499
INDEX
hormones cont. hypothalamus 84, 110, 132, 135 immune system cont. infraspinous fossa 200 interpeduncular fossa 107
in stomach 354, 355 control of reproductive system anatomy 74–7 ingrown toenails 425 interphalangeal joints 49, 224, 225
stress response 389 373 antibodies 335 inguinal ligament 174, 242 interstitial fluid 344, 346
triggers for release 385 and endocrine system 84 antigens 335 inguinal nodes 74, 76 interstitial lung disease 450
see also sex hormones and endorphins 311 appendix 361 interstitial space 344
specific hormones fluid balance 369 bacterial infections 420 deep 258 intertendinous connections 226
hormone regulation 385, 388 breast milk and 405 distal superficial 182, 258 interthalamic adhesion 111
housemaid’s knee 434 hunger 363 and cancer 419 proximal superficial 182 intertragic notch, ear 119
human chorionic gonadotropin limbic system 307 gut flora 361 inguinal region 30 intertrochanteric crest 238
memory and emotion 306 head and neck 128–9 inhalation intertrochanteric line 236, 237
(hCG) 379, 399, 401 and pituitary gland 386 hip and thigh 258–9 mechanics of breathing 153, intertubercular region 30
human genome 18–19, 396 puberty 408 immunization 421 interventricular arteries
human papilloma virus (HPV) 425, stress response 389 innate immunity 346–7 328–9
lymphatic system 26, 344–5 reflexes 331 anterior 156, 157
471, 475 hypothenar muscles 234 lymphocytes 75 inheritance 396–7 posterior 157
human placental lactogen (hPL) hypothyroidism 482 shoulder and upper arm inherited disorders 416–17 interventricular septum 158–9
220–21 inhibin 390 interventricular veins 159
379 I thorax 160–61 initial lymphatics 344 intervertebral disks 48, 135, 140,
humeral arteries white blood cells 335, 345 injuries
“ice pick” headache 437 see also autoimmune disorders bones 426 197
anterior circumflex 216, 218 identical twins 379 clotting mechanism 278, 334 composition 289
posterior circumflex 216, 218 ileal vein 189 immunization 349, 421 “groin pulls” 247 prolapse 433
humerus 40, 42, 198, 202, 203 ileocolic artery 180 impetigo 422 immune system 346 intervertebral foramina 140, 148
capitulum 199, 222 ileum 79, 184, 187, 197, 356 impingement syndrome 208 response to 321 intestines
fractures 44 iliac arteries implicit memory 306 innate immunity 346–7 blood vessels 68
head 214 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) 477 instinctive breathing 330–31 lower digestive tract disorders
lateral epicondyle 199, 203, 211, common 68, 70, 81, 180, 181, incisive fossa 92 insulation
190 incisors 130, 131, 352, 406 body hair 281 464–5
213, 215, 222, 223, 227 incontinence 469 subcutaneous fat 278 newborn baby 404
medial epicondyle 199, 203, external 68, 70, 180, 181, 190, incretins 391, 480 insulin stress response 389
254, 256 incus 97, 118, 316 and blood sugar levels 480 see also large intestine; small
205, 207, 209, 213, 215, 222, infancy 394, 404–5 diabetes 410, 480–81
223, 226, 228 internal 68, 70, 180, 181, 256 infections functions 384, 390 intestine
MRI 234–5 iliac crest 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, triggers for release 385 intracytoplasmic insemination
neck 198, 212, 214 causes of 347 integumentary system 278–81
olecranon fossa 223 177, 179, 197 infectious diseases 420–21 intercalated disks, cardiac muscle (ICSI) 477
shaft 199, 201, 210, 213, 215 iliac fossa 168 innate immunity 346–7 intramembraneous ossification
spiral groove 200 iliac nodes nervous system 441 59
trochlea 199, 222 urinary tract infections 468 intercarpal ligaments 224 286
hunger 363 common 76, 183 infective endocarditis 454 intercondylar fossa 239 intraparietal sulcus 106
Huntington’s disease 417, 439 external 74, 76, 182 inferior, definition 32 intercostal arteries 154 intrauterine growth retardation
hyaline cartilage 47 internal 74, 76, 183 infertility 476–7 intercostal membrane, internal 146
joints 49, 288 iliac region 30 inflammation intercostal muscles 50, 52, 54, 66, 479
ossification 286 iliac spine eye surface 446 involuntary movements 308
spine 48 anterior superior 169 inflammatory response 346, 420 143, 144, 149, 164, 211
hydrocele 472 posterior superior 170 pain 321 breathing 328, 329, 331 see also reflexes
hydrocephalus 438 iliac veins influenza 421, 448 external 143, 147, 328, 329 involuntary muscle see smooth
hydrochloric acid 79, 187, common 68, 70, 81, 180, 181, information processing internal 143, 147, 329
354 central nervous system 302, intercostal nerves 60, 62, 148, 149, muscle
hydrogen 190 ions, electrical activity in nerve
body composition 24 external 68, 180, 181, 190 304–5 179
DNA 16 internal 68, 70, 180, 181, 189, 190 memory and emotion 306–7 control of breathing 331 cells 298, 299, 300, 301
gut flora and 361 iliacus muscle 56, 197, 246 infraclavicular nodes 220 intercostal nodes 76, 160 iris 116, 117, 312, 313
hydrogen sulfide 361 iliocostalis muscle 176 infraglottic cavity 167 intercostal veins 154, 155 iritis 447
hymen 476 iliofemoral ligament 240 infrahyoid nodes 128 intermaxillary suture 92 iron
hyoid bone 44, 91, 102, 123, 130 iliohypogastric nerve 178, 179 infraorbital artery 124 intermittent claudication 457
hypermetropia 447 ilioinguinal nerve 178 infraorbital foramen 88 internal capsule 112 and anemia 458
hypertension 455 iliopsoas muscle 50, 57, 197, 242 infraorbital nerve 115 interosseous artery 232 in blood 334
portal hypertension 466 iliotibial tract 241, 242, 244 infraorbital vein 125 interosseous membrane 223, hemoglobin 327
preeclampsia 478 ilium 42, 240 infrapatellar bursas storage in liver 359
pulmonary hypertension 455 gluteal surface 170 subcutaneous 49 234–5 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
hyperthymestic syndrome 307 imaging techniques 34–5 subtendinus 49 interosseus muscles (foot)
hyperthyroidism 482 immune cells see white blood cells infrapatellar fat pad, knee joint 49 464
hypertrophy, muscular 291 immune system infrasound 317 dorsal 265, 267 ischemia, lower limb 457
hypochondrial region 30 abdomen and pelvis 182–3 infraspinatus muscle 56, 144, 145, interosseus muscles (hand) ischial spine 170, 197
hypodermis 39 adaptive immunity 346, 348–9 ischial tuberosity 168, 170, 236,
hypoglossal canal 92, 93, 95 aging 410 206, 210 dorsal 57, 226, 228
hypoglossal nerve 114, 115, 120, anaphylaxis 460 palmar 229 240, 248, 252
121 interosseous nerve, posterior 230, ischiocavernosus 195
hypopituitarism 482 ischiopubic ramus 170, 172, 173,
231
interpalatine suture 92 236, 240
ischium 240
body of 168
islets of Langerhans 390, 480
isometric contraction, muscles
291
500
INDEX
isotonic contraction, muscles 291 ketoacidosis 480 lactiferous ducts, breasts 82, 164, leg cont. lipoproteins 359
isotropic fibers, muscle 58 ketones 480 165 varicose veins 457 lips 130
isovolumic contraction, cardiac kidneys 80, 190–91, 366–7 venous ulcers 457 liver 79, 184, 185, 358–9
lactiferous sinus, breasts 164 see also knee
cycle 337 blood pressure control 391 lambda 88 anatomy 188–9
isovolumic relaxation, cardiac blood vessels 68, 180 lambdoid suture 88, 90, 92, 95 lemniscus, medial 304, 305, 320 blood sugar regulation 390
capillaries 73 lamina lens 117 cells 20
cycle 336 dialysis 469 cirrhosis 359, 466
disorders 468–9 arteries 72 cataracts 446 development in embryo 398
J fetal development 398, 400 vertebrae 140, 141 focusing 312 disorders 466–7
fluid balance 369 Langley, John Newport 297 focusing problems 447 functions 189, 358–9
jaundice 466 functions 80 language functions 313 growth hormone 386
jaws hormone production 391 Broca’s area 305 lentiform nucleus 112 insulin and 384
hormone regulation 387, and colors 315 leptin 363, 391 and metabolism 362–3
biting and chewing food 100, development of 407 let-down reflex 405 newborn baby 404
352 388 Wernicke’s area 305 leukemia 459 role of 358
MRI 196 lanugo 402, 404 leukocytes see white blood cells stress response 389
newborn baby 404 renal hilum 190, 196 large intestine 189 leukonychia punctata 425 structure and blood supply 180,
see also mandible; maxilla stress response 389 anatomy 79, 185, 187 leukoplakia 448
jejunal vein 189 structure 366 fetal development 402 levator anguli oris muscle 56 358–9
jejunum 79, 185, 187, 196, 356 transplants 366 functions 360–61 levator labii superioris alaeque lobes
joints 288–9 urine production 27, 367 lower digestive tract disorders
aging 411 and vitamin D synthesis 280 nasi muscle 98, 100 brain 104
articular cartilage 23, 47, 48, killer T cells 348, 349 464–5 levator labii superioris muscle 56, lung 150, 151, 152, 153
kilocalories 362 laryngopharynx 122, 129, 130 mammary glands 82
286, 287, 288 Klinefelter syndrome 416 larynx 66–7, 78, 121, 129, 130, 134, 98, 100 lobules
and balance 316 knee levator scapulae muscle 98, 99, ear 119
dislocation 432 anterior surface of 31 353 liver 358–9
disorders 426–9 blood vessels 69 anatomy 123 101, 103 local anesthetics 311
fibrous joints 48 bones 241 laryngitis 448 levers, muscle mechanics 293 long bones 46–7
ligaments 288 joint 49, 272 in puberty 409 Lewy body dementia 439 longissimus muscle 176
limb joint disorders 434–5 joint disorders 434–5 speech 331 Leydig cells 373 longitudinal (cerebral) fissure 106,
movement 285 joint replacement 428 laser treatment, focusing life, creation of 376–7
