American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
man. It focuses on the psychological basis of the struc- the boundaries of the individual cannot cope with this fe-
ture of competence – a personal maturity. It is believed ature, the ability to pin replaced or passive manipula on
that the inclusion of this concept is the highest level of or aggressive disrespect for others, here appears in the
knowledge and the results of human ac vity is deter- system of family rela ons of domina on-subordina on
mined by the condi on of the systemic organiza on of issue.
consciousness (Smirnikova, 2005).
Boundaries create the possibility of external in-
The problem of dominance and subordina on fluences selec on, as well as protec on from the de-
most deeply developed in neofreidism. In numerous struc ve influences. Strong border protec on from the
studies conducted by scien sts of different schools, se- tempta ons of various addic ons and vices shared re-
veral major needs, mo va ng personality dominance ference group, that is, allows the subject up “over the
in behaviour: the need for power; the need to control field”. Trespass leads to the development of a human
events and people; need for achievement; need for affi- tendency to vic miza on and the development of the
lia on, that is, obtaining the approval of a group. complex of the vic m, that is, is engaged in a constant
posi on of subordina on, even when it goes against
Let’s consider the following forms of subordi- all the principles of its domes c and beliefs (Nartova-
na on that stand out in social psychology: sugges bi- Bochaver, 2005).
lity – uncri cal submission to the opinion of the part-
ner, which leads to a complete agreement and change The researchers underline the fact that mar-
their own es mates, conformity (conformity) – behavi- riage is important for the sa sfac on of spouses in the
our change in response to pressure from a partner as- successful adapta on of the subject-subjec ve rela on-
signment (compliance) – sa sfac on of the requests of ship, there is the need for the spouses of self-discovery, a
the partner to behave in a certain way, and obedience deep understanding and acceptance of the views and
to authority (obedience to authority) – execu on of behaviour of the partner, the common symbol in the
orders of the partner, formally empowered (emo o- communica on process. Interpersonal communica-
nal, financial, etc.). In the study also highlighted the tion couple more successful, the more mutual empathy
dominance of the category decision (a consequence they display it: without empathy, sympathy, par cipa-
of influence, as opposed to subordina on – inves ga-
tors use of power); private adop on (change perso- on cannot be successful interpersonal communication
nal se ngs as a result of overt or covert influence), between spouses. The more accurate communica on
public compliance (change of the observed behaviour between spouses, the more successful interpersonal
in the desired direc on while op onally changing the rela onships (Smironova, 2005).
personal se ngs); iden fica on (submission based on
a rac on to a partner), self-presentation (the act of Conclusions
expression aimed at crea ng a favourable image in the Psychological space of personality is an inter-
eyes of the partner), and others. (J. Turner, 2003). In connected system with confidence of personal boun-
psychology, the term person submission (submission) daries, which are formed on the basis of the scope of
is o en used to mean “submission”. value orienta ons, interpersonal rela onships and
meaning of life. As for the personal boundaries, they
What happens in the psychological space of are adequate as the forma on and change, contribu-
the individual at the me of submission-dominance in tes to the harmoniza on of the structural characteris-
the family rela onships. cs of personal space.
Forma on of family rela ons occurs simulta-
At the boundary of interac on with the world is neously with changes in personal psychological space.
being born subjec vity. Boundaries define what is “I”, and And the greatest comfort during the shi s is just the
that is “non-I”, what I have, and what I don’t have. Border desire and ability of the individual to become a sub-
line shows where it ends, “I” and start someone else. ject of his own ac vity. That is, it must recognize, ac-
cept and manage the process of internal restructu-
Boundaries define personal iden ty of a per- ring, determinis c personal meaning. Awareness of
son. Se ng boundaries, self-determined iden ty and the personality oneself as the subject of life, for which
is able to ac vely choose the means of self-expression he receives and is responsible,can contribute to gene-
and self-asser on, without viola ng personal freedom. ra ng ways of self-expression and self-asser on, do
If personal boundary does not perform this func on, not violate individual freedom and determining the
iden ty eroded. boundaries of this liability, which further lead to the
achievement of the ideal of family rela ons.
Se ng boundaries, the subject creates oppor- The key, in my opinion, factors of the posi-
tunity and an equal interac on tool. Contact the most ve transforma on of the psychological space is the
mature form of coopera on which is developing on the
border, where the division is stored, and the union has
arisen does not violate the integrity of the individual. If
51
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
personal mutuality of “I”, personal integrity, self-respect, diagnos cs of mutual understanding in significant
and respect for partners, adequate percep on and ac- rela onships]. Voprosy psikhologii, 1, 128-137.
ceptance of the partner family rela ons as a whole per- Kurpatov, A. (2007). 27 vernykh sposobov poluchit to,
son, with all its shortcomings, flaws and advantages. chto khochetsa [27 certain ways to get what you
want]. Moscow: OLMA Media Grupp. Retrieved from
The tendency of changing the borders of per- h p://psychologi.net.ru/book/kurpatov_27/2.html
sonal psychological space at different stages of the life Lozhkyn, G.V., Volyanyuk, N.Y. (2003). Psykholohichna
cycle of family rela onships (pre-marital, couple and dystantsiya yak faktor orhanizatsiynoho klimatu
family rela onships stage with young children), there [Psychological distance as a factor of organiza onal
are also some differences depending on gender. climate]. Sotsialna psykholohiya, 4 (6), 36 – 42.
Nartova-Bochaver, S.K. (2003). The concept of “persona-
And to finish this ar cle I would like the words lity psychological space”: ra onale and importance.
of Pope John Paul II, in his open le er to the youth, Applied psychological journal, 24, 6, 27-36.
where he writes: “You live in a marriage for a year or Nartova-Bochaver, S.K. (2005). Psikhologicheskoye pro-
two, and you think that love fades away. But it is not. stranstvo lichnos : Monografiya [Psychological
It should go to the next level. However, if you really space of the personality: Monograph]. Moscow:
want your love to get to this new level? Are you ready Prometey.
for this? Do you realize it? “ Perlz, F. (2001). Vnutri i vne pomoynogo vedra: Radost.
Pechal. Khaos. Mudrost [In and out of a garbage can:
References: Pleasure. Grief. Chaos. Wisdom]. Moscow: Izd-vo In-
Abramova, Y.G. (1995). Psikhologiya sredy: istochniki i s tuta Psikhoterapii.
Smironova, O.V. (2005). Modeli vzaimodeystviya su-
napravleniya razvi ya [Psychology of environment: prugov i ikh udovletvorennost brakom [Models of
sources and direc ons of development]. Voprosy interac on of spouses and their sa sfac on of mar-
psikhologii, 2, 130-131. riage]. Candidate’s thesis. SPb.
Grebenshchikova, T.A., Zachesova, I.A. (2011). Realiza- Smirnikova, O.V. (2005). Sotsialno-psikhologicheskiye
tsiya otnosheniy dominirovaniya-podchineniya me- osobennos dominirovaniya-podchineniya v supru-
zhdu chlenami semyi v povsednevnom diskurse zheskoy pare [Socially-psychological features of do-
[Realiza on of rela ons domina on-submission mina on and subordina on in a married couple].
between members of a family in a daily discourse]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kursk.
Eksperimentalnaya psikhologiya, 4, 4, 75-88. Tseluyko, V.M. (2008). Byt vmeste nelzya rasstavatsya.
Druzhinin, V.N. (2000). Psikhologiya semii [Psychology Kak spas otnosheniya [Being together can not be
of a family]. Ekaterinburg: Delovaya kniga. separated. How to save rela onships]. Moscow:
Kislitsa, G.K. (2012). Osobennos psikhologicheskogo AST. Retrieved from h p://www.e-reading.club/
prostranstva u lyudey s zabolevaniyami oporno- bookreader.php/99321/Celuiiko_-_Byt’_vmeste_
dvigatelnogo apparata [Features of psychological nel’zya_rasstavat’sya._Kak_spas _otnosheniya.ht-
space of people with diseases of the musculoskele- ml#label1
tal system]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovani- Turner, J. (2003). Sotsialnoye vliyaniye [Social influence].
ye, 4, 260-270. Retrieved from h p://www.childpsy.ru/ SPb: Piter.
upload/iblock/6cc/psyedu_ru_2012_4_3145.pdf Valedinskaya, O.R., Nartova-Bochaver, S.K. (2002). Lich-
Kolosov, A. (2009). Psikhologicheskoye prostranstvo lichno- noye prostranstvo cheloveka i vozmozhnos yego
s kvalifitsirovannogo sportsmena [Psychological space «izmereniia» [Personal space of the person and pos-
of the personality of the qualifying sportsman]. Spor- sibility of its “measurement”]. Psikhologiya zrelos i
stareniya, 2, 60-77.
vnyy psikholog, 2(17), 23-28. Retrieved from h p://lib.
sportedu.ru/Press/SP/2009n2/p23-28.html
Kronik, A.A., Horoshilova, E.A. (1987). Diagnos ka vzai-
moponimaniya v znachimykh otnosheniyakh [The
52
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
UDC 159.922.761:616.8-009.11-053.6
RESEARCH OF VISUAL PERCEPTION (VIEW FIELD)
IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ICP
Kirillov D.V.
applicant of Ph.D. in Psychology, Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University
Odessa, Ukraine
[email protected]
In the ar cle there are considered the ques ons concerned with the problem of space percep on and
disorders analysis that occur in cases of view fields narrowing(loss) in adolescents with ICP. The view field is
space that an eye perceives on a fixed look and head posi on.
Some mes in the literature there is found a concept of “peripheral vision”. Pathology of the nervous
system is the main reason for the narrowing (loss) of view field.
In adolescents with ICP (about 20-30% of cases) there are noted the strabismus, diplopia, eye move-
ments coordina on disturbances, lowered the upper eyelid (ptosis), involuntary movements of the eyeballs
(nystagmus). These features of the visual analyzer lead to defec ve and in some cases to a distorted percep-
on of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality (Lueck, Gilmour, McFiwaine, 2004).
The distor on of the world picture on the percep on level entails the deforma on of the methods and
products of thinking and imagina on. Visual narrowing of the space percep on is one of the basic mental
func ons because the vision is the leading channel for ge ng informa on about the external world. Therefore
the compensa on of visual percep on development defects seems to be a very important task for the full de-
velopment of adolescent, the forma on and implementa on of training ac vi es, the successful adapta on
of adolescent to the surrounding physical and social environment.
Key words: adolescents with ICP, view field, visual distor on of space, me of visual-motor reac on,
length of visual-motor reac on, lowered the upper eyelid, involuntary movements of the eyeballs, pathologi-
cal process localiza on in CNS.
Problem statement in incorrect transmission of spa al rela ons between
The distor on of the world picture on the per- separate subjects or their elements, disturbances of the
cep on level entails the deforma on of the methods objects integral image, the wrong objects loca on and
and products of thinking and imagina on. Visual space distance percep on in the space (Ckubarcko, Chuprin,
percep on is one of the basic mental func ons because 2002).
the vision is the leading channel for ge ng information
about the external world. Therefore the compensa on The space visual percep on disturbance is a mul-
of visual percep on development defects seems to be factorial pathology; therefore the research of func onal
a very important task for the full development of ado- condi on of the visual system in adolescents with ICP de-
lescent, the forma on and implementa on of training serves special a en on.
ac vi es, the successful adapta on of adolescent to the
social environment. Research of the visual system (spa al percep on)
pathology in adolescents with ICP allows crea ng inter-
The last researches and publica ons analysis ven on programmes for compensa on of these dis-
Distor on of vision field takes one of leading pla- tor ons further (Lueck, Gilmour, McFiwaine, 2004).
ces in the visual func ons structure disturbances on or- The purpose of the ar cle
ganic CNS lesions. According to recent researches the To establish the influence of view field bounda-
incidence of narrowing (loss) field of view at strabismus ries in adolescents with ICP on the development of space
in adolescents with ICP accounts for from 25,7% to visual percep on (expansion, contrac on).
41,0% (Ippolitova, Babenkova, Mastukova, 1993).
Exposi on of basic material
In adolescents with ICP are o en observed spa- Visual percep on in adolescents with ICP as a
al and op cal-spa al disturbances, which are expressed rule is distorted due to the limited movement of the
53
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
eyes, commits disturbances of sight, the field of vision The research was carrying individually on the
narrowing, and decreased visual acuity (Ivanov, Bakha- base of children’s specialized clinical sanatorium “Had-
reva, Bauer, Romanovskaya, Pashnina, Baranova, Amelina, zhibey”. Time of research: the first half of the day from
Dubnyak, Bickbova, 2012). 11:00 to 12:30. The individual research of adolescents
is determined by the instruc ons of the research per-
The difficulty in providing effec ve qualified as- forming. The Method VSS "dilation of view fields"
sistance to adolescents with ICP which have the visual helps to establish the degree of view fields disturban-
func ons disturbances is caused by a lack of explora - ces which occur on CNS damages. Special a en on for
on of the Central mechanisms of visual system regula on. the assessment of the state of the view field is given
According to recent studies in this area it is known that to the sensi vity of the Central and peripheral regions
their normal performing is impossible without coordina- of space which par cipa on guarantee the ge ng oh
ted interac ons of sensorial, oculomotor, accomodative- the principal amount of important visual informa on
photoregulatory and nic ta ng func ons of the visual (Gudkova, 2013).
system. As it turned out in the implementation of the
visual func ons there are directly involved more than With this in mind we developed a special ligh-
30 areas of the brain. ng system with help of which we managed to op mize
the process of performing of the experimental method.
The Central areas of the visual system prone To es mate the parameters of the total me of visual-
to increase vulnerably on CNS diseases because of the motor reac on and the length of visual-motor reac on
complexity of organiza on and a wide representa on as well as degree of their devia on from the norm there
of visual func ons in the brain. It is known that the had been used the data obtained during study in ado-
sensorial func ons of view suffer on eye movements lescents without devia ons in development.
disturbances for example on acquired nystagmus. In
turn oculomotor func ons change with a very low From the analysis of Table 1 we can make next
vision when disturbs the possibility of fixing the look conclusions:
on an object and thereby worsening condi ons for an
accurate percep on. Visual percep on suffers un l the Among adolescent boys we have iden fied two
appearance of diplopia or blurred vision on disturbance age groups: 13 (n=18) and 14 (n=25) years which sho-
of accommoda on mechanisms due to the disturbance wed the highest results in the research. The lowest indi-
of the nervous control of inner smooth muscles mo - cators in the method of “dila on of view fields” in groups
lity which regulate the thickness of the lens and the of 15 (n=30) and 17-year-olds adolescents (n=42). In
lumen of the pupil which in turn significantly narrows adolescent girls the highest indicators are in the group
the field of view. of 16 (n=9) and 17-year-olds (n=9). The lowest measure
in ado-lescent girls is in the group of 13-year-olds (n=5).
