[2564]E31202 English for reading and writing 1

E31202
ENGLISH FOR
READING&WRITING 1

SEMESTER 1 ACADEMIC YEAR 2021

BY MISS MONTHIRA PARISUTHIKHAN

This bTohoiskbboeolkonbgelotong..s. to:

KANARASDORNBUMROONG YALA SCHOOL
The Secondary Educational Service Area Office Yala

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Unit 1

Context Clues

Context Clues คือ คำใบ้ (hint) ที่ผเู้ ขียนให้ไว้เพ่ือช่วยบอกความหมายของคำศัพทย์ ากๆ คำศัพท์ที่
เราไม่คุ้นเคย หรือคำศัพท์เฉพาะทางในบทความต่างๆ context clue อาจจะปรากฏอยู่ในประโยคเดียวกัน
กับคำศัพท์นั้นๆ หรืออาจจะอยู่ในประโยคก่อนหน้าหรือประโยคที่ตามมาก็ได้ ส่วนใหญ่แล้วเราจะเรียนรู้
คำศัพท์ใหม่ๆ จากการอ่าน ดังนั้น context clue จึงเป็นเรื่องสำคัญที่ผู้อ่านควรจะศึกษาและใช้ให้เกิด
ประโยชน์สูงสดุ

Context Clues ทพ่ี บได้บอ่ ยมี 6 ประเภท ดังนี้

1. Definition Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยใหค้ ำนยิ าม

Definition clue คอื การบอกใบ้โดยการให้คำนยิ ามของคำศัพท์ท่เี ราไม่คนุ้ เคย อาจจะเป็นคำนิยามที่
เป็นทางการ หรือคำนิยามที่ปรับเปลี่ยนโดยใช้คำง่ายๆ ก็ได้ ในบางกรณี context clue อาจจะอยู่หลัง
เครื่องหมายวรรคตอน (punctuation marks) เช่น , (comma) ; (semi-colon) : (colon) และ –
(hyphen) หรือหลังคำกริยา เช่น means, refer to, is/are, is/are called, is/are known as และ
is/are defined as ซ่งึ คำเหลา่ น้เี รยี กวา่ signal word

Examples:

Toxins are poisons produced via some biological function of nature.
➔(Toxin คือคำทเี่ ราไม่รคู้ วามหมาย are คือ signal word และส่วนทขี่ ดี เสน้ ใตค้ ือ context clue)

Robert wonders if that mushroom is edible - able to be eaten.
➔(edible คือคำที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย เครื่องหมาย – (hyphen) คือ signal word และส่วนที่ขีด

เสน้ ใต้คือ context clue)

2. Comparison Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยใชก้ ารเปรยี บเทยี บ

ผู้เขียนจะใช้คำที่เราคุ้นเคย คำที่มีความหมายคล้ายคลึงกัน หรือคำพ้องความหมาย (synonym) มา
ชว่ ยในการอธบิ ายให้เขา้ ใจได้ง่ายขึ้น signal word ที่พบไดบ้ อ่ ยใน context clue ประเภทนคี้ ือคำว่า or, as
if, also, similar to, similarly, like, likewise, as well as, in comparison to ห ร ื อ เ ค ร ื ่ อ ง ห ม า ย
punctuation mark เช่น , (comma) ; (semi-colon) : (colon) – (hyphen) และ ( - ) (parenthesis)

KB YALA 1 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Examples:

A very important part of the cell is the nucleus, or control center of all cell activity.
➔(nucleus คือคำที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย or คือ signal word และส่วนที่ขีดเส้นใต้คือ context

clue)

Just as the police could not find any pertinent information, the experts also made no
useful discoveries.

➔(pertinent คือคำที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย also คือ signal word และส่วนที่ขีดเส้นใต้คือ context
clue)

3. Contrast Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยใชค้ ำทข่ี ดั แยง้ กนั

ผู้เขียนจะใชค้ ำทีม่ ีความหมายตา่ งกัน หรอื คำท่ีมคี วามหมายตรงกันขา้ มกัน (antonym) มาช่วยในการ
อธิบาย contrast clues มักจะใช้ร่วมกับ signal word ที่เป็นคำบอกความขัดแย้ง เช่น in contrast, on
the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, while, but, however, instead of, although, even
though เป็นตน้

Examples:

I detest Japanese food, but my wife likes it.
➔(detest คือคำที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย but คือ signal word และส่วนที่ขีดเส้นใต้คือ context

clue)

Maria has a high aptitude for Math, Jessica, on the other hand, has to work hard to
get the passing grades.

