Nepotism, 96, 112, 122, 126 New York Herald Tribune, 143, 190 New York Times, 1, 2, 132, 135, 140, 143, 145, 176, 215, 217, 221 Newborn and mother, 20. See also Vietnamese tradition Newsday, 143 Newsweek, 139, 141 Ngo brothers (Ngo Dinh Diem; Ngo Dinh Nhu) assassination of, 1–2, 175, 207, 209–210, 210–211, 213, 220 in Cholon, in hiding, 205–206 and Nhu, Madame, dependence on, 163 and Saigon coup of 1963, 198–210 surrender of, 206 See also Ngo Dinh Diem; Ngo Dinh Nhu Ngo Dinh Can, 12, 56, 219 Ngo Dinh Diem, 37, 62, 74–77, 149 as administrative supervisor, 73 and Bao Dai, 81, 88, 90, 95 and Binh Xuyen police, battle against, 89–90 biographical information, 72–73 and Buddhist monk, self-immolation of, 161–162, 163 and Buddhist pagodas, raids on, 164–166, 166–167 as chief of state, 95 and Collins, J. Lawton, 85 and communism/Communists, 76–77, 94, 95 and coup attempt of 1960, 112, 113–114 and Dai Viet Phu Hung Hoi (the Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam), building of, 75 and democracy, 94–95 description of, 74–75 as district chief, 73 and election, 95 and fake body counts, 122 and fake coup scheme, 201–204 and flag-flying and bombing incident, 163–164 and the French, hatred between, 80, 81, 83, 88 as governor of Phan Thiet, 73 and Ho Chi Minh, 75–76 and Japan, 76 and Johnson, Lyndon, 124, 131–132 and Lansdale, Edward, 80–81, 84 and martial law, 164–165, 200 in New York City, 180–181 and Ngo Dinh Nhu, 77, 84–85 and Nhu, Madame, 5, 80–81, 98–99, 102, 113–114, 140 and Nhu, Madame, and banishment to Belgrade, 166–167 and Nhu, Madame, demonstration in favor of, 86–88 and Nhu, Madame, dependence on, 163 and Personalist Labor Party personality of, 97–98 political ineptness of, 83–85
as president of South Vietnam, 90, 93–94, 95, 99–100 and presidential palace, move to, 92–93 as prime minister of South Vietnam, 73–74, 74–75, 79–81, 90 as prisoner of the Communists, 75 retirement in 1933, 73 and social gatherings, as president, 99–100 and Tran Thi Le Chi, 109 and Tran Van Chuong, insults from, 187 and Tran Van Khiem, 12 and United States, 76–77, 88 and US public relations firm, 180 and vice, battle against, 88–89 and Viet Minh, 76 See also Diem regime; Ngo brothers Ngo Dinh Kha, 36–37 Ngo Dinh Khoi, 76 Ngo Dinh Le Quyen, 111, 167, 220–221 and Saigon coup of 1963, 202, 204, 207, 208–209 Ngo Dinh Le Thuy, 48, 51, 74, 82, 110, 125, 167, 195 birth of, 60 death of, 220 at home of grandparents, in Washington, DC, 188–189, 214 and presidential palace, bombing of, 132 and Saigon coup of 1963, 204 and US tour, 171, 183 and US tour, and boyfriend, 197–198 in Washington, DC, 186–187 Ngo Dinh Nhu assassination attempt against, 131 and Buddhist pagodas, raids on, 166, 198 as chief councilor to the president, 129–132 childhood of, 36–37 and Tran Van Chuong, Madame, 35 and coup attempt of 1960, 112, 113–114 description of, 194 education of, 36 and fake coup scheme, 201–204 as a father, 110–111 and labor activists, alliances with, 77 marital affair of, 107 marital troubles of, 106–108, 109–111 marriage of, 37, 39–40 and Ngo Dinh Diem, 77, 84–85 and Ngo Dinh Diem, French hatred of, 81 and personalism, 77 and Personalist Labor Party, 64, 77 as political advisor to Ngo Dinh Diem, 84–85 political power of, 120, 131