muscle mechanics 292–3 knee jerk reflex 243 life cycle 394–413 107, 108, 109, 304
osteoarthritis 411 patella 41 problems 447 longitudinal ligament, anterior 146
in pregnancy 379 popliteal fossa 33, 272 lateral, definition 32 adolescence 408–9 longus colli muscle 103, 147
replacement 428 radiographs 45, 49 lateral cord 212, 214 adulthood and old age 410–11 loop of Henle 367
scleroderma 461 koilonychia 425 lateral mass, vertebrae 140 childhood 406–7 loose connective tissue 23
sprains 431 Kupffer cells 358, 359 lateral sulcus 104, 105, 108 death 412–13 lordosis 140, 426
structure 288 kyphosis 140, 426 latissimus dorsi muscle 52, 145, embryo 398–9 lower back pain 433
sutures 48 fetal development 400–403 lower digestive tract disorders
synovial joints 49 L 176, 177, 206, 207, 208 inheritance 396–7
types of 288–9 Leakey, Richard 15 newborn babies 404–5 464–5
see also specific joints labia 376 learning 306 life expectancy 395, 413 LSD 442
jugular foramen 92, 93 majora 195 leg “life support” machines 412 lumbar plexus 60, 62, 179, 250,
jugular lymphatic trunk 129 minora 195 ligaments 27, 48–9
jugular veins 74 adductor compartment of thigh connective tissue 23 251
external 68, 70, 121, 125 labial arteries 53 disorders 431 lumbar puncture 303, 441
internal 68, 70, 121, 125, 126, inferior 124 joints 285, 288 lumbar region 30, 32
superior 124 anterior surface 31 in pregnancy 379 lumbar spinal nerves 60, 63, 179,
127, 128, 154, 155 anterior surface of thigh 31 spine 289
jugulo-omohyoid node 128 labial veins calf muscle 33, 51, 249 ligamentum nuchae 56 320
jugulodigastric nodes 76, 128 inferior 125 cardiovascular system 68, 69, ligamentum teres 188 lumbar spine 141
“ junk DNA” 16, 18 superior 125 light
71, 254–7, 270–71 control by pupil 312 curvature 141
K labor 380–81 deep vein thrombosis 456 and melatonin production 389 lower back pain 433
disorders 479 development in embryo 399 photoreceptor cells 22 MRI scans 44
Kaposi’s sarcoma 475 extensor compartment 51, 55 refraction 312 lumbar triangle 177
karotype, chromosomes 18 labyrinth flexor compartment 53, 55 vision 312–15 lumbar vertebrae 42, 44, 141, 168,
Kenyanthropus platyops 15 labyrinthitis 444 growth and development 406 limb joint disorders 434–5
keratin Ménière’s disease 445 hamstring injuries 431 limbic system 307, 318 171, 196
limb joint disorders 434–5 limbs see arm; leg lumbosacral joint 170
epidermis 278, 280 lacrimal bone 90, 97 lower limb ischemia 457 linea alba 174 lumbosacral trunk 179
hair 281 lacrimal caruncle 116 lymphatic system 258–9 linea aspera 238, 239, 249 lumbrical muscles 227
nails 281 lacrimal gland 116 MRI 272–3 linea semilunaris 174 lunate bone 222, 223, 225, 234
keratinocytes 278, 280 lacrimal nerve 116 muscles 242–9, 264–7 lingual nerve 115 lungs 26
lacrimal papilla 116 nervous system 63, 250–53, lingual tonsil 129, 318
lactic acid 291, 334 lingula 151, 152 aging 411
268–9 lipase 356 anatomy 66–7, 150–3
posterior surface of thigh 33 cancer 439, 451
sciatica 433 cystic fibrosis 19, 417
skeletal system 41, 43, 236–9, diseases and disorders 449–51
epithelial cells 22
260–63
501
INDEX
lungs cont. macrophages 345 maxilla 89, 91, 96, 97 memory cont. methane 361
fetal development 398, 401, 402 adaptive immunity 348 alveolar process 89, 97 types of 306 microcytic anemia 458
gas exchange 326–7 Kupffer cells 359 frontal process 88 and vision 315 microfilaments, cells 21
instinctive breathing 330–31 in lymph nodes 345 orbital surface 97 microglia 23
journey of air 324–5 phagocytosis 347 tooth sockets 48 memory cells, adaptive immunity microtubules 20, 301
mechanics of breathing 328–9 and red blood cells 334 zygomatic process 88, 92 348, 349 microvilli 20
MRI 166–7 in respiratory system 325, 329 micturition (urination) 175, 368
newborn baby 404, 405 maxillary artery 124 Ménière’s disease 445 midbrain 111
protection 285 macula 314 maxillary sinus 123, 134, 324 meninges
pulmonary circulation 340 macular degeneration 447 maxillary vein 125 and pain 311
pulmonary hypertension 455 magnetic resonance imaging see measles 421 brain 113, 135, 302 tectum 111
residual volume 330 hemorrhages 437 tegmentum 111
spirometry 449 MRI scans encephalitis 441 spinal cord 65, 303 midclavicular line 30
stress response 389 major histocompatibility complex meatus, nasal cavity meningioma 439 middle ear infections 444
meningitis 420, 421, 438, 441 migraine 437
lunula, nail 38 (MHC) 346 inferior 122 meningococci 441 milestones, developmental 407
lupus 461 malaria 421 middle 122 meniscus 49 milk
luteinizing hormone (LH) male reproductive system 82 superior 122 lateral 241 breastfeeding 379, 405
mechanoreceptors, in skin 279 medial 241 colostrum 379, 405
functions 386 anatomy 193 meconium 402, 404, 405 menopause 394, 410 hormone control 386, 387
menstrual cycle 385 disorders 472–3 medial, definition 32 menstrual cycle 375, 385 mammary glands 82, 165, 379
menstrual disorders 470 physiology 372–3 medial cord 212, 214 menstrual disorders 470 milk teeth 406
ovulation 375 malignant melanoma 424 medial lemniscus 304, 305, 320 menstruation 374, 375, 378, 409 minerals 363
ovulation problems 476 malignant tumors 418–19 median nerve 60, 62, 213, 215, mental artery 124 in blood 334
in puberty 390, 408 malleolus mental foramen 89, 91 nutrition and metabolism 362,
and testes 373 lateral 261, 262, 263 230, 231 mental health disorders 442–3
Lyme disease 421 medial 261, 263, 267, 269 dorsal digital branches 230 mental nerve 115 363
lymph 344–5 malleus 97, 118, 316 palmar digital branches 230, 231 mental protuberance 89 storage in bones 285
lymph nodes 75, 76, 344, 345 handle of 119 median vein of the forearm 232 mental vein 125 storage in liver 359
and adaptive immunity 348, 349 lateral process 119 mediastinal nodes, posterior 161 mentalis muscle 99, 101 miscarriage 416, 476, 478
blood vessels 77 maltose 352, 356 medulla Merkel’s disks 279, 320 mitochondria 20, 21
lymphatic circulation 344 mammals 12 hair 38 mesenteric arteries 180 in cardiac muscle 336
lymphatic ducts 160, 161, 163, 344 mammary glands 82, 164–5, 386, kidney 366 inferior 68, 70, 181 energy production 363
lymphatic system 26 medulla oblongata 105, 108, 109, superior 68, 70, 181 in muscle cells 22, 59, 291
abdomen and pelvis 182–3 387 mesenteric nodes 183 in neurons 298
and adaptive immunity 348, 349 mammary lobules 378, 379 111, 135 mesenteric veins mitosis 21
anatomy 74–7 mammillary bodies 107, 110, 306, control of breathing 330–31 inferior 181, 189 epidermal cells 280
in bone 46 control of heart 339 superior 68, 70, 180, 189 sperm 372
head and neck 128–9 307 information processing 302, mesoderm 22, 398 mitral valve, heart 336, 337
hip and thigh 258–9 mammograms 418, 470 messenger RNA (mRNA) 17 modiolus 317
in liver 359 mandible 40, 42, 44, 89 305 metabolism 362–3 molars 131, 352, 406
physiology 344–5 pain reflexes 321 aging 410 molecules, body composition 24
shoulder and upper arm alveolar process of 91, 97 medullary cavity, bone 46, 47 cells 20 moles 425
angle of 91, 97 megakaryocytes 335 diurnal cycle 385 Mongolian blue spots 422
220–21 body of 91, 97 meiosis, sperm 372 hormone regulation 388 monitoring, fetal 479
spread of cancer 419 coronal process 91 Meissner’s corpuscles 279, 320 muscles 291 monocytes 345
thorax 160–61 ramus 89, 91, 97 melanin role of liver 358 monoglycerides 356
lymphatics 75, 77, 344 tooth sockets 48 pigment disorders 424 metacarpal bones 229 monozygotic twins 379
lymphoblasts 459 mandibular fossa 92 skin color 280 metacarpal ligaments, deep Montgomery’s tubercles 379
lymphocytes 75, 77 mandibular node 128 UV protection 278 mood disorders 442
adaptive immunity 348–9 mania 442 melanocytes transverse 225 morphea 461
functions 345 manic depression 442 in hair 38 metacarpals 41, 43, 45, 222, 223, mortuaries 413
generation of 345 manubriosternal joint 137 melanocyte-stimulating morula 376, 398
lymphomas 459 manubrium 40, 137 224, 225, 234 mosquitoes, malaria 421
lymphoid tissue 75, 77, 345 marginal artery 156 hormone (MSH) 386 metacarpophalangeal joints 49, motor cortex 112, 305, 308–9
lymphomas 459 marginal sinus 127 in skin 278, 280 motor nerves
lysosomes 20 marginal veins melanoma, malignant 424 224, 225, 227, 229 information processing 304–5
lysozyme 352 lateral 271 melanosomes 278, 280 metaphysis, bones 47 muscle contractions 290
medial 271 melatonin 385, 389 metastases 419 rootlets 65, 296
M marrow see bone marrow membranes motor neuron disease (MND)
marrow cavity, bone 46, 47 amniotic sac 381 in bone 429
M band, skeletal muscle 290 masseter muscle 56, 99, 101 brain 302 brain tumors 439 440
M line, skeletal muscle 58 mast cells 321, 345 cells 20, 21 kidney tumors 469 mouth 352–3
macrocytic anemia 458 mastication, muscles 100 memory 306–7 in liver 467
mastoid foramen 93 aging 411 metatarsal ligaments angiodema 460
mastoid nodes 128 dementia 439 deep transverse 262 digestive system 78, 130–31
mastoid process 91, 92, 97 effect of emotions on 307 dorsal 262 mastication 100
matrix forming memories 307 metatarsals 41, 261, 262, 263, 265,
hyaline cartilage 288 and sense of smell 318
nail 38 total recall 307 267, 272
fractures 45
502
INDEX
mouth cont. muscle cont. muscle cont. muscle cont. muscle cont.