➔(aptitude คือคำท่ีเราไม่รู้ความหมาย on the other hand คือ signal word และส่วนที่ขีดเส้น
ใต้คอื context clue)

4. Experience or Inference Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยใชค้ วามรเู้ ดมิ

ผู้อ่านจะใช้ความรู้เดิมและประสบการณ์ในการเดาความหมายของคำที่ไม่คุ้นเคย อารมณ์และ
ความรสู้ กึ (mood and tone) ของผู้เขียนมกั จะมีส่วนช่วยใหผ้ ู้อา่ นเดาความหมายได้ง่ายขึ้น

KB YALA 2 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Examples:

There was a great catastrophe in the town after the typhoon. The governor expected
to restore relative calm rapidly.

➔(คำที่เราไม่รู้คือ catastrophe ความรู้เดิมที่ต้องใช้คือ typhoon คืออะไร และเกิดอะไรขึ้น
หลังจาก typhoon อีกหนึง่ คำท่ีบอกใบ้ได้คือคำวา่ restore ท่แี ปลว่า ฟ้นื ฟู)

5. Example Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยการยกตวั อย่าง

ผู้เขียนใช้การยกตัวอยา่ งเพื่อระบุความหมายของคำที่ไม่คุ้นเคย ผู้อ่านจำเป็นจะต้องมคี วามรูเ้ ดมิ และ
ประสบการณ์ในการเดาความหมายจากตัวอย่างที่ผู้เขียนยกมาในงานเขียนนั้นๆ ด้วย signal word ได้แก่
such as, for example, for instance, like, including เป็นต้น

Examples:

The waiter in the luxurious discotheque was always well remunerated for his work.
For example, his tip money amounted to at least 1,000 baht a night.

➔(remunerated คือคำที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย for example คือ signal word และและส่วนที่ขีด
เส้นใตค้ ือ context clue)

6. Explanation Clues การบอกใบโ้ ดยการอธบิ าย

ผู้เขียนให้ข้อมูลและอธิบายอย่างง่ายๆ เพื่อช่วยให้ผู้อ่านสามารถเข้าใจความหมายของคำที่ไม่คุ้นเคย
ได้ โดยเฉพาะคำศัพท์ยากๆ หรือศัพท์ที่ไม่สามารถให้คำจำกัดความอย่างสั้นๆ เหมือน definition clues ได้
signal word นนั้ มีหลากหลาย ผอู้ ่านอาจจะต้องอ่านและมองหาคำต่างๆ ทเ่ี กย่ี วข้องท่ีพอจะให้คำอธิบายหรือ
ทำให้เห็นภาพของคำท่เี ราไมร่ ู้

Examples:

The contestants were so angry about the result of the contest that a skirmish
developed and the police had to break it up.

Katie’s belligerence surprised everyone. She threw her book across the room, glared
at Chris, and then pushed him to the floor.

KB YALA 3 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 1

Directions: 1. Underline the words or phrases that have a similar meaning to the
bold word.
2. Circle the signal word in each of the following sentences.
3. Identify the type of context clue each item.

Example: Mike’s parrot was loquacious, but Maria’s said very little. ( ….contrast clue…..)

1. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. (………………………………………………………)

2. We learned about octagons, or 8-sided shapes. (………………………………………………………)

3. James was irritated, meaning he was cross. (………………………………………………………)

4. Many nations of South America, including Brazil and Ecuador, are on the Equator.
(………………………………………………………)

5. Many pioneers rode in a covered wagon, known as a Conestoga wagon, on the westward
journey. (………………………………………………………)

6. Leafy green vegetables, such as lettuce and spinach, are good to eat.
(………………………………………………………)

7. The process of turning light into energy, called photosynthesis, is the reason most plants
need sunlight. (………………………………………………………)

8. All mammals, like humans, whales, and lions, feed their babies milk.
(………………………………………………………)

KB YALA 4 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 2

Directions: Read the sentences and define each word in bold type based on the
context clue.
1. After the heavy rains, the stream became murky; in fact, the water was so cloudy you
couldn't see the bottom.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The debris on the stadium floor included numerous paper cups, ticket stubs, and
cigarette butts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. While Luis is hardworking, his indolent brother spends most of the time watching TV or
sitting around with friends.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The newlyweds agreed to be very frugal in their shopping because they wanted to save
enough money to buy a house.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Although Alex usually looks unkempt, he had a very neat appearance at his job interview.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The monkey’s vociferous chatter made me wish I had earplugs.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. After Gears of Pain 6 came out, the amount of people playing Gears of Pain 5 declined.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. When Rex had a bone, a warm spot to lie, and someone petting him, he was in paradise.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

KB YALA 5 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

9. Alvin went to the museum every Saturday because he was so fascinated by art.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Even though John had a good job and a nice family, he yearned for more.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 3

Directions: Write the letter of the word on the right which has almost the same meaning as
the word or phrase on the left. Use the words in the text to understand the meaning.

The Velveteen Rabbit
by Margery Williams
For a long time he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor. No one thought very
much about him. He was naturally shy. Being only made of velveteen, some of the more
expensive toys quite snubbed him. The mechanical toys were very superior and looked down
upon everyone else. They were full of modern ideas, and they pretended they were real. The
model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone
from them. He never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms. The
Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, for he didn’t know that real rabbits existed.
He thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself. He understood that sawdust was
quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles.