popular discontent with, 131 and presidential palace, bombing of, 133 and presidential palace, move to, 92–93 and Republican Youth, 129–130 and Saigon, safe passage to, 61 secret missions of, 64–65 and Service for Political and Social Research of the Presidency, 131 and shelter from Viet Minh, in Phat Diem Catholic Church, 60 smoking habit of, 111 and Spence, Virginia, 82 and Strategic Hamlets Program, 130 and Tran Thi Le Xuan (later Madame Nhu), introduction to, 35–36 and Tran Van Chuong, insults from, 187–188 and wife (Madame Nhu), and Pham, John, 72 and wife (Madame Nhu), at French embassy dinner, 86 and wife (Madame Nhu), dependence on, 163 and wife (Madame Nhu), relationship with, 79, 82, 133, 196, 224 and wife (Madame Nhu), reunion with, in Saigon, 60, 61 See also Ngo brothers Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame, 40 at age 86, 193–194 and American embassy in Saigon, 140 ancestry of, 9, 18, 45, 154 and articles in Times of Vietnam, 142–143 and banishment to Belgrade, and travels abroad, 166–168 and banishment to Hong Kong, 87–88, 91–92 and Bao Dai, 65–66, 81 and Binh Xuyen attack on presidential palace, 92 and breastfeeding children, 59–60 and bridge/battleground crossing with infant daughter, 53–54 and brother, Tran Van Khiem, 12, 14, 96 and Buddhist “monks’ barbecue” remark, 1, 139–140, 145, 162–163 and Buddhist pagodas, raids on, 165–166, 166–167 and Buddhists as Communists, 162, 216–217 and Catholicism, 154 and Chau, at Vietnamese embassy, in Washington, D.C., 189–190 CIA friends of, 81–82 and Communists, 156 and contraception ban, 127 and coup attempt of 1960, 111–114 criticism of, 2, 101, 127, 138, 139–140, 140–141, 150–151, 167–168 in Dalat, 61–62, 63–68, 110 and dancing ban, 127–128 and daughter Ngo Dinh Le Quyen, 111 and daughter Ngo Dinh Le Thuy, 48, 60, 171, 183, 186–187, 197–198, 220 and daughters, relationship with, 20 death of, 221–222 and defense mechanism, blaming others as, 156
depression of, 223 as deputy in National Assembly, 102–103 description of, 2, 5, 78 diary of, 104–106, 133, 223–225 and divorce ban, 102–103, 104, 108–109 as Dragon Lady, 1, 117, 148, 176, 221 and election to National Assembly, 95–96 and eyelid cyst, 196, 198, 204 and Family Code, 102–103, 126 during famine of 1944 and 1945, 47 and farewell statement at Saigon airport, 167–168 and farewell statement at US airport, 216 and father, Tran Van Chuong, rapprochement between, 11 and filial piety, 10 financial status of, 10 and First Indochina War, 65–66 as First Lady, and palace attire, 66–67 as First Lady, and palace life, 93, 109–110, 115–116 as First Lady, duties of, 98–101 and flag-flying and bombing incident, 163–164 and the French, 81 at French embassy dinner, and Nguyen Van Hinh, 85–87 and Gregory, Ann, 143 and Halberstam, David, 135–139 and Higgins, Marguerite, 144–146 in Hue, with husband’s family, status of, 45–46, 48, 53 and husband, Ngo Dinh Nhu, marital affair of, 107 and husband, Ngo Dinh Nhu, relationship with, 79, 82, 133, 196, 224 and husband, Ngo Dinh Nhu, reunion with, in Saigon, 60, 61 and husband, Ngo Dinh Nhu, secret missions of, 64–65 and husband, Ngo Dinh Nhu, smoking habit of, 111 interview techniques of, 138–139 and “intoxicated,” use of word, 10–11, 143 and Johnson, Lyndon, 124–125 and Johnson, Lyndon, and entourage in South Vietnam, 118–120 and Johnson, Lyndon, letter to, 174–175 and Kennedy, Jacqueline, 2, 150–151 and Kennedy, Jacqueline, condolence letter to, 217–218 and Kennedy, John, 174–175, 190, 191, 210, 216 and Kennedy administration, criticism of, 190–191 and Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, 197 and La Vang, symbolism of American bishop visiting, 154–156, 156–158 and Lam Ngoc (Forest Jewel) villa in Dalat, 66–67, 110 love affairs of, 224–225 and Luce, Clare Booth, and support for, 147–148 marital troubles of, 106–108, 109–111 and memoirs, 43–44, 118, 133, 153–154, 156, 194–196, 221–222 and “monks’ barbecue” remark, 1, 140, 145, 162–163