An important role in the normal performing of The measures of sta s cal standards in adolescents
visual func ons is given to nic ta on unity for the nulli- with ICP are blocked by 2.5 mes in the run- me job
fica on of the visual informa on and reconfiguring the (increase) and 1.6 mes by the distance at the moment
visual system for percep on of the new object. It is ob- of define the color of the sheet (increase).
vious that a full assessment of the state of visual func-
The research of these parameters (the total me
ons and the reasons for their disturbances are possible of visual-motor reac on, distance (sm) at the me of de-
while the researching of a larger number of indicators, termina on of the color) of visual func on has allowed
than it is accepted in accordance with the classical con- revealing the fact that in adolescents with ICP may be
cepts about the organiza on of view. A limi ng factor in rela vely normal sta c acuity and significantly lower
effec ve diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the Cen- dynamic. This shows the differences in the Central me-
tral areas of the visual system is the lack or reliable of chanisms of sta c and dynamic visual acuity. Measu-
quan ta ve methods of assessment of visual functions res of the total me of visual-motor reac on in adoles-
of the brain (Shipitsyna, Mamaichuk, 2001). cents with Central disturbances of visual functions on
ICP shows that dynamic visual acuity o en suffers when
We have developed and taken as the basis the there is a disturbance of the func ons of the ves bular
method VSS (visual-spa al selec vity) which aims to system, the func ons of the parietal cortex and other
iden fy visual percep on disturbances, analysis of co- loca ons of the pathological process in the Central ner-
lor percep on pathology. 12 cardboard sheets, each vous system that disturbs visual func ons. It is worth
of which has the following colors: white, black, yellow, no ng that the objects visible to the color range are
green, red, blue and brown (main colors); grey, purple, seen to be colorless.
blue, beige and orange (secondary colors). The boun-
dary of the field of view for the color we will consider Research with adolescents in the norm was per-
that posi on of the object in which respondent has formed in groups and individually on the base of two
properly recognized its color. Odessa secondary schools №13 and №73. Time of
54
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
Table 1
Test results of research "dilation of view fields" by copyright method VSS
(n=201 with ICP)
Age Number (N) of respondents
(completed
Boys Girls Total
years) tL N t mean L mean
Nt L N
12 -
13 10 480 26 5 - - 10 480 26
14 18 456 24 8 504 29 23 480 26,5
11
15 25 468 25 9 492 28 33 480 26,5
16 9
30 492 28 42 486 28,5 41 489 28,25
17 -
Total 34 480 25,5 480 27,5 43 480 26,5
Mean
42 492 27,5 474 27 51 482 27,25
159 - - - - 201 - -
- 478 26
487 28 - 482 26,85
Note:
N – number of respondents;
t – the total time of visual-motor reaction: it is calculated for each color separately and then summed;
L – distance in sm at the moment of the determination of the color (the length of visual-motor reaction).
research: from 14.00 to 16.00. All respondents were in- the applied method are in the group of 16-year-olds
formed about the purposes and objec ves of the rese- (n=11). Minimal indicators are in the group of 13-year-
arch of spa al disturbances. The task didn`t cause any olds girls (n=6).
difficul es in respondents. During the performance of
experimental technique ‘dila on view fields’ in adoles- Conclusions
cents without devia ons in the development there was 1. The usage of the research method of the co-
iden fied the following peculiarity: on all the s muli pre- lor sensi vity of the visual system (dila on of the fields
sented in the methodology were reached maximal values of view) at the me of visual-motor reac on (t) and
(the total me of visual-motor reac on, the distance at the distance in the me of determina on of color (the
the me of determina on of color). The excep on was length of visual-motor reac on to s muli presented to
green because from the en re visible spectrum it is in the the spectral composi on (12 monochrome pages) im-
centre and the recogni on of it using peripheral vision is plemented in the experimental technique ‘the dila on
difficult. of the fields of view’ allows to iden fy the func onal
state of the fields of view of the respondents that are
From the analysis of Table 2 we can make next caused by factors of devia ons in development. Expe-
conclusions: rimental data confirm the high dependence of the
condi on of the field of view of the respondents (vi-
All adolescents without development disabili- sual percep on) to defec ve and in some cases to a
es showed the results above the average. In adoles- distorted percep on of objects and phenomena of the
cent boys stands out a group of 16-year-olds (n=40), surrounding reality.
the overall result which is in the region of the maxi- 2. In adolescents with ICP the dynamic visual
mal values on the criterion t (overall response me: acuity, color percep on (narrowing of the view fields,
defined for each color separately and then summed). loss of vision fields) are significantly reduced due to
Minimal results are in a group of 12 year-old boys the pathology of the func ons of the parietal cortex
(n=5). In adolescent girls the maximal measures on
55
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
Table 2
Test results of research ‘dilation of view fields’ by copyright method VSS
(n=200 in norm)
Age Number (N) of respondents
(completed
Boys Girls Total
years) t mean
Nt L Nt L N L mean
12 7 186 15,5
13 5 192 15 2 180 16
14
15 10 184 14,5 6 198 18 16 191 16,25
16 18 182 14,5 28 187 15,75
17 10 192 17 34 178 14,5
Total 51 169 14,5
Mean 27 180 14 7 176 15 64 176 14,5
200
40 166 15 11 172 14 - -
- 181,15 15,15
60 172 14 4 180 15
160 - - 40 - -
- 179,3 14,5 - 183 15,85
Note:
N – number of respondents;
t – the total time of visual-motor reaction: it is calculated for each color separately and then summed;
L – distance in sm at the moment of the determination of the color (the length of visual-motor reaction).
(the area of visual radiance) and with the other locations narusheniyakh u detey [Affec on of visual appa-
of the pathological process in the Central nervous system ratus with cerebral disorders in children]. Collected
(basal tumor, focal inflamma ons, bleeding and other papers of scien fic and prac cal conference on
disturbances of vascular nature) which disturb the vi- ophthalmology. East – West 2012. Sec on VII.
sual func ons. M.M. Bickbova (Ed.). Ufa.
Ippolitova, M.V., Babenkova, R.D., Mastukova, E.M. (1993).
3. In adolescents without devia ons in the deve- Vospitaniye detey s tserebralnym paralichom v semye
lopment we revealed an increase in average light sensi- [Educa on of children with cerebral palsy in the
family]. Moscow: Prosveshcheniye.
vity while reducing the inves gated area of the visual Ckubarcko, A., Chuprin, B., Ckubarcko, N., Ckubarcko, Yu.
field. Time t (the total me of visual-motor reac on on (2002). Sistema kompyuternogo tes rovaniya funktsiy
each of the 12 s muli) is within the high standards. zritelnogo analizatora. Teoriya i prak ka meditsiny.
Nauchno-prak cheskiy yezhegodnik #3 [System of
References: computer tes ng of the func ons of the visual ana-
Gudkova, T.V. (2013). Osobennos organizatsii v provede- lyzer. Theory and prac ce of medicine. Scien fic and
prac cal annual №3]. Minsk, p. 195-197.
nii korrektsionnykh zanya y s detmi s DTsP [Features Shipitsyna, L.M., Mamaichuk, I.I. (2001). Detskiy tsere-
of the organiza on in conduc ng correc ve sessions bralnyy paralich [Cerebral palsy]. SPb: Izd-vo “Didak-
with children with cerebral palsy]. Proceedings from
Problems and prospects of development of edu- ka Plyus”.
ca on’13: III mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konfe- Lueck, C.J., Gilmour, D.F, Mcllwaine, G.G. (2004). Neuro-
rentsiya (January 2013) – III Interna onal Scien fic
Conference. (pp.97-99). Perm: Mercury. ophthalmology: examina on and inves ga on.
Ivanov, V.V., Bakhareva, Е.L., Bauer, O.V., Romanovs- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry,
kaya, T.A., Pashnina, E.V., Baranova, E.V. et.al. (2012). Vol. 75, Supply 4, 2-11.
Porazheniye zritelnogo apparata pri tserebralnykh
56
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
UDC 159.9 : 65.012.23
FORMING OF ENTREPRENEURIAL POTENTIAL OF PERSONALITY
IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT UNIVERSITIES
Lyubchuk Olga Lunov Vitalii
Professor, Ph.D. in Psychology,
D.Sc.in Public Administration, Professor of RANH,
Ph.D. in Psychology, Leading Research Fellow
Pryazovskyi State Technical of G.S. Kostiuk Institute of
University, Psychology of NAPS of Ukraine,
Mariupol, Ukraine Kyiv, Ukraine
[email protected] [email protected]
Presented in this ar cle is the technology of the development of entrepreneurial capacity. The neces-
sity of self-knowledge and the development of entrepreneurial capacity of students and would be masters
while studying at universi es of economic profile are also substan ated.
Key words: self-knowledge, entrepreneurial capacity, personality, management system, informa on
technology.
В статті представлено технологію розвитку підприємницького потенціалу з психологічних
засад дослідження проблеми. Обґрунтовано необхідність актуалізації самопізнання і розвитку під-
приємницького потенціалу студентів бакалаврату та майбутніх магістрів під час навчання в уні-
верситетах економічного профілю.
Ключові слова: самопізнання, підприємницький потенціал, особистість, система управління,
інформаційні технології.
Introduc on been found in recent research that senior managers of
Under the conditions of post-industrial pro- corpora ons prefer not to risk it, and therefore focus
gress of the developed countries of the world an in- on shor erm projects which bring stable incomes (Lo-
nova ve, entrepreneurial resource is becoming one of zhkin, Spasyennikov, Komarovs’ka, 2004).
the main strategic resources. In order to facilitate the
decisive impact of business on the social and econo- Success in business ac vity, manifesta on of the
mic development of the region it is necessary to pro- entrepreneurial capacity depend on a number of factors:
vide changes in training of a new genera on of profes- (1) on the necessary knowledge obtained, and understan-
sionals in management capable to effec vely operate ding of the forms and principles of entrepreneurship; (2)
both in stable and non-standard and crisis economic on the knowledge of economics, finance, management,
condi ons, become not only leaders, but also create law and other social and economic disciplines which help
small businesses, which is especially important for enterprising individuals establish, organize and carry out
Ukraine. This involves increasing the role of universi- economic ac vi es, and (3) on the knowledge of psycho-
es of management profile in providing highquality logy that enables to achieve indepth understanding of the
training of managerial personnel, each prepared indi- nature of economic processes, the ways the “human fac-
vidually to ensure an intensive development of small tor” may have influence on the economy. The essence of
businesses according to the current needs and strate- entrepreneurship is more vividly revealed through its basic
gic plans of social and economic development of the func ons: innova on (crea vity), resource, organiza o-
region. nal and incen ve (mo va onal). Success in business ac-
Entrepreneurship has a lot to do with crea vi-
ty, which is understood as the ability to integrate sepa- vity also depends on personal entrepreneurial capacity,
rate elements of knowledge in completely new combi- which is understood as a set of personal psychological
na ons. Iden fica on of those among would-be ma- characteris cs that ensure successful entrepreneurship.
nagers who have entrepreneurial capaci es, who are It mainly contains universal psychological characteris cs:
prone to innova on and innova ve solu ons, would intellectual, communica ve, voli onal, and some business
facilitate the development of entrepreneurial capaci- competencies, which may have impact on the results of
ty as early as during their training at university. It has business ac vity as a whole or on any of its components
(Druzhynyna, 2000). The above-men oned quali es of a
successful entrepreneur imply the following: commitment,
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ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
independence, self-confidence, propensity to take risks, of managerial capacity include a certain level of mo va-
observa on, ini a ve, tenacity, persistence etc. According on, intelligence, crea vity, availability of communica ve
to the study of 1997 based on the results of the factor ana-
lysis the leading factor of business ac vity of entrepreneurs and organiza onal skills, asser veness, and internality.
had been established. It is characterized by the following They presume that the factors that limit the manage-
key indicators: assessment of the level of their compe - rial capacity include the inability to govern themselves,
veness (0.7), reliability of most partners (0.6), changes in vagueness of personal values, lack of crea ve approach
the standard of living of the family in the past year (0.6), to solving management problems, inability to influence
evalua on of the achievements of their business ac vi es people, inability or unwillingness to assist employees in
(0.6), a tude to compe on (0.5), expected changes in their personal development. In addi on, discussed in a
the standard of living of the family (0.5), a tude to risks number of papers are such components of management
(0.5) and the assessment of their own capabili es in en- capacity as leadership, life experience, educa on and
hancing the success of their businesses (0.5) (Povazhnyy, professional competence etc (Karamushky, 2015).
2007).
It has been found that entrepreneurial capacity is
Formula on of goals and objec ves of Ar cle understood as a set of psychological characteris cs that
The objective of this study is to develop the lead to success in business. The structural components
of entrepreneurial capacity include professional orienta-
psychological basis of controlling the components of
entrepreneurial capaci es of students of management on, intellectual quali es (non-verbal and verbal), emo-
profile during their professional training. onal and voli onal quali es (psychoemo onal tone and
voli onal persistence); communica ve quali es (sociabi-
The main material lity, organiza onal and leadership poten al, flexibility),
In order to create a new genera on of mana- competencies (independence and enterprise), internali-
gers able to work effec vely under condi ons of mar- ty. The competences determined as those of an entre-
ket economy, leadership quali es, business, commu- preneur are as follows: independence, entrepreneurship
nica ve and organiza onal competences are required. as an innova on capacity, entrepreneurship as prac cal
And this implies fundamental changes in professio- implementa on (Obodets, 2010). The degree of their de-
nal training of managers and crea ng an appropriate velopment serve as indicators of the development of the
environment at universi es of management so as to abovemen oned components.
reveal and develop their entrepreneurial capaci es.
The most sensi ve period for the forma on of entre- The main characteris cs of an entrepreneur’s
preneurial capaci es is the students’ age. The students intelligence include wealth of vocabulary, ability to
specializing in management acquire the necessary iden fy similari es and establish logical connec ons
knowledge, abili es and skills to be able to perform between different types of verbal informa on, ability to
professional management ac vi es. Their educa onal combine knowledge from different areas, flexibility and
capacity, as well as their social and professional expe- speed of switching over in verbal thinking, the ability to
rience, is to become the necessary prerequisite for un- find the most accurate solu on, as well as quick wits,
derstanding their personal capabili es in developing rate and the performance of mathema cal (financial
their own entrepreneurial capaci es. and economic) analysis. Sociability as a communica ve
According to the experts, the state policy in the quality of an entrepreneur includes the ability to quickly
field of training the managerial personnel is to be trans- ini ate contact (with any partner in a broad social range)
ferred to the micro level. This will make it possible to re- and to maintain it at the appropriate level, depending
lieve the financial burden on the state budget on the part on the goal, psychological readiness to cooperate with
of the educa onal ins tu ons that provide educa onal the environment, taking into account social values and
programs for training managerial personnel, to bring tradi ons, collec vism; the best representa on of the
the content of the curricula closer to the needs of the natural and emo onal component in communica on
market economy, more ac vely raise funds of the ci - (“charm”), hospitality and friendliness, durability under
zens, organiza ons and businesses that are interested in high neuroemo onal stress associated with communi-
highly-qualified managerial personnel. The educa onal ca on in an unfavorable social environment, lack of ex-
ac vity of the university which is engaged in training of pressed egocentrism or hos lity.