____________ 1. velveteen A. talking about

____________ 2. snubbed B. chance

____________ 3. superior C. old fashioned

____________ 4. seasons D. soft wood chips

____________ 5. opportunity E. times of the year

____________ 6. referring to F. soft cloth

KB YALA 6 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

____________ 7. technical G. lived
____________ 8. existed H. special knowledge
____________ 9. sawdust I. ignored
____________ 10. out-of-date J. stuck up

KB YALA 7 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Assignment 1:

Part 1 (5 marks)

Directions: Write down the signal words or other clues that help you define each word
in bold type. Then write the meaning for each in the blank.

Example:

If you visit Alaska, you will likely see many glaciers, or slow moving masses of ice.
Signal word: ______o_r___________________________________________________
Meaning: ________s_lo_w__m__o_v_in_g__m_a_s_s_e_s_o_f__ic_e________________________________

1. Omnivores are people that eat both plants and animals.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
2. I abhor clothes shopping, but I love grocery shopping.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
3. I saw the entomologist (a scientist who studies insects) cradle the giant dung beetle in
her palm.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
4. Marty is gregarious, on the contrary, his brother is quiet and shy.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
5. Mark has an ailurophobia because he shakes in fear every time he sees my cat walk
towards him.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________

KB YALA 8 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

6. Diane was lethargic; she didn't have the energy to get out of bed.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
7. Marina was indignant—fuming mad—when she discovered her brother had left for the
party without her.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
8. You can make dessert with only three ingredients which include sugar, milk, and flour.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
9. He knew his future was precarious and likely to fall apart.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________
10. This painting of the landscape is picturesque, while the other one is just plain ugly.
Signal word: __________________________________________________________
Meaning: _____________________________________________________________

Part 2 (5 marks)

Directions: Define the words in bold type based on the context clues.

Maggie was a precocious child. She produced brilliant watercolor paintings by the age of
three. At first, her parents were flabbergasted—absolutely impressed—by their daughter’s
ability, but soon they got used to their little painter.

Her preschool teacher said that Maggie’s dexterity, or ease with which she used her hands,
was something she had never seen in such a young child.

Little Maggie never gloated or took pride in her paintings; she just smiled when she finished
one and asked her parents to give it to someone as a gift.

Whenever people met Maggie for the first time they often watched her paint with their
mouths agape, but her parents always kept their mouths closed and simply smiled over their
“little Monet.”

KB YALA 9 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

1) precocious __________________________________________________
2) flabbergasted __________________________________________________
3) dexterity __________________________________________________
4) gloated __________________________________________________
5) agape __________________________________________________

Members
1. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
2. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
3. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
4. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______

KB YALA 10 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Unit 2

Main Idea and supporting details

เมื่อเราอยากจะทราบ topic (หัวข้อ) ของเรื่องที่อ่าน เราจะต้องตอบคำถามใหไ้ ด้ว่า “What is the
passage about?” เร่อื งท่อี า่ นนั้นเก่ยี วกับอะไร

และเมื่อได้ topic ของเรื่องมาแล้ว เราต้องการจะทราบว่า main idea (ใจความสำคัญ) เกี่ยวกับ
อะไร ให้ตอบคำถามต่อไป คือ “What is the author saying about that topic?” ผู้แต่งเขียนพูด
เก่ยี วกบั หัวขอ้ นนั้

ส่วน supporting details คือ ข้อมูลที่ผู้เขียนนำมาบรรยายเพิ่มเติมเพื่อทำให้ main idea น้ัน
ชัดเจนข้ึนและมคี วามน่าเชื่อถือมากข้นึ supporting detail อาจเปน็ ตัวอยา่ ง คำอธบิ าย คำบรรยาย หรอื เหตุ
และผลท่ีผเู้ ขยี นยกมาประกอบ

Example

Mother gorillas do a lot for their babies. They nurse their babies. They protect them from
danger. And they teach the tiny gorillas how to get along with other gorillas.

topic, main idea และ supporting details ของ paragraph ข้างต้น จะเปน็ ดงั น้ี

Topic
What mother gorillas do

Main idea

Mother gorillas do a lot
for their babies.

Supporting Detail #1 Supporting Detail #2 Supporting Detail #3
They nurse their babies. They protect them from They teach the tiny
gorillas how to get along
danger. with other gorillas.