and Morality Laws, 127–129 and motherhood as image of righteousness, 54 musical abilities of, 53 and National Press Club, speech at, 190–191 in New York City, 169–172, 175–183 in New York City, and speeches and interviews, 182–183 in New York City, and supporters of, 182–183, 190–191 in New York City, protests against, 177–178, 179 and Ngo brothers, assassination of, 213 and Ngo brothers, dependence of, 163 and Ngo Dinh Diem, 5, 73–74, 74–75, 80–81, 98–99, 102, 113–114, 140 and Ngo Dinh Diem, demonstration in favor of, 86–88 and Nguyen Khanh, 113 and Nguyen Van Hinh, 83 and NLF truck bombing, March 22, 1961, 123–124 and Overseas Press Club in New York City, invitation to speak at, 167 and parents, and call for ouster, 171 and parents, and Diem regime, undermining of, 214–215 and parents, and public disowning, 9, 10 and parents, and refusal to forgive, 214–215 and parents, and refusal to receive, in Washington, DC, 187–190, 214 and parents, and resignation of ambassadorial posts, 166 and parents, insults from, 187–188, 190 and parents, murder of, 10, 215 and parents, will of, 14–15 in Paris (post-Saigon coup), 6–7, 218–219 personality of, 57–58, 68, 99, 222 and Pham, John, 72 and photographs from past, 117–119 political influence of, 163 popular discontent with, 131 power of, 176 as powerful woman, criticism of, 150–151 and presidential palace, bombing of, 117, 132–133 and the press, criticism of, 15, 137–138 and program director for US tour, 180 religion of, 157–158 reputation of, 1–2, 144 resentment toward, 129 in Rome, 10, 216, 219 rumors about, 103–104 in Saigon, 77–79 and Saigon coup of 1963, 204 and Saigon coup of 1963, and United States, criticism of, 214, 216 and Saigon coup of 1963, responsibility for, 1–2, 210, 216 and sister, Tran Thi Le Chi, 103, 104, 108–109 and sister-in-law Hoang, 56 and “soldiers of fortune” remark, 2, 181–182
and son Ngo Dinh Quynh, birth of, 60 and son Ngo Dinh Trac, birth of, 60 speech style of, 142 as Tiger Lady, 117 and tiger skins, 117, 133, 153 and Times of Vietnam, 141, 142–143 and United States, criticism of, 2, 140–141, 162, 181–182, 190–191, 214, 216 and US tour, 169–183, 186–191, 196–198 and US tour, during Saigon coup of 1963, 206–207 and US tour, post-Saigon coup of 1963, 213–216 and Viet Minh, 47 and Viet Minh, and detonation of piano, 51 and Viet Minh, capture by, 48–57 and Viet Minh, release by, 57 and Viet Minh leader, attention from, 56–57 in Washington, DC, 100–101, 186–191 The White Pebble (Le Caillou Blanc), 194 and Women’s Corps, 125, 139 and women’s rights, 102, 125–126 writing style of, 195 as young bride and new mother, 45–46 See also Tran Thi Le Xuan Ngo Dinh Quynh, 60, 82, 92, 110, 167, 220 and Saigon coup of 1963, 202, 204, 207, 208–209 Ngo Dinh Thuc (archbishop of Hue), 156–158, 209, 219 Ngo Dinh Trac, 60, 74, 110, 167, 220 and Saigon coup of 1963, 202, 204, 207, 208–209 Nguyen Huu Chau, 96, 103, 104, 108–109 Nguyen Khanh, 112–113, 208 Nguyen Thi Bang, 124 Nguyen Van Hinh, 82–83, 85–87, 176 Nguyen Van Nhung, 207 Nguyen Van Tam, 82 Nixon, Richard, 147, 148, 216 NLF. See National Liberation Front Nolting, Frederick, 120, 121 North Vietnam, 61, 80–81, 94 Obama, Michelle, 5 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 75, 80 Oggeri, Etienne, 103, 104, 108–109 Opium, 31–32 Oram, Harold, 180–181 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services Oswald, Lee Harvey, 197 Overseas Press Club, 167 Parmentier, Madame, 37