managerial personnel should be based on the innova ve
model of entrepreneurial behavior, which is aimed at the Organiza onal and leadership capacity of an
development of their own crea vity and innova on ini a- entrepreneur is a set of personal characteris cs and
ves of employees (Dorofiyenko, 2010). quali es: confidence, dominance, desire and ability to
According to the theore cal analysis of the pro- lead a team to meet the challenges facing it, organize
blem domes c researchers believe that the components joint ac vi es; readiness to accept personal responsibi-
lity for the results of the group work; the desire to gain
credibility and secure the status growth. Flexibility as a
communica ve quality of an entrepreneur involves dip-
lomacy in establishing contacts, politeness, knowledge
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American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
and proper applica on of communica ve and social Organiza on of professional training of stu-
standards; the ability to understand people and foresee dents for star ng their own business requires different
the development of rela ons with them, the ability to ways of psychological support of the educa onal pro-
predict and avoid conflicts, lack of aggressiveness, focus cess intended for increasing the number of students of
on coopera on and search for a compromise when the- management profile, personally prepared for entrepre-
re is conflict of interests. Independence as a business neurial ac vity: elabora on of psychodiagnos c tools
quality of an entrepreneur involves the desire and abi- for conduc ng psychological monitoring of students
lity to work offline, focus on one’s own vision, absence readiness to entrepreneurial ac vity; iden fica on of
of sugges bility, independence in forming one’s own those who are prepared to start their own business and
opinion, making decisions and determining strategies, providing them with the necessary informa on, edu-
as well as life or professional concepts. ca on, marke ng and other forms of assistance; con-
duc ng behavioral trainings, trainings on crea ve and
Entrepreneurship as an innova on capacity inclu- innova ve thinking to enhance personal preparedness
des the ability to generate or select new ideas, approa- for entrepreneurial ac vity; introduc on of trainings on
ches and projects; the ability to determine the promising collabora on in business teams in condi ons of the in-
areas of investment; a cri cal a tude to the out-of-date nova ve educa onal infrastructure.
cliches and stereotypes, a conceptual approach and stri-
ving for maximum awareness in one’s business; ini a ve, The research that has been carried out shows
a tendency to experimenta on, tolerance to uncertainty. that the degree of development of entrepreneurial capa-
Entrepreneurship as a prac cal implementa on includes city may be different, which, in its turn, may prevent the
energy, commitment, ac vity; the ability to implement achievement of success in business. Therefore, the issues
ideas and projects; realism and prac cality in se ng of iden fica on of those among the students specializing
goals and defining the means for their achievement; in management and economics, who are poten ally pre-
pragma c orienta on of ini a ves, which is to be taken pared to carry out entrepreneurial ac vi es, as well as
into account when solving the current and future eco- providing them with the support of the business incuba-
nomic problems; tolerance for opposi on, compe ve- tor in crea ng their own small business, are pressing and
ness. Internality is understood as willingness to ac vely well grounded (Lyubchuk, Lunov, Kebas, 2015).
and crea vely manage one’s life and des ny, take per-
sonal responsibility for one’s own ac ons and decisions, We believe that the system of psychological
properly analyze one’s mistakes and failures, and make support in solving this problem should include:
necessary conclusions so as to prevent them. - psychological diagnos cs of the degree of students’
readiness to start their own business;
Psycho-emo onal tone implies emo onal sta- - introduc on of innova ve forms of training in the edu-
bility and overall balance; self-confidence and posi ve ca onal process and addi onal educa on, including be-
self-esteem; op mism, absence of fear of the possibili- havioral trainings, which include “School of leadership”,
ty of failure, stress-resistance in difficult situa ons, the trainings on the development of crea ve and innova ve
ability to withstand significant neuropsychiatric loads; thinking, trainings on the psychological founda ons of
the ability to make responsible decisions when there the ability to learn throughout one’s life for the develop-
is lack of me and informa on, or when they are as- ment of prompt considera on, intellectual labìlity, con-
sociated with risk. Voli onal persistence is revealed in textual reflec on; trainings “Congruen al communica-
purposefulness, in the ability to smooth implementa-
on of an entrepreneur”, “Preven on and overcoming
on of planned strategies despite any difficul es and of communica ve barriers in conversa on”, “Mental
obstacles, in voli on makings, resistance to external health – adequate communica on – success”, providing
influences. of special psychological training on recruitment for the
team according to the principle of complementarity of
A compara ve analysis of managerial and en- business quali es required for successful business.
trepreneurial capaci es revealed the following:
- managerial and entrepreneurial capaci es are inte- Business communica on needs highly deve-
gral personal forma ons; loped psychological culture of communica on, as well
- managerial and entrepreneurial capaci es have com- as constant study and considera on of the emo onal
mon components that are important for the forma on component of business rela ons. For the students with
of innova on managerial and entrepreneurial personnel; a low degree of development of communica ve skills it
- personal components that are necessary and com- is recommended to master the following five techniques
mon for the performance of managerial and entrepre- in the loca on of interlocutors: “own name” technique;
neurial ac vi es include: intellectual abili es; com- “the mirror of rela ons” technique; “a pa ent listener”
munica ve quali es; crea vity (for the managerial technique; “personal life” technique; “compliment”
capacity) and innova ve entrepreneurship (for the en- technique. It is recommended to learn how to make
trepreneurial capacity); leadership and organiza onal use of these techniques in everyday life so as to be pre-
capacity; internality. pared for using them in professional communication. In
59
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
order to be successful in business communica on it is an ins tu on of higher educa on into the component
necessary to know the most typical psychological errors of the innova ve and educa onal infrastructure in the
of communica on most o en made by one’s business region. Iden fica on, development and promo ng the
partners, as well as the possibili es to correct them entrepreneurial capacity of students specializing in ma-
according to the developments of humanis c (Ameri- nagement during their professional training at the uni-
can) psychology. In addi on to the psychological me- versity of management is an innova ve approach in sol-
chanisms of avoiding psychological errors in personal ving the problem of forma on of innova ve personnel
and business communica on it is necessary to be able for the economy of the region.
to use three techniques of congruen al communica-
References:
on: “You – a message” technique; “I – a statement”
technique; “Resolving of conflicts” technique. Dorofiyenko, V.V. (2010). Innovatsiyni pidkhody shchodo rozvytku
upravlinskoyi osvity v rehioni (kontseptualni zasady bahatorivne-
In order to achieve effectiveness in business voyi adaptyvnoyi systemy pidhotovky upravlinskoho personalu)
communica on it is recommended to use twelve ways [Innova ve approaches to the development of managerial
of persuasion which will allow you to make interlocutors education in the region (conceptual founda ons of mul level
share your point of view: avoidance of disputes; expres- adap ve system of training of management personnel)]. Pro-
sion of respect for the opinions of others; recogni on of ceedings from Transfer tekhnolohiy: vid ideyi do prybutku ‘10:
one’s own wrongness; expression of one’s friendly at- I Mizhnarodna nauk.-prakt. konf. stud., asp. i mol. uchenykh
(27-29 kvitnya 2010 r.). (Vol. 1, pp. 157-161). Dnipropetrovsk:
tude at the beginning of communica on; applica on Natsionalnyy hirnychyy in-t.
of techniques that will make the interlocutor say “Yes”
from the very beginning; giving the interlocutor an op- Lozhkin, H.V., Spasyennikov, V.V., Komarovska, V.L. (2004). Mistse
portunity to speak out; crea ng the situa on in which innovatsiy v teoriyi pidpryyemnytstva. Ekonomichna psykholo-
an interlocutor will become confident that the idea be- hiya: navch. posibnyk [The place of innova on in the theory of
longs to him/her; trying to see the situa on through entrepreneurship. Economic Psychology: Teaching. Manual].
the eyes of the other person; expression of compassion Kyiv: VD Profesional.
to the thoughts and desires of other people; providing
“visibility” to one’s ideas; promo ng nobility, noble mo- Lyubchuk, O., Lunov, V., Kebas, D. (2015). Development of entre-
preneurial poten al of students in the professional training.
ves; crea ng the situa on of compe on to disclose Fundamentalnyye i prikladnyye issledovaniya v prak kakh
the abili es of other people. vedushchikh nauchnykh shkol, 4(1). Retrieved from URL: fund-
issled-intern.esrae.ru/12-199
For business communica on in unfavorable, stre-
nuous circumstances it is recommended to apply nine Obodets, R.V., Lyubchuk, O.K. (2010). Podgotovka vysokokvalifitsiro-
rules which will allow you to influence people, without cau- vannykh spetsialistov v sfere vedeniia biznesa na primere raboty
sing them to feel resentment or contempt: recogni on of obshchestvennoy organizatsii «Donetskii gorodskoy biznes-inkuba-
dignity of your interlocutor; poin ng out the errors indi- tor» i Donetskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta upravleniia
rectly rather than directly; first recogni on of one’s own [Training of highly qualified specialists in the sphere of busi-
mistakes, and only then the cri cism of the others; giving ness management on the example of the work of the public
the others an opportunity to save their dignity; expres- organiza on «Donetsk City Business Incubator» and Donetsk
sion of sincere endorsement, even about small success; State University of Management]. Sotsialnyy menedzhment i
use of incen ves; asking one’s interlocutor ques ons in- upravlinnya informatsiynymy protsesamy: zb. nauk. prats Do-
stead of giving orders; crea ng situa ons in which one’s netskoho derzhavnoho universytetu upravlinnya. Vol.11, 147,
subordinates are happy to do what the head has sugge- seriya «Derzhavne upravlinnya», pp. 244–256.
sted them.
Povazhnyy, S.F., Lyubchuk, O.K. (2007). Doslidzhennya problemy
Conclusions stanovlennya pidpryyemnytskoho potentsialu studen v vuziv
Improvement of the technology of training would- upravlinskoho profilyu [Inves ga on of the problem of forma-
be managers must take into account the modern metho- on of entrepreneurial poten al of the students of the higher
dology of resource approach, which implies the no ons educa onal ins tu ons of the managerial profile]. Sotsiolo-
of “crea ve abili es”, “competence”, “professionalism”, hiya upravlinnya: zb. nauk. prats Donetskoho derzhavnoho
and requires the advanced approach to training mana- universytetu upravlinnya, Vol. 8, 3(80), seriya «Spetsialni ta
gers, crea on of condi ons for the crea ve development haluzevi sotsiolohiyi». Donetsk : DonDUU, pp. 8-17.
of personality, securing the forma on of the following
features and advantages that will allow them to make a Druzhinin, V.N. (2000). Psikhologiia: uchebnik dlya ekonomicheskikh
successful management career or become a social inno- vuzov [Psychology: a textbook for economic universi es]. SPb.
vator in business. Analysis of the results of the studies
shows that the innova ve approaches, required for trai- Karamushka, L.M. (Ed.). (2015). Tekhnolohiyi roboty orhaniza-
ning of innova ve managerial staff should include res- tsiynykh psykholohiv: navch. posibnyk dlya studen v vyshchykh
tructuring of the educa onal and professional space of navchalnykh zakladiv ta slukhachiv instytu v pislyadyplomnoyi
osvity [Technologies of the work of organiza onal psycholo-
gists: manual for students of higher educa on ins tu ons and
students of ins tutes of postgraduate educa on]. Kyiv: INKOS.
Shpalinskyy, V.V., Pomazan, K.A. (2002). Psykholohiya upravlinnya:
navch. posibnyk dlya kerivnykiv navch. zakladiv, prakt. psy-
kholohiv, uchyteliv ta vykhovateliv [Psychology of management:
manual for administrators of educa onal ins tu ons, prac cal
psychologists, teachers and educators]. Kharkiv: Vesta.
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UDC 37.018.46 + 37.015.311
PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF TEACHERS’ PREPARATION
TO STUDENTS’ SELF-DEVELOPMENT
Orlova Olga
Ph.D. in Pedagogy,
Senior lector of department of pedagogy and andragogy
Zhytomyr Regional In-Service Teacher Training Institute Zhytomyr
[email protected]
The psychological background of the challenges by teacher’s training in students’ self-development
is outlined in the ar cle. The subject of the work is the theore cal founda on of the challenges by teacher’s
training in students’ self-development. The aim of this work is the historical interpreta on of the scien fic
heritage of the dominant doctrine developed by A. Ukhtomsky as improving of teacher’s training in students’
self-development in adult educa on. The author analyzes the basic concept of the individual and mo vates
the urgency of the dominant doctrine developed by A. Ukhtomsky.
The main features of a fully func onal personality which enables to consider the iden ty of classical
point of view as a biosocial being.
The doctrine of the dominant of O. Ukhtomsky is jus fied and shown in studies that have philosophical,
physiological, psychological, medical, sociological, pedagogical direc on and can be applied in these fields.
Key words: personality, development, self improvement, dominant, synergis c approach.
У статті в контексті дослідження проблеми підготовки вчителя до особистісного само-
вдосконалення учнів окреслено її психологічне підґрунтя. Предметом роботи є теоретичне обґрун-
тування проблеми підготовки вчителя до особистісного самовдосконалення учнів.
Метою даної роботи є історична інтерпретація наукової спадщини вчення про домінан-
ту, розроблене О. Ухтомським як підґрунтя удосконалення підготовки вчителя до особистісного
самовдосконалення учнів у освіті дорослих. Проаналізовано основні концепції розвитку особисто-
сті. Обгрунтовано актуальність вчення про домінанту, розроблене О. Ухтомським.
Визначено основні риси повнофункціональної особистості, які дають можливість розгляда-
ти особистість з класичної точки зору як біосоціальну істоту. Вчення про домінанту О. Ухтомсько-
го є науково обґрунтованим і відображається у дослідженнях, які мають філософські фізіологічні,
психологічні, медичні, соціологічні, педагогічні направлення і можуть бути застосовані у цих галузях
науки.
Ключові слова: особистість, розвиток, самовдосконалення, домінанта, сенергетичний
підхід.
Introduc on The main factors of the effec ve challenge re-
The social policy of Ukraine and the Na onal solu on are teacher’s personality, his lifestyle and per-
Doctrine of Educa on Development iden fied the pri- sonal example. However, the study of the secondary
ority task of school and pedagogic science student de- schools prac ce showed that under current condi ons
velopment on the basis of personal improvement. there is a gap between the new challenges facing the
The personal self-development is considered as teaching staff in that direc on and quality of their im-
ways of mastering their own interests, using their own plementa on in professional work of teachers.
capabili es, resul ng in con nuous self-knowledge, the
development of the necessary for modern man quali- The aim of this ar cle is the historical interpreta-
es, building a culture of thinking and behavior. In the on of the scien fic heritage of the dominant doctrine
context of the challenge the assimila on of students developed by A. Ukhtomsky as improving of teacher’s trai-
means not only spiritual, intellectual, but also physical ning in students’ self-development in adult educa on.
self-development, emo onal self-regula on, mastery
of healthy lifestyle skills, safe health behavior. The main tasks are to analyze the pedagogical
and psychological aspects of personal students’ self-
development and to prove the relevance of the doctrine.
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Presen ng the main material feelings, feeling as the basis for making important de-
To the issue of self-development a en on was cisions), empirical freedom (subjec ve feeling that
paid by the representa ves of ancient philosophers you can live freely as you are pleased, adherence to
Socrates, Aristotle, Seneca and Quin lian. The problem principle “I am alone responsible for my ac ons and
of self-development studied such famous scien sts its consequences”), crea vity (the ability to produce
as G.M. Andreev, I.D. Bekh, L.I. Bozovic, L.S. Vygotsky, unique ideas, results, methods of solving problems).
V.M. Grinyova, A.J. Cape, O.M. Piechota, S.O. Sysoieva.
