Parthenon & Temple of Olympian Zeus ANDREA AIANA ANAK SITEN 0350252 TOH CASEY 0350547 CLEMENT TIE SING WEI 0350089 NG JIAN PING 0350271 SYAFI DANIAL RAVINDRAN 0352125 TRICIA SONIA PRAKASH 0349915 UMAMA UMER 0359035 VANESSA CHIA 0355993 YAROSLAV YEMELYANOV 0351701 ZAREEN TASNIM BUSHRA 0351208 TEOH ZHONG YANG 0349281 Architecture History & Theory (ARC60804) Project 1: Analysis Report
CONTENT The Parthenon Introduction History & Timeline Architect Construction Method Architectural Style Architectural Element Comparison The Temple of Olympian Zeus Introduction History & Timeline Architect Organisation Analysis Construction Method Architectural Element Reference List Timeline of Greece 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-9 Architectural Layout Circulation 10 11 Architectural Layout 12 13 14-15 16 17 18 19-20 21 22 23
550 BC TIMELINE Temple of Apollo at Corinth 550-430 BC Temple Of Artemins at Ephesus 457-460 BC Temple of Zeus at Nemea 330 BC Temple Of Zeus 449 BC at Olympia 421 - 406 BC The Erechthesio 447 - 432 BC The Parthenon The Hephaisteion Temple of Athena Nike of Athena 455 AD End of Roman Empire 425 - 420 BC 1
PARTHENON 2
Parthenon is located in the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. It is mainly situated at the high ground of the Polis. The word acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον and πόλις (mountain peak and city). INTRODUCTION Apart from the Parthenon being a temple dedicated for the goddess Athena, it was later converted to a church, mosque and even a place to store Ottoman's ammunition during a war, which led to an explosiondestroying the building partly in 1687. Location Function The Parthenon The Parthenon is a temple dedicated for the goddess Athena during the fifth century BC. It is mainly built with Pentelic marble. Construction started 447BC and was completed on 432BC, designed by Architects Iktinos, Callicrates and Sculptor Phidias. 37.9715° N, 23.7267° E Athens, Greece 3
490BC 480BC 447BC - 432BC 6th Century 1204 1456 1687 1975 HISTORY & TIMELINE Construction of Old Parthenon begins to honour the goddess Athena who brought victory during the Battle of Marathon The first Persian empire destroyed the Old Parthenon and the construction was never completed Construction of Parthenon begins and completed in 438BC, More sculptural ornamentations added in 432 BC Christianity established in the eastern part of Roman Empire, Parthenon was converted to a Christian Church During the Frankish Occupation, it was then turned into a Catholic Church Ottoman Turks seized Athens, Parthenon converted to a mosque, a tall minaret was constructed 1803 Venetian's army mortar shell hit the Parthenon which was, at that time, used as a storage for Ottoman's gunpowder triggering an explosion Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the sculptures from the Parthenon which sits in the British Museum today A large scale restoration project for the Parthenon begins 4
Partnered with Ictinus to build the Parthenon, attempted to introduce a new style and form to his works with the representation of the Panathenaic procession in its frieze, as well as in other temples Ictinus Callicrates ARCHITECT Co Architects with Callicrates to build the Parthenon, he enriched Doric style buildings with other elements such as the continuous frieze which is characteristic of Ionic style architecture A sculptor, famous for the statue of Athena Parthenon. His work started from 447 BC- the Metopes, until 432 BC- when the pediment figures that he used to embellish the temple with were finished & also supervised the design of the Parthenon frieze Phidias The frieze portrays the scenes of Panathenaic festival is held every four years honoring goddess Athena, the scenes include racehorses, a cortège of offering-bearers, servants leading sacrificial animals, and many more. 5