tongue 131, 134 biceps femoris 244 ,245, 249, flexor hallucis longus 57, 267, pectoralis major 50, 56, 142, teres major 144, 145, 206, 208,
ulcers 462 264, 272, 273 272 164, 174, 204 210
see also teeth brachialis 54, 56, 205, 207, 208, flexor pollicis brevis 227 pectoralis minor 50, 54, 56, 143, teres minor 144, 210
209, 211, 226, 228 flexor pollicis longus 56, 57, 228 164, 208 thenar 234
movement 308–9 brachioradialis 50, 56, 205, 209, flexor retinaculum 227, 229, 234 peroneus (fibularis) brevis 57, thyrohyoid 101, 103
and balance 316 210, 211, 226, 227, 228 gastrocnemius 53, 57, 245, 264, 265 tibialis anterior 57, 264, 272
cerebral palsy 438 buccinator 56 273 peroneus (fibularis) longus 57, tibialis posterior 57, 267
imaging techniques 34–5 calf 33, 51, 249 gemellus 264, 265, 266 transverse abdominis 54
information processing 305 ciliary 313 inferior 248 peroneus (fibularis) tertius 57, transversus abdominis 50, 52
muscles 290–91 common extensor 56 superior 248 267 trapezius 50, 52, 56, 98, 99,
peripheral nervous system 296 constrictor, inferior 103 genioglossus 102 piriformis 52, 56, 176, 101, 103, 121, 135, 145, 177,
skeleton 285 coracobrachialis 56 geniohyoid 102, 130 platysma 50, 103 204, 206
dartos 373 gluteus maximus 52, 54, 56, 176, popliteus 57, 249, 266 triceps brachii 52, 205, 206, 207,
MRI (magnetic resonance deltoid 50, 52, 54, 56, 204, 206, 177, 197, 244, 253, 273 posterior scalene 101 227, 229
imaging) scans 34–5, 54, 55 208 gluteus medius 50, 52, 56, 176, pronator quadratus 56 vastus intermedius 57, 247, 273
depressor anguli oris 56, 99, 101 197, 246, 248 pronator teres 56, 226, 227 vastus lateralis 57, 241, 243, 244,
abdomen and pelvis 196–7 depressor labii inferioris 56, 99, gluteus muscle 56 psoas 162, 196, 236, 246 247, 248, 266, 273
fMRI (functional magnetic 101 gracilis 57, 242, 244, 246 quadratus femoris 248 vastus medialis 241, 243, 247,
detrusor 191, 368 hypothenar 234 quadratus lumborum 162 266
resonance imaging) 305 digastric 101 iliacus 56, 197, 246 quadriceps femoris 51, 55, 57, zygomaticus major 56, 98, 100
head and neck 134–5 erector spinae 52, 54, 145, 176, iliocostalis 176 239, 243, 247, 251, 272 zygomaticus minor 98
liver 166–7, 196 196 iliopsoas 50, 57, 197, 242 rectus
lower limb 272–3 extensor carpi radialis brevis inferior extensor retinaculum lateral 116 muscular dystrophy 430
lumbar spine 44 227, 229 265, 267 medial 116 muscular system 50–55
spinal cord 62, 63 extensor carpi radialis longus inferior gemellus 248 superior 116, 117
stomach 196 210, 211, 227, 229 infraspinatus 56, 144, 145, 206, rectus abdominis 50, 142, 174, abdomen and pelvis 174–7
thorax 166–7 extensor carpi ulnaris 227, 229 210 175 aging 411
upper limb 234–5 extensor digiti minimi 227 intercostal 50, 52, 54, 66, 143, rectus femoris 241, 243, 273 and balance 316
mucosa extensor digitorum 227 144, 147, 149, 164, 211, 328, risorius 99, 101 bladder 368
colon 361 extensor digitorum brevis 57, 329 scalene and blood circulation 27, 341
intestines 187, 356 267 internal obliques 142, 175, 176 anterior 99, 101, 103, 143, 147 blood vessels 340
nasal cavity 123 extensor digitorum longus 57, latissimus dorsi 52, 145, 176, middle 101, 103, 147 bodybuilders 291
mucous cells, stomach 354 265, 266, 267 177, 206, 207, 208 posterior 101 breathing 26
mucous membranes, barrier extensor hallucis brevis 57, 265 levator anguli oris 56 sartorius 57, 242, 251, 264, 272 cardiac muscle 336–7
extensor hallucis longus 57, 266, levator labii superioris alaeque semimembranosus 245, 249, cells 22
immunity 346 267 nasi 98, 100 264, 273 colon 361
mucus extensor indicis 228 levator labii superioris 56, 98, semispinalis capitis 98, 103 contraction 290–91
extensor pollicis brevis 228 100 semispinalis cervicis 103 cramp 291
cervical 375, 376, 379, 381, 477 extensor pollicis longus 56, levator scapulae 98, 99, 101, 103 semitendinosus 57, 244, 264, dermatomyositis 461
cystic fibrosis 19, 417 229 longissimus 176 273 disorders 430–31
nasal 123, 324, 325 extensor retinaculum 226, 228 longus colli 103, 147 serratus anterior 50, 52, 54, 142, exercise 55
and sense of smell 318 inferior 265, 267 lumbrical 227 174 eyes 116, 312
in stomach 354 superior 265, 267 masseter 56, 99, 101 serratus posterior inferior 52, fatigue 291
multifactorial inherited diseases external obliques 50, 52, 142, medial rectus 116 144, 176 forces 55
145, 174, 177, 329 mentalis 99, 101 soleus 57, 265 glycogen storage 363, 480
417 fibular 53 middle scalene 101, 103, 147 spinalis 144, 176 growth and repair 291
multifidus muscle 103 fibularis (peroneus) brevis 57, multifidus 103 splenius capitis 56, 98, 101, 103 growth hormone 386
multipennate muscles 59 265 mylohyoid 102, 130 sternocleidomastoid 56, 98, 101, head and neck 98–103
multiple pregnancies 379 fibularis (peroneus) longus 57, nasalis 98, 100 103, 121, 142 hip and thigh 242–9
multiple sclerosis (MS) 440 264, 265, 266 obliques sternohyoid 99, 101, 103 in labor 380
multipolar neurons 65 fibularis (peroneus) tertius 57, external 50, 52, 142, 145, 174 sternothyroid 101, 103 lower arm and hand 226–9
mumps, and encephalitis 441 267 177, 329 stylopharyngeus 103 lower leg and foot 264–7
muscle, flexor carpi radialis 226 internal 142, 175, 176 subclavius 143, 208 mechanics 292–3
flexor carpi ulnaris 50, 56, 211, obturator internus 197, 248 subscapularis 56, 208 metabolism 291
abductor digiti minimi 226, 227, 228 occipitalis 56 superior extensor retinaculum motor neuron disease 440
267 flexor digiti minimi brevis 227 occipitofrontalis 52, 98, 100 265, 267 movement 285, 308–9
flexor digitorum longus 57, 266, omohyoid 99 ,101, 103, 143 superior gemellus 248 MRI scans 54, 55
abductor pollicis brevis 227 267 opponens digiti minimi 229 superior oblique (eye) 116 muscle attachments 56–7
abductor pollicis longus 56, flexor digitorum profundus 56, opponens pollicis 229 superior rectus 116, 117 muscle tissue 23, 24
57 orbicularis oculi 56, 98, 100 supinator 56, 209, 229 muscular system 27
229 flexor digitorum superficialis 56, orbicularis oris 99, 101 supraspinatus 56, 210 names of muscles 53
adductor brevis 57, 246, 273 57, 226, 227 pectineus 242, 246 temporalis 54, 56, 98, 100 Parkinson’s disease 440
adductor longus 57, 242, 246, polymyositis 461
proprioceptors 311
273
adductor magnus 57, 244, 246,
248, 273
adductor pollicis 57, 229
anconeus 207, 211, 227, 229
anterior scalene 99, 101, 103,
143, 147
arrector pili 39, 279
biceps brachii 50, 56, 205
503
INDEX
muscular system cont. navicular bone 261, 262, 272 nerve cont. nervous system cont. nose
respiratory system 328 Neanderthals 15 medial pectoral 212, 214 brain and spinal cord disorders bones 88–9
rigor mortis 413 near death experiences 412 medial plantar 269 438–9 cartilage 98
shape of muscles 59 nearsightedness 447 median 60, 62, 213, 215, 230, central nervous system 296, colds 448
shoulder and upper arm near vision 313 231 302–5 MRI 135
204–11 neck mental 115 control of heart 339 Raynaud’s disease 457
skeletal muscle tissue 23 musculocutaneous 60, 62, 212, ear 118–19 respiratory system 122–3
small intestine 197, 356 disorders 432–3 214, 231 eye 116–17 rhinitis and sinusitis 448
stomach wall 354, 355 joints 289 nasociliary 116 fetal development 400, 401 rhinophyma 423
stress response 389 nerves 120–21 obturator 60, 63, 178, 250, 251, general disorders 440 sense of smell 310, 318–19
structure 58–9 see also head and neck 252 heart 26 snoring 325
thorax 142–7 negative feedback, hormone oculomotor 114, 116 hip and thigh 250–53
types of muscle 59 olfactory 114, 122, 319 infections 441 nostrils 66, 122, 319
see also muscle and specific regulation 385 ophthalmic 115, 116 lower arm and hand 230–31 hair 281
muscles negative pressure, breathing 328 optic 104, 108, 114, 115, 116, lower leg and foot 268–9
Neisseria gonorrheae 474 117, 312, 315 memory and emotion 306–7 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-
musculocutaneous nerve 60, 62, Neisseria meningitides 441 peroneal (see fibular) and movement 308–9 inflammatory drugs) 311
212, 214, 231 nephrons 366, 367 phrenic 121, 156, 148, 331 neck 120–21
nerve cells see neurons plantar nerve cells 298–301 nuchal line
musculoskeletal system 282–93 nerve, lateral 269 peripheral nervous system 296 inferior 92
mutations, genes 396 medial 269 physiology 294–321 superior 92
myasthenia gravis 430 alveolar posterior auricular 115 reflexes 308
myelin sheath 64, 304 inferior 115 posterior interosseous 230, 231 senses 310–21 nuclear membrane 20
pudendal 250, 252, 368 shoulder and upper arm nucleolus 20
functions 298, 299 abducent 114, 116 radial 60, 62, 213, 215, 230, 231 212–15 nucleoplasm 20
multiple sclerosis 440 accessory 114, 115, 120, 121 recurrent laryngeal 156 thorax 148–9 nucleosomes 17
pain signals 321 auditory 316, 317 sacral 63 triggers for hormone release nucleotides 16, 17
myeloma 429 auricular saphenous 61, 250, 251, 252, 385 nucleus 20
mylohyoid muscle 102, 130 268, 269 urination 368–9
myocardial infarction (MI) 453 greater 115 sciatic 60, 63, 179, 250, 252, 253 see also specific nerves DNA 17
myocardium 59, 158, 336 posterior 115 subcostal 148, 179 muscle cells 59
myocytes 59 auriculotemporal 115 supraorbital 116 neural tube 398 neurons 298
myofibrils 58, 59, 290, 291 axillary 60, 62, 212, 214 supratrochlear 116 neuroglia 298 nucleus pulposus, intervertebral
myofilaments, skeletal muscle 290 coccygeal 63 sural 268, 269 neurons 22, 106, 298–301
myometrium 192, 375 cochlear 119, 316, 317 tibial 61, 63, 251, 253, 268, 269 disks 48
myopathy 430 digital 269 calcaneal branch 269 cerebellum 309 nutrient foramina 43
myopia 447 facial 114, 120, 317 lateral branch 320 in childhood 406 nutrients, processing in liver 359
myosin 58, 59, 290, 291 buccal branch 115 trigeminal nerve 114, 115, 120 electrical activity 298, 299, nutrition 362–3
cervical branch 115 trochlear 114, 116
N marginal mandibular branch ulnar 60, 62, 213, 215, 230, 231 300–301 O
palmar branch 231 forming memories 307
nails 281 115 palmar digital branches 230, motor neurons 290 obesity 391, 481
disorders 425 temporal branch 115 231 sensory receptors in skin 279 oblique cord 203
fungal infections 423 zygomatic branch 115 vagus 114, 115, 120, 121, 148, structure 64 oblique fissure, lung 150, 151
structure 38 femoral 60, 62, 178, 250, 252 156 types of 65 oblique muscle (eye), superior 116
intermediate 251, 252 vestibular 119, 316, 317 neurosecretory cells 387 oblique muscles
nasal bone 44, 88, 90, 94, 96, 97 lateral 251, 253 vestibulocochlear 114, 118, 119 neurotransmitters 64, 301
nasal cavity 66–7, 123, 135 medial 251, 252 functions 300 external 50, 52, 142, 145, 174,
posterior 252 nerves Parkinson’s disease 440 177, 329
olfactory epithelia 318, 319 fibular (peroneal) 251, 253 axons 296 neurovascular bundles 272
respiratory system 324 common 61, 63, 268, 269 in bones 43 neutrophils 345, 346, 347 internal 142, 175, 176
tonsils 129 deep 61, 268, 269 muscle contractions 290 newborn babies 404–5 aponeurosis of 175