This issue is now the subject of modern scholars’ re- Another representa ve of the humanist para-
search (A.V. Bordenyuk, N.M. Losev, A.S. Prokopova, digm A. Maslow described personality self-actualized
K.G. Skvortsova). However, the theore cal and prac cal traits as efficient percep on of reality and comfortable
bases of teacher’s training in students’ self-development rela onship with reality, acceptance (of one-self, others,
were almost not considered. nature), spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness, service, de-
Like any scien fic and educa onal facility, this tachment, the need for solitude, autonomy, indepen-
challenge requires its comprehensive examina on. dence of culture and environment, will and ac vity, a
The aim of our study was to outline its psychological fresh look at things, mys cal and high emo ons, sense of
background. community, interpersonal rela ons, democracy, the abi-
Modern condi ons require iden ty forma on lity to dis nguish means from goal, good from evil, phi-
that could func on op mally in society and is able to losophical sense of humor, crea vity, resistance to cultu-
realize its intrinsic strength. In different contexts such ral influences, cultural transcendence (Maslow, 2001).
person was considered in the works of A. Adler, Erich
Fromm, K. Rogers, A. Maslow, G. Allport and other re- Ideas of Maslow tune with the provisions were
searchers (Adler, 2002; Maslow, 2001; Allport, 1998; made in the context of personality psychology by G. All-
Rogers, 2001; Fromm, 1999). port (Allport, 1998). In his concept, based on percep -
To refer to the individual who can best interact in ons of proprium as a posi ve, crea ve quality of human
modern society such concepts were used as of socially nature that strives for growth and development, are de-
useful type in a variety of psychological concepts scribed the psychological traits of a mature man. They
(A. Adler), produc ve type (Erich Fromm), a fully func- a ributed the following characteris cs: a wide margin
oning man (Carl Rogers) self-actualized personality of “I” (the ability to look at ourselves from the outside,
(A. Maslow), psychologically mature man (G. Allport) ac ve par cipa on in various forms of social rela ons),
and others. warm social rela ons (friendly in macy and compassi-
With reference to the different features the men- on), emo onal unconcern and self-acceptance (posi ve
oned types had vested relevant traits and characte- a tude towards myself), realis c percep on, experien-
ris cs. Thus, in the theory of Adler, which is based on ce and harassment (percep on of things and people as
ideas about lifestyle as a unique by human selected they have high skills and knowledge in their field of ac-
way to achieve its objec ve, is highlighted the social
and useful personality type (Adler, 2002). This type is vity, the pursuit of personally meaningful and realis c
described by scien sts on the basis of such characte- goals), the ability to self-knowledge and sense of humor
ris cs as high ac vity, high social interest, concern for (a clear idea of their strengths and deficiencies ability to
others interested in communica ng with others, coo- laugh favorite and con nue to love and appreciate it),
pera on, personal courage, willingness to contribute to coherent philosophy of life (systema c and consistent
the lives of others. selec on important in their lives).
Similar to the described type is highlighted by
Erich Fromm social character type in modern society, To study the personality that would best func-
which is marked as produc ve type or productive on in modern society, it can be applied to each of the
orientation (Fromm, 1999). This type is considered above concepts. One of the most successful in the con-
by the author in three dimensions: work, love and text of the study of personality in the modern Ukrainian
thought. society are the ideas of modern Ukrainian researchers
Within the phenomenological theory of per- M. Velazquez, B. Berry, V. Volynki, V. Gusev, N. Mozko-
sonality Rogers described the features of a fully func- va, that suggest using the term “fully func onal ideal
oning individual (Rogers, 2001). Among these traits personality” and describe the main characteris cs such
researcher considers opening experience (ability to a person (Volinka, Gusiev, Mozgova, 2006). According
listen to yourself, to feel the whole sphere of visceral, to scien sts, the main features of a fully func onal
sensory, emo onal and cogni ve experiences in them- personality are the ability for independent thinking,
selves, without feeling the threat), existen al way of forming their own a tudes and beliefs, making it a
being (the tendency to live fully and intensely in each separate and independent; deep consciousness, the
moment of existence, so that each experience is seen capacity of which is closely linked to the development
as a fresh and unique, different from what it had been of philosophical view to the world and themselves;
before), organismic trust (the ability to rely on internal flexibility associated with lability of the nervous sys-
tem, the ability to switch quickly a en on from one
object to another; crea vity, manifested the ability
to go beyond their own limits, to transform the inner
world, or in general – the ability of self-development.
62
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
The men oned fully func onal personality cha- Dominant by defini on of O. Ukhtomsky is cur-
racteris cs make us to consider the iden ty of classical rently the predominant of pathogen central nervous sys-
point of view as a biosocial being. Therefore it is neces- tem, which provides mental processes and behavior of
sary to appeal to the crea ve heritage of na onal scien- a person’s focus and ac vity in this area. Dominant,
as the scien st includes installa on on self-educa on,
sts, physiologists of late nineteenth early twen eth cen- self-upbringing, self-esteem, self-regulation and self-
tury. Among them the dominant doctrine developed by actualization, it is in these condi ons in the pedagogical
A. Ukhtomsky (Ukhtomsky, 2002) is relevant even today. process and objec ve way (Selevko, 2006).
In his works he sought to find a common ground of sci-
ence and religion, moral made adjustments to science – Conclusion
on the one hand, and on the other – scien fically ana- Thus, dominant is the interac on of various pro-
lyzed trends in moral and spiritual development. In his cesses in which there is one center advantage over all
teaching O. Uhtomskyy developed the idea of social in- others subordinate to all others. This means that un-
terac on and physiological factors in the development der certain condi ons, the individual parameters be-
of the individual, substan atedstudy of the physiological gin to grow rapidly and strongly prevail over all others.
mechanisms of human development as the basis of the However, given the trend of social benefits on the
study of the life laws in the broadest sense. The concept biological process of change becomes dominant ac-
of man as a biosocial creature allowed O. Ukhtomsky to celera on today, as once wrote S. Kurdyumov, no ng
put forward the concept of bodily integrity, mental and the current trend of aggrava on of some parameters
spiritual quali es of man and his inner freedom. (Knyazev, Kurdyumov, 2005).
On the territory of the Soviet and post-Soviet
The doctrine of the dominant of O. Ukhtomsky is society doctrine of O. Ukhtomsky was supplemented by
now reflected in the philosophical, physiological, psycho- G. Selevko and author proposed to prepare students for
logical, medical, sociological and pedagogical research. self-development and self-improvement.
It offers the prospect not only for individual develop- Presented psychological basis should be the basis
ment in these areas, but also for systems research and for further defining the term “personal self-development”.
synergis c approach which is in our point of view repre-
sented in these provisions (Zueva, Efimov, Ukhtomsky, References:
2008; Knyazev, Kurdyumov, 2005): Adler, A. (2002). Ocherki po individualnoy psikhologii [Es-
– By the intensifica on in all spheres of life, we says on individual psychology]. Moscow: Kogito Cen-
can not talk about the presence of a dominant. When ter.
dealing with large flow of informa on in modern, hu- Volynka, G. I., Gusev, V. I., Mozgova, N.G. et. al. (2006).
mans may have two or more centers of excita on, which Istoriya filosofiyi v yiyi zvyazku z osvitoyu: Pidruchnyk
determine their behavior. In the context of the individual [The history of philosophy in its rela onship with edu-
student it can be interpreted as the need to prepare for ca on: Textbook]. G. I. Volynka (Ed.). Kyiv: Karavela.
its effec ve coopera on in various spheres of life, to use Zueva, E.Y., Efimov, G.B. (2008). PROBLEMY ISKUSSTVEN-
different strategies to achieve success; NOGO INTELLEKTA I TEORIYA DOMINANTY [Problems
of ar ficial intelligence and the dominant theory].
– The idea of the irreversibility of me and the Matema cheskiye mashiny i sistemy, 1, 98-105.
many-sided percep on of me con nuum is relevant. Knyazev, E.N., Kurdyumov, S.P. (2005). Osnovaniya siner-
ge ki. Sinerge cheskoye mirovideniye [Founda ons
– In parallel with the exis ng tradi onal socie- of Synerge cs. The synergis c vision of the world].
ty’s linear concept of me, the cyclical and spiral are Moscow: KomKniga.
present today. It turns out that modern man is con- Maslow, A. G. (2001). Mo vatsiya i lichnost [Mo va on
stantly in search of new informa on. Thus, there is a and Personality]. A.M. Tatlybaeva (Trans.). SPb.: Eura-
problem preparing students to search for and acquisi- sia.
Allport, G.V. (1998). Lichnost v psikhologii [Personality in
on of new informa on developments; psychology]. Moscow: KSP +; SPb.: Juventa.
– For the dominant process is irreversible tran- Rogers, K.R. (2001). Stanovleniye lichnos . Vzglyad na
psikhoterapiyu [Becoming of a personality. Look at
si on to a new determinant. At this stage it is appro- psychotherapy]. Moscow: Eksmo – Press.
priate analogy with dynamic systems where stability in Selevko, G.K. (2006). Entsiklopediya obrazovatelnykh tek-
small changes can lead to changes in the system, and hnologiy [Encyclopedia of Educa onal Technologies].
at the bifurca on point (in a state of disequilibrium) (Vols. 1-2; Vol. 2). Moscow: NII shkolnykh tekhnologiy.
minor fluctua ons can lead to transi on into one of Ukhtomsky, A.A. (2002). Dominanta [Dominant]. SPb.
the new areas of sustainability; Fromm, E. (1999). Anatomiya chelovecheskoy destruk v-
nos [Anatomy of human destruc veness]. E.M. Teliat-
– The interac on of organism and environment nikov, T.V. Panfilov (Trans.). Minsk: Popurri.
O. Ukhtomsky believed to be none quilibrium, as it in-
volves energy from the environment and energy costs
in such coopera on;
– Dominant model of O. Ukhtomsky does not re-
flect a process and set of interac on of mental proces-
ses that are the basis of forward mo on of the whole
system.
63
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
UDC 159.923:[331.101.3+331.102.24]
SAFETY OF PERSONALITY IN MIGRATION TERMS
WITHIN THE MILITARY CONFLICT: ORGANIZATIONAL
CONDITIONS OF EDUCATION AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Zhanna Virna
D. Sc. in Psychology, Professor, Dean of Psychology Faculty,
Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University
Lutsk, Ukraine
[email protected]
The presented material is devoted to the fundamental problem of analyzing priori es in the interpreta on
of personality security problems in terms of the military conflict at all levels of psychological op miza on of the
learning environment and psychotherapy of its ac ve subjects. The subject of the analysis is psychological charac-
teris cs of the organiza on of training and psychotherapy of the par cipants in military conflict. The main idea
is to iden fy psychological safety standards of personality in migra on terms within the military conflict of the
par cipants and to create the data-analy cal systems concerning the restora on andpreserva on of their mental
health, that will provide an effec ve integrated social and psychological support, as well as improve their quality
of life. The analysis and systema za on of categorical understanding of personality security and also psychologi-
cal factors of the impact on security of personality in migra on terms of the military conflict was conducted; the
research outlines the limits of real mechanisms to respond to psychological trauma experience of the events of
the military conflict by the par cipants; reasonable sugges ons were offered for the development of innova ve
technologies to overcome the psychological syndrome PTSD of the par cipants of the military conflict. The value
of the expected results of the research on safety of personality has undeniable prac cal result for the country and
the human community in the form of: specific provisions of global security ensuring in migra on terms within mili-
tary conflict in the Concepts of Public security; introduc on of psychotherapeu c technologies of self-preserva on,
self-reproduc on and self-development of the par cipants of the military conflict; op miza on of organiza onal
condi ons of the specially organized educa onal ac vi es for the ac ve par cipants of the military conflict.
Key words: security of personality, military conflict, social and psychological support, therapeu c technolo-
gies, specially organized educa onal ac vity.
Презентований матеріал присвячений фундаментальній проблемі аналізу пріоритетів в інтер-
претації проблеми безпеки особистості в умовах військового конфлікту на усіх щаблях психологічної
оптимізації організаційних умов навчання та психотерапії його активних суб’єктів. Предметом аналізу
є психологічні особливості організації навчання і психотерапії учасників військового конфлікту. Основна
ідея полягає у виявленні психологічних норм безпеки особистості в міграційних межах військового кон-
флікту його учасниками та створенні інформаційно-аналітичної системи щодо відновлення та збере-
ження їх психічного здоров’я, яка забезпечить ефективну комплексну соціально-психологічну підтримку.
Проведено аналіз і систематизацію категоріального розуміння безпеки особистості; окреслено дослід-
ницькі межі вивчення реальних механізмів реагування на психологічну травму переживання подій військо-
вого конфлікту його учасниками; запропоновано обґрунтовані пропозиції щодо розробки інноваційних
психологічних технологій подолання синдрому посттравматичного стресового розладу учасниками вій-
ськового конфлікту. Цінність очікуваних результатів дослідження безпеки особистості має безпереч-
ний практичний результат для країни та загальнолюдської спільноти у вигляді: конкретних положень
забезпечення глобальної безпеки в міграційних межах військового конфлікту у Концепцію суспільної без-
пеки; впровадження психотерапевтичних технологій самозбереження, самовідтворення і саморозвит-
ку учасників військового конфлікту; оптимізації організаційних умов спеціально організованої освітньої
діяльності для активних суб’єктів військового конфлікту.
Ключові слова: безпека особистості, військовий конфлікт, соціально-психологічна підтримка, пси-
хотерапевтичні технології, спеціально організована освітня діяльність.
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American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
To solve the problem of security of human beings the specificity of psychological training and psycho-
and society social efforts are needed not only from the technique of self-defense under the influence of socio-
side of the state but also from the society as a whole and poli cal, informa onal-psychological and economic
from every personality. The full value life of a human factors (V. Vasyu nskii, L. Korobka, G. Lozhkin, M. Slyu-
being is full of real values and principles determines the sarevskyy, M. Slobodyan, S. Yakovenko and others).
trajectory of the deployment, vectoring of which is s pu-
lated by psychological fact of security. The community, However, military and poli cal reali es of the
the state and the biosphere, ac ng as independent ob- present me of Ukraine desperately demonstrate the
jects of security at all its significance play an important need of concre za on of psychological support spe-
role concerning human security as the main objects of cifying the security of personality in such aspects as mi-
protec on without which any security measures of na- litary, legal, environmental safety and etc., where you
ture, society and state are impossible or meaningless. can clearly inves gate the social and psychological na-
In this connec on, the idea of forma on of human se- ture of the individual security in migra on terms within
curity is gaining special importance as the main target the military conflict.
set that serves as a guide of social development and
social progress. In general, the overall fundamental problem of
the presented material is s pulated by the need to re-
In these terms, it is very important to study view priori es in the interpreta on of the problem of in-
psychological aspects of security of the personality in dividual security in terms of military conflict at all levels
migra on limits within the military conflict in Ukraine of psychological op miza on of organiza onal conditions
to ensure socio-psychological iden fica on and integra- of learning and psychotherapy of its ac ve par cipants
tion into the environment of its par cipants. Op mi- (par cipants of the military conflict and their families,
za on of organiza onal condi ons of educa on and migrants from the area of the military conflict and
therapy should be focused on the recommenda on their children). Therefore, we consider the main goal
package as to providing the necessary psychological is to develop a system of integrated social-psychological
support for the par cipants of the military conflict analysis of psychological safety standards for a perso-
(par cipants of the military conflict and their families, nality in migra on terms within the military conflict.
migrants from the area of the military conflict and
their children) in the form of individual consulta ons, Considering the modern complex of security
workshops, scien fic seminars. problems we immediately note the psychological as-
pect of this psychological phenomenon, which is for-
Considering the analysis of the main theore cal med in psychology branch of security that scru nizes
and empirical studies of the individual psychology of se- the general laws of human ac vity in extreme, intense,
curity as in na onal as well as in foreign psychology, it dangerous condi ons to make this ac vity more safe
can be stated that the exis ng theore cal work in this and reliable (Podolyak, 2009).
field of knowledge has no complex nature and it is li-
mited by fragmentary studies of some of its aspects. In Speaking of a theore cal construct of security
par cular, tradi onal underes ma on of humans and psychology, it is necessary to begin with logical and
the value of their safe existence that unfortunately are methodological interpreta on of this psychological
typical of the modern society determine the fact that phenomenon. As we know, not all theore cal objects
most discussions about human security are held in the can be projected into reality, because most of them
light of na onal (state) security (V. Antonets, S. Belov, are par ally correlated with the inves gated reality.
