enlai, 57, 94, 95, 117, 185, 252; Cambo-
nese meetings with, 118, 265; Inter-
national Works Committee and, 235; dian communists and, 167, 168, 170, 171;
Kissinger gift to, 289; meetings with Geneva Accords and, 224, 225; Kissin-
Harriman of, 121, 123, 126, 128; meet- ger meeting with, 207, 213–14, 218, 225;
ings with Kissinger of, 143, 144–47, 153, Kosygin meeting with, 148; Le Duan
161, 186–88, 208–9, 216–18, 220, 226, diplomacy with, 205–6, 207, 214; Le Duc
249, 274, 277, 283; meetings with Lodge Tho meeting with, 217, 265–66; Nixon’s
of, 135, 136; meetings with Vance of, 121, war escalation and, 236–37; Nixon visit
126; negotiating power of, 140; nine- and, 204, 206, 226, 241; North Viet-
point peace plan and, 210, 238; as North namese peace negotiation and, 286, 297;
Vietnamese chief peace talks delegate, North Vietnamese relations and, 187–89,
120; peace-settlement deadline and, 273, 205, 226, 241–42, 263–64; Tet Offensive
277–78; Politburo policy shift and, 124, critique of, 118, 119
125, 126, 127, 130–31; secret talks team Zhu Qiwen, 182, 188
and, 269; three-point proposal (1971) Zinoman, Peter, 20

THE NEW COLD WAR HISTORY

Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Hanoi’s War: An International History of the War for Peace in
Vietnam (2012).

Tanya Harmer, Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War, 1970–1973 (2011).
Alessandro Brogi, Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the

Communists in France and Italy (2011).
Gregg Brazinsky, Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of

a Democracy (2007).
Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to

Gorbachev (2007).
Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story (2005).
Christopher Endy, Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France (2004).
Salim Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle

East (2003).
Francis J. Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary

Relations, 1958–1971 (2003).
William Glenn Gray, Germany’s Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East

Germany, 1949–1969 (2003).
Matthew J. Ouimet, The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy

(2003).
Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement

(2002).
Jeffrey Glen Giauque, Grand Designs and Visions of Unity: The Atlantic Powers and the

Reorganization of Western Europe, 1955–1963 (2002).
Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (2001).
M. E. Sarotte, Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Détente, and Ostpolitik, 1969–1973

(2001).
Mark Philip Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America: The Making of Postcolonial

Vietnam, 1919–1950 (2000).
Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation

Building” in the Kennedy Era (2000).
Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (2000).
William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for

Leadership in Europe, 1944–1954 (1998).