nasal concha 324 superficial 61, 269 nerve tissue 23, 24 nipples 82, 164
inferior 88, 94 frontal 116 pain 311 in pregnancy 378, 379 obsessive compulsive disorder
middle 94 genitofemoral 178 plexuses 63 nitrogen (OCD) 442
superior 94 glossopharyngeal 114, 115, 120, structure 64–5 “the bends” 327
nasal congestion 324 121 see also nerve and specific nerves body composition 24 obstructive sleep apnea 325
nasal crest 88 gluteal 253 respiratory system 324 obturator foramen 169, 170, 236,
anterior 94 superior 179, 250, 252 nervous system 26 urea 359
nasal septum 123, 134 greater auricular 115 abdomen and pelvis 178–9 nociceptors 279, 311, 321 250, 252
nasal spine, anterior 89 hypoglossal 114, 115, 120, 121 aging 411 node of Ranvier 64, 298 obturator internus muscle 197,
nasalis muscle 98, 100 iliohypogastric 178, 179 anatomy 60–65 nodes, lymphatic system 75
nasociliary nerve 116 ilioinguinal 178 autonomic nervous system nodules, acne 423 248
nasolacrimal duct 122 infraorbital 115 296–7 nonspecific urethritis (NSU) obturator membrane 240
nasopharynx 122, 129, 130 intercostal 60, 62, 148, 149, 179 brain 104–21 obturator nerve 60, 63, 178, 250,
natriuretic hormone 391 interosseous, posterior 230, 231 474
natural killer (NK) cells 345, 346 lacrimal 116 norepinephrine 339, 389 251, 252
lateral plantar 269 occipital artery 124
lingual 115 occipital bone 42, 44, 88, 90, 92,
95, 96
occipital condyle 92
occipital lobe 104, 109, 112
occipital nodes 76, 128
occipital pole 104, 106, 107, 109
504
INDEX
occipital protuberance orbicularis oris muscle 99, 101 oxygen cont. pancreatic ducts 189 patellar ligament 241, 243, 264,
external 92, 95 orbit 88 cardiovascular system 27 pancreatic peptide 390 266
internal 93 cell metabolism 20 panic attacks 442
medial wall of 116 cell transport 21 “pap” test 471 patellar retinaculum, lateral 241
occipital region 32 orbital fissures gas exchange 326–7 papilla, hair 38 patent ductus arteriosus 454
occipital vein 125 hemoglobin 327, 330, 335 papillae, tongue 131, 318, 352 pathogens
occipitalis muscle 56 inferior 88 involuntary breathing 330–31 papillary muscles, heart 158–9,
occipitofrontalis muscle 52, 98 superior 88, 116 newborn baby 405 adaptive immunity 348–9
orbital sulcus 107 respiratory system 26, 66–7, 324 336, 339 infectious diseases 420
frontal belly 100 organ of Corti 316, 317 papules 423 innate immunity 346–7
occipital belly 100 organelles 20, 21 oxyhemoglobin 327 para-aortic nodes 74 see also specific pathogens
occipitomastoid suture 90 organs 24 oxytocin 379, 380, 381, 387 paraesophageal hiatus hernia 463 pectineus muscle 242, 246
occipitotemporal gyrus connective tissue 23 parahippocampal gyrus 107 pectoral girdle 284
lateral 107 development in embryo 398 P parallax, vision 315 pectoral nerve, medial 212, 214
medial 107 failure of 394 paralysis, stroke 436 pectoral region 30
oculomotor nerve 114, 116 protection 285 pacemaker of the heart 338 paramammary node 160 pectoralis major muscle 50, 56,
odontoid peg, vertebrae 140 transplants 412 Pacinian corpuscles 279, 320 paranasal sinuses 122, 324
odors, sense of smell 318 see also specific organs Paget’s disease 426 paranoia 442 142, 164, 174, 204
old age 395, 410–11, 412 orgasm 373, 376 pain 310 Paranthropus aethiopicus 14 pectoralis minor muscle 50, 54,
olecranon 201, 203, 207, 211, 223, orbital gyri 107 Paranthropus boisei 14
oropharynx 122, 129, 130 analgesics 311 Paranthropus robustus 14 56, 143, 164, 208
227 Orrorin tugenensis 14 blocking 311 parasites 347, 421 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
olecranon bursa 434 orthonasal smell 319 information processing 304, 305 parasternal nodes 74, 76, 160, 161
olecranon fossa 201, 223 Osgood-Schlatter disease 435 labor and birth 380 parasympathetic nervous system 471
olfactory bulb osmoreceptors 369 perception of 311, 321 pelvic nerves 368
ossicles 96, 118, 316 receptors in skin 279 control of heart 26, 339 pelvis 40
anatomy 104, 107, 108, 114 ossification, bones 286–7, 404 palate functions 297
memory 306 osteoarthritis 411, 428 hard 102, 122, 130, 131, 353 vision 312 blood vessels 68
physiology 318, 319 osteoblasts 287, 426, 427 soft 102, 103, 129, 131, 325, 353 parathyroid glands 84, 133, 388 cardiovascular system 180–81
olfactory cortex 318 osteochondroma 429 palatine bone 94 disorders 483 digestive system 184–9
olfactory epithelia 318 osteoclasts 287, 426, 427 palatine foramina parathyroid hormone (PTH) fractures 44
olfactory nerve 114, 122, 319 osteocytes 46 greater 92 aging 410 immune and lymphatic system
olfactory receptor cells 318 osteoma 429 lesser 92 bone remodeling 285, 287
olfactory tract 107, 108, 114 osteomalacia 427 palatine tonsil 102, 129 calcium metabolism disorders 182–3
olfactory trigone 107 osteomyelitis 428 palatoglossal fold 102 joints 288
oligodendrocytes 64, 298, 299 osteonal canal, central 46 palatomaxillary suture 92 483 muscles 174–7
Omo II 15 osteons 46, 427 palatopharyngeal fold 102 functions 388 newborn baby 404
omohyoid muscle 103, 143 osteophytes 428, 433 palmar aponeurosis 227 triggers for release 385 pelvic brim 172, 173
inferior belly 99, 101 osteoporosis 410, 411, 427 palmar arch paratracheal nodes 128 pelvic girdle 284
superior belly 99, 101 osteosarcoma 429 deep 233 parietal bone 42, 44, 88, 90, 95, 96 in pregnancy 379
oncholysis 425 otitis media with effusion 444, superficial 233 parietal cells 354 reproductive system 192–5
onchomycosis 423, 425 palmar carpal ligament 225 parietal cortex, posterior 308–9 skeletal system 168–73, 238
oncogenes 419 445 palmar digital artery 233 parietal lobe 104, 109 penis 83
onychogryposis 425 outer ear disorders 444 palmar digital vein 233 memory 306 bulb of 193, 194
ophthalmic artery 126 oval fossa 158 palmar interosseous muscles 229 parietal lobules corpus cavernosum 193
ophthalmic nerve 115, 116 oval window, ear 118, 316, 317 palmar ligament 225 inferior 106 corpus spongiosum 193
ophthalmic veins ovaries 192 palmar metacarpal ligament 225 superior 106 crus 194
inferior 127 palmar surface of hand 31 parietal pleura 67, 150, 153 erectile functions 373, 376
superior 127 anatomy 82, 83, 195 palmar venous arch parieto-occipital sulcus 104, 106 erection difficulties 472
opioids 311 blood vessels 180 deep 233 parietomastoid suture 90 glans penis 193
opponens digiti minimi muscle cancer 471 superficial 233 Parkinson’s disease 439, 440 urinary system 373
cysts 471 palmaris longus tendon 226 paronychia 425 pepsin 354
229 follicular development 374 pancreas parotid gland 78, 130, 131, 352, pepsinogen 354
opponens pollicis muscle 229 hormones 85, 379, 386, 390 anatomy 79, 85, 185, 189 peptic ulcers 463
optic canal 93 menopause 410 blood sugar regulation 390, 480 353 peptidases 356
optic chiasma 107, 108, 110, 315 ovulation 374–5 blood vessels 180 parotid nodes 128 peptides 354, 356
optic disk 117 puberty 408 cancer 467 parotid (Stensen’s) duct 78, 353 perforated ear drum 444
optic nerve suspensory ligaments 192 development in embryo 398 passive immunity 346 perforated substance, anterior 107
overactive bladder syndrome 469 diabetes 480–81 patella perforating artery 254, 256
anatomy 104, 108, 114, 115, 116, oviducts see fallopian tubes enzymes 356 pericardial effusion 455
117, 135 ovulation 374–5 functions 189, 356, 390 anatomy 41, 51, 237, 241, 247, pericarditis 156, 455
problems 476 MRI 196 251, 260, 264, 266 pericardium 156
blind spot 314 ovum see egg pancreatitis 467 perimetrium 192
visual pathway 312, 315 oxygen apex of 237 perimysium 58
optic radiation 112 aerobic respiration 291 base of 237 perineal muscles 373
oral cavity 130 blood circulation 340 injuries 45 perineum 380
orangutan 12 body composition 24 knee joint 49 perineurium 65
skull 12 MRI 272–3 periodontal ligament 48, 131
orbicularis oculi muscle 56, 98, quadriceps tendon 243 periodontitis 462
periosteal blood vessels 46
100
505
INDEX
periosteum 47, 292 pharyngitis 448 labor and birth 380 polyps preterm labor 381, 479
peripheral nerves 63, 65 pharyngobasilar fascia 103 and limbic system 306, 307 cervical 476 pretracheal nodes 74, 76, 128
peripheral nervous system (PNS) pharyngotympanic tubes see menstrual cycle 375, 385 endometrial 476 Price, Jill 307
puberty 408 PRICE technique, muscle, tendon
296 Eustachian tubes stress response 389 pons
enteric division 296 pharynx triggers for hormone release anatomy 105, 107, 108, 111, 135 and ligament disorders 431
myelin sheath 298 memory and emotion 306 prickle cells, epidermis 280
somatic division 296 anatomy 78, 102, 129, 135 385 and movement 309 primates 12
peripheral vascular disorders inferior constrictor 101, 103 tumors 482, 483 prions 441
middle constrictor 103 pivot joints 289 pontine arteries 126 procedural memory 306
456–7 superior constrictor 103 placenta pontine nucleus 309 Proconsul 12
peristalsis swallowing food 131, 353 blood vessels 399, 405 popliteal artery 69, 71, 255, 257, progesterone
phenotypes 19, 396, 397 delivery of 381
colon 361 phobias 443 development of 379, 399 270, 271 functions 390
esophagus 352 phosphates functions 379, 401 popliteal fossa 33, 253, 269, 272 in pregnancy 379, 401
small intestine 356 in bone 45, 285 problems 478 popliteal nodes 75, 77, 259 in puberty 408
stomach 354, 355 cell metabolism 20 plague 421 popliteal surface 239 prolactin
peritoneal dialysis 469 DNA 16 planes, imaging techniques 34–5 popliteal vein 69, 71, 255, 257, functions 379, 386
peritonitis 465 phospholipids 21 plantar arteries pituitary tumors 482
pernicious anemia 458 photoreceptor cells 22, 312 lateral 271 259, 270 pronator quadratus muscle 56
peroneal (fibular) artery 69, 71, phrenic nerves 121, 156, 148 medial 271 popliteus muscle 57, 249, 266 pronator teres muscle 56, 226,
control of breathing 331 plantar fasciitis 435 port wine stains 422
270 physiology plantar ligaments portal hypertension 466 227
peroneal muscles 53 cardiovascular system 332–41 long 262, 263 portal system, pituitary gland 386 proprioception 311
peroneal (fibular) nerves 251, 253 digestive system 350–63 short 262 portal vein 68, 70, 180, 189 prostaglandins
endocrine system 382–91 plantar nerves positive pressure, breathing 328
common 61, 63, 268, 269 lymphatic and immune system lateral 269 post mortems 413 functions 384
deep 61, 268, 269 medial 269 postcentral gyrus 105, 106 and pain 311, 321
superficial 61, 269 342–9 plantar warts 425 postcentral sulcus 105, 106 in pregnancy 379
peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle musculoskeletal system 282–93 plaque, dental 462 posterior cord 212, 214 in semen 373
nervous system 294–321 plaque psoriasis 422 posterior nasal spine 92 prostate gland
57, 265 reproductive system 370–81 plaques, atherosclerosis 452 posterior rectus sheath 50 anatomy 81, 82, 83, 193, 194
peroneus (fibularis) longus brevis respiratory system 322–31 plasma 334 postsynaptic membrane 300 cancer 473
skin, hair and nails 278–81 complement system 347 posture enlarged prostate 473