KB YALA 11 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

main idea แบง่ ได้เป็น 2 ประเภท คอื

1. Stated Main Idea

คือ main idea ท่ีผู้เขยี นเอ่ยมาโดยตรง สามารถคลอบคลุมเน้อื หาของเรื่องได้ท้ังหมด สว่ นข้อมูลท่ี
ขยายหรอื บรรยายให้รายละเอียดต่อจาก main idea คือ supporting details โดยปกติ ใน passage หนงึ่
เรามักจะพบ stated main idea ไดใ้ นตอนต้น ตอนกลาง หรอื ตอนทา้ ยของยอ่ หนา้

2. Implied Main Idea

คือ main idea ทีผ่ ูเ้ ขียนไม่ไดเ้ อ่ยมาตรงๆ ทันที เพยี งแต่แสดงนัยให้เห็นเท่าน้ัน ผูอ้ า่ นต้องวนิ จิ ฉัย
เอาเองเพื่อใหเ้ ห็นไดช้ ัด

ตำแหน่งของ Main Idea อยู่ตรงไหนบา้ ง

1. อยูต่ รงตน้ เรือ่ ง Women have been skilled in the use of beauty aids. Cleopatra
painted her eyebrows and lashes black just as women do today.
She painted her upper lids blue-black and the lower ones green.
Cleopatra was also familiar with cold cream, the oldest cosmetic
known to history.

2. อยูท่ ้ายเรือ่ ง Most of the windows are broken, and the ones that were not
broken were very dirty. Cracks in the walls were both wide and
deep; the outside concrete of the building kept breaking away.
The plumbing had long been ruined by vandals. And electric
wiring had been pulled out. The building simply was not fit to
live in.

3. อยู่ตรงกลาง Dark green leafy vegetables such as kale and spinach are good
sources of vitamin C. Carrots, squash and sweet potatoes are
good sources of carotene, which the body changes to Vitamin A.

KB YALA 12 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Dark green leafy vegetables also supply us with iron. All
vegetables are good for us because they supply us with
important vitamins and minerals that build cells and keep us
healthy. Vitamin C, for example, helps to build strong teeth and
helps us to resist infections. Vitamin A helps us to keep skin
healthy and protects our eyes. Iron also an important part of
vegetables, builds red blood cells. Without enough iron, we
would suffer from an illness called anemia.

4. ไมก่ ล่าวชัดเจน The American author jack London was once a pupil at the Cole
แตต่ อ้ งสรปุ เอง Grammar School in Oakland, California. Each morning the class
โดยนัย sang a song. When the teacher noticed that Jack wouldn’t sing,
she sent him to the principal. He returned to class with a note. It
said that he could excuse from singing, but he would have to
write an essay every morning.

Main idea: Jack London’s writing skill may be traced to his
punishment in Grammar school.

KB YALA 13 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 1

Directions: Find the topic and the main idea of each paragraph

1. There are several different kinds of classes on college and university campuses. Professors
usually teach large formal lectures. Students have to listen and take notes. Then teaching
assistants (T.A.S.) lead discussion groups. In graduate seminars, small groups of students
discuss their ideas with their instructor and classmate.

Topic: ________________________________________________________________________

Main idea: ____________________________________________________________________

2. Left handed people suffer more from stress than their right-handed peers, according to a
study of 1,100 adults by University of Michigan researchers. As a result they smoke and drink
more. Fifty-five percent of the lefties smoked, whereas fewer than half of the righties
smoked. Furthermore, the lefties consumed more alcohol per year than their right-handed
counterparts.

Topic: ________________________________________________________________________

Main idea: ____________________________________________________________________

3. How much do you remember of what you learned over the past academic year? How
many of your high school classmates could you call by name right now? How many times a
week do you forget appointments, chores, and other details of everyday life? Before you
groan in self-disgust, take heart at how normal you are. We all forget all kinds of things all
the time.

Topic: ________________________________________________________________________

Main idea: ____________________________________________________________________

KB YALA 14 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 2

Directions: Find the main idea and supporting details.

1. The Storm

The rain began early in the morning. It fell as hard drops, one after another. The sky was full
of dark purple clouds. Thunder began as a soft rumble and became louder and louder.
Lightning crashed every few minutes, making the sky a brilliant white.

What is the main idea?

A. The farms needed the rain. B. The thunder hurt the people’s ears.

C. Lightning made the sky bright. D. The storm was very strong.

Write three supporting details in the story in the boxes

1.

2.

3.

2. Spots the Barn Cat

Spots was a large grey and white cat. Spots lived in a barn on a farm. Spots liked living in the
barn. It was warm in the winter and cool in the summer. There were many mice for Spots to
chase. Best of all, Spots had a soft place to sleep in the corner of the barn.

What is the main idea?

A. The barn was dirty.

KB YALA 15 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

B. Spots was grey and white.
C. The barn was a good place for Spots to live.
D. Spots often slept outside when it rained
Write three supporting details in the story in the boxes

1.

2.

3.