G. Zabarniy, V. Lipkan, G. Myhal, O. Myagchenko and As O. Lazorko points out: “to get the design for a theo-
others). Psychological parameters of considera on of re cal contstruct in the system of seman c connec-
these problems are primarily related to the study of the
problems connected with the evalua on of behavior ons and rela ons of the system of science it must
in stressful situa ons (F. Vasilyuk, S. Koleda, R. Tigra- acquire the opera onal sense, i.e. it should be linked
nyan, D. Shapiro, and others); real behavior of a person by means of special rules of accordance (opera onal
in extreme situa ons (Y. Alexandrovsky, Ts. Korolenko, defini ons) with the objects that appear and develop
V. Lebedev, A. Lobastov, K. Selchenok and others); by in the experience” (Lazorko, Virna, Akimova, 2015).
peculiari es of impact of extreme condi ons on human
psychophysiology (I. Havrylets, J. Kalashnyk, O. Kokun, We will try to outline some general provisions
M. Reshetnikov, Y. Shcherbatykh and others); by pecu- which specify the concept of safety and security of the
liari es of manifesta ons of panic and human survival individual:
during natural disasters (P. Drachov, B. Kudryashov,
N. Muhamadiyev, G. Cheurin and others; and also with 1. Safety is one of the basic values in life. This
value is poten al and it is actualized at experiencing of
threats or other possible security breaches.
2. Security is a mul dimensional phenomenon
reflec ng bodily, psychological and social modi of hu-
man existence, as the subjec ve assessment of threats
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ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
in human consciousness is differen ated into threats of to the sphere of invariant laws between the classes of
physical existence, threats of psychological well-being causes and effects, anthropocentric, where man is in
and threats of social isola on. the center in all variety of manifesta ons of mental pro-
cesses, states and proper es from psycho physiological
3. Safety is a state and an experience simulta- to socio-psychological and psycho-social approaches that
neously that accompanies a dynamic process of matu- allow you to examine the way of person’s func oning
ra on and personal development as a result of which, in real life situa ons and rela onships.
the person reaches a state of maturity. Maturity invol-
ves mastering the ways of achieving security involving In any case, psychology of security concerns man
both internal and external resources and forma on and his individual reac ons in difficult condi ons of life
(ins tu onaliza on) of such modes. ac vity that should provide mental health and stress
resistance (Timchenko, 1997). In terms of psychology
4. Category of “security” is twofold by its nature, dangerous human behavior depends on the following
as it provides an objec ve (collec ve) and subjec ve factors: biological (heredity, genotype, proper es of
(individual) assessment of poten al and actual viola- nervous system, inheritance of parents’ behavior in
dangerous condi ons), psychological (the level of emo-
ons. State of security is personalized, and in each
case requires specific considera on. onal, voli onal and cogni ve features), immediate en-
vironment (nega ve emo onal psychological climate
5. A person can feel safe under the certain con- of family, improper rela onships with fellow workers,
di ons of life. The situa on which is evaluated by one financial and housing problems, poor condi ons of life
person as to be safe, can be evaluated as dangerous and work) and social environment (ecological, toxigenic
and threatening by other people. Iden fica on of fac- pollu on, lack of informa on on professional risk and
tors and principles of forma on of subjec ve assess- mass accidents, poor organiza on of leisure and work,
ments of risks and threats to the own safety will allow bad manners, social economic and poli cal crises).
us to recognize the state of helplessness and trauma,
and will give us an opportunity to apply technologies The perspec ve feasibility of using the out-
for providing psychological help adequately. lined provisions are seen in the development of the
system of integrated socio-psychological analysis of
6. “Security – danger” concerns to the number psychological safety standards of personality in migra-
of dialec cally interrelated concepts. Their study in-
volves understanding of nature and essence of man. on terms within the military conflict and the crea on
of informa on-analy cal system as to the restora on
7. The dynamics of states “security – danger” and preserva on of mental health of the par cipants
depends on a combina on of external and internal fac- of the military conflict will cons tute a further basis
tors that provide security, which in turn are s pulated for security of human experience in the post-conflict
by age. Abili es and skills should be regarded as ex- situa ons, namely situa ons of experiencing medical
ternal factors in implica on of external means of pro- interven ons connected with physical injuries; chan-
tec on and their applica on and also in compliance ges in prevailing psychological a tudes as to the ma-
with the rules and requirements as to providing safe- nipula ve informa on space; and situa ons of social
ty. Social, intellectual, personal and physical resources and psychological adapta on to the new condi ons of
of the subject form internal condi ons of security. The training and professional implementa on.
combina on of internal and external factors provides
control of the personal safety of the subject. Understanding security as a system of measu-
res aimed at protec on from various threats connected
8. For the assessment of human security a re- with the no ons of danger management abili es and
ference sample of safety and well-being state is nee- forma on of skills to prevent and avoid threatening si-
ded, on the one hand, and on the other – an under- tua ons. Danger is seen as the presence and ac on of
standing of regulari es of occurrence and dynamics of certain forces (factors) that are dysfunctional, destabi-
insecurity, the process of threat recogni on and risk lizing and / or destruc ve towards the personality. Ha-
assessment. zards are prospec ve by nature, and their actualiza on
occurs under certain condi ons. One of the features of
Psychology of safety is based on various con- human consciousness is that it does not give priority
cepts in which it comes to protec on and preserva on to danger that is probabilis c by nature. The sign that
of personality and society. In par cular, urgent pro- defines influence as dangerous is the threat. Presenta-
blems of global security are discussed in the Concept
of Public Safety. This concept iden fied the following on of the threat is associated with feelings of fear that
factors that threaten society – methodological, chro- person experiences in the face of survival danger, de-
nological, factual, economic, gene c, military, the con- velopment, depriva on of basic material and spiritual
tent of which illustrates methodological composi on values.
of casual interac on that considers the structural ele-
ments diachronically and simultaneously, which belong
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American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
Crea on of informa on-analy cal system con- need mandatory psychological support for the training
cerning restora on and preserva on of mental health and psychotherapy.
of the par cipants of the military conflict and their fa-
milies and migrants from the area of the military con- The proposed integrated approach of studying
flict and their children, the proposed project will outli- psychological security of personality contains a staged
ne the central moments of expansion ac vi es in the empirical explica on of psychological safety standards
field of educa onal and psychotherapeu c services of personality in migra on terms within the military
through the implementa on of psycho-pedagogical pa- conflict.
tronage and protec on; inclusive assistance for child-
ren of the par cipants in the military conflict and mi- Among the main methodological tools of the
grants from the area of the military conflict through the project implementa on we can single out:
forms of organiza on and carrying out of entertainment,
anima on, recrea onal and health-improving activities; work with psychological trauma and its conse-
preven on of bulling in different forms, both in rela- quences (emo onal abuse and post trauma c stress
disorder syndrome);
on to migrants from the area of the military conflict
and their children (bulling at work, school bulling) as correc on and psychotherapy of obsessional
well as bulling manifesta ons from the part of the mi- states, sleep disorders;
grants; preven ve help in avoidance of nega ve so-
cial phenomena (devia ons, addic ons, delinquency) correc on and psychotherapy of psychosoma-
among the par cipants and migrants from the area of c disorders and sexual dysfunc on;
the military conflict.
work with the families of the combatants (their
The main scien fic approach of the project as parents, spouses, children);
to the development of the system of integrated social-
psychological analysis of psychological safety standards work with the people who have experienced
of personality in migra on terms within the military the loss of their loved ones;
conflict of the par cipants and crea on of informa on
system for the restora on and preserva on of mental work with the people who are in difficult cir-
health of the par cipants and migrants from the area cumstances e.g. job loss;
of the military conflict and their children is a complex
approach to the interpreta on of psychological secu- work to overcome difficul es in communica -
rity of personality as the state of public consciousness on with the opposite sex;
through which the society as a whole and every per-
sonality accept the exis ng quality of life as an ade- child correc on and psychotherapy;
quate and reliable, as it creates real possibili es for providing telephone consulta ons on preven-
sa sfac on of natural and social needs of ci zens in on of suicidal behavior and providing emergency
the present life and gives the reason for confidence psychological help for the people with suicidal intents;
in the future (Efimova, 2010; Krasnyanskaya, Nepom- psychological help on the preven on and cor-
nyaschiy, 2005). Security of personality is a reflec on rec on of emo onal burnout.
of the psychological state of society and is dependent Psychological help can be provided in the form
on all the objec ve condi ons of life in society. Mili- of individual and group family consulta ons, group
tary events in the east of Ukraine actualized a series consulta ons and correc onal classes with children as
of migra on issues related to the stay of soldiers, well as with adults.
doctors and volunteers directly in the area of the mi- Regarding the features of the structure and
litary conflict and then their return to peaceful life the components of the research, the successful reali-
that requires them to mobilize personal resources for za on needs:
successful adapta on. 1) to develop a clear classifica on of social and
psychological problems of the par cipants and per-
Also, a significant number of people forced mi- sons from the area of the military conflict and their
grants from the area of the military conflict are going families with a clear system of psychodiagnos c pro-
through a series of social and psychological emo ons cedures with the studied;
associated with the change of residence, work and edu- 2) to create Mobile Brigade team consis ng of
ca on of their children. Usually such events require the psychologists and rehabilitators to provide comprehen-
involvement of powerful psychological resources of sive social and psychological rehabilita on of the par -
mobiliza on of the par cipants in the military conflict cipants and persons from the area of the military con-
and under the terms of their exhaus on or lack, they flict and members of their families and their children;
3) to conduct assistance to the indicated cate-
gory besides individual and group consulta ons, in the
form of interac ve training using art technology semi-
nars (including scien fic workshops), round tables. So-
cial and psychological rehabilita on can be carried out
under the condi ons of specially organized educa onal
ac vity (including – Universi es of the Third Age) with
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ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
the aim of maintenance and development of resource Krasnyanskaya, T. M. (2005). Bezopasnost cheloveka:
poten al of individual viability. psihologicheskiy aspekt: uchebnoe posobie [Hu-
man security: the psychological aspect: text-
Generally within global and na onal psychology, book]. Stavropol: ZAO Pressa.
the value of the expected results will make theore cal
and empirical basis for the appropriate development of Lazorko, O.V., Virna, Zh., Akimova, L. et.al. (2015). Pro-
security psychology of personality in migra on terms fesiyna bezpeka osobystosti v systemi psyholo-
within the military conflict into the separate scien fic gichnyh yavyshch [Professional safety of the per-
direc on where a large por on will belong to the de- son in the system of psychological phenomena].
velopments of innova ve educa onal and psychothe- Psyhologiya profesiynoyi bezpeky: tehnologiyi
rapeu c arrangements aimed at overcoming the conse- konstruktyvnogo samozberezhennya osobystos :
quences of psychological traumas that emerged within kolektyvna monografiya. Zh. Virna (Ed.). Lutsk:
the military conflict. Vezha-Druk, P. 8-29.
The work in this area must become the basis Podolyak, Ya.V. (2009). Psyhologiya bezpeky: mono-
for forma on of science-based concept of human se- grafiya [Psychology of safety: monograph].
curity condi ons under the terms of joint par cipa- Kharkiv.
on of psychologists from different countries, and as Timchenko, A.V. (1997). Psihologicheskie aspekty
a result – the adop on of relevant legisla ve material. sostoyaniya, povedeniya i deyatelnos lyudey
v ekstremalnyh usloviyah i metody ih korrekt-
References: sii [Psychological aspects of a condi on, beha-
Efimova, N.S. (2010). Osnovy psihologicheskoy bezo- vior and ac vity of people in extreme condi ons
and methods of their correc on]. Kharkiv: Izd-vo
pasnos : uchebnoe posobie [Fundamentals of psy- KhVU.
chological security: textbook]. Moscow.
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American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
UDC 378.147:159.98
DYNAMICS OF PROFOUND COGNITION OF MIND
Tamara Yacenko
Academician of NAPS of Ukraine, D. Sc. in Psychology, Professor
Head of the Department Deep Correction and Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy
Ukraine
[email protected]
In the ar cle an issue is raised on methodology of forming competency in a future psychologist on the
basis of adequate understanding of wholeness of the psychic; comparison of academic and psychodynamic
approaches to the problem of academic training of a psychologist is done as well as analysis of the leading
sects in psychology relevant to psychodynamic approach. There were introduced main posi ons of psychody-
namic theory, which are accordant with orthodox psychoanalysis in the same way as the principles of psyche
in its integrity. Content of the given ar cle stresses the importance of taking into account interconnec ons
between the spheres of the conscious and the unconscious in their integrity and func onal asymmetry in deep
psychocorrec on of the future psychologists. Researches are also directed to an issue of sta cs and dynamics
of organiza on of the psychical in the integrity of its func oning. Moreover, the passage of deep correc on
catalyses personal changes towards the harmoniza on of the psyche structure, development of those charac-
teris cs of a person that are desirable for the forma on of professional excellence and ensuring the effec ve-
ness of psychological counselling.
Key words: ac ve social-psychological percep on (ASPP), probabilis c forecas ng, deep correc on,
deep percep on, methodology, objec ve-subjec ve, competency of a psychologist, psychodynamic approach,
sense, theory.
У запропонованій статті ставиться питання про необхідність формування професіоналіз-
му майбутнього психолога на засадах адекватного розуміння сутності психічного; здійснено по-
рівняння академічного та психодинамічного підходів до проблем вузівської підготовки психолога;
здійснено аналіз провідних течій психології, дотичних до психодинамічного підходу. Представлено
основні позиції психодинамічної теорії та методології, співзвучних з ортодоксальним психоаналізом
та вказані принципи функціонування психіки в її цілісності. Зміст статті підкреслює важливість
врахування в глибинній психокорекції майбутніх психологів взаємозв’язків між сферами свідомого
та несвідомого в їх єдності та функціональній асиметричності, чому сприяє введення принципу
додатковості.
Ключові слова: активне соціально-психологічне пізнання (АСПП), глибинна корекція, глибинне
пізнання, імовірне прогнозування, методологія, об’єктивно-суб’єктивне, професіоналізм психолога,
психодинамічний підхід, смисл, теорія.