tendon 262 urinary system 364–9 interstitial fluid 344 prostatitis 473
peroneus (fibularis) longus muscle pia mater plasma proteins 363 and aging 411 seminal fluid 373
brain 113, 302 plasmids 420 in pregnancy 378 prostheses, joint 428
57, 264, 265, 266 spinal cord 65, 303 Plasmodium parasites 421 proprioception 311 proteases 356
peroneus (fibularis) longus tendon subarachnoid hemorrhage 437 platelets 334, 335 potassium, electrical activity in protection
pigments clotting mechanism 278, 334 reflexes 308
267 in aging skin 411 disorders 459 nerve cells 299 skeleton 285
peroneus (fibularis) tertius muscle albinism 417 platysma muscle 50, 103 potentiation, forming memories skin 278
disorders 424 play 407 proteins
57, 267 moles 425 pleura 150, 151, 152, 153 307 antigens 335
peroxisomes 21 skin color 280 pleural cavity 67, 328 preaortic nodes 74, 76, 183 cell membrane 21
personality disorders 443 pineal gland 389 pleural effusion 451 preauricular nodes 74, 128 cell metabolism 20
Perthes’ disease 427 anatomy 84, 111, 132 pleural fluid 328 precentral gyrus 105, 106 complement system 347
pes cavus 435 melatonin 385 plexuses, nerves 63 precentral sulcus 105, 106 digestion of 354, 356, 362
pes planus 435 pinguecula 446 plica semilunaris 116 preeclampsia 478 genes and 16–17, 18, 19
PET (positron emission pinna 316 pneumococci 441 prefrontal cortex, emotional in muscles 290
outer ear disorders 444 Pneumocystis pneumonia 475 prions 441
tomography) scans 305 pinworms 421 pneumonia 450 responses 442 synthesis 17, 358
petechiae 424 piriform aperture 88 pneumothorax 328, 451 pregnancy 378–9 protozoal infections 347, 421
petrosal sinus piriformis muscle 52, 56, 176, 248 poisons, detoxification by liver proximal, definition 32
pisiform bone 222, 223, 225, 230, amniocentesis 416 PSA test, prostate cancer 473
inferior 127 359 disorders of 478–9 pseudogout 429
superior 127 231, 234 polio 421 embryo 398–9 psoas muscle 162, 196, 236, 246
phagocytes 346, 347, 349 pituitary fossa 93, 94 pollen, allergic rhinitis 460 fetal development 400–403 psoriasis 422
phagocytosis 347, 349 pituitary gland 386–7 pollutants, detoxification by liver gestational diabetes 481 psoriatic arthritis 428
phagolysosome 347 labor and birth 380–81 psychosis 442
phalanges (foot) 41, 272 anatomy 84, 107, 108, 110, 132 359 miscarriage 416 pterion 90
distal 262, 267 blood pressure control 391 polyarteritis 461 placenta 401 pterygium 446
middle 262 control of reproductive system polycystic kidneys 469 prelaryngeal nodes 74, 128 pterygoid hamulus 92
proximal 262, 263, 267 polycystic ovarian syndrome premolars 131, 352 pterygoid plates
phalanges (hand) 41, 43 373 preoccipital notch 105 lateral 92
distal 222–5, 261 endorphins 311 (PCOS) 471, 476 prepatellar bursa 49, 266 medial 92
fractures 45 fluid balance 369 polymyositis 430, 461 presbyacusis 445 pterygoid processes 94
joints 49, 224 hormone regulation 385, 388 presbyopia 447
middle 222–5, 261 hypopituitarism 482 pressure, nociceptors 321
proximal 222–5, 227, 261 pressure gradients, breathing 328
phalanx see phalanges presymphyseal node 74, 258
pharyngeal muscles 103 presynaptic membrane 301
pharyngeal raphe 103
pharyngeal tonsil 129
pharyngeal tubercle 92
506
INDEX
pterygoid venous plexus 125, 127 R rectum cont. reproductive system cont. S
puberty 390, 394, 408–9 blood vessels 68 male disorders 472–3
pubic hair 281, 409 rabies 421 colorectal cancer 465 physiology 370–81 saccule 118
pubic ramus radial artery 68, 70, 217, 219, 232, defecation 361 pregnancy 378–9 balance 316
functions 360, 361 thorax 164–5
inferior 168 233 hemorrhoids 465 sacral curvature 141
superior 168, 170, 172, 173, 240, radial collateral artery 217, 219 ulcerative colitis 464 residual volume, lungs 330 sacral foramina
radial fossa 199 respiratory membrane 326
246 radial nerve 60, 62, 213, 215, 230, rectus abdominis muscle 50, 142, respiratory system 26, 66–67 anterior 141, 169, 179
pubic symphysis 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 196–7 posterior 170
231 anatomy 322–31 sacral nerves 63
174, 197, 242 radial recurrent artery 217, 219 breathing 329 disorders 448–51 sense of touch 320
female pelvis 192 radial vein 232, 233 rectus femoris muscle 241, 243, gas exchange 326–7 sacral plexus 60, 62, 178, 179, 251,
joint 48, 288 radiation, ultraviolet 278, 280, 424 head and neck 122–3
male pelvis 193 radiocarpal ligaments 224, 225 273 instinctive breathing 330–31 253, 296
in pregnancy 379 radiographs rectus femoris tendon 240 journey of air 324–5 sense of touch 320
pubic tubercle 169, 175 rectus muscle mechanics of breathing 328–9 sacral promontory 172, 173
pubis, body of 170, 240 ankle 45 reflexes 331 sacral spinal nerves 60
pubofemoral ligament 240 bone densitometry 427 lateral 116 thorax 152–3 sacroiliac joint 168, 169, 172, 173,
pudendal nerve 250, 252, 368 hand 225 medial 116 rete testis 194, 372
pulmonary arteriole 151 head 123 superior 116, 117 reticular fibers, lymph nodes 345 197, 237
pulmonary arteries knee 45, 49 rectus sheath 143 retina 117 sacrospinous ligament 170
anatomy 70, 154, 155 lumbar spine 44 posterior layer of 175 diabetic retinopathy 481 sacrotuberous ligament 170
blood circulation 340 skull and cervical spine 44 recurrent laryngeal nerve 156 disorders 447 sacrum 40, 42, 141, 168, 170, 192,
cardiac cycle 337 radiation therapy, cancer red blood cells 22, 334, 335 focusing problems 447
left 152, 156, 157 anemia 458 photoreceptor cells 22 193, 197
right 153, 156, 157 treatment 419 capillaries 341 vision 312, 314 ala of 169
pulmonary circulation 71, 340 radioulnar joints 223 clotting mechanism 278, 334 retroauricular nodes 128 facet joint 141
pulmonary embolism 451 radius hemoglobin 22, 285, 327, 330, retromandibular vein 125 saddle joints 289
pulmonary hypertension 455 retronasal smell 319 safe sex 474
pulmonary ligament 152, 153 anatomy 40, 42, 199, 203 335 rheumatoid arthritis 429 sagittal plane 34–5
pulmonary stenosis 454 annular ligament of 203 production of 285, 334 rhinitis 448 sagittal sinus
pulmonary TB 450 fractures 44 removal by liver 359 allergic 460 inferior 127
pulmonary trunk 155, 156, 158 head 201, 222, 223 spleen 183 rhinophyma 423 superior 113, 127
pulmonary valve 158-9, 336, 337 interosseous border 222, 223 reflexes 308 rhomboid muscles 52 sagittal suture 88
pulmonary veins 157, 158 MRI 234–5 breastfeeding 405 major 98, 144 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 14
blood circulation 340 neck 203 breathing 331 minor 98, 144 saliva
inferior 152, 153 radial tuberosity 201, 222, 223 defecation 361 ribosomes 20, 21 barrier immunity 346
superior 152, 153 shaft 201, 222, 223 gag reflex 352 ribs chewing food 78, 352
pulmonary venule 151 styloid process 222, 224, 225 knee jerk 243 anatomy 40, 42, 44, 89, 136–9, functions 131, 352
pulp cavity, tooth 131 rami communicantes 179 pain reflexes 321 and sense of taste 318
pulse 233 rashes rooting reflex 405 143, 176 salivary duct stones 462
pupil 116 contact dermatitis 422 vomiting 355 breathing 329 salivary glands 78, 131, 352, 353
light control 312, 313 genital herpes 475 refraction, light 312 costal cartilages 40, 136 saltatory conduction 298
Purkinje fibers 338, 339 ringworm 423 Reissner’s membrane 317 intercostal muscles 66, 149 saphenous nerve 61, 250, 251,
purpura 424 shingles 441 Reiter’s syndrome 474 joints 139, 140
pus 420 Raynaud’s disease 457 relaxin 379, 390 nerves 148–9 252, 268, 269
pustules 42s3 receptors renal arteries 68, 80, 180, 181, 190, protective role 285 saphenous veins
putamen 306, 308 chemoreceptors 330 rickets 427
pyelonephritis 468 mechanoreceptors 279 191, 366 rigor mortis 413 accessory 255, 257
pyloric sphincter 186, 354, 355 olfactory receptor cells 318 renal cortex 191, 366 ringworm 423 great (long) 69, 255, 257, 258,
pylorus 186 osmoreceptors 369 renal hilum 190, 196 risorius muscle 99, 101
pyramid 107 pain 321 renal medulla 366 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 17 270
pyruvic acid 291 photoreceptor cells 22, 312 renal medullary pyramid 191 rod cells, retina 22, 314 small (short) 69, 71, 259, 270,
stretch receptors 368 renal pelvis 190, 366 root
Q thermoreceptors 279 renal veins 68, 80, 180, 181, 190, nail 38 271
touch 320 teeth 131 sarcoidosis 450
quadrate muscles 59 recessive genes 19, 396, 397 191, 366 root sheath, hair 38 sarcomeres 290
quadratus femoris muscle 248 disorders 417 renin 391 rooting reflex 405 sarcoplasm 58, 291
quadratus lumborum muscle 162 rectal artery, superior 181 repetitive strain injury (RSI) 430 rosacea 423, 446 sartorius muscle 57, 242, 251, 264,
quadriceps femoris muscle 51, 55, rectal veins reproductive system 27 rotator cuff muscles 200, 208,
inferior 189 272
57, 239, 243, 247, 251, 272 superior 189 abdomen and pelvis 192–5 210 sartorius tendon 241
quadriceps femoris tendon 49, rectouterine pouch 192 anatomy 82–3 round window, ear 119, 317 scabbing, skin repair 278
rectovaginal septum 192 creation of life 376–7 Ruffini’s corpuscles 279 scala tympani 316, 317
241, 243, 247 rectovesical pouch 193 female 82, 195, 374–5 rugae 186, 355 scala vestibuli 316, 317
rectum female disorders 470–71 running, muscle metabolism 291 scalds 424
anatomy 79, 184, 187, 192, 193 hormone regulation 388 scalene muscles
infertility 476–7
labor and birth 380–81 anterior 99, 101, 103, 143, 147
male 82, 192, 372–3 breathing 328, 329
middle 101, 103, 147
posterior 101
scalp hair 281
507
INDEX
scaphoid bone 222, 223, 224, 234 senility 411 sigmoid sinus 127 skin cont. speech 331
scapula 40, 42, 136, 198, 202, 203 senses 310–11 sinoatrial (SA) node 338 thermoregulation 279, 341 development of 407
thickness 278 larynx 123
acromion of 42, 98, 198, 200, aging 411 heart rhythm disorders 453 vitamin D synthesis 280, 391
202, 203, 204, 210 balance 316 sinus tachycardia 453 sperm 22, 82, 195
hearing 316–17 sinuses, nasal 94, 122, 123, 324 skull 40, 42, 88–95 blood-testis barrier 373
coracoid process 198, 202, 203 pain 311, 321 sinusitis 324, 448 baby’s 406 chromosomes 396
fractures 44 proprioception 311 sinusoids, liver 358, 359 bones 96–7, 286 and Down syndrome 416
inferior angle 144, 200 sensory homunculus 321 “six pack” 175 fixed joints 288 fertility problems 477
spine of 98, 144, 200, 206, 210 synesthesia 310 skeletal muscle 23, 58, 59 fontanelles 404 fertilization of egg 376–7, 396,
vertebral (medial) border 144, taste and smell 318–19 foramina 114 398, 478
touch 279, 320–21 contraction 290–91 fracture 438 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) 477
210 vision 116–17, 312–15 skeletal system 27 great apes 13 production of 372–3, 390
scapular ligament, superior sensory nerves human ancestors 12 in puberty 408, 409
ganglion 65 abdomen and pelvis 168–73 interior 94–5 structure of 372
transverse 202 information processing 304–5 aging 411 internal surface of base of 93
scapular muscles 52, 54 rootlets 65, 296 anatomy 40–49 protective role 285 spermatic cord 373
scarlet fever 420 sensory receptors 278 bone and cartilage 46–7, radiographs 44 spermatids 372
