ISLAMIC THEOLOGY_ Murji'ah & Mu'tazilah

SCHOOLS OF ‫ﻣﻣﺮﺮﺣﺣﺒﺒﺎﺎ‬
ISLAMIC
THEOLOGY

MURJI’AH & MU’TAZILAH

GROUP 4

1. NURUN NI’MAH BINTI NUR HAMIM 1818018
2. FATIN FARIHAH BINTI ZOHAN 1810286
3. NUR RABIATUL ADAWIYAH BINTI ROZAAN 1810544









Table of contents

01. MURJI’AH: Roots 04. MU’TAZILAH: Roots
Definition, Figures, Types Definition, Figures

02. MURJI’AH: Development 05. MU’TAZILAH: Development
03. MURJI’AH: Principles

01. Roots

MURJI’AH

Definition

From the linguistic view;

- Murji'ah comes from ‫ اﻹرﺟﺎء‬means delaying; postponement;
procrastination.

- In the Holy Qur'an mentioned this word as in the following verses:

‫َﻗﺎﻟُوا أَ ْر ِﺟ ْﮫ َوأَ َﺧﺎهُ َوأَ ْر ِﺳلْ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻣ َدا ِﺋ ِن َﺣﺎ ِﺷ ِرﯾ َن‬

They replied, “Let him and his brother wait and send mobilizers to all cities.”

(Al-A’raf:111)

‫إِ ﱠن ا ﱠﻟ ِذﯾ َن آ َﻣ ُﻧوا َوا ﱠﻟ ِذﯾ َن َھﺎ َﺟ ُروا َو َﺟﺎ َھ ُدوا ﻓِﻲ َﺳ ِﺑﯾ ِل ﱠ ِﷲ أُو َﻟ ِﺋ َك َﯾ ْر ُﺟو َن َر ْﺣ َﻣ َت ﱠ ِﷲ َو ﱠﷲُ َﻏﻔُو ٌر َر ِﺣﯾ ٌم‬

Surely those who have believed, emigrated, and struggled in the Way of Allah - they can
hope for Allah’s mercy. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

(Al-Baqarah:218)

Definition

Arabic: Those Who Postpone (Murji’ah)

English: Murji’ites

- one of the earliest Islamic sects to believe in the postponement
(‫ )اﻹرﺟﺎء‬of judgement on committers of serious sins, recognizing
God alone as being able to decide whether or not a Muslim had
lost his faith.

- The conclusion as believed by Al-Murji'ah is that the deeds and
the faith are not related whatsoever and that deeds have no
effect on faith neither positively nor negatively.

Types of Murji’ah

Moderate Murji’ah Extreme Murji’ah

A Muslim who commits with A Muslim who believes in God and then
big sin is not be considered declares disbelief orally (kufr) does not
as a non- believer (kufr) and become a kafir because faith and disbelief
not remains in hell. He also take part only in the heart not in another part
considered as a Mukmin. of human body. Even a Muslim does not
become kafir even though he is doing things
that are against the religion of Islam and then
passed away. He still considered as a Mukmin.

Figures

Founder: Bahr bin Abdullah Alhamadani (Kufah, Iraq)

Among of figures:
1. Jahm Ibn Safwan
2. Yunus An-Namiri
3. Abu Hanifah
4. Ubaid Al-Muktaib
5. Al-Hassan Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib
6. Abu Yusuf
7. Abu Al-Hassan Al-Salihi

02. Development

MURJI’AH

Ahmad Amin 1 Ibn 'Asakir

During the time of the First Emergence After the murder of 'Uthman,
companions, at the end of the when a group of Muslim armies
came back to Medina and found
reign of Uthman bin Affān. their fellow Muslims divided into

two camps.

Abu Hitim al RazI

Emerged two years before 'Ali’s murder,
when his camp was split after the tahkim,

the arbitration.

Cont..

Ibn 'Asakir

● A group of companions, such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Abi Bakarah, Imran ibn
Husain, Muhammad ibn Shalah, Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqas, Uthman ibn Zaid, Hasan ibn
Tsabit, Abdullah ibn Salam, did not make the bai’ah to Saidina Ali as a khalifah and
also did not want to support Mu'awiyah.

● But at that time, these companions did not create a
madzab, they just kept quiet and stayed away from the
disputes.

Cont..

The discussions that took place in the group are
illustrated by Ibn Asakir as follows:

“We returned to our respective homes and we left
you in peace and no more quarrels even though
you've had a fight before. (Some of them said) "But
now Usman has been killed. It is natural if there are
people who want to demand justice in return
(some of them answered): “…even so Ali and his
other companions are also the truth people. In our
opinion, each of them is a trustworthy people. That
is why it is impossible for us to vow to curse them.
Therefore we should leave this matter to God.“

2

During the Umayyad Dynasty

● Khawarij and Shiah were against the Umayyad dynasty which was ruled by
Muawiyah but with different motives.

● There is a determination that a Muslim is whether an infidel or not if he commits a
major sin.