Ar cle main body of theore cal and prac cal ac vi es, and a theory of this
The way of forming competency in a future system. Methodology is based on a system of proven rules
psychologist cannot stay out of methodology, which and norms of percep on (and their relevant ac ons) that
involves not only mastering of theore cal knowledge best relate to the proper es and laws of reality.
by a future psychologist but also the prac ce of diag-
nos c and correc on process in groups of ac ve social- The objec ve of this research is determined by
psychological percep on (ASPP). necessity of development of the methodology of cog-
It has been established that a theory is a set of ni on of the mind in its en rety, which is based on the
beliefs, ideas aimed at the interpreta on of certain even- indissolubility of the spheres of conscious and uncons-
ts; the highest organiza on form of knowledge that pro- cious, regardless to their func onal incompa bility.
mote a holis c view of a certain area of reality in its com-
prehensive interconnec ons. Methodology is a system of The la er requires solu on of the following
principles and methods of organiza on and construc on problems:
• to reveal the phenomenological nature of the
mental, which concerns its general func oning schemes
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as well as its individual uniqueness that finds its mani- on the horizon of their contact, and not the line of their se-
festa on in objec ve factors and in subjec vism of their para on. The en re procedure of ac ve social-psychological
display in human’s behavior; percep on is aimed at objec fica on and restora on of
damaged interconnec ons (informa on exchange) bet-
• to ground methodologically the procedure of ween substructures of the psyche that finds expression in
profound cogni on respec vely to the nature of men- subjec vism (distor on) of displaying ac vity of an indi-
tal in uniformity of its sta cs and dynamics; vidual and leads to social failures, maladapta on under
pressure of consistence of objec ve reality. Subjec vism of
• to ensure the procedure of dialogical interac- psychic image is caused by objec ve (though ideal) rea-
on between the psychologist and respondent for the lity of laws of func oning of the unconscious (i.e., other
actualiza on of the latent causes of the respondent’s sphere), which manifests itself in the invariance of psychic
behavior, which generates the impulses of spontaneous characteris cs generated by the defensive system. The lat-
ac vity, catalyzed by the inner implica ve order of ter give rise to the effect of possible predictability of beha-
mentality. viour by external observer (psychologist).
• to make methodologically-interpretational Humanis c organiza onal principles of the pro-
generaliza on of the obtained data. cess of ac ve social-psychological percep on contribute
to levelling of contextual (peripheral) forms of psycholo-
Psychodynamic paradigm aligns a en on with gical defence, opening the prospect of approaching the
the joint progress to the truth in an ac ve interac on percep on of basal forms of defence based on implied
of a psychologist with a respondent (par cipant in the core values. Given the deep self-percep on, a future
process of deep percep on of the psyche). Ethical ap- expert surveys diagnos c and correc on process in the
propriateness of percep on acquires the significance in “probabilis c forecas ng” oriented to percep on of
the context of percep on of the psyche in its integrity behavioural material logical ordering. The la er facili-
(conscious/unconscious). The purpose is defined only in tates detec on of inconsistency of energy direc on of
general, like a guide of a psychodynamic process that is the “logic of the conscious” and the “logic of the uncons-
clarified in the dynamics of seman c appropriateness cious” (“other logic”) in the ASPP process.
of the subject ac vity, progress of which becomes con-
sistent with the objec ve logic of percep on. An important step in professional development
of a future psychologist is mastering the category of
These are posi ons that underlie psychodyna- “probabilis c logic”, which includes interim true value
mic approach to the training of a psychologist, over- (the probability of the truth of statements), which is
coming a simplis c mechanis c view of the under- the base for forecas ng their further proof by empiri-
standing of the subject of psychology. Psychodynamic cal material. If the term “probability” is associated with
theory (due to posi ve results of diagnos c and cor- a par cular event, act, which finds empirical evidence,
rec on prac ces over years) evidenced that the psyche then “reliable logic” is elabora on of “induc ve logic”. In
is whole in the presence of func onal differences and this case, there is transfer from the language of forecasts
autonomy of the conscious and unconscious spheres. (under the influence of statements (behaviour) of a res-
Psychodynamic approach is based on the following: pondent) to their confirma on by revealing the ordering
a holographic structure of the unconscious (thereby (consistency) of behavioural material obtained in dialogic
“psyche knows everything” and at the same me “it interac on. The specificity of reliable logic of deep per-
does not know what it knows”); involuntary ac vity of cep on is due to the lack of capacity of complete elimi-
a subject (in which some elements of the psychic em- na on (reduc on) of the probability. In other words, a
body the essence of the whole), procedural diagnos- factor of incomplete probability is invariably present in
deep percep on, with dynamics up to clarifica on of
cs, which is the basis of deep percep on. meanings of behavioural acts, in the direc on from the
Empirical material persuades of the existence field of the significance to the uniqueness.
of internal func onal arrangement of the psychic that Researches in psychodynamic format confirm
has relevance to informa on equivalents, which com- the fact that the probabilis c logic is a kind of mul ple-
bine both spheres of the psyche. The ar cle states the valued logic that is not limited to two-valued property
con nuity of informa on exchange between subsys- (“trueor false”) only. The process of deep percep on
tems (conscious/unconscious), including the transfer takes into account the availability of symbolism and its
of ideal (spiritual) reality into materialized not only polyvaluedness. The la er implies the probability of the
into physiological (“brain”), but also into external truth through the lack of a priori certainty of content
subjec fied, visualised one, which opens perspec- (meaning) of spontaneous behaviour that can be over-
come by batch supply of informa on to a respondent
ves of deep percep on according to laws of the by a psychologist. Spontaneity of behaviour of one or
conscious to a psychologist. That is why the process another respondent is dis nguished with the frequency
of deep percep on in ASPP groups is invariably media-
ted by presenter (sculpturing, drawing, stone models,
etc.) created by its par cipants.
Deep psychologist relies on the assump on of
unity of the conscious and the unconscious, which focuses
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of manifesta ons of itera ve, invariant, repe ve beha- work arrangement in ASPP groups: acceptance of other
viour pa erns, having proximity to the concept of rela- people (and yourselves) as they are; sincerity; an analy-
sis of behaviour of other people (and self-analysis); a lack
ve frequency by its content. Researches are also direc- of cri cism (and self-cri cism); forma on of skills “to be
ted to an issue of sta cs and dynamics of organiza on in the situa on and be over it”; decentra on of a en-
of the psychical in the integrity of its func oning. In this
context, the role is played by concepts such as disposi on, on; overcoming the “tunnel vision” effect; transfor-
se ng, tendency, a dynamic stereotype that contribute to ming yourselves into a “research subject”; weakening
defining the vector of direc on of an individual’s energy, both tendencies to own “psychic impor ng” and ten-
depending on “mor do” or “libido”. dencies “towards psychological death” and so on.
So, probabilis c forecas ng underlying deep Individual personal changes: dynamics of indivi-
percep on facilitates to revealing the internal “need” dualized development is catalysed by a process of po-
that makes its way through a set of coincidences in their si ve disintegra on and secondary integra on of the
mul plicity and polyvaluedness of symbols. Specification psyche at the higher level of development, due to re-
of “need” is predetermined by logical ordering of the vealing its internal ordering detec on and resolu on of
psyche, which is narrowed by a process of interpre ng personal issues (inner contradic ons) by a future psy-
of the associa ve interconnec ons in behavioural ma- chologist, leading to harmoniza on of his/her psyche.
terial (dynamics from symbolic polyvaluedness to signi-
ficance). In such circumstances, the factor of spontaneous Personal professional changes correspond to
ac ons will be effec ve un l its underlying causes get general psychodynamic line of crea ve selec on of
revealed. Deep psychological percep on introduces working methods and tools to meet the needs of a
changes to circumstances of inner world of a future deep process of “here and now” according to the in-
psychological expert exclusively by revealing the true dividual psychical uniqueness of a par cular person.
significance of a visualized presenter (meaning), as well The ASPP process encourages the development of
as its impact on energy direc on of the psyche. The lat- empathy, sensi vity, intui on, self-analysis skills (self-
ter occurs by obtaining the reflec ve knowledge by a reflec on) and longitudinal analysis (interpreta on) of
percep on person, dispelling their own illusions gene- behaviour of other people. Development of abili es to
rated by defences and deepening the understanding of procedural psychical diagnosis in its unity with correc-
infan le determinants of personal issues (internal con-
tradic ons). All this contributes to the reconstruc on of on takes place in a future psychologist during studies.
primi ve structures of the psyche through mul plelevel Personal growth generalized indicators of fu-
expansion of a person’s self-consciousness.
ture applied psychologists as a result of ASPP groups:
Logical or induc ve probability characterizes the openness to new experiences; a en on to acts of
rela onships between a message (founda on, postulate) spontaneous behaviour of another person; prevalence
and conclusions of induc ve thinking. Unlike deduc on, of objec vity in assessing the conduct of another person
ini al induc ve posi ons do not guarantee true conclu- on projec ve-emo onal (subjec vized) assessment; so-
sions, but merely make them probabilis c, that is believ- cial ac vity, adequacy and adaptability; weakening of
able. Under such circumstances, the probability expres- stereotypes and automa on of behaviour; reduc on
ses not so much a degree of subjec vity, as reveals a in depressive and regressive tendencies of behaviour;
“reasonable belief” predictability of a desired result. ability to reveal their own construc ve poten al, which
implies reducing the mor do (destruc ve) energy and
Ac vity of the ASPP team leader is based on expanding the crea vity horizons in the form of pro-
probabilis c assump ons of logical ordering of beha- fessional self-realiza on, etc.
vioural material, and ra onal-logical interpreta ons of
diagnos c and correc on process relate to an analysis The main advantage of psychodynamic approach
of features of percep on of spontaneous (“subjec ve”) to revealing the theore cal and methodological and me-
person’s ac vity. The ability to prevent algorithmiza on thodical founda ons of deep percep on of the psyche by
of acts of a deep correc on process leader is an inte- a future expert is his/her focus on universal laws of nature
gral part of both a general methodical strategy of the of the psychical that allows him/her to find methodologi-
ASPP method and its par al methodologies, which are cal support in understanding of general and individualized
adjusted to current diagnos c and correc on issues in aspects of the psyche. Own internal mo va on of a future
the “here and now” situa on. The la er corresponds psychological for self-percep on (as well as the choice of
to theore cal and methodological founda ons of deep profession), which is a powerful catalyst for op miza on
percep on as well as a psychodynamic model of op - of his/her personal characteris cs, is important.
mal diagnos c and correc on, analy cal and dialogue
work of a psychologist with a respondent. Researches convince of the need to ensure a ho-
lis c approach to improvement of the training of applied
General personal changes in a future psycho- psychologists. The psychodynamic theory integrates seam-
logist have been already set by group principles of lessly into the general training programme for psycholo-
gists, expands the horizons of personal growth, develop-
ment of reflec ve intelligence and sensi vity of a future
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expert. All this greatly complements a format of academic principle has been introduced by N. Bohr (Bohr, Tamm,
training of psychologists in its orienta on to mastering Fock, Kuznetsov, 1971) in quantum physics with the aim
the standard knowledge. Moreover, the passage of deep of percep on of quantum and Newtonian circumstan-
correc on catalyses personal changes towards the har- ces of the world in their unity, A.E. Sherozia notes: “...in
moniza on of the psyche structure, development of those some way, the complementarity principle connects two
characteris cs of a person that are desirable for the forma- large and equally fundamental sciences of the world:
physics as a science of physical (trans-psychic) reality
on of professional excellence and ensuring the effec ve- (broadly defined) and psychology as a science of psy-
ness of psychological counselling. chic reality (similar broadly defined), linking them so
that one and another sciences complement each other
Progressive philosophic views, which imply the re- in a holis c scien fic picture of the world” (Bassin, Pran-
sults of various sciences, help in the study of professional gishvili, Sherozia, 1978). N. Bohr clearly pointed to “the
and personal issues in the training of future psychologists. need to replace the classical ideal of causality to the
The psychodynamic approach, which has been developed complementarity principle (simplified – complementa-
over past thirty-five years, has influenced the content of rity)” (Bohr, Tamm, Fock, Kuznetsov, 1971).
psychologists’ training at universi es and the Psychologi-
cal Service of Ukraine. However, methods, which take into Said above principle relates to those objects
account possibili es of percep on of the psychic in its in- which exhibit asymmetry of func ons. In the case of the
tegrity on the basis of reflexive knowledge, have been s ll psychic, such asymmetry is func onally inherent to the
not enough implemented in the training process. spheres of the conscious and the unconscious, making
the rec linear determinacy percep on of connec ons
The main task of the percep on theory is between them impossible. Connec on is done through
connected to revealing the dynamics of this process. certain informa on equivalents (in the noncompliance
Psychodynamic paradigm has gained demarca on of of func ons and direc on of energy poten al). So, com-
academic and experimental psychology. We associate plementarity concerns establishment of connections
ourselves with K. Lewin, who noted that “experimen- between the sphere of the conscious and the other
tal psychology generates semi-pa ern” (Lewin, 2001). sphere (the unconscious). More accurately, we are re-
By perceiving the sphere of the conscious only, the ferring to certain logical compa bility, balance. Infor-
person’s inner world will be perceived and studied ma on equivalents connect contradictory aspects (the
only halfway, thus, academic search for the truth of conscious-unconscious) of the same reality – the psy-
revealing the nature of the psyche within classical de- chic. Therefore, “psychology, just like quantum physics,
terminism does not provide an adequate solu on to should use the complementarity principle as a method
the issue of percep on of the psychic. of reproduc on and percep on of the integral psyche”
(Bassin, Prangishvili, Sherozia, 1978).
Determinism (from La n determine – I define)
is a philosophical doctrine of objec ve, logical inter- Due to the fact that the unconscious represents
connec on and interdependence of phenomena of the the “objec ve reality” (due to its unconsciousness, and
material and the spiritual world. The essen al feature therefore no interven on of the conscious) it could be
of determinism is causality that determines connec- perceived as reality in general through the conscious.
S. Freud pointed out that “all our knowledge is always
ons between phenomena where the cause (under connected with the conscious: we can even perceive the
sufficiently certain condi ons) with the need creates unconscious only by its transforma on into the cons-
another phenomenon like a er-effect. Of course, there cious” (Freud, 1990). The unanimous opinion is that the
is no phenomenon beyond causality. At the same me, unconscious in its directly unobservable form is not sub-
the psychic cannot be a ributed to one-causal phe- ject to rec linear consciousness (percep on). However,
nomena. Considering the methodological posi ons of just as direct access is closed for the consciousness to the
professional training of a psychologist, we should note other sphere, so vice versa the unconscious cannot be
that percep on subject is the holis c psyche in its cons- rec linearly explicated, and this encourages looking for
cious and unconscious aspects. With this in mind, we a third way associated with the media on, which creates
cannot perceive the psychic in its integrity with a limi- visualiza on of the psyche, and dialogic interac on with
ted focus on percep on cause-and-effect aspects of the a respondent. The la er corresponds to the guidelines
conscious, where the unconscious can be never directly of S. Freud: “... in order to bring the unconscious to the
represented. Famous Georgian scholar A.E. Sherozia in- conscious, you need to create mediated chains first. In-
dicates: “... from the very beginning of its development ternal processes become percep ons through the verbal
psychology let us know that it is incapable to reproduce media on” (Freud, 1990).
a holis c picture of the psyche, relying on one Galilean
principle only” (Bassin, Prangishvili, Sherozia, 1978). We The above material shows that the training of fu-
hold to the posi on that, like quantum physics, we need ture psychologists requires a en on to the methodology
to introduce a complementarity principle into the re- of percep on of the psyche in its integrity (conscious/
search space for percep on and adequate understanding
of the psychic. Given the fact that the complementarity
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unconscious). The research proves that percep on of of the psychic, which is in synthesis with archetypal
the unconscious cannot be achieved without a en on essence of the psychic; diagnos c capacity of questions
to dynamic and structural aspects of the psychic (super- (in terms of compliance with the internal ordering)
ego, I and It). A process of repression plays an important generated an impulse in a person, a flow of energy
part in the forma on of psychic substructures. However, that manifests itself in a person’s mo va on to both
the unconscious not only consists of the repression pro- self-percep on and the ac vity as a whole.
cesses, but it is just repressed itself that turns it into the
unperceived and gains dynamics during calling its like. Summarizing, we would like to note that dialo-
In percep on of integrity of the psyche, we believe that gic interac on of a psychologist with respondent gains
our knowledge is constantly connected to the conscious media- on between two spheres of the psychic given
that is why we can perceive the unconscious only by one its consistency with the internal ordering of the psyche.
way, which is turning it into the conscious. The central A dialogue, following the phenomenon of the psychic
methodological posi on lies in this moment and requi- (spontaneous ac vity of a respondent) has no direct re-
res methodical and instrumental art of deep percep on la onship to one or to another spheres of the psyche, it
related to the objec fica on of informa on equivalents. is focused on the horizon of their contact. Work is car-
The la er means the presence of something third (i.e. ried out not with individual components of the psyche,
amediator) between the spheres of the “conscious / but with a person, the ac vity of whom is caused by mo-
unconscious”. A remark by Freud of a way of psychoana-
ly c percep on “through a combina on of relevant verbal va on and self-improvement. A dialogue is not aimed
representations” (Freud, 1990) is important. With this in at establishing the personal rela onships, but at the in-
mind, a visualized presenter gains a media on func on forma on exchange, all of which contribute to the inter-
only through its “revitaliza on” in dialogic interac on of preta on and objec fica on of informa on equivalents
a psychologist with a respondent. poten ally relevant to the psychic in its integrity.
