drainage and maintenance

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING















SAB2832 Highway Drainage Highway Drainage & & & & Maintenance Maintenance Ismail (fka, utm) Ismail (fka, utm)


















Ros Ros







Che Che

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Highway Drainage
Highway Drainage















SAB2832-cri2009ev1
& & Maintenance Maintenance by by Ismail (fka, utm) Ismail (fka, utm)







Ros Ros






Che Che

3









Visual Assessment of Flexible Pavement


Highway Drainage
Highway Drainage















SAB2832-cri2009ev1
Highway Drainage System
Pavement Rehabilitation
Pavement Rehabilitation
& & Maintenance Maintenance
Highway Maintenance




































• • • • • Surface Conditions

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, VERY
reduce sub-grade strength, hydraulic pressure from
reduce sub-grade strength, hydraulic pressure from
Highway Drainage System
Highway Drainage System
accumulated water caused hydroplaning, splash
Both for the safety of road users and
, VERY


cut/fill area, high water table

Adequate & proper road drainage is VERY
pavement construction and maintenance

passing traffic, binder stripping, slope stability
rain, snow, run-off water





SAB2832-cri2009ev1




















IMPORTANT! User safety – and spray Pavement - Pavement - Two types of drainage: Sub-surface drainage – Surface drainage –



















• 1. 2. 2. • 1. 2.

intercept seepage from cut or sidehill, and drain out seepage
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water from pavement structure, drainage during and after
Sub-surface Drainage System
Sub-surface Drainage System
pore pressure, frost action), slope failure (increase stress,
pore pressure, frost action), slope failure (increase stress,
premature destruction of pavement (high
Provided within the pavement to lower the water table,






Usually installed on expressway and trunk road


of underground water:





seasonal underlying soil strata, slope, pavement, road shoulder


move upward tru permeated tru SAB2832-cri2009ev1

























construction If inadequate – reduce shear strength) Three major sources Natural ground water (WT) – Capillary action – particle size dependent – Seepage

















1. 2. 3.
• • • •

Sub-surface Drainage System
Sub-surface Drainage System
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percolated water carried out to side




filtered perforated pipe along road









if longitudinal not adequate
high coefficient layer
cut area, pipe at toe
cut area, pipe at toe
inserted into cut/fill slope
Types of sub-surface drainage system:

SAB2832-cri2009ev1






















Longitudinal – shoulder Transverse – Interceptor pipe – Interceptor pipe – Horizontal – Drainage blanket – Porous sub-base – drain, cover entire road formation




















• 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Source of ground water
























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Longitudinal & transverse drain2






























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Interceptor pipe










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Drainage blanket














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at top of cut area to prevent water from flowing onto

drainage, embankment erosion, and
To intercept surface and watershed run-off into designed channel for
Surface Drainage System
Surface Drainage System
alongside of highway to collect water from pavement
Road surface need to be free of standing water to ensure safety

facilitate removal of surface water


pavement, erosion, discharge into paved spillway/outfall
optional, help expedite water flow


under pavement, carry water across road
across river or waterway, part of a road






discharge into river or natural waterways
SAB2832-cri2009ev1




Types of surface drainage system:






Transverse slope/crown –












Side drain – surface, subsurface and ROW surface, subsurface and ROW Longitudinal slope – Interceptor drain – Curb,Gutter and Scupper drain – encroachment (urban) Culvert – Bridge –














1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
• • •

Camber, interceptor, collector, side
Camber, interceptor, collector, side
Camber, interceptor, collector, side
Camber, interceptor, collector, side
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Curb, Gutter & Scupper




















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Culvert SAB2832-cri2009ev1

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satisfactory conditions to ensure safety and low road user costs


Pavement maintenance is required to keep road network in





Maintenance
Maintenance






privatization? Shoulder maintenance and grass cutting Shoulder maintenance and grass cutting Clean, repair, reconstruct culvert, bridge, and drains Maintenance of road furniture and markings Does not includes widening and structural strengthening SAB2832-cri2009ev1