scars 278 information processing 304 sutures 48 spermatocytes 372
septic arthritis 428 286–7 underside of 92 sphenoid bone 96, 97
acne 423 septicemia 420 bone marrow 285
schistosomiasis 466 septum, penis 194 chimpanzees 13 sleep greater wing of 90
schizophrenia 443 septum pellucidum 110, 112–13 development in embryo 286, fetal development 402 lesser wing of 93
Schlieren photography 331 serous lining, small intestine 187 and memory 307 sphenoidal sinus 94, 122, 324
Schwann cells 23, 298 serous pericardium 156, 158 398, 399 newborn babies 405 sphenoparietal sinus 127
sciatic foramen, greater 252, 253 serratus anterior muscle 50, 52, divisions 284 sleep-wake cycle 132, 385, 389 sphincters 59
sciatic nerve 60, 63, 179, 250, 252, head and neck 88–95, 286 anus 192, 193, 361
54, 142, 174 hip and thigh 236–40 slipped disk 433 bladder 368
253 serratus posterior inferior muscle joints 288–9 slipped upper femoral epiphysis esophagus 352
sciatic notch, greater 172, 173 knee 241 spinal artery, anterior 126
sciatica 433 52, 144, 176 lower arm and hand 222–5 427 spinal cord
sclera 116, 117, 314 Sertoli cells 372, 373 lower leg and foot 260–63 small intestine in abdomen and pelvis 179
scleroderma 461 sex cells see egg; sperm mineral storage 285 anatomy 60, 62, 103, 105, 107,
sclerotherapy 457 sex chromosomes 18 movement 285 anatomy 79, 185, 187
screening see tests sex hormones 82, 85 newborn baby 404 functions 356–7, 362 108, 109, 111, 296
scrotum 82, 193, 373 protective role 285 smallpox 421 development in embryo 398
sebaceous cysts 425 menstrual cycle 385 shoulders and upper arm 198– “smears,” cervical 471 disorders 438, 440
sebaceous glands 38, 39 puberty 408 smell, sense of 306, 310, 318–19 epidural anesthetics 311
triggers for release 385, 390 203 smoke inhalation 327 infections 441
acne 423 see also specific hormones support 284 smoking 442 information processing 302,
sebum 39 sex-linked inheritance 397 thorax 136–41 lung cancer 451
secondary sexual characteristics sexual intercourse 373, 376 working skeleton 284–5 smooth muscle 59 303–4
sexual maturity 408 see also bones cells 22 MRI scan 62, 63, 135, 166–7
390, 409 sexually transmitted diseases skin 278–80 tissue 23 in neck 121
secretory cells, pituitary gland aging 394, 410, 411 sneezing 331, 448 nerve tissue 23
(STDs) 471, 474–5 albinism 417 snoring 325 and pain 311
386 shin bone see tibia and balance 316 social development 407 reflexes 308
secretory lobules, mammary “shin splints” 55 barrier immunity 346 sodium sense of touch 320
shingles 420, 441 biopsy 424 cell transport 21 structure 65
glands 82, 164, 165 shock, anaphylactic 460 birthmarks 404 in colon 361 spinal ganglia 179
secretory vesicles, cells 20 short-term memory 306 cancer 278, 424 electrical activity in nerve cells spinal nerves
segmentation, colonic movement shoulder color 280 anatomy 61, 63, 65, 148–9, 179,
disorders 422–5 299
361 cardiovascular system 216–19 epithelial cells 22 soft palate 102, 103, 129, 131, 296
seizures, epilepsy 439 disorders 432–3 fetal development 400, 402 cervical 60
semantic memory 306 joint 198, 202, 289 grip 280 134 lumbar 60
semen 373, 376 lymphatic and immune system hair follicles 281 snoring 325 in neck 121
semicircular canals 118, 316 melanocytes 386 swallowing food 353 sacral 60
220–21 pain receptors 321 soleal line 260 sense of touch 320
anterior 119 muscles 204–11 protective role 278 soleus muscle 57, 265 sensory rootlets 296
lateral 119 nervous system 212–15 renewal of 280 soma, neurons 298 thoracic 60
posterior 118 shoulder girdle 284 repair 278 somatic nervous system 61, 296 spinal process 135
semilunar cusps 159 skeletal system 198–203 scleroderma 461 somatosensory cortex 305, 320, spinal stenosis 433
semilunar lobule, inferior 109 shoulder blade see scapula as sense organ 279 spinalis muscle 144, 176
semimembranosus muscle 245, “show”, sign of labor 381 sense of touch 310, 320 321 spine
shunt, hydrocephalus 438 skin prick tests 460 somatostatin 390 abnormal curvature 426
249, 264, 273 sialoadenitis 462 stress response 389 somatrophs 387 ankylosing spondylitis 428
semimovable joints 288 sickle cell anemia 458 stretch marks 483 sounds, hearing 316–17 disorders 432–3
seminal vesicles 82, 83, 193, 194, sight see vision structure 38–9, 278 space travel 287 flexibility 289
sigmoid colon 185, 360 spasticity 438, 440
373 species divergence 12
seminiferous tubules 372, 373
semispinalis capitis muscle 98, 103
semispinalis cervicis muscle 103
semitendinosus muscle 57, 244,
264, 273
semitendinosus tendon 241
508
INDEX
spine cont. stomach cont. submental nodes 76, 128 synapses 22, 299 temperature cont.
intervertebral disks 48, 140, 289, hiatus hernia 463 submental vein 125 cerebellum 309 thermoreceptors 279
433 hormone production 391 submucosa, stomach 354 forming memories 307 thermoregulation 279, 341
length of 140 lesser curvature 186 subparotid nodes 74 neurotransmitters 64, 300
lumbar puncture 441 peptic ulcers 463 subpubic angle 172, 173 temporal artery, superficial 124
MRI scans 44, 167, 197 physiology 354–5 subscapular artery 216, 218 synaptic cleft 300, 301 temporal bone 44, 90, 96, 97, 118
radiographs 44 stress response 389 subscapularis muscle 56, 208 synaptic knob 64, 299
skeletal system 140–41 vomiting 355 substance abuse 442 syndesmosis 48 petrous part 93, 97
support 284 substance P 321 synovial cavity, knee joint 49 squamous part 95
vertebral column 40, 42 stools suckling 405 synovial fluid 288, 434 tympanic part 90, 92
see also vertebrae constipation 464 sulcus, muscle attachments 57 synovial joints 49, 288–9 zygomatic process 97
contents 361 sulcus terminalis 131 synovial membrane 288 temporal gyrus
spinothalamic tract 304, 305 defecation 175, 361 sunlight syphilis 475 inferior 105, 107
spirometry 330, 449 diarrhea 464 systemic circulation 71, 340 middle 105
spleen diverticular disease 465 sun tanning 280 systemic lupus erythematosus superior 105
meconium 402, 404, 405 sunburn 424 temporal lobe 104, 108
anatomy 74, 75, 76, 182, 183, 196 storage in rectum 79, 187 and vitamin D synthesis 280 (SLE) 461 memory 306
blood vessels 180 superciliary arch 88 systems 24 vision 315
lymphatic system 345 stones superior, definition 32 systole, heartbeat 337, 338 temporal pole 104, 107, 108
stress response 389 gallstones 467 supinator crest 223 systolic blood pressure 341 temporal sulcus
splenic artery 181 kidney 468 supinator muscle 56, 209, 229 inferior 105, 107
splenic vein 181, 189 salivary duct 462 suprachaismatic nucleus 389 T superior 105, 106
splenium of corpus callosum 111 supraclavicular nodes 160, 161 temporal vein, superior 125
splenius capitis muscle 56, 98, stork bites 422 supracondylar line T lymphocytes 345 temporalis muscle 54, 56, 98, 100
straight gyrus 107 lateral 239 adaptive immunity 348, 349 tendinitis 431, 435
101, 103 straight sinus 127 medial 239 thymus gland 161 tendinous cords 159
spondylolisthesis 433 strains 431 supramarginal gyrus 106 tendinous intersection 174
spongy bone 23, 47, 287 strap muscles 59 supraorbital foramen 88 taenia colli 187 tendons 51
sporotrichosis 421 strawberry naevus 422 supraorbital nerve 116 talofibular ligaments bursas 49
sprains 431 Streptococcus pneumoniae 441, 450 supraorbital ridge 88 disorders 430–31
“spring ligament” 263 Streptococcus pyrogenes 420 suprapatellar bursa 49 anterior 262 foot 265
squamosal suture 90, 95 stress incontinence 469 suprapubic region 30 posterior 262 hand 226
squamous cell carcinoma 424 stress response 389, 442 supraspinatus muscle 56, 210 talus 41, 261, 262, 263, 272 intertendinous connections
stapes 97, 118, 316, 317 stretch marks 483 supraspinous fossa 200 tapeworms 421
Staphylococcus aureus 420, 428 stretch receptors, bladder 368 supraspinous ligament 56 target cells, hormones and 384 226
stellate cells, liver 359 stridor 448 supratrochlear nerve 116 tarsals 41, 45, 234, 261 muscle attachments 57
stem cells 21, 22, 24 stroke 436 supratrochlear nodes 76, 221 tarsometatarsal ligaments muscle mechanics 292
stroma, breasts 164 sural artery 255, 257 dorsal 262 rheumatoid arthritis 429
blood cell production 285 styles 446 sural nerve 268, 269 plantar 262 skeletal system 27
research 413 stylohyoid ligament 103 surfactant 329 taste, sense of 310, 318–19 tissues 23
stenosis styloid processes surgery synesthesia 310 toes 267
pulmonary 454 angioplasty 452 taste buds 131, 318, 352 wrist 227
spinal 433 radius 222, 224, 225 cesarean section 479 tears 116 tennis elbow 430, 434
Stensen’s (parotid) duct 78, 353 skull 91, 92, 95 cancer treatment 419 functions 346 tenosynovitis 431
stents, angioplasty 452 ulna 222, 223, 224, 225 heart valve disorders 454 nasolacrimal duct 122 tension headache 437
stereocilia 317 stylomastoid foramen 92 laser eye treatment 447 tectorial membrane 317 tensor fasciae latae 242, 273
sternocleidomastoid muscle 56, stylopharyngeus muscle 103 suspensory ligaments teeth 78, 130, 131, 134–5 teres major muscle 144, 145, 206,
subarachnoid hemorrhage 437 ear 316 biting and chewing food 352
98, 101, 103, 121, 142 subarachnoid space 65, 103, 113, eye 117, 313 bulimia nervosa and 443 208, 210
breathing 328, 329 sutures, skull 48, 88, 90, 288 dentine 352 teres minor muscle 144, 210
clavicular head 99 302, 303 swallowing 103, 163, 325, 352–3 eruption 131, 406 terminology, anatomical 30–33
sternal head 99 subclavian arteries 68, 70, 154, sweat glands 39, 278, 279, 280 newborn baby 404 testes 82, 373
sternohyoid muscle 99, 101, 103 sweating 39, 279, 369 periodontal ligament 48
sternothyroid muscle 101, 103 155, 157, 216 sword swallowing 352 periodontitis 462 anatomy 83, 193, 194
sternum 40, 137, 143, 166 grooves for 152, 153 sympathetic ganglia 61, 179 telangectasia 423 blood vessels 180
Stifter, Adalbert 412 subclavian veins 68, 70, 74, 154, sympathetic nervous system 297 telogen effluvium 425 cancer 472
stomach control of heart 26, 339 telomeres 410 hormones 85, 386, 390
anatomy 79, 163, 185–7 155 stress response 389 temperature hydrocele 472
barrier immunity 346 lymphatic system 344 thorax 148 heat production by liver 358 lobules 194
blood vessels 180 subclavius muscle 143, 208 triggers for hormone release hormone regulation 388, 389 puberty 408, 409
cancer 463 subcostal nerve 148, 179 information processing 305 sperm production 372
filling and emptying 355 subcutaneous fat 103, 278 385 nociceptors 321 testicles see testes
functions 354 subdural hemorrhage 302, 437 vision 312 role of liver 358 testosterone
fundus of 186 sublingual gland 78, 130, 131, 352, sympathetic trunks 61, 121, 179 sense of touch 310 and aging 410
gastric juice 354 synesthesia 310 sperm 373 functions 390
gastric reflux 462 353 production of 373, 390
gastritis 463 submandibular duct 78, 130 in puberty 408
greater curvature 186 submandibular gland 78, 130, 131, triggers for release 385
352, 353
submandibular nodes 128
submental artery 124
509
INDEX
tests throat 352–3 tibial nerve 61, 63, 251, 253, 268, translation, protein synthesis 17 tumors cont.