CONSTRUCTION METHOD Techniques used Building Materials Builders of the Parthenon mined 100,000 tons of marble from a quarry 10 miles from Athens. Using wagons, they conveyed blocks of marble from the quarry and up the Acropolis’s incline. All the transported marble blocks were carved, shaved, shaped and trimmed by hand on-site by the sculptors During sculpture at the quarry, 'handles' were formed, which later were removed on site. Holes or grooves could be carved in the blocks, if their final position in the completed building rendered them invisible. Experts speculate that they adeptly used a system of pulleys, ropes, and wood cranes to tow and lift the marble blocks. The 'cancer' is a device which tightens its grip as tension increases on its suspension points The construction method used to build the Parthenon was peripteros, meaning a central area surrounded with columns that hold up the weight of the roof. Greek columns were constructed of identical layers of marble, held together with a smaller central core, functioning roughly the same way a Lego brick does. The Parthenon was constructed from 22,000 tones of white Pentelic marble, quarried and then hauled ten miles to the site using carts, pulleys and sledges. 6
It has been suggested that volutes may have been based on nautilus shells, animal horns or even the female fallopian tubes, giving weight to Vitruvis' ideas on the Ionic order being a "female" form. The Parthenon sought to depart from the more plain architectural style known as the Doric order. The Doric, which was applied to temples beginning in the seventh century BC. Some argue that the Doric order reached its pinnacle of perfection in the Parthenon (Athens) built between 447-432 BC, by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. Doric Orders The Ionic order was used for smaller buildings and interiors. It is easy to recognise because of the two scrolls, called volutes, on its capital. Their shafts are sculpted with concave curves called flutes The capitals are plain with a rounded section at the bottom, known as the echinus a square at the top, called the abacus In between the triglyphs are spaces, called metopes, that were commonly sculpted with figures and ornamentation ARCHITECTURAL STYLE The Ionic order, Called Ionic, because of its development on the Ionian islands (West and South of mainland Greece) in the sixth century BC. Ionic Orders Doric colonnades would consist of six columns across the front and thirteen down the sides, eight fluted, baseless columns at the front and seventeen at the sides. 7
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Fluting: Also known as reeding, is series regular, concave grooves running vertically or spirally along a surface. Fluting Features classical architecture The Doric order has 20 grooves per column while The ionic, Corinthian and Composite orders have 24 METOPES Roof: The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae. Stairs (Stylobate): The Parthenon is a peripteral octastyle Doric temple with lonic architectural features. It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps Metopes: The metopes depict scenes from mythic battles; gods strike down giants on the east front, Greeks triumph over Amazons on the west, Trojans on the north, and men fight centaurs on the south Architrave The architrave is the lowest section on the horizontal entablature. It acts as a beam on the capitals of the vertical generally topped with a frieze and cornice. The architrave varies according 40 the orders Column: The columns support an entablature consisting of architrave and a frieze of alternating triglyphs and metopes. Including a basrelief frieze around the entirety of the temple's inner chamber (cella) South side view of metopes depictCentauromachy; the battle of mythical centaurs with the lapitus * * West side view of Metopes depict- Amazonomachy; mythical battle between Amazon warriors & the ancient Greeks North side view of the mepotes depicttrojan war East side view of metopes depictGigantomachy; mythical battles between gods and giants 8
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS It is believed that the sculptures on the pediment recounted the birth of Athena and the mythological battle between Athena and Poseidon for control of Athens. West pediment: The supporters of Athena are illustrated at the back of the left chariot, while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot. East pediment: The east pediment originally contained 10 to 12 sculptures depicting the Birth of Athena. Tethrippa of Helios is in the left corner and Selene is on the right. P ediment The Pediments of the Parthenon are the two sets of statues made of Pentelic marble originally located on the east and west facades of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens Plant Cape The Plant Cape of the Parthenon is used to adorn the majestic temple of Athens. It is 4 meters and was built between 447 BC - 432 BC with elements of thorny leaves and palm trees which symbolized wealth in art and were synonymous with glory and wealth. Frieze A frieze is a long and narrow sculptural band along the middle of an entablature, used for decorative purposes, which mainly ornamented with relief figures. 9