Consist of (component based):
Federal roads maintenance –































1. Resurface and patching 2. 2. Repair and stabilized slope 3. 4. 5.
• • • •

Routine and periodic maintenance needed to maintain acceptable safety
carried after once in a few years, normally large scale, require
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need to be dealt without delay, non-planned, have
not subject to detailed planning, performed throughout the
year, usually small scale/simple, can be carried out on a regular basis
identification and planning (preventive maintenance, resurface, road
specialized equipment and skilled manpower, costly and need proper
specialized equipment and skilled manpower, costly and need proper
(grass cutting, patching, shoulder, drainage, signage, landscaping,










Maintenance
Maintenance




immediate effect on serviceability of the road


Maintenance activities (frequency based):
SAB2832-cri2009ev1





























Routine – routine inspection) Periodic – marking) Emergency works – level and to avoid costly repair











1. 2. 3.
• •

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Patch














Maintenance -


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Shoulder
























Maintenance -


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Slope














Maintenance -


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Bridge

















Maintenance -



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Drain













Maintenance -





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Furniture, Landscape

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Maintenance –

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construction feasibility and effect on road users should
Pavement Rehabilitation
Pavement Rehabilitation
engineering judgment but other factors such as cost,


Various techniques, selection depends heavily on



















SAB2832-cri2009ev1








Rehabilitation methods:
Rehabilitation methods:
be considered as well.










Restoration Resurfacing Recycling Reconstruction

















• • • 1. 2. 3. 4.

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roughness rate and slow down pavement deterioration.
fill crack with slurry, or bitumen + sand
fill crack with slurry, or bitumen + sand
slurry seal,surface dressing,


repair existing distress, reduces


When distress such as cracking and polishing.


Restoration
Restoration




hot or cold patch mix
Rejuvenating –spray on aged surface


SAB2832-cri2009ev1

















Restoration will – Restoration techniques: Crack sealing – Crack sealing – blotting Cut and patch – Thin bituminous overlay – thin hot mix
























• • • 1. 2. 2. 3. 4.

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Rejuvenating






















SAB2832-cri2009ev1










Rehab -

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Cracksealing






















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Rehab -

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Need to properly design the overlay thickness to achieve
improves riding with or w/o prior granular
When pavement have severe and extensive structural












Resurfacing
Resurfacing
structural improvement required

Involved placement of fresh material –


quality, enhance structural strength
quality, enhance structural strength
SAB2832-cri2009ev1
overlay (pre-treatment required)


























damage - Most popular in Malaysia design life Using thick asphalt overlay –














• • • • •

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Resurfacing




















SAB2832-cri2009ev1









Rehab –

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Use of old pavement material to correct raveling, bleeding
repair surface crack, road base still sound,
road base fail, use stabilized old surface
milling defected surface and reuse with












addition of stabilizer, rejuvenator or bitumen
addition of stabilizer, rejuvenator or bitumen




Recycling
Recycling



SAB2832-cri2009ev1





and improve skid resistance










Types of recycling:


Hot recycling – use heat to soften surface Cold recycling – Base recycling – material as base, lay new surfacing





















• • 1. 2. 3.

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Hot Recycling






















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Rehab –

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Cold Recycling

















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Rehab –

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Removal and rebuilding of all or part of pavement using
Pavement failed severely where deterioration has been
allowed to occur w/o maintenance, or inadequate sub-
allowed to occur w/o maintenance, or inadequate sub-

Construction/improvement of sub-surface drainage
fresh material (current practice recycle) and new

Reconstruction
Reconstruction














SAB2832-cri2009ev1







construction specification









surface drainage Types of reconstruction: Hot recycling with overlay Cold recycling with overlay























• • • 1. 2. 3.

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Reconstruction























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Rehab -

Visual Assessment of Pavement
Visual Assessment of Pavement


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Measure the ability of pavement to continue to provide
Determine remedial measures to be taken and its fiscal
Planning and programming of pavement maintenance
Determine deficiencies and inadequacies of pavement
Assessment of pavement surface conditions used by
Surface Conditions
Surface Conditions


















SAB2832-cri2009ev1












highway agencies to:





service to public needs and/or rehabilitation






















• 1. 2. 3. 4.