S. Freud stressed the importance of actualiza- Psychodynamic paradigm empirically confirms
on of “visual intelligence”, especially in the prac ce of the fact of holis c essence of the psychic (ideal) and
psychoanalysis of dreams. In this case, rela onships bet- its ability of presenta on in observed (visualized) pre-
ween images, which require percep on, are le beyond senters, undergoing their conscious compre-hension.
visual intelligence. Given the figura veness of language Informa on equivalents combine the conscious and
of the unconscious imagery, the ability of symbols to em- the unconscious, which is not within eyeshot in itself.
body the more synthesized content of the other (uncons- This is because of the following: a) the unconscious ne-
cious) becomes understandable, and this involves their ver objec fies its content rec linearly; b) a presenter
research purposiveness of using the visualized material of the “other” (ideal) in objec fied, sta c form cannot
(toys, stone models, drawings, sculpturing, etc.) in deep convey the meaning of a living instance with emo ve
percep on. However, visual images are not enough for poten al. Such specific format view of deep perception
percep on of the unconscious, it is necessary to iden- is stated by a classic thesis: “any knowledge comes
fy interconnec ons between symbols in their manyva- from external percep on”, which has been taken as
luedness and verbal aspects of thinking. It is a moment a basis for behavioural direc on. Everything from the
that is considered when a psychologist gives an impulse outside has a prospect to gain a note of the truth.
(s mulus) of visualiza on, self-introduc on of a person,
providing the next step, which is dialogic interac on with Pre y o en, adequate percep on of the psy-
a respondent. Our prac ce over many years has proved chic in its integrity is limited by an academic approach,
the possibility and uncondi onal effec veness of intro- in par cular, the desire of mathema cal evidence of
duc on of media ons in the study of latent aspects of phenomena. Hegel pointed to the one-sidedness of
the psychic and its study in the “observable plane”. this approach: “Mathema za on gives the ma er only
the proper es of space- me” (quote from Prigogine,
So here are the conclusions: deep perception Danilova, Archinov, Klimontovich, Sachkov, 2005). Con-
should have a mediated nature; visualiza on of pri- clusion: mathema za on pushes into the darkness the
mary “media on” is desirable; materialized fixa on of percep on of the other, meless and spaceless sphere,
a “mediator”serves as an objec ve benchmark of per- which is the unconscious. ASPP dialogue-based deep
cep on; secondary media on requires “revitaliza on” percep on takes into account con nuum of manifesta-
of self-presenter in the dialogic interac on (psycholo-
gist respondent); a process of dialogic interac on is on of internal system organiza on of the psychic which
carried out in a step-by-step, mul level manner, with is possible in the event of dialogue following a “respon-
adherence to the rules of posi ve disintegra on of the dent”, seman cs of his/her language symbolism. By the
psychic and its integra on at the higher level (through way, I. Kant condemned that science which does not
par al disintegra on and integra on); psychologist’s enter into a dialogue with nature, and imposes its lan-
ques ons are oriented to the internal implied ordering guage to the la er. In produc ve dialogic interac on, a
single act of behaviour (ques on-answer), with a code
already present, becomes important, given the holo-
graphic essence of the other (unconscious) sphere – the
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par al, single “speaks” about the characteris cs of the Energy activity of the sphere of the uncons-
whole, that is available for percep on in ASPP groups. cious, manifesta on of which is possible in minimizing
(levelling) the external s muli of the ASPP par cipants’
It is interes ng that S. Freud has also used the ac vi es in the situa on of “here and now”;
“other” term compared with the conscious, indica ng
that it integrates repression (Freud, 1990). We find Archetypal psychic capacity to self-objec fica on
the common in the understanding of the media on (sculpturing, drawings, etc.), with recoding the latent
issue that cannot directly touch the Id (as a reservoir meanings into visualized form;
of ener-gy of ins ncts), it is inaccessible to verbal s -
mula on. Verbum may correlate only with that sphere Media on “mission” of a visualized presenter
that was formed as a result of unrealized Id ins ncts between the external and internal aspects of the psy-
through the ac on of the Superego censorship. This is chic (conscious/unconscious);
one aspect of the forma on of the preconsciousness,
which is in the field of our research a en on. Nature of dialogic interac on of a psychologist
with a respondent that promotes emo onal “revitali-
Against the background of transparency of the za on” of a presenter as a prerequisite for its transfor-
abovemen oned thoughts that unite us with psychoana- ma on into a mediator;
lysis, there is a problem le in the dark: what exactly as-
pects of the unconscious will be dri ed “at the surface” Need to focus on the significance of the events
in case of a spontaneous behaviour of a respondent? experienced by a respondent shown in trace effects
that define the impulse of responses of a respondent
Let us try to explain. Experiences (feelings) faci- to ques on of a psychologist;
li-tate the transi on of the internal into the external. The
sa sfac on – dissa sfac on series serves as an energy Differences between two aspects of psychic rea-
s mulus. Experiences that appropriate to the sa sfac on lity (conscious/unconscious): their autonomy and inexi-
principle lead to relaxa on, while dissa sfac on retains stence apart from each other;
the poten al of mo va on for ac vity. Conven onally,
sa sfac on can be designated as reduced energy, dissa- Need for probabilis c forecas ng based on pro-
bability of interconnec ons, mutual transi ons from
sfac on as increased energy, “begging” to the imple- the energy (unconscious) sphere into the seman cally
menta on in ac on. It is not for nothing S. Freud said that understandable as a result of interpreta on (explana-
“we draw energy for crea vity in unsa sfied needs”.
on);
Id foci repressed through the synthesis and in- Informa on privacy of presenters, which s pu-
tegra on with the priority of emo ve trace dominan-
ce, influence the forma on of such a phenomenon lates the need for their decoding in dialogic interac on
as “beyond the experien al”, which explains the pre- of a psychologist with a respondent.
serva on of energy poten al of person’s unsa sfied
needs. Therefore, the objec fica on of the uncons- Research perspec ves are seen by us in the more
cious in deep percep on is accompanied by revitaliza- func onally capacious and reliable detec on of the “in-
forma on equivalents” category as a form of informa on
on of nega ve and some mes drama c trace effects “merging” of two spheres of the integral psychic.
that find their symbolic and figura ve expression in
the process of crea ng the visualized presenters (dra- References:
wings, stones models, sculpturing). Bohr, N. (1971). Prichinnost i dopolnitelnost [Causa-
The psychodynamic approach, poin ng to in- lity and Complementarity]. Izbrannyye nauchnyye
tegrity of the psychic, is far from percep on thereof Trudy. E.I. Tamm, V.A. Fock, B.G. Kuznetsov (Eds.).
as “addi ve sum”. We are dealing with holographic (Vols.1-2; Vol. 2). Moscow: Nauka, pp. 204-212.
integrity, and this is true integrity, which does not oc- Freud, S. (1990). Ya i Ono [I and It]. Мoscow: Mo em.
cur by means of “arithme c” – a sum of its parts, and Lewin, K. (2001). Teoriya polya v sotsialnykh naukakh
provides high-quality, system integra on thereof. The [Field Theory in Social Science]. Dinamicheskaya
unconscious can only be included in dynamicintegrity, psikhologiya: Izbrannyye Trudy. D.A. Leon ev,
which is reflected in each par al manifesta on. Deep E.Yu. Pa aeva (Eds.). Мoscow: Smysl, pp. 251-270.
percep on is aimed at revealing the meanings of the- Prigogine, I., Stengers, I. (2005). Poryadok iz khaosa.
se “manifesta ons” by their deployment in the tem- Novyy dialog cheloveka s prirodoy [Order out of
poral ( me) characteris cs. Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature]. V.I. Archi-
nov, Y.L Klimontovich, Y.V. Sachkov (Eds.). (Y.A. Dani-
Conclusions lova Trans). Мoscow: KomKniga.
Deep percep on requires the considera on of Sherozia, A.E. (1978). Dialec cs, Complementarity
the following: Principle and Psychological Integrity Percep on Pro-
Specificity of func onal interconnec ons in blem: to Non-classically Oriented Strategy of Scien-
the integral psyche (conscious/unconscious);
fic Experiment in Psychology. Bessoznatelnoye:
priroda, funktsiya, metody issledovaniya. F.V. Bassin,
A.S. Prangishvili, A.E. Sherozia (Eds.). (Vols. 1-4; Vol.
3). Tbilisi: Metsniereba, pp. 751-788.
74
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
THEY ARE YOUR TALENTS, UKRAINE
ARTIST FLORIST TETIANA BERDNYK later, she was happy to see that her gi was s ll hanging
on the wall, therefore her friends liked it. Then there was
Then summer comes to life on the wall the fateful mee ng with the master of folk art Nina Fedo-
When a person comes into this world, one is al- rivna Minchenko. She opened to Te ana the wonderful
ready encoded to live in harmony with nature. The plants world of pressed floristry, taught her the “language” of
that surround him become an integral part of his life. For flowers. To the opinion of the ar st, the floristry is the
Ukrainians as a crea ve na on the flora world has always peak of popularity now more than ever. Flowers have al-
been of an excep onal value – it was glorified in songs, ways been a powerful source of natural energy. That is
depicted in pain ngs, reproduced in embroidery and why they are especially a rac ve to us. The crisis of tech-
weaving. While communica ng with other na ons there nological civiliza on that takes place before our eyes, the
was an exchange on the spiritual level: the experience of catastrophic destruc on of the biosphere require imme-
rendering feelings and emo ons in art adopted. Appa- diate greening of our consciousness, and this is impos-
rently, this way the ancient art of pain ng without paints sible without the greening of art. As none of any ac vi es
and brushes se led down and developed in Ukraine, but pressed flower cra helps us, urbanized people, to get a
only with the help of dried plants. It called “pressed flo- li le away from the stress, me trouble, delusions. This is
wer cra ” and came to us from the Far East. It is about a kind of medita on.
collec ng and drying flowers, herbs, leaves, bark under
pressure and pas ng them on a basis. The author creates “Working with plants is a con nuous pleasure”,
a flat image – ornaments, landscapes, s ll-lives, portraits says the ar st. “All the feelings are recalled in memory
and narra ve pain ngs. that overwhelmed me during collec ng “real colors”.
I take not just a petal from the book, but the memory
of the place where I found it. This art indeed borders on
witchcra as the ability to see with “the third eye” deve-
lops: this is the bush the leave of which were gnawed by
a pest. But this is what you need for the next landscape –
what a wonderful crown of trees can be made out of it!
And with this red hibiscus petals I can make a charming
dress of a roman c lady.
We are all from childhood
“The ecological niche of our spirituality is our
childhood”, is convinced Te ana. She seeks the origins
of her passion in her childhood. Her father, known in his
Floral soul
Her collec on includes over a thousand plants
dried under pressure of Ukrainian and world flora –
leaves, stalks, petals... Not all of their botanical names
are known to her, but she knows what each of them can,
what image is hidden in each petal, bending of a stalk,
form of a leaf. It is important in pressed flower cra to
listen and to understand the language of flowers. For al-
ready more than 18 years, the heart of Te ana Berdnyk,
known in Ukraine and abroad as an ar st-florist, belongs
to this amazing art. Everything started with the desire to
impress friends. She started doing post cards, li le pic-
tures from dry petals. When she came on a visit a year
75
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
me as a songwriter and journalist Ilia Berdnykov, o en Since 2003 Te ana Berdnyk teaches an author’s master
took the girl with him in the country, taught her to see class. She has prepared over 200 grateful students. Te a-
an animal in a cloud over the head, a bird in a piece of na is a volunteer at children’s Cardiac Surgery Center of
pine bark. Te ana’s childhood passed among the green the hospital OKHMATDYT where she monthly conducts
of Batyi mountain, in this “lost paradise in the big city”, art therapy classes with ill children and their parents.
among fragrant roses, jasmine and dogroses, a small Handmade with natural material soothes psychologically
orchard planted by her father near a normal 9-storey and this was proven by specialists-doctors. S mula on of
house. The Berdnyks never had co ages, cars ... But they nerve endings on finger ps responds as posi ve emotions
had the opportunity to walk quietly through the woods, in the human brain.
listen, enjoy, lie in the grass and watch the sky pain ng its
plots with clouds ... “Indeed, the floristry is able to heal!” says one of
the visitors of the master class. “Within 15-20 minutes
Today Te ana is a recognized master of applied of such work fa gue, nervousness goes away, head beco-
arts, organizer and par cipant of numerous exhibi ons. mes free from oppressive thoughts”.
She willingly shares her achievements with all who care
about the world of pressed floristry. So in 2003, along Experience has shown that pressed flower cra
with associates, she founded a unique crea ve associa- improves psycho-soma c condi on of a child in the
pre- and post-opera ve period. A child receives posi ve
on “Pale e Flora” which includes today more than 15 feelings during work forge ng about his/her illness, and
ar sts of the pressed flower cra from all over Ukraine. during the recovery period he/she is tuning into con -
In the flower miniatures of Iryna Blazhchuk we can nuing occupa on with pressed flower cra .
“hear” the whisper of the grasses in the variegated field.
Lyubov Silchenkova combines in her pain ngs thousands – “We conduct educa onal and volunteer ac -
of shades of leaves of various trees. And Valen na Prots- vi es: master classes, presenta ons, classes at schools
ko uses in her graphic pieces of work only one material – a and with sick children in hospitals, wounded warriors
net of physalis. Black and white portraits and landscapes of ATO in hospitals. Pressed flower cra filled our lives
from poplar down of Te ana Mykhailychenko from Sumy with new, bright light which we are trying to carry to
are unique. Equally fascina ng are mosaic pictures of dif- the souls of other people”, says Te ana. “We are open
ferent breeds of grain by the ar st Petro Kozlovskyi from for coopera on and ready to replenish our ranks with
Odesa. The iconostasis of a local church is decorated with
his floral icons. Every year the pieces of art of local ar-
sts are exhibited in the best halls and galleries of Kyiv –
Culture Fund of Ukraine, the House of Scien sts, the Kyiv
City house of nature, palace “Ukraine”, Verkhovna Rada,
the galleries “Lavra”, “Ar st”, “Chocolate house”, “ Inte-
rior”, in the galleries of the Kiev Polytechnic Ins tute, of
the University Shevchenko, in the office of the United Na-
ons in Ukraine, in the Russian Cultural Centre. “Pale e
Flora” par cipated in crea ve fes val in the city of Iuzh-
nyi, Odessa region, the city of Kaleliia in Spain. In 2011,
there was a personal exhibi on of Te ana Berdnyk in
the city of Brovary. And in May 2012, Te ana’s work won
the first place in the Na onal Compe on of exhibi ons
“Formula of hand”. Many of her pain ngs are kept in
private collec ons in Canada, USA, Europe, Japan, France
and Russia. Te ana is a member of the Union of Journa-
lists, the Union of Ar sts of Ukraine, an ac ve promoter
of floral art. She is a welcome guest on television and
radio on major na onal television and radio channels.