Pentagon Papers, 207–208 Personalism, 77 Personalist Labor Party (Can Lao), 64, 77 Pham, John, 71–73, 97–98, 99 Pham Van My, 68 Pham Xuan An, 217 Pike, Douglas, 102 Political prisoners, 131 Polygamy, 19, 102, 126. See also Vietnamese tradition Prasso, Sheridan, 149 Presidential palace (aka Dinh Doc Lap or Independent Palace; Palais Norodom), 92–93 bombing of, February 11, 1962, 117, 132–133 and Saigon coup of 1963, and palace siege, 205 Quang (refugee), 86 The Quiet American (Greene), 81 Quoc Mau (National Mothers), 54 Racial segregation, 30 Racism, 33, 149 Radio Catinat, 103 Reagan, Ronald, 14 Refugees, 86, 87, 93 Religion, 157–158. See also Buddhists; Catholics/Catholicism Repression of freedoms, 97, 122, 126–127 Republican Youth, 129–130, 203 Richardson, John, 199 Rock Creek Cemetery, 15 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 186 Roosevelt, Franklin, 186 Saigon, 77–79, 83, 120–121 Saigon coup of 1963, 198–210 and Kennedy, John, 1–2, 199, 200, 207, 210–211, 217 and Ngo brothers, assassination of, 1–2, 175, 207, 209–210, 213 and Ngo brothers, in hiding, 205–206 and Ngo brothers, surrender of, 206 and Ngo children, safety of, 202, 204, 207, 208–209 and Nhu, Madame, as responsible for, 1–2, 210, 216 and palace siege, 205 See also Coup attempt of 1960 Saigon Golf Club bombing, December 1960, 123 Saint Joseph Cathedral of Hanoi, 39 Saturday Evening Post, 132, 150, 195 Self-immolation, of Buddhist monk, 139–140, 145, 160–161, 162–163 SEPES. See Service for Political and Social Research of the Presidency Service for Political and Social Research of the Presidency (SEPES), 131 Sheehan, Neil, 142
Shoot to Kill (Miers), 205 Skylstad, William, 154, 155 Smith, Jean, 117, 119–120, 148 Smith, Stephen, 119, 120 Soong May-Ling. See Chiang, Madame South Vietnam Americanization of, and Communists, 216 democracy in, 94–95 and fake body counts, 121–122 and government overthrows, 208 and political prisoners, 131 US aid to, 90, 121, 128, 131 and Vietnamese exodus, 80–81 Westernization of, 128 Soviet Union, 73–74 Spellman, Francis (cardinal), 77 Spence, Virginia, 81–82 St. Elizabeth’s psychiatric hospital, 13–14 Strategic Hamlets Program, 130 Sully, Francois, 139 The Tale of Kieu, 23–24 Tang Thi Ut, 124 Taoism, 157 Tassigny, Jean de Lattre de, 112–113 Taylor, Maxwell, 200, 201, 210 Thach, James van, 104–106 Thich Quang Duc, 160–161, 163 Tiger Lady, 117 Time magazine, 144, 147, 176, 179, 197, 217 Times of Vietnam, 141–143, 162, 206 Tokyo Rose, 2 Ton That Dinh, 203–204 Tran Thi Le Chi, 15, 19, 103, 104 suicide attempt of, 108–109 Tran Thi Le Xuan (later Madame Nhu) and astrologer/fortune-teller’s prediction, 20 birth of, 17–19 bridal portrait of, 40 bride price for, 39 and brother, 27–28 and Catholicism, 36, 39 and domestic help, daily upbringing by, 24–25 education of, 27, 30–31, 33 and family move from Hanoi to countryside without, 23–26 in French Quarter (Hanoi), 30 grandparents as caretakers of, 23–25 and move from countryside to Hanoi, 29–30, 31 as newborn, 19–20