PLAN DRAWING Rectangular floor plan, 23000 square ft with limestone foundation. ORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: The structure have 46 outer columns and 19 inner columns which are tapered to give the temple a symmetrical look. The columns in the corner are bigger in diameter than the rest. The columns are neither placed in straight lines nor right angles. STATUE OF ATHENA This is the monumental chryselephaantine sculpture. The structure has established the sense of aesthetic symmetry. The ratio between the diameters of the column to the space between them, the height of the temple to its width, makes it look harmonious and symmetrical. The Parthenon sought to deport from the more plain architectural style knowing as the doric. The doric order consists of columns across the front and 13 down the side. Parthenon was built with eight baseless columns at the front and seventeen at the sides. 10
7 8 10 11 20 5 CIRCULATION Beulé's Gate Pinakotheke Statue of Athena Hygieia Sanctuary of the Brauronian Artemis Propylea Court Chalkotheke Votive bull Monument of Athena Ergane Precinct of Zeus Polieus Chryselephantine Statue of Athena Ergane 1 2 3 4 6 9 12 1 2 Nike Temple 3 4 5 6 7 Propylon 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 Work Shops 14 15 Dwelling of the Arrephoroi 15 16 16 Old Temple of Athena 17 17 Propylon (I.G.,I , 4). 18 18 Erechtheum 19 Court of the Pandroseum 19 20 Temple of Pandrosus 2 1 2 1 Service Building CIRCULATION 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 7 1 1 14 12 17 18 16 20 15 2 1 5 13 19 11
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS 12
The Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, also known as the Olympieion, was built over several centuries starting in 174 BCE and only finally completed by Roman emperor Hadrian in 131 CE. Its unusually tall columns and ambitious layout made the temple one of the largest ever built in the ancient world. INTRODUCTION The Temple of Olympian Zeus The Temple of Olympian Zeus is located 500 meters southeast of the Acropolis in Athens and 700 meters from the centre of Athens (Syntagma Square) The ruined Temple of Zeus that stands today in the archaeological site of Olympia was built to honor the chief of the god, and was the biggest military commemoration in the sanctuary. The altar to Zeus had a huge significance, as it was built up from the ashes of all the previous sacrifices. Location Function Address: Athens 105 57, Greece Coordinates: 37.9693° N, 23.7331° E The Greek nation's capital is Athens. It was the centre of the mighty civilization and empire known as Ancient Greece. The Acropolis, a mountaintop fortress topped with historic structures like the Temple of Olympian Zeus, is one of the city's most iconic attractions that date back to the fifth century BC. 13
HISTORY & TIMELINE 515 BCE Golden Age 124 - 132 BCE 6th Century BCE Located southeast of Athens' acropolis near the River Ilissos and become the city's largest. The tyrant Peisistratus the Younger began to build a new and much bigger Doric temple and project was abandoned. Hadrian, during his stay in Athens between 124 and 125 CE, took up the construction again. Sulla had actually stolen a few of the columns in 86 BCE for re-use in Rome's Temple of Jupiter and Augustus by dabbling a little with rebuilding the temple in the early 1st century CE The temple were built on an ancient outdoor sanctuary built by the tyrant Peisistratus 510 BCE Built with limestone in the Doric style, flanked by columns surrounding a cella. However, the work was abandoned when Hippias was expelled Athenian democracy, the Greeks left the temple untouched 550 BCE 124 - 125 BCE Between 124 and 132BCE, a rectangular precinct wall was built around the temple, Roman baths were added to the site, and a monumental arch 18m high, Hadrian's Arch, set at the entrance to the new sanctuary area. Also in 131/2 CE, the Temple of Zeus Panhellenios was built to the south of the main temple 14