for allergies 460 disorders 448 269 transplants 412 epigenetics 396
amniocentesis 416 swallowing food 353 kidney 469
cancer screening 418 calcaneal branch 269 bone marrow 459 liver 467
cervical screening 471 thrombocytopaenia 459 lateral branch 320 kidney 366 malignant 418–19
electromyography 51 thrombosis 456 tibial recurrent artery, anterior 270 transpyloric plane 30 in esophagus 462
endoscopy 462 tibial veins transverse abdominis muscle 54 ovarian 471
PSA test 473 coronary thrombosis 453 anterior 69, 71, 270 transverse colon 184, 360 pancreas 467
spirometry 449 pulmonary embolism 451 posterior 69, 71, 270 transverse foramen, vertebrae 140 pituitary 482, 483
stroke 436 tibialis anterior muscle 57, 264, 272 transverse plane 34 stomach 463
tetanus 421 thrush 421, 474 tibialis posterior muscle 57, 267 transverse processes, vertebrae testicular 472
tetralogy of Fallot 454 thumb tibialis tendons uterine 476
thalamus 111, 112–13, 135 bones 222, 223, 227, 229 anterior 263 137, 138, 140, 141
joints 49, 224, 289 posterior 263 transverse sinus 127 tunica adventitia 72
information processing 302, 305 muscles 227, 228, 229 tibiofibular joint, inferior 48 transversus abdominis muscle 50, tunica albuginea 194, 373
lateral geniculate nucleus 315 opposable thumb 12, 45 tibiofibular ligaments tunica intima 72, 73
limbic system 307 thymine 16–17 anterior 262 52 tunica media 72–3
memory processing 306 thymus gland 75, 345 posterior 263 trapezium 222, 223 tunnel of Corti 317
and movement 308–9 lymphocytes 77, 161 ticks 421 trapezius muscle Turner’s syndrome 416
pain reflexes 321 newborn baby 404 tidal volume, breathing 330 twins 379, 396
thalassemia 458 tumors 430 tinea capitis 423 anatomy 50, 52, 56, 98, 99, 101, tympanic canal 317
thenar muscles 234 thyrohyoid muscle 101, 103 tinea corporis 423 103, 121, 135, 145, 177, 204, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
thermoreceptors 279 thyroid artery, superior 124 tinea cruris 423 206
thermoregulation 341 thyroid cartilage 102, 103, 122, tinea pedis 421, 423 118, 119, 316, 444
skin 279 tinnitus 445 muscle mechanics 293
sperm 373 123, 135 tissue types 23, 24 trapezoid 222, 223, 234 U
thigh thyroid gland 388 toes triangular ligaments 188
adductor compartment 51, 53 bones 41, 261 triangular muscles 59 ulcerative colitis 464
anterior surface 31 aging 410 hallux vulgans (bunion) 435 triceps brachii muscle 52, 205, ulcers
blood vessels 68, 69 anatomy 84, 102, 133 Raynaud’s disease 457
cardiovascular system 254–7 capillaries 132 tendons 265, 267 206, 207, 227, 229 mouth 462
extensor compartment 51 functions 388 tongue medial head 56, 209, 210, 211 peptic 463
flexor compartment 53, 55 hormone production 384 anatomy 78, 129, 130, 131, 134 muscle mechanics 292 venous 457
lymphatic and immune system hormone regulation 385, 388 maneuvering food 352, 353 origins and insertions 292 ulna
hyperthyroidism 482 muscles 103 triceps tendon 207, 211 anatomy 40, 42, 199, 201, 203
258–9 hypothyroidism 482 oral part of 131 Trichomonas vaginalis 474 fractures 44
muscles 242–9 stress response 389 pharyngeal part of 131 tricuspid valve 158–9, 336, 337 head of 222
nervous system 62, 250–53 thyroid carcinoma 482 sense of taste 318 trigeminal nerve 115, 120 interosseous border 222, 223
posterior surface 33 thyroid prominence 123 swallowing food 353 motor root 114 MRI 234–5
skeletal system 41, 43, 236–9 thyroid-stimulating hormone tonsilitis 448 sensory root 114 olecranon 201, 203, 207, 211,
thinking 307 tonsils 75, 345 “trigger finger” 431
thirst 369 (TSH) 384, 386, 388, 482 anatomy 75, 102, 129 triggers, hormone release 385 223, 227
thoracic curvature 140 thyroid vein, superior 125 and snoring 325 triglycerides 356, 390 radial notch 222
thoracic duct 74, 76, 161, 182, 183, thyroiditis 482 torticollis 432 trigone shaft 222, 223
thyrotoxicosis 482 total recall, memory 307 bladder 191 styloid process 222, 223, 224,
344 thyrotropin-releasing hormone touch, sense of 279, 305, 310, olfactory 107
thoracic nerves 60, 62, 63, 120, trimesters, pregnancy 378 225
(TRH) 388 320–21 triquetrum 222, 223, 224, 234 tuberosity 222
148, 320 thyroxine 482, 483 touch sensors 39 trochanter ulnar artery 68, 70, 217, 219, 232,
thoracic spine 140 tibia toxins, detoxification by liver 359 greater 170, 197, 236, 238
thoracic vertebrae 42, 44, 136, toxoplasmosis 421 lesser 170, 236, 238 233
anatomy 41, 43, 237, 251, 253, trabeculae 47 trochlear nerve 114, 116 ulnar collateral arteries
141, 149, 166 262, 263, 266, 270 trabeculae carnae 158–9 trophoblast 379, 399
thoracic vessels, internal 167 trachea tropic hormones 386 inferior 217, 219
thoracoacromial artery 216 anterior border 261 tropomyosin 58, 290 superior 217, 219
thoracolumbar fascia 177 condyles 260 anatomy 66–7, 102, 122, 150, tuber cinereum 107 ulnar collateral ligament 203
thoracromial artery 218 fibrous joints 48 155, 166 tubercle ulnar nerve 60, 62, 213, 215, 230,
thorax fractures 45 greater 198
interosseous border 260 bifurcation of 155 lesser 198 231
cardiovascular system 154–7 knee joint 49, 241 cartilage 123 tuberculosis (TB) 421, 428, 450 palmar branch 231
digestive system 162–3 lateral condyle 260 journey of air 324, 325 tubules, in nephron 366, 367 palmar digital branches 230, 231
immune and lymphatic systems medial condyle 260 tracheobronchial nodes 161 tumors ulnar recurrent artery 217, 219
medial surface 261, 265 tragus 119 acoustic neuroma 445 ulnar vein 232
160–61 MRI 272 transcription, protein synthesis 17 benign 418 ultrasound 317
MRI 166–7 nutrient foramina 260 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) 17 bladder 469 blood flow 72
muscular system 142–7 shaft 261 transient ischemic attack (TIA) bone 429 echocardiography 336
nervous system 148–9 tibial tuberosity 260 brain 439 monitoring fetal growth 479
reproductive system 164–5 tibial arteries 436 breast 470 ultraviolet (UV) radiation
respiratory system 152–3 anterior 69, 71, 270 colorectal 465 and aging 394
skeletal system 136–41 posterior 69, 71, 270, 271
3-D vision 315 tibial collateral ligament 241
510
INDEX
ultraviolet (UV) radiation cont. uterus cont. vein cont. vein cont. vena cava
skin and 278, 280 labor disorders 479 cephalic 68, 70, 216, 218, 220, ophthalmic inferior 68, 80, 154, 157, 158,
skin cancer 424 menstrual cycle 375 232, 233 inferior 127 162, 180, 188, 189, 190,
placental problems 478 accessory 232, 233 superior 127 196, 337
umbilical arteries 405 pregnancy 378–9 common iliac 68, 70, 81, 180, palmar digital 233 superior 68, 70, 74, 154, 156,
umbilical cord 379, 399, 402 round ligament 192 181 popliteal 69, 71, 255, 257, 259, 157, 158, 166, 337, 340
cubital, median 217, 219, 232 270
abnormalities 401 utricle 118 digital, dorsal 232 portal 68, 70, 180, 189 venous network, dorsal 232
blood vessels 401 balance 316 dorsal 194 posterior auricular 125 venous sinuses, brain 126, 127,
cutting 405 esophageal 189 posterior tibial 69, 71, 270
labor and birth 380–81 UV radiation see ultraviolet external iliac 68, 180, 181, 190 pulmonary 157, 158, 340 302, 303
ligamentum teres 188 radiation external jugular 68, 70, 121, 125 inferior 152, 153 venous ulcers 457
umbilical region 30 facial 125 superior 152, 153 ventilators 412
umbilical vein 405 uveitis 447 femoral 71, 255, 256 radial 232, 233 ventouse delivery 380, 479
umbilicus 174, 405 left 181 rectal ventral root, motor nerves 305
uncus 107 V right 180 inferior 189 ventricles
unipennate muscles 59 gastric 189 middle 189
unipolar neurons 65 vaccines 349, 421 gonadal 70, 180, 181 renal 68, 80, 180, 181, 190, 191, brain 111, 112–13, 135, 303
upper digestive tract disorders vacuoles, cells 21 great (long) saphenous 69, 71, 366 heart 154, 156, 157, 158–9, 167,
vagina 255, 257, 258, 270 retromandibular 125
462–3 great cardiac 156 right gastric 189 336–7
urea 334, 359, 367 anatomy 82, 83, 192, 195 hepatic 68, 70, 189 saphenous ventricular septal defect 454
ureter 80, 81, 190, 191, 194, 366, anterior fornix 192 hepatic portal 189, 358, 359, 362 accessory 255, 257 ventricular tachycardia 453
cervix 195, 375 ileal 189 great (long) 69, 255, 257, venules 73, 340, 341
368 in labor and birth 380 iliac 258, 270
ureteric orifice 191 lateral fornix 195 common 68, 70, 81, 180, 181, small (short) 69, 71, 259, 270, pituitary gland 386
urethra 80, 81, 82, 83, 190, 191 posterior fornix 192 191 271 in skin 39
sexual intercourse 376 external 68, 180, 181 small cardiac 156, 157 vernix 400, 402
female anatomy 192 vestibule 195 internal 68, 70, 180, 181, 189 small (short) saphenous 69, 71, verrcuae 425