Visual Assessment of Pavement
Visual Assessment of Pavement


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Surface Conditions
Surface Conditions











Types of distress in flexible pavement:





SAB2832-cri2009ev1













Surface deformation





Surface defects Surface defects Edge defects








Cracks Patches Potholes











• 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Variety of patterns from isolated to interconnected over




fissures resulting from partial or complete


Pavement Cracks
Pavement Cracks





Pumping and loss of fines from road base







fractures of the pavement surface
SAB2832-cri2009ev1




























Cracks – entire surface Detrimental effects of cracks: Detrimental effects of cracks: Loss of water proofing Loss of load spreading ability Loss of riding quality Loss of appearance













• • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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replace surfacing, crushed aggregate overlay, crack sealing,
longitudinal, transverse, block, crocodile,
Reflection cracks from underlying layers, Shrinkage, Poor


cut and patch, reconstruction,
cut and patch, reconstruction,
Possible causes of cracks –Depression, Fatigue life of
surfacing exceeded, Age embrittlement of surfacing,
improve drainage and shoulder, widen pavement,


Pavement Cracks
Pavement Cracks

strengthen shoulder, overlay with stiffer mix












SAB2832-cri2009ev1
















construction joint Probable treatments – Probable treatments – Types of cracks – edge, crescent shape
























• • • •

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Cracks SAB2832-cri2009ev1


















Va -

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original profile (due to traffic, environment, inadequate control during
overlay or reconstruction, replace/recycle with
Influences riding quality and may reflect structural inadequacies, may
stiffer mix, base/sub-base strengthening, improve subsoil drainage,
inadequate thickness, poor compaction, unstable
premix, base or sub-base, volume change, settlement, lack of bond
Deformation takes place when surface undergo changes from its
Surface Deformations
Surface Deformations





rutting, corrugation, shoving, depression














SAB2832-cri2009ev1

























construction) lead to cracks lead to cracks Possible causes – between bituminous layers, start-stop Probable treatments – shoulder improvement Major types –
















• • • • •

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Surface Deformation
























SAB2832-cri2009ev1




























Va -

coating, paving over flushed surface, poor adhesion between aggregate
maneuverability), and riding quality. If not corrected may lead to loss of
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Have significant influence on serviceability, safety (skid resistance and
stiffer mix, mill and re-lay upper layer, replace WC, reconstruction of
excessive/lack of binder content, excessive/lack of
excessive/lack of binder content, excessive/lack of
apply hot sand, thin bituminous overlay, use
and binder, inadequate compaction, low PSV, seepage of water tru


Surface defects cover loss of surfacing materials and surface


bleeding, polishing, raveling, delamination

Surface Defects
Surface Defects








surface, adhesion of binder to vehicle tyres


SAB2832-cri2009ev1
















micro/macro texture pavement structural integrity Possible causes – Possible causes – Probable treatments – weak layers Major types –

























• • • • • •

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Surface Defects


















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Va -

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water to enter > disintegrate, collected water accelerates disintegration
Defects can occur within a patch or patch higher/lower than pavement
bowl shape cavity in the pavement from loss of WC and BC
bowl shape cavity in the pavement from loss of WC and BC
Produced when traffic breaches small pieces of pavement allowing

loss of surface, moisture entry tru cracks, load
repaired section where a portion of pavement has been




cut and patch, base reconstruction
Extend and frequency as indicator of structural adequacy
Patch & Pothole
Patch & Pothole













SAB2832-cri2009ev1































– removed and replaced Pothole – Pothole – Possible causes – associated base disintegration Probable treatments –
Patch surface








• • • • • • • •

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Patch & Pothole


















SAB2832-cri2009ev1





















Va -

reduction of pavement width, loss of riding quality
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widening, re-alignment, strengthen and leveled
and maybe loss of control, channeling water erodes shoulder, entry of
resistance to abrasion and erosion, resurface pavement w/o resurface
Occur along interface of pavement and shoulder, most significant if
inadequate width/edge support, poor alignment,
edge drop-off,loss of adhesion to base, shoulder material of low










Edge defects
Edge defects
edge drop-offs, edge breaks
shoulder, cut and patch, replace shoulder material








SAB2832-cri2009ev1




















shoulder unsealed Detrimental effects – water into base water into base Possible causes – shoulder Probable treatments – Types of edge defects –





















• • • • •

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Edge defects














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Va -

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Vaf6 – SAB2832-cri2009ev1