3. Planets in the Solar System

There are eight planets in the Solar System, and each one is very different. Some planets, like
Jupiter and Saturn are very large. Others, like Mercury and Mars are smaller. Jupiter has moons
that are larger than Mercury. The planets also have different atmospheres. Uranus, Jupiter and
Saturn have atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere on Venus is made up of
carbon dioxide. Earth has a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. Neptune’s atmosphere is mostly
hydrogen. The planets also have different temperatures. Uranus is the coldest and Venus is
the hottest.

Write the main idea of the paragraph in your own words.
________________________________________________________________________________

Write two supporting ideas for the main idea.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

KB YALA 16 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

4. The Meerkats

Meerkats in Africa live in large groups of 20 to 50 members. The group works together to
survive. All members of the group care for the baby meerkats. They take turns babysitting and
will protect the young ones from danger. Members of the group also take turns watching out
for threats from other animals while the group finds food. If any dangerous animal comes
towards the group, the meerkat will bark a warning

Write the main idea of the paragraph in your own words.
________________________________________________________________________________

Write two supporting ideas for the main idea.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

KB YALA 17 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Assignment 2:

Directions: Read each paragraph and determine its topic and it main idea. (10 marks)

Passage One

Passing fears are common in early childhood. Many 2- to 4-year-olds are afraid of animals,
especially dogs. By 6 years, children are more likely to be afraid of the dark. Other common
fears are of thunderstorms, doctors, and imaginary creatures.

Topic: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Main idea: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Passage Two

Congratulations! You have been offered a job. The time has come to negotiate your salary. The
question to ask yourself is: "How much am I worth?" Your answer will likely affect the
outcome of your salary negotiation. The point is, in order to negotiate the best possible salary,
you must convince both yourself and the employer of the value that you will bring to the job

Topic: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Main idea: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Passage Three

There are gender differences in adolescents' satisfaction with their bodies. Compared with
boys, girls are usually less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images. Also,
as puberty proceeds, girls often become even more dissatisfied with their bodies. This is
probably because their body fat increases. In contrast, boys become more satisfied as they move
through puberty, probably because their muscle mass increases.

Topic: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Main idea: …………………………………………………………………………………….

KB YALA 18 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Passage Four

One of the big programming surprises of the 2002 summer TV series was a show on the Fox
Network called American Idol, a talent search that highlighted several aspiring performers. The
final episode of the show garnered the biggest audience share among 18- to 49-year olds that
the network has ever had. Based on a British series called Pop Idol, American Idol is another
in a long list of shows that the United States has imported. In fact, many popular U.S. TV shows
originated overseas. These include the quiz shows Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and The
Weakest Link, both also from Britain . Other examples include Survivor, imported from
Sweden; Big Brother , based on a Dutch series of the same name; and TLC's Trading Spaces,
based on the British series, Changing Rooms.

Topic: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Main idea: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Passage Five

Don't wait for your company to send you to school. Determine your needs and ask about the
company's training program. If they don't have one, sign up for classes at a local college. When
it comes to your profession, you should be a lifelong learner. Put a high priority on learning
new skills and on personal growth and professional development. Learn new software
technology and improve interpersonal and writing skills.

Topic: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Main idea: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Members
1. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
2. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
3. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______
4. ________________________________________ M.4/______ No. ______

KB YALA 19 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Unit 3

An Effective Paragraph

Paragraph คือกลุ่มของประโยค ภาษาไทยเรียกว่า “ย่อหน้า” ซึ่ง 1 paragraph จะมี main idea
หน่ึงเร่อื ง paragraph มหี ลายรปู แบบ แต่รูปแบบทว่ั ไปคือ paragraph ทีม่ ี 3 สว่ นหลัก ไดแ้ ก่

1. ประโยคใจความสำคญั (topic sentence)
2. ประโยคสนับสนนุ (supporting sentence)

3. ประโยคสรปุ ความ (concluding sentence)

 ชอ่ื เรอ่ื ง (Title)

Paragraph ที่ดีเริ่มต้นด้วยชื่อเรื่องที่ดี ชื่อเรื่องของ Paragraph จะคล้ายกับ topic โดยปกติชื่อเรื่อง
จะเป็นเพียงกลุ่มคำไม่ใช่ประโยค ชื่อเรื่องจะเป็นการบอกล่วงหน้าว่า paragraph นี้เกี่ยวกับอะไร เช่น My
Memorable Trip, How to Make a Moon Cake หรอื My Dream House เปน็ ต้น

 ประโยคใจความสำคญั (Topic Sentence)

ประโยคใจความสำคัญ (topic sentence) จะประกอบด้วย หัวข้อเรื่อง (topic) และตัวควบคุม
ความคดิ ของ paragraph หรือทเี่ รยี กว่า controlling idea ประโยคใจความสำคญั จะบ่งบอกถึง main idea

ในหนึ่ง paragraph จะมี main idea หนึ่งเรื่อง จริงๆ แล้ว topic sentence สามารถอยู่ตำแหน่ง
ไหนของ paragraph ก็ได้ แต่ในบทเรียนของเรา topic sentence จะอยู่ที่ประโยคแรก และ topic ของ
paragraph จะอยใู่ น topic sentence เชน่

Topic sentence: Lisa has a lot of useful activities in her free time.
Topic: Lisa’s useful activities
Controlling idea: --------- a lot of ------------ in her free time

KB YALA 20 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 1

Directions: Look at the following topic sentences below. Circle the topic and underline
the controlling idea.