150 BCE 164 - 174 BCE 19th Century The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who thought himself Zeus-on earth, began the project again. This time, the temple would be made of marble in the Corinthian style. When he died in 164 BC, the temple was only half finished and left vulnerable to attack when Sulla sacked Athens in 86 BC. Under the Christian emperors, the temple would have been out of usage for worship. In the 6th century. The temple was excavated from 1889 until the 1960s. The open-air Temple of Olympian Zeus dominates a large archaeological site near Syntagma Square. 15 marble columns still stand – one blown over during the late 19th century. Building work began again in 174 BCE under Antiochos IV Epiphanes, the King of Syria He employed the skills of the Roman architect Cossutius and the columns and entablature of the now Corinthian order temple were finally erected. Unfortunately, once again the project fell by the wayside upon the death of Antiochos. 163 BCE 131 BCE The great philhellene, who finally managed to finish one of the biggest ever ancient temples The Temple of Kronos and Rhea added nearby. 174 BCE 1889s - 1960s HISTORY & TIMELINE 15
Libon of Elis Was inspired by the design of the Parthenon of the elements of the Doric orders. The magnificent temple of Zeus was designed by the architect Libon and was built around 450 BC. The simple Doric-style temple seemed too mundane, and modifications were needed. The solution: A majestic statue. The Athenian sculptor Pheidias was assigned for the "sacred" task, reminiscent of Michelangelo's paintings at the Sistine Chapel. Architect of ancient Greece His work on the Temple, is said to have inspired the technique and design of the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis ARCHITECT Doric order 16
Architecture analysis 20.7m 10.53m 2.25m Section view 12m statue of Nike (Victory) sceptre on which an eagle was perched Statue of Zeus right hand left hand LAYOUT & DIMENSION 29.0m 2.25m Doric peripteral temple, 6 x 13 columns on a crepidoma of 3 unequal steps. An east opening cella, with pronaos and opisthodomos both distyle in antis. Two rows, each of 7 Doric columns with superimposed Doric columns, divided the cella into 3 aisles. The statue on its enormous base was separated from public access by a barrier which ran between the columns of the side aisles and across the cella at the 2nd column and behind the statue base. Plan View 64.12m 27.68m Elevation View 70.1m East Pediment West Pediment The East Pediment shows the preparation for the chariot race, with the participants offering sacrifice, swearing an oath of fairplay, before Zeus, who stands in the centre between Pelops and Oinomaos. Zeus looks towards his right (one can tell from the neck muscles) at the beardless young Pelops. To the left of Zeus stands the bearded Oinomaos with his mouth slightly open and his brow knit. Next to Oinomaos stands Hippodameia, lifting a veil from her shoulders. The West Pediment is a marked and probably deliberate contrast with the East pediment. It represents the violent action of the Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, which broke out at the wedding of the hero Peirithoös and his bride Deidemeia. At the wedding feast, after drinking too much wine, the centaurs attacked and attempted to rape the bride and her handmaidens. A brawl ensued and the centaurs were subdued. The story was selected to express the triumph of human civilisation over the barbaric, animal side of human nature. Phidias's colossal chryselephantine (gold and ivory) cult statue of Zeus in the naos was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. 17
elevation view Peripteral form Opisthodomus Cella Pronaous Symmetrical Corinthian columns are standing at 17.25m placed in a dipteral octastyle arrangement; double rows of twenty columns along each length and triple rows of eight columns on each width. This arrangement is typical of Ancient Greek architecture, which often employed a column and lintel structure. gives the temple a harmonious, symmetrical appearance. ORGANISATION ANALYSIS Circulation to use space Archaic Classical 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 10 11 Hellenistic Roman Circulation pathway External Circulation Circulation 1 Stadium 2 Treasuries 3 Temple of Hera 4 Altar of Zeus 5 Metroon 6Temple of Zeus 7 Philippeion 8 Palaistra 9 Gymnasion 10 Leonidaion 11 Baths Leonidaion Gymnasion Metroon Palaistra Philippeion 18