and Ngo Dinh Nhu, betrothal to, 37 and Ngo Dinh Nhu, introduction to, 35–36 and Ngo Dinh Nhu, marriage to, 37, 39–40 personality of, 25 and role as middle-daughter, 27 serious illness of, 25 as “switched” child, 25 and traditional Vietnamese family life, 26 Western influence on, 31 Tran Thi Nam Tran. See Tran Van Chuong, Madame Tran Van Chuong and ambassadorial post, resignation of, 166 ancestry of, 9, 18 burial of, 15–16 and communism, 47 in Dalat, 62 and daughter (Madame Nhu), and refusal to forgive, 214–215 and daughter (Madame Nhu), call for ouster of, 171 and daughter (Madame Nhu), public disowning of, 9, 10 and daughter (Madame Nhu), rapprochement between, 11 and daughter (Madame Nhu), refusal to receive, in Washington, DC, 187–190, 214 and daughter (Madame Nhu) and Ngo brothers, insults to, 187–188 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as child, and move from Hanoi to countryside without, 23–26 description of, 11, 35 and Diem regime, undermining of, 214–215 education of, 22 as fourteen-year-old groom, 21–22 and French secret police, salacious account by, 34–35 and Hanoi Bar, appointment to serve on, 29 and Ho Chi Minh, donations to government of, 60 and Japanese, collaboration with, 61, 103 in Japanese cabinet position, 39 and Japanese versus French, 38–39 marriage of, 20–21 murder of, 9, 10, 11–14, 215, 220 retirement of, 10 and Saigon, safe passage to, 61 and son, Tran Van Khiem, and family living with, 13 as South Vietnamese ambassador to United States, 9–10, 96 and Tuesday salons, 38 Western influence on, 21 will of, 13, 14–15 Tran Van Chuong, Madame (also Madame Chuong, Nam Tran Tran Van Chuong; Tran Thi Nam Tran) and ambassadorial post, resignation of, 166 ancestry of, 9, 18 birth date of, 20 burial of, 15–16
and communism, 47 in Dalat, 62 and daughter (Madame Nhu), and refusal to forgive, 214–215 and daughter (Madame Nhu), call for ouster of, 171 and daughter (Madame Nhu), insults to, 190 and daughter (Madame Nhu), public disowning of, 9, 10 and daughter (Madame Nhu), refusal to receive, in Washington, DC, 187–190, 214 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as child, and move from Hanoi to countryside without, 23–26 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as child, and “switched” child suspicion, 25 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as child, birth of, 17–19 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as child, rescue of, 108 and daughter (Madame Nhu) as newborn, 19–20 as granddaughter of emperor, 20 and daughters, educational opportunities for, 26 and daughters, relationship with, 20 description of, 11, 35 and Diem regime, undermining of, 214–215 French influences on, 33–34 and French secret police, salacious account by, 34–35 and Ho Chi Minh, donations to government of, 60 and Japanese, collaboration with, 61 and Japanese versus French, 35, 38–39 and love affairs, 35, 39 marriage of, 20–21 murder of, 9, 10, 11–14, 215, 220 as Pearl of Asia, 18 as princess, 9, 18, 20 reputation of, 56 retirement of, 10 and Saigon, safe passage to, 61 and social life, 34 and son, Tran Van Khiem, 12, 13, 22–23 as South Vietnamese observer at United Nations, 96 and Tuesday salons, 38 as two-year-old-bride, 20 Western influence on, 20–21 will of, 13, 14–15 Tran Van Khiem as adult, and living with parents, 13 birth of, 22–23 education of, 96 imprisonment and torture of, 12–13, 14 and Ngo Dinh Diem, 12 and parents, disappointment to, 96 and parents, murder of, 10, 11–14, 220 and parents, will of, 13, 14–15 as psychiatric patient, 13–14 and sister (Madame Nhu), and appointment as palace spokesman, 96