1. It is not difficult to make Thai Chicken Panang Curry if you follow these steps.
2. The trip to Paris was my memorable moment.
3. Thai food and American food are different.
4. Kaewta and Kwanchai are very similar in many respects.

Exercise 2

Directions: Complete the following paragraphs with a correct topic sentence from the list
below.

1. It is not difficult to make Thai Chicken Panang Curry if you follow these steps.
2. The trip to Paris was my memorable moment.
3. Thai food and American food are different.
4. Kaewta and Kwanchai are very similar in many respects.

Paragraph One

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
First of all, both of them are good students. Their GPAs are quite high. They graduated
with a Bachelor's Degree from the same university, which is a famous and prestigious
university. Second, they are so decent. They both have good manners and social etiquette.
Moreover, they avoid doing improper deeds both in the public and in private. Last but
not least, Kaewta is in her first-year of an MA program. Similarly, Kwanchai just got
accepted to study in an MA program at the same university. She will start her first semester
next month. All in all, Kaewta and Kwanchai are two girls who have many things in
common.

KB YALA 21 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Paragraph Two

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

First, prepare all the following ingredients. You will need some Panang curry paste, cooking
oil, coconut milk, boneless chicken breast (cut into cubes), palm sugar, and fish sauce.
After that, fry the curry paste in the oil in a large pan over medium heat. Next, put the
coconut milk into the curry paste. Stir it well and bring it to a boil. Then, add the chicken
and stir it until the chicken is nearly cooked through. Put palm sugar and fish sauce into
the mixture. Simmer together for a few minutes. Finally, put Thai Chicken Panang Curry
into a bowl served with a plate of steamed rice. All in all, delicious Thai Chicken Panang
Curry is very easy to cook.

 ประโยคสรปุ ความ (Concluding Sentence)

มี 2 วิธีในการเขียนประโยคสรุปความ วิธีแรกคือ การเขียน topic sentence อีกครั้งโดยใช้ถ้อยคำ
ต่างจากเดิมหรือที่เรียกว่า paraphrase อีกวิธีคือสรุป (summarize) ใจความของทั้ง paragraph แบบสั้นๆ
ในประโยคเดยี ว ลองอา่ น paragraph ข้างลา่ งนี้ แลว้ ศึกษาวิธีเขียนประโยคสรุปความทั้งสองวิธี

A Trip to Machu Picchu
My trip to Machu Picchu was memorable for many reasons. First, it was the first time I have
travelled to South America. The culture and the people were so exotic. Second, Machu
Picchu was very difficult to access. I had to take three different modes of transportation to
reach the top of Machu Picchu. I took a bus from the conference venue, Lima, to Cusco.
Then I took a plane to Cusco, and after that I had to take a train to Aguas Calientes, which
is the town located a few miles from Machu Picchu. Last but not least, it was the first time
I joined the tour which always takes place after the conference, and I was alone in the
group of foreign scholars. (Most of them were Americans.) I had to be with them almost all
the time throughout the trip. I was a bit nervous at the very beginning, but later on, I
became more acquainted with them. Finally, we became good friends. Now, we look
forward to seeing each other at the annual conference, where we can spend time talking
about our academic interests and have a good time together during the post-conference
tour. To conclude, Machu Picchu is a trip that I will never forget.

KB YALA 22 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Topic sentence: “My trip to Machu Picchu was memorable for many reasons."
Example 1: paraphrasing
“To conclude, Machu Picchu is a trip that I will never forget."
Example 2: summarizing
"To conclude, I will never forget my trip to Machu Picchu because it was in an entirely different
part of the world for me, I gained new travel experiences, and it provided me with a wide
academic network.”

 รปู แบบยอ่ หนา้ (Types of Paragraph)

การเขียน paragraph มีหลากหลายรูปแบบ เช่น การเล่าเรื่องราว (narrative) การบรรยายภาพ
(descriptive) การสอน (instructional) การบอกขั้นตอน (process) การเปรียบเทียบความเหมือนความต่าง
(comparison and contrast) การบอกเหตุและผล (cause-effect) และการบอกความคิดเห็น (opinion
paragraph) เปน็ ตน้

 การรา่ งเนอื้ หา (Outline for Writing a Paragraph)