● The Murji'ites emerged as a reaction to the theories opposed by the Shiites and
Kharijites.

● They were people who did not want to get involved in a dispute and left the
decision to Allah.

03. Principles

MURJI’AH

MODERATE MURJI’AH

A committer of grave sin Al-Hassan Ibn Muhammad
would not be considered Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Abu
as a non- believer and not Hanifah, Abu Yusuf and

remain in hell some of expertise in
A committer of grave sin Hadith.

still considered as a Iman does not increase
Mu’min and decrease and

Abu Hanifah defined Iman there is no difference
as “ Knowledge and between men in matters of

Acknowledgement about Iman
God, Apostles and

anything that comes from
God

EXTREME MURJI’AH

Al-Jahmiyah A Muslim who believes in Remain a believer who have a
God and then verbally perfect Iman
(The followers of Jahm
Ibn Safwan) confesses disbelief is not a
non- believer (Kafir)

Still not considered as a
non-believer even though
worshiping idols, practicing
the teachings of Judaism or
Christianity, believing in
the trinity and eventually

dying

Al-Salihiah Al-Yunusiah Al-Ubaidiyah

(The followers of Abu 1. Committing
Al-Hassan Al-Salihi) immorality will not
destroy individual’s
1. Iman can be defined 1. Committing faith
as knowing God and immorality will not
Kufur can be defined destroy individual’s
as not knowing God faith

2. Ibadah is believing
God

3. Praying, fasting,
paying zakat,
performing Hajj are
not Ibadah

04. Roots

MU’TAZILAH

Definition

● Etymology: The word “I’tazala” َ‫ ا ْﻋ َﺗ َزل‬means to separate oneself or
to withdraw from.

● Theological terminology: Derived from the founder's
"withdrawal" from the study circle of Hasan al-Basri over a
theological disagreement

Hassan Al Basri was asked about the position of the committer of
major sin. However, before he could give his opinion either Wasil b.
’Atta or ’Amr b. ’Ubayad broke out with the answer, saying: ‘The
committer of the grave sin is neither a believer nor a non-believer,
but is in the state between the states of belief and unbelief.’

Figures

● The Mu’tazilah was the first Sunni rationalist theological school,
founded in Basrah.

● The main figures behind the establishment of the school in Basrah:

❏ Wasil b. Atta (The founder)
❏ ’Amr b. ’Ubayad
❏ Abu-I-Hudhayl alAllaf
❏ Ibrahim al-Nazzam
❏ Mu’ammar b. Abbad al-Jubay
❏ Abu Hashim b. al-Jubai.

Cont..

● And later developed in Baghdad, in particular during al-Ma’mun’s caliphate
from 813 to 833 CE.

● The founders of the school in Baghdad:

❏ Bishr b. al-Mu’tamir and thinkers such as al-Askafi,
Ahmad b. Daud and al-Ka’bi.

05.
Development

MU’TAZILAH

DURING AL-MA’MUN’S
CALIPHATE

1 2

Founded in Basrah and later At first, the Mu’tazilah sect
developed in Baghdad during followed by the ordinary people
Al-Ma’mun’s Caliphate from 813
and society
until 833 CE.

3 4

Rationalism and liberalism He encouraged the development of
theological thinking attracted many rational thinking and philosophy in
Baghdad and also patronised the
intellectuals from Abbasid
Caliphate. Mu’tazilah school.

Cont.. 6

5 Al-Ma’mun also began an
‘Inquisition’ on the concept of
In 827, Al-Ma’mun made the
Mu’tazilah sect as the official the createdness of the
Al- Qur’an
sect.

AFTER THE DEATH OF AL-MA’MUN

DURING AL-MU’TASHIM & Still continue the Al-Ma’mun’s Ideology
AL-WASIQ’S CALIPHATE about the ‘Inquisition’ on the concept of the

createdness of the qur’an

DURING ● Did not continue the previous
AL-MUTAWAKKIL’S ideology

CALIPHATE ● Political situation gradually turned
against the Mu’tazilah

● Mu’tazilah slowly began to lose the
power

Conclusion

- Murji’ah views that people will enter Jannah.
- Murji’ah agreed that the Muslim should recite the

syahadah which is to acknowledge that Allah is God and
Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H. is His Messenger.
- Everyone wants the best, no disputes that lead to
division and even bloodshed.
- Murji'ah leaves completely to the Allah’s decision on the
Day of Judgement.

REFERENCES

1. Mawardy, H. (2013). Aliran Mu’tazilah Dalam Lintasan Sejarah
Pemikiran Islam. Ilmu Ushuluddin, 12 (1) 87-104.

2. Kamal, M. Mu’tazilah The Rise of Islamic Rationalism. Australian
Rationalist, 62, 27-34.

3. Sariah, Murji’ah Dalam Perspektif Theologis. Dosen Fakultas
Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Suska Riau, 2-4.

4. Athamina, K. (1990) The Early Murji’a: Some Notes. Journal of Semitic
Studies, 113-115.

Thank
You