male anatomy 193, 194, 373 vaginosis, bacterial 474 infraorbital 125 259, 270, 271 vertebrae
urethral orifice vagus nerve 114, 115, 120, 121, inferior labial 125 splenic 181, 189 anatomy 140–41
external 193 inferior mesenteric 181, 189 subclavian 68, 70, 74, 154, 155 anterior arch 140
internal 191 148, 156 inferior ophthalmic 127 submental 125 articular processes 140, 141,
urethral sphincter, external 192, control of heart 339 inferior rectal 189 superior labial 125
vallate papillae 131, 318 infraorbital iliac 125 superior mesenteric 68, 70, 180, 289
193 valves intercostal 154, 155 189 body 140, 141
urethritis 474 heart 336, 454 internal iliac 68, 70, 180, 181, superior ophthalmic 127 cervical vertebrae 42, 89, 90,
urge incontinence 469 lymphatic system 344 189, 190 temporal, superior 125
uric acid 429 veins 73, 341 internal jugular 68, 70, 121, 125, thyroid,superior 125 138
urinary system 27, 80–81, 364–9 varicose veins 457 126, 127, 128, 154, 155 tibial dens (odontoid peg) 140
vas deferens 82, 83, 193, 194, 372, interventricular 159 anterior 69, 71, 270 disk prolapse 433
bladder 368–9 jejunal 189 posterior 69, 71, 270 intervertebral disks 48, 140
kidneys 366–7 373 jugular 74 ulnar 232 joints 139, 140, 170, 289
penis 373 inflammation 477 external 68, 70, 121, 125 umbilical 405 lamina 140, 141
problems 468–9 vascular dementia 439 internal 68, 70, 121, 125, 126, lateral mass 140
urinary tract infections 468 vasculitis 457 127, 128, 154, 155 veins 25 lumbar vertebrae 42, 168,
urination (micturition) 175, 368 vastus intermedius muscle 57, 247, labial anatomy 68–9
urine 27, 80 inferior 125 around brain 127 171
barrier immunity 346 273 superior 125 arteriovenous malformation number of 140
bladder 368–9 vastus lateralis muscle 57, 241, lateral marginal 271 437 posterior arch 140
contents 367 marginal in bones 287 spinal nerves 148
fluid balance 369 243, 244, 247, 248, 266, 273 lateral 271 external veins of head 125 spinal stenosis 433
incontinence 469 vastus medialis muscle 241, 243, medial 271 hemorrhoids 465 spinous processes 140, 141
production of 366, 367 maxillary 125 muscles and 27 spondylolisthesis 433
urticaria 423 247, 266, 273 medial marginal 271 peripheral vascular disorders thoracic vertebrae 42, 136,
uterus vein, median vein of the forearm 232 456–7
abnormalities 476 mental 125 physiology 340–41 149
anatomy 82, 83, 192, 195 accessory saphenous 255, 257 mesenteric portal hypertension 466 transverse foramen 140
body of 192 angular 125 inferior 181, 189 structure 72–3 transverse processes 137, 138,
cancer 471 anterior tibial 69, 71, 270 superior 68, 70, 180, 189 umbilical cord 401
cavity of 192 auricular middle cardiac 157 valves 73, 341 140, 141
cervix 83, 192, 195, 375 middle rectal 189 varicose veins 457 vertebral foramen 140, 141
development of placenta 399 posterior 125 occipital 125 see also vein and specific veins whiplash injury 432
endometriosis 470 axillary 216, 218 vertebral arteries 124, 125,
fertilization of egg 374 azygos 70, 155, 156, 163 vellus hairs 281
fibroids 470, 476 basilic 68, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233 126
fundus 192 brachial 68, 70, 217, 219 vertebral column 40, 42
hormone control 387 brachiocephalic 68, 70, 154, 155 vertigo 445
implantation of blastocyst in 376 vesicles
labor and birth 380–81 left 167
cardiac cells 20
neurotransmitters 300
great 156 vesicouterine pouch 192
middle 157 vestibular apparatus 118
small 156, 157 labyrinthitis 444
511
INDEX
vestibular canal 317 vomer 92, 97 wrist cont.
vestibular cord 122 vomiting 355 ganglion 434
vestibular ganglion 317 Von Willebrand’s disease 459 joints 224–5, 234, 288
vestibular glands, greater 195 ossification 286
vestibular nerve 119, 316, 317 W tendons 227
vestibule
warts 425 wry neck 432
ear 119 genital 475
nose 122 X
vestibulocochlear nerve 114, 118, waste products
in blood 334 X chromosomes 18, 396, 397, 416,
119 in colon and rectum 361 417
vibrations urea 359
urine 367, 368–9 X-linked genetic conditions
hearing 316, 317 see also stools color blindness 417
information processing 305 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
sense of touch 310 water 430
vocal cords 331 cell transport 21
villi colon function 361 x-rays see radiographs
chorionic 399 fluid balance 369 xiphisternal joint 137
microvilli 20 thirst 369 xiphoid process 40, 137, 162
in small intestine 356 urine production 367
viral hepatitis 466 Y
viral meningitis 441 “water on the knee” 434
viruses 420 water-soluble hormones 384 Y chromosomes 18, 396, 416, 417
causes of infection 347 water vapor, respiratory system yeast infections 421
cell-mediated response yellow spot, retina 314
324 yolk sac 398, 399
348–9 “waters breaking” 381
visceral pleura 67, 150, 153 wax, in ears 444, 445 Z
vision 310, 312–15 weight, body mass index (BMI) 481
weight gain Z band, skeletal muscle 290
aging 411 Z disk, skeletal muscle 58
and balance 316 in childhood 406 zona pellucida 398
blindness 446 in pregnancy 378 zoonoses 421
color blindness 417 weightlifters 291 zygapophyseal joints 48, 141
color vision 314 Wernicke, Carl 305 zygomatic arch 90, 92
focusing problems 447 Wernicke’s area 305 zygomatic bone 90, 96, 97
synesthesia 310 wet dreams 409 zygomaticus major muscle 56, 98,
3-D vision 315 Wharton’s jelly 401
visual cortex 305, 308, 312, 315 whiplash injury 432 100
visual pathway 315 white blood cells 334, 335 zygomaticus minor muscle 98
vitamins 363 active immunity 346 zygote 376
digestion of 361 generation of 345 zymogenic cells 354
nutrition and metabolism 362, leukemia 459
in liver 359
363 lymphatic system 344
storage in liver 359 production of 285, 334
supplements 359 in respiratory system 325
vitamin A 359 types of 345
vitamin D white matter
brain 305
hormone regulation 388, spinal cord 65, 304
391 whiteheads 423
windpipe see trachea
osteomalacia 427 “wisdom teeth” 131
storage in liver 359 withdrawal symptoms, substance
synthesis in skin 280, 391
vitiligo 424 abuse 442
vitreous humor 117, 314 womb see uterus
vocal cords working memory 306, 307
anatomy 102, 103, 122, 123 worm infestations 347, 421
coughing 331 wounds 278, 334
speech 331 wrinkles, skin 394, 411
voice box see larynx wrist
voluntary movements 308
information processing 305 bones 40, 42, 222
peripheral nervous system carpal tunnel syndrome 434
296
voluntary muscle see skeletal
muscle
512
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Lefkowitz 225bl; Dimitri Lundt / TempSport 291br; Bank 418br; Ken Usami 308cl; Nick Veasey 123l, 289 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 16tr; Jackie Lewin, Jayme Pastoric 327br. Dr. Katy Vincent, University
Lawrence Manning 474cr; Dr. P. Marazzi 424c; (Saddle); CMSP 18cl, 421tr, 424br, 424tr, 446t; Dr. Royal Free Hospital 458br; Living Art Enterprises of Oxford: 310-311t. Wellcome Images: 119br; Joe
MedicalRF.com 22bl, 477b; Moodboard 310cla; NASA David Phillips / Visuals Unlimited 421tl; Ami Vitale 19 263tr, 304tl; Living Art Enterprises, LCC 445cl; Mee & Austin Smith 373tr; Dr. Joyce Harper 376clb;
/ Roger Ressmeyer 287cr; Sebastian Pfuetze 413bl; (Short Beard Indian); Jochem D Wijnands 19 (Indian); Living Art Enterprises, Llc 289 (Pivot), 432br; Look Wellcome Photo Library 461br. Wits University,
Photo Quest LTD 23 (Dense Connective); Photo Quest Dr. Gladden Willis 23 (smooth tissue), 24bc, 389cl, at Sciences 416bl; Richard Lowenberg 378tr; Johannesburg: photo by Brett Eloff 14cra
Ltd. / Science Photo Library 23 (Spongy Bone), 47br; 421bl, 458c; Dr. G.W. Willis 471cr; G W Willis / Lunagrafix 361cr; Dr. P. Marazzi 411c, 416bc, 422c,
Steve Prezant 447cr; Radius Images 442br; Roger Photolibrary 482bl; Brad Wilson 19 (Asian Man); 422cr, 422tr, 424tc, 425tr, 432bl, 433br, 434bl, All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Ressmeyer / Encyclopedia 439t (D55); Martin Ruetschi Alison Wright 19 (Bedouin); David Young-Wolff 406t. 435cr, 435tc, 444tl, 448crb, 457cr, 457t, 460cr,
/ Keystone / EPA 442cr; Science Photo Library / Photo Peter Hurst, University of Otago, NZ: 22t, 23 462tc, 472bl, 475tr; Dr. P. Marazzi 435bc; David M. For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Quest Ltd 460cl; Dr. Frederick Skvara / Visuals (Nerve Tissue), 23 (Skeletal Muscle). iStockphoto. Martin, M.D. 355cr, 462cr; Arno Massee 366br;
Carolyn A. McKeone 431cra; Medimage 20cl,
363cr; Hank Morgan 307c; Dr. G. Moscoso 399tr;
Prof. P. Motta / Dept. of Anatomy / University
359br; Prof. P. Motta / Dept. of Anatomy /
University “La Sapienza,” Rome 352cr; Professor P.