การร่างเนื้อหาก่อนจะเขียน paragraph ทั้งหมดนั้นสำคัญมาก (ดูแบบฟอร์มข้างล่าง) เวลาเขียน
outline ไม่จำเป็นต้องเขียนทั้งประโยคหรือเขียนให้เป็นประโยคที่สมบูรณ์ เราสามารถเขียนอะไรก็ตามที่นึก
ออกและตอ้ งให้เกย่ี วขอ้ งกบั ประโยคใจความสำคญั

Topic: __________________________________
Topic Sentence: ________________________________________________________________
Major Supporting Detail (1): _______________________________________________________

Minor Supporting Detail (a.) _________________________________________________
Minor Supporting Detail (b.) _________________________________________________
Major Supporting Detail (2): ________________________________________________________
Minor Supporting Detail (a.) _________________________________________________
Minor Supporting Detail (b.) _________________________________________________

KB YALA 23 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Major Supporting Detail (3): _______________________________________________________
Minor Supporting Detail (a.) _________________________________________________
Minor Supporting Detail (b.) _________________________________________________

Concluding Sentence: ____________________________________________________________

ลองดูตัวอยา่ ง ดังน้ี

Title: How To Improve My English

Topic sentence I do several useful activities to improve my English.

1. Major supporting detail Reading English books

a. minor supporting detail novels

b. minor supporting detail comic books

2. Major supporting detail Watching Netflix

a. minor supporting detail TV series

b. minor supporting detail Films

3. Major supporting detail Listening to English songs

a. minor supporting detail Lyrics

b. minor supporting detail Pronunciation

Concluding sentence In conclusion, all of the activities above really help

improve my English skills.

KB YALA 24 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Exercise 3

Directions: Read the paragraph and do as follows:

(1) Write an appropriate topic for the paragraph.
(2) Choose the right item, and put it into the blank of the outline structure provided.

(1) Judith has a lot of useful activities in her free time. (2) In the evening after finishing her
work at the office, she enjoys jogging in the big garden of her village. (3) It makes her healthy
and it gives her chances to know a lot of her neighbors. (4) On Saturday, she usually reads
some good books including newspapers and weekly news, both online and offline. (5) This
makes her catch up with what is going on both locally and internationally. (6) On Sunday,
she often cooks a special meal and enjoys it with her family or close friends. (7) The meal
is beneficial for her health and it gives her a chance to see her loved ones, which enables
her to have good relationships with those who are important to her life. (8) In conclusion,
Judith loves spending her free time jogging, reading books, and cooking.

Topic: _________________________________________________________

Topic sentence 1
1. Major supporting detail

a. minor supporting detail
b. minor supporting detail
2. Major supporting detail
a. minor supporting detail
b. minor supporting detail
3. Major supporting detail
a. minor supporting detail
b. minor supporting detail
Concluding sentence

KB YALA 25 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

 ความเป็นหนง่ึ เดยี วกนั (Unity)

ในการเขยี น paragraph ทุกประโยคจะต้องสนบั สนุน topic sentence และ controlling idea ถ้ามี
ประโยคไหนท่ีกล่าวถงึ เรื่องอ่ืนนอกเหนือไปจาก topic sentence ผเู้ ขียนควรรบั รแู้ ละตดั ประโยคน้นั ทง้ิ ไปเพอ่ื
ทำให้ paragraph มีความเป็นหนึ่งเดยี วกัน

ดตู วั อย่างต่อไปน้ี ประโยคทีข่ ีดเสน้ ใตไ้ ม่ควรอยใู่ น paragraph เราเรียกประโยคแบบนว้ี ่า off-topic
sentence ถา้ ตดั ประโยคนีอ้ อกไป paragraph จะมคี วามเป็นหนงึ่ เดยี วกนั

Judith does a lot of useful activities in her free time. In the evening after finishing her
work at the office, she enjoys jogging in the big garden of her village. It makes her healthy
and it gives her a chance to meet her neighbors. She has just got an award as an
outstanding employee of the month. On Saturdays, she usually reads some good books
including newspapers and weekly news, both online and offline. This makes her catch up
with what is going on locally and internationally. On Sundays, she often cooks a special
meal and enjoys it with her family or close friends. The meal is beneficial for her health
and it gives her a chance to see her loved ones, which enables her to have good
relationships with those who are important in her life. In conclusion, Judith loves to spend
her free time jogging, reading books, and cooking.

Exercise 4

Directions: Look at the paragraph below, and underline the off-topic sentence.

Roses with different colors convey different meanings and suit different people. Red roses are
associated with true love. They are perfect as a gift sent on Valentine's Day. Dark pink roses
signify gratitude and appreciation. They are a perfect gift for colleagues, best friends, parents,
siblings, and even to teachers. One way to propagate roses is from rose cuttings taken from
the rose bush one desires to have more of. Orange roses can be an expression of fascination,
or a gift to say "I'm proud of you’. Yellow roses most commonly mean friendship. It may not
be the best move to send yellow roses to someone you may have romantic interest in. In

KB YALA 26 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

conclusion, as you know what the different colors of roses symbolize, you can make the
perfect choice.