CONSTRUCTION METHOD Construction Style The temple stood long under lengthy construction from the times of the Greeks all the way the Romans under the influence of many minds. Building Structure & Materials Analysis The Temple of Olympian Zeus is a hexastyle building which was erected over three steps of stylobate. The monument, though initially designed with limestone in mind, was enacted in Pentelic Marble and applications of stucco across its columns, ceiling and sculptures. The temple's exterior held thirty-four columns surrounding three separated compartments known as the Pronaos, Naos and Opisthodomos, along with two sets of colonnades surrounding the central Cella. The floors, initially adorned with mosaics of pebbles and stones were later enveloped by dazzling Pentelic Marble. The pediments on the east and west as well as the metopes displayed carvings depicting the twelve labours of Hercules with great detail and unknown sculptors along with the telling of three individual tales. Today, only fifteen columns remain, with a sixteenth falling as recently as 1852. 104 giant Corinthian columns of 17 feet high, 48 were placed in triple rows under the pediments and 56 in double rows on sides. 96 meters long 40 meters in the eastern and western sides of base rectangular Cella were made by marble Construction Analysis 19
Specific Materials Used Corinthian Order: The Corinthian columns are more slender than the Ionic, higher with respect to width. The bell-shaped capital is formed deep with acanthus leaves and small swirls in the upper corners. Talk of an order cariático, named for the use of female figures (caryatids) usually carry a basket on her head Building structure & materials analysis Corinthian columns Columns: pediments carved in marble. All the columns left standing only fifteen. The sixteenth was shot down during a storm in 1852. Some of the missing are falling around, pediments carved in marble. Pentelic marble - Its length exceeds 100 meters, and its width spreads across 40 meters. The total of famous Hadrian's columns was 104. Corinthian columns - tall at 17.25 m and diameter of 1.7 m and 20 flutes. The long side presented 20 columns each and the short sides 8 (dipteral octastyle). These were placed in double rows along the length and triple rows at each short side 20
hexastyle building(6-columned portico) which was erected over three steps of the stylobate. The entire monument was made of limestone and was covered with stucco. Parian marble was used Column ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ANALYSIS nneevveerr eennttiirreellyy ccoommpplleettee ppeerriipptteerraall ffoorrmm wwiitthh aa ffrroonnttaall ppoorrcchh ppeerriipptteerrooss-- aa ttyyppee ooff aanncciieenntt GGrreeeekk or Roman tteemmppllee ssuurrrroouunnddeedd bbyy aa ppoorrttiiccoo wwiitthh ccoolluummnnss Corinthian Capital Architrave It was designed as a circular bell tower with 207 columns ranging around eight stories. lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns There used to be a 13 meters tall statue- golden and chryselephantine (overlaid with gold and ivory) statue of Zeus it was demolished. FAST FACT! 21
The Temple of Zeus has a measurement of 27 metres by 64 metres and has 6 columns at the front flanked by 13 columns PARTHENON TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS SIMILARITIES Both the Parthenon and The Temple of Zeus are located on the hills in Athens, Greece Both were made using limestone blocks Both are built to honor the gods The Pathenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BC on the Athenian Acropolis. Due to its elevated position above the city, the Parthenon could be seen from a variety of angles The Parthenon measuring 30 by 69 meters with an octastyle front and 17 flanking columns. There are many statues carved in Pentelic marble at the Parthenon The Parthenon is made up of Pantelic marble that was quarried from Mount Pentelicus in Athens The Parthenon has Doric feature as well as Ionic feature The Parthenon has a lot of sculptures carved into it. The Temple of Olympian Zeus was constructed earlier between 470 and 457 BC The Temple of Olympian Zeus is situated on a flat plain There was only one statue made of wood at the Altar of Zeus The Temple of Olympian Zeus primarily made of local shelly limestone that has been covered in stucco The Temple of Olympian Zeus only bas Doric features The Altar of Zeus does not have any carvings COMPARSION BETWEEN PARTHENON AND ZEUS 22
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