Tran Van Thong, 21–22 Truck bombing, March 22, 1961, 123–124 Truman, Harry, 187 Trung sisters, 123, 125–126 U Nu, Mrs., 100 UN Day, 197 United Nations, 96 United States and aid to South Vietnam, 90, 121, 128, 131 and Asians as feminized peoples, 149 and Binh Xuyen, 89 and Buddhist monk, self-immolation of, 161 and communism, 132 and Diem regime, conspiracy against, 198, 216–217 and fake body counts, 121–122 and Geneva Accords, 73–74, 79 and ideal woman, stereotype of, 148–150 and Johnson, Lyndon, and entourage in South Vietnam, 117, 118–120 and Ngo Dinh Diem, 76–77, 88, 131–132 and Nhu, Madame, and banishment to Belgrade, and travels abroad, 166–167 and Nhu, Madame, criticism of, 2, 140–141, 162, 181–182, 190–191, 214, 216 racism in, 149 and Saigon coup of 1963, criticism of, and Nhu, Madame, 214, 216 and Saigon coup of 1963, support of, 175, 198–210, 214 and South Vietnam, involvement in, criticism of, 136–137 in South Vietnam, criticism of, 141 Tran van Chuong as ambassador to, 96 and Viet Minh, and missions against, 75 US Day Rally, 197 US Information Service, 141 US State Department, 80–81, 88 Vann, John Paul, 140–141 Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front Viet Minh, 47, 80 and communism/Communists, 80, 94 and First Indochina War, 63 and Ngo Dinh Diem, 76 and Ngo Dinh Nhu, and shelter in Catholic Church, 60 and Nhu, Madame, and bridge/battleground crossing with infant daughter, 53–54 and Nhu, Madame, and detonation of piano, 51 and Nhu, Madame, capture of, 48–57 and Nhu, Madame, release of, 57 and US missions against Japanese, 75 Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD), 32 “Vietnam,” 31 Vietnam: A History (Karnow), 140, 217 Vietnam War, 218
Vietnamese French prejudice against, 32 religion of, 157–158 Vietnamese stories, 23–24 Vietnamese tradition and behavior of children, 13 and betrothals, 37 and blackened teeth, 20–21 and bride price, 39 and creation story, 54 and daughter-in-law as prized possession, 19 and domestic femininity, 26–27 and hair and clothing style, 20 and male vs. female births, 18–19 and marriage, 20 and middle-daughter, role of, 27 and mother myth, 54 and newborn and mother, 20 and polygamy, 19 and women, role of, 24, 26–27, 34 See also Confucianism/Confucian tradition VNQDD. See Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang Warner, Denis, 11 The White Pebble (Le Caillou Blanc; Madame Nhu), 194 Women Asian, stereotype of, 2, 148–149 and feminist movement, 150 and ideal woman, stereotype of, 148–150 powerful, criticism of, 150–151 role of, 24, 26–27, 34 (See also Confucianism/Confucian tradition; Vietnamese tradition) Women’s Corps, 125, 139, 203 Women’s rights, 101–103, 109 Women’s Solidarity Movement, 125, 126 Wong, Anna May, 148–149 World War I, 22 World War II, 37–39, 149 Xa Hoi-Society, 77 Xixi (Chinese empress), 2, 148 Yen Bay uprising, 32–33 Yokoyama Masayuki, 35, 39 Young, Stephen, 172
JESSICA TAMPAS PHOTOGRAPHY Monique Brinson Demery took her first trip to Vietnam in 1997 as part of a study-abroad program with Hobart and William Smith Colleges. She received a United States Department of Education grant to attend the Vietnamese Advanced Summer Institute in Hanoi, and in 2003, she received a master’s degree in East Asia regional studies from Harvard University. Demery’s initial interviews with Madame Nhu in 2005 were the first the former South Vietnamese First Lady had given to any Westerner in nearly twenty years. Demery lives in Chicago.
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