 การเกาะเกยี่ วความ (Cohesion and Coherence )

Paragraph ที่ดีต้องมีความเชื่อมโยงกันและเกาะเกี่ยวกันทุกประโยค สิ่งหนึ่งที่ทำให้ paragraph มี
ความเชื่อมโยงกันนอกจากการใช้สรรพนาม (Pronouns) แล้ว ยังมีคำหรือวลีที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมประโยคด้วย
หรือทเี่ รยี กวา่ transitional words บางครงั้ อาจจะเรียกว่า signal words ดงั ตาราง

Functions Signal Words
1. Time order, sequence, logical order
First
2. example Second
3. addition Third
4. result Next
5. contrast After that
Then
At last
Finally
Last
Last of all
Last but not least
For example
For instance
In addition
Moreover
Also
As a result
Hence
Therefore
Consequently
Thus
On the other hand
On the contrary

KB YALA 27 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

6. similarity In contrast
7. opinion However
Nevertheless
8. emphasis of an important point Nonetheless
9. conclude Similarly
By the same token
In my point of view
In my view
In my opinion
Above all
Most of all
In conclusion
To conclude
All in all
To sum up
In summary

Exercise 5

Directions: Fill in the blank with an appropriate transitional words chosen from the list
provided.

Next All in all Then First Finally After that

Making a ham-cheese sandwich for your breakfast by yourself is not difficult if you follow
these steps. (1) ________________, prepare all ingredients. You will need two pieces of sliced
bread, 2-5 slices of ham, some pieces of sliced cheese, lettuce, butter, and mayonnaise. (2)
________________ butter the side of one piece of bread by using the butter knife. Place a few
leaves of lettuce onto the buttered slice of bread. (3) ________________, spread a small
amount of mayonnaise on one side of the other slice of bread. Place the ham slices on the

KB YALA 28 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

bread that the lettuce is on. (4) ________________, place the slices of cheese onto one of
the slices of bread. (5) ________________, take the bread slice with the mayonnaise and place
it (mayonnaise side down) onto the other slice with the other ingredients on it. Place the
completed sandwich onto a clean plate. (6) ________________, it is very easy to make a ham-
cheese sandwich to enjoy before going to work or to school.

Exercise 6

Directions: Read the paragraphs below. Then, do the following.
1. Find the topic sentence and identify the topic and controlling idea.
2. Write a title for the paragraph.

Paragraph One

Kaewta and Kwanchai are very similar in many respects. First of all, both of them are good
students. Their GPAs are quite high. They graduated with a Bachelor's Degree from the
same university, which is a famous and prestigious university. Second, they are so decent.
They both have good manners and social etiquette. Moreover, they avoid doing improper
deeds both in the public and in private. Last but not least, Kaewta is in her first-year of
an MA program. Similarly, Kwanchai just got accepted to study in an MA program at the
same university. She will start her first semester next month. All in all, Kaewta and
Kwanchai are two girls who have many things in common.

Title: __________________________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence: ________________________________________________________________
Topic: __________________________________________________________________________
Controlling Idea: ________________________________________________________________

KB YALA 29 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

Paragraph Two

Roses with different colors convey different meanings and suit different people. Red roses
are associated with true love. They are perfect as a gift sent on Valentine's Day. Dark pink
roses signify gratitude and appreciation. They are a perfect gift for colleagues, best friends,
parents, siblings, and even to teachers. Orange roses can be an expression of fascination,
or a gift to say 'I'm proud of you’. Yellow roses most commonly mean friendship. It may
not be the best move to send yellow roses to someone you may have romantic interest
in. In conclusion, as you know what the different colors of roses symbolize, you can make
the perfect choice.

Title: __________________________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence: ________________________________________________________________
Topic: __________________________________________________________________________
Controlling Idea: ________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Roses with different colors convey different meanings and suit different people. Red roses
are associated with true love. They are perfect as a gift sent on Valentine's Day. Dark pink
roses signify gratitude and appreciation. They are a perfect gift for colleagues, best friends,
parents, siblings, and even to teachers. Orange roses can be an expression of fascination,
or a gift to say 'I'm proud of you’. Yellow roses most commonly mean friendship. It may
not be the best move to send yellow roses to someone you may have romantic interest
in. In conclusion, as you know what the different colors of roses symbolize, you can make
the perfect choice.

KB YALA 30 Instructor: Kru Opal

M.4 - EN31202 English for Reading and Writing 1 Semester 1 Academic Year 2021

(1) What is the concluding sentence of the paragraph.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(2) What type of concluding sentence is it (e.g., paraphrasing or summary)?
__________________________________________________________________________
(3) Re-write the concluding sentence in the opposite form (e.g. if it is a paraphrase then
rewrite it as a summary)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

KB YALA 31 Instructor: Kru Opal