Te ana is the author and heroine in the ar cles in po-
pular printed media: magazines “Eve”, “Pleasant garden”,
“Flowershow”, “Burda-Ukraine”, “Flowers of Ukraine”,
“Polina”, “Power of money”, “Status”, “Cosmo”, news-
papers “Segodnia”, “VV”, “Kiev’s Newspaper” and others.
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American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
new talented ar sts-florists. My book-guide “Ukrainian creative ideas – garden, meadow, forest, mountain, ho-
pressed flower cra – living pictures” is ready to be me, water plants are at our service! Pressed flower cra ,
printed. It could be a wonderful gi for school libraries, unlike ikebana, is kept for decades. Such pieces of work
a good adviser for teachers and kindergarten teachers. do not require special care, have an extremely wide
There remains a “small thing” – to print it in full color. range of applica on in the arrangement of objects and
But without the help of sponsors, unfortunately, it is im- interiors. A master of pressed flower cra uses only ma-
possible now…” nual labor that will be never and under no circumstan-
ces transferred to an industrial basis. This is a merger of
The voice of Motherland cra and high art that requires special life philosophy
Thanks to our unique nature, colorful flora and from a person. From this comes venera on and high
unique, talented masters the Ukrainian pressed flower commercial price for such pieces of art which is an im-
cra has its own special, unique style with a touch of portant part of success of a master.
nostalgia in their na onal coloring. Emigrants o en
take these “live” pictures overseas. They say there is So, my friends, never hesitate about whether
nothing that touches the hearts in a foreign land as a you have me for this ac vity! No ma er where the
sprig of na ve heather or lilies, because if you let free- fate brings you – either to your home country, or the
dom to your bird-fantasy the frame disappears and exo c islands – just take with yourself a few old books.
homeland nature takes you into the warm summer By the way, Ukraine is the richest land on the variety of
embrace. But the masters s ll find most of supporters flora. In the mountains, steppes and fields, and even in
in Ukraine. Kiev you can find everything you need for floral pain-
This is not surprising, because the themes and
plots of pain ngs are very close to each Ukrainian – ng. You got a bouquet as a gi ? Do not wait un l it
the village where barefoot childhood passed, flower withers! Give the plant a second life as pressed flower
meadows, spreading oaks over ravines, boats, small cra , and at the same me you will fill your own life
houses, Carpathian Mountains, floral ornaments with a new content!”
made in an unusual “plant” technology – exactly this
touches the soul, causing a range of emo ons – from Copyright master classes, presenta ons, exhibi ons:
crazy joy to light sadness. Maybe because of the fact
that masters genuinely fill their pieces of art with a floris ka.org.ua
sense of happiness and love, many people visit the
ar st’s exhibi ons. The popularity of pressed flower
cra is gaining momentum every year. Both professio-
nal arrangers and ordinary plant lovers take an interest
in it. Why? It is not sufficient to explain this is only due
to fashion.
“What concerns me”, says Ta ana Berdnik, “pre-
ssed flower cra is one of the most democratic forms of
art! It does not require significant material costs, it is
available at any age, has infinite plant base for unique
77
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
The famine-genocide of Ukraine, 1932-1933 www . holodomorct . org 1932 1933
In June of 1933, at the height of the Holodomor, Голод-геноцид України, 1932-1933
28,000 men, women and children were dying each day in
Ukraine. The land known worldwide as the breadbasket У червні 1933 року, в розпал Голодомору, 28.000 чо-
of Europe was being ravaged by a man-made famine of ловіків, жінок і дітей в Україні вмирали щодня. Земля, ві-
unprecedented scale. дома в усьому світі як житниця Європи, була розорена
рукотворним голодом безпрецедентного масштабу.
Stalin and his hangmen engineered it to teach
Ukraine’s independent farmers “a lesson they would Голод був спланований і здійснений Сталіним і його
not forget” for resisting the collectivization, which катами як покарання незалежних селян України, як “урок,
meant giving up their land and livestock to the state який вони не забудуть” – за опір колективізації, яка озна-
(most of Ukraine was already under Soviet domina on). чала для селян втрату власної землі і худоби. (В той час
Україна знаходилась під радянським пануванням).
Moreover, it was meant to strike “a crushing blow” to
any na onal aspira ons of the Ukrainian people, 80 per- Крім того, кара голодом мало нанести “нищівний
cent of who were peasant farmers. удар” будь-яким національним прагненням українського
народу, 80 відсотків якого складали селяни.
While millions of men, women and children in
Ukraine and in the mostly ethnically Ukrainian areas of the У той час, коли мільйони чоловіків, жінок і дітей в
northern Caucasus, Volga region and Far East were dying, Україні і в основному етнічно українських районах Північ-
the Soviets denied the famine and con nued to confiscate ного Кавказу вмирали від голоду, Радянський Союз запе-
from Ukrainians the amount of grain sufficient to feed the речував голод і експортував стільки зерна з України, що
en re popula on of USSR. ним можна було б нагодувати все населення країни.
The purpose of this page is to serve as a portal to the Мета цієї сторінки – служити порталом для ви-
informa on about the Holodomor: this is a tragic story, and світлення інформації про Голодомор: донести до
it’s important for today’s world. світової громадськості правду про цю трагічну іс-
торію. Тільки тоді, коли ми осягнемо, як, за яких
Only understanding the genocides of the past we can обставин і з яких причин міг відбутися геноцид у
hope to prevent the future ones. минулому, ми можемо сподіватися, що зуміємо
запобігти аналогічним жахіттям у майбутньому.
In memory of Holodomor victims (Gorodishe Cherkassy region, Ukraine)
78
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
Lupashco Yuhim, Lupashco Luba and Лупашко Юхима, Лупашко Любу і їхніх
their two teenage daughterswere killed by famine двох неповнолітніх доньок вбив голодомор
Unfortunately, the tragedy of Lupashco’s family На жаль, трагедія родини Лупашко
is not inscribed in the Book of Memory... в Книгу пам’яті не вписана...
My father, Lupashco Ivan Y., was born in April 1918 in Мій батько, Лупашко Іван Юхимович, народився в квіт-
the village of Mliev Gorodishchensky district of Cherkasy ні 1918 року в селі Мліїв Городищенського району Черкаської
region. області.
Family of my father was big: father – Yuhim Lupashco, Сім’я у тата була велика: батько – Лупашко Юхим,
mother – Lupashco Luba, and five children – four sisters and one мати – Лупашко Люба, п’ятеро дітей – чотири сестри і
brother, my father, Ivan. брат, мій батько Іван.
The most tragic events of his life my father considered Найбільш трагічними подіями свого життя батько
the death of his rela ves of hunger in the spring of 1933. вважав загибель рідних від голоду навесні 1933 року.
Although father was a secret-service agent of the war 1941 – Хоча батько пройшов розвідником всю війну з 1941 по
1945, and was always in the thick of the military events. He 1945 рік і завжди був у гущі військових подій. Він брав
par cipated in the crossing of the Dnieper, he liberated Berlin участь у переправі через Дніпро, визволяв Берлін і Прагу,
and Prague, has three military orders: two Orders of the Red мав три бойових ордени: два ордени Червоної Зірки і
Star and the Order of Alexander Nevsky: several combat medals, орден Олександра Невського; кілька бойових медалей,
including “For courage” and, of course, he had seen many в тому числі “За відвагу”, і, звичайно, він бачив багато
human tragedies and deaths. But he always said that the most людських трагедій і смертей. Але він завжди говорив, що
tragic memory of his life was a famine of 1932-33 and that найтрагічнішим спогадом його життя залишився голод
he had always before his eyes the picture of starving family: 1932-33 років і що у нього завжди перед очима картини
father – Yuhim Lupashco, mother – Lupashco Luba, and two вмираючих від голоду рідних: батька – Лупашко Юхима,
younger sisters. I remember these moments, when my father, мами – Лупашко Люби, і двох молодших сестричок. Я
holding his head in his hands, remembered the Famine. He said пам’ятаю ці моменти, коли батько, обхопивши голову
that even when he was adult he saw his mother in his dreams руками, згадував Голодомор. Говорив, що йому і в дорослому
many mes. With pain in his voice he spoke bi erly about one віці не раз снилася мати. З болем і гіркотою розказував
of the younger sisters: “How terribly Stepanida was dying!”. She про одну з молодших сестричок: “Як страшно помирала
was 12 years old at that me, she was swollen from hunger, Степанида!”. Їй тоді було 12 років, вона опухла від голоду,
dying in front of him slowly and painfully. The horror pictures of вмирала у нього на очах повільно і важко. Весь жах картини
her agonizing death, he could not forget for the rest of his life. її болісної смерті він не міг забути до кінця свого життя.
My father, Ivan Lupashco, was 14 years old. Realizing Батькові, Івану Лупашко, тоді було 14 років. Розуміючи,
that he will have the same end as his sisters, he secretly le the що його чекає такий же кінець, як і сестер, він вночі потайки
village at night, and went to Donbass. It was rumored that those пішов з села на Донбас. Ходили чутки, що тим, хто працював
who worked in the mine, were given daily food. Father crept в шахті, щодня давали їжу. Батько ночами пробирався через
through the cordons and forest to Donbass at nights. There, a кордони і ліс на Донбас. Там, підлітком, він влаштувався
teenager, he found work in the mine, pushing trolleys loaded працювати у шахті, штовхав вагонетки з вугіллям, за що
with coal, and for that work he could eat. His two older sisters, міг прогодуватися. Вижили і дві його старші сестри Ольга
Olga and Anna, also survived, they were adult at that me, and, і Анна, вони були на той час дорослі, і, Божою милістю,
the grace of God, remained alive. But many, many people died залишилися живі. Але багато, дуже багато людей померли
of hunger in that terrible me. Un l now people show the place від голоду в ті страшні часи. До цього часу у Млієві, в центрі
in Mlieve, in the village center, where was the hut of people who села, показують місце, де стояла хата людей, які в 33-му
cooked and ate one of their children in 1933. зварили і з’їли одного зі своїх дітей.
Unfortunately, the tragedy of Lupashco’s family is not На жаль, в Книгу пам’яті трагедія родини Лупашко
inscribed in the Book of Memory, because at the me of the не вписана, тому що на момент цього перепису будинок
census the house burned down and there was no one of their згорів, і не залишилося нікого зі знайомих, які могли б
acquaintances, who could tell the story of our family. And there розповісти історію нашої родини. І таких сімей в Млієві
were many such families in Mliev. немало.
My mother, Lupashco Helena, nee Krischuk, lived in Мама моя, Лупашко Олена Іванівна, в дівоцтві Крищук,
1933 in the town Berdichev of Zhytomyr region. She was 9 жила в 1933-му році в м. Бердичів Житомирської області.
years old and her sister Eugenie – 20 years. Grandfather’s Їй тоді було 9 років, а її сестрі Євгенії – 20 років. Від голоду
work saved my mother’s family from hunger – he sewed and сім’ю мами рятувала дідусева робота – він шив і ремон-
repaired shoes, although earnings were meager – people could тував взуття, хоча заробітки були мізерні – у людей не було
not pay. The family survived thanks to the fact that during this чим платити. Вижили завдяки тому, що здавали в торгсин
золоті речі – обручки, сережки, які були у бабусі, а за це їм
me they sold their gold items – grandmother’s rings, earrings, давали невеличкі жмені борошна, крупи або трохи хліба.
and for this they were given some flour, cereals or some bread.
Report of Lupashco Larisa Ivanovna, Cherkassy Повідомлення Лупашко Лариси Іванівни, м. Черкаси
(Address and biographical data concerning the witnesses (Адреса та біографічні дані свідків
are kept in the archive of editorial office) зберігаються в архіві редакції)
79
ISSN 2474-9397 American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1)
CHARITY
Mikhail Shik and Bella Beletsky-Shik
Donated equipment and toiletries for the disabled
and bedridden patients in excess of 1,000 dollars.
Donations were given to
Cherkassy
Geriatric pension
and
Central City Hospital №1
in Zhytomyr
Dear Mr. Shik
and Mrs. Beletsky-Shik,
your donations help frail due to age and
illness people feel your care and attention.
Thank you for your ability to empathize
and desire to support those in need.
We appeal to all not indifferent hearts!
Let’s help disabled in Ukraine. Please participate
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80
American Journal of Fundamental, Applied & Experimental Research, 2016 / 1 (1) ISSN 2474-9397
Dear Colleagues! Вельмишановні колеги!
Serial interdisciplinary periodical “American Journal of Fundamental, Ap- Багатосерійне міждисциплінарне періодичне видання “Американський жур-
plied and Experimental Research” / “Американський журнал фундаментальних, нал фундаментальних, прикладних і експериментальних досліджень” / “American
прикладних і експериментальних досліджень” invites for publica on of works Journal of Fundamental, Applied and Experimental Research” запрошує до публікації
scien sts who have scien fic and academic degrees, degree applicants and stu- праць вчених, які мають наукові та академічні ступені, здобувачів наукових ступенів, а
dents, whose scien fic achievements are approved by academic councils/faculty також студентів, наукові здобутки яких схвалені вченими радами / радами факультетів
councils of higher educa on ins tu ons and have the appropriate exper se. вищих навчальних закладів та підтверджені відповідними експертними оцінками.
The magazine was founded in the USA for the realiza on of goals and ob- Журнал заснований у США для реалізації мети і завдань організації ”Ukraine
jec ves of the organiza on “Ukraine and Ukrainians Abroad” and designed to and Ukrainians Abroad” і призначений для ознайомлення світової наукової громад-
guide the global scien fic community with fundamental and prac cally signifi- ськості з фундаментальними і практично значимими напрацюваннями фахівців,
cant achievements of professionals who are interested in theore cal and applied які цікавляться теоретичними та прикладними проблемами з наступних наукових
problems of the following research areas: напрямків:
Biological Sciences, Cross-Sectoral Research, Cultural Studies, Economic Sciences, Біологічні науки, економічні науки, історичні науки, культурологія,
Governance, Historical Sciences, Jurisprudence, Medical Sciences, Pedagogical медичні науки, міжгалузеві дослідження, педагогічні науки, політичні нау-
Sciences, Philological Sciences, Philosophical Sciences, Poli cal Sciences, Psycho- ки, психологічні науки, соціальні зв’язки, соціальні науки, управління, фізико-
logical Sciences, Social Communica on, Social Sciences. математичні науки, філологічні науки, філософські науки, юриспруденція.
Editorial Board is presented by scien sts who have scien fic degrees and Редакційна рада представлена вченими, які мають наукові ступені та
tles in Austria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Poland, USA and Ukraine. звання у США, Україні, Австралії, Австрії, Азербайджані, Грузії, Ізраїлі, Польщі.
The manuscripts to the journal are accepted in English, and if the author Рукописи до журналу приймаються англійською мовою і, за бажанням
wants, the ar cle can be duplicated in Ukrainian in the electronic version of the автора, стаття може бути продубльована українською мовою (у такому випад-
journal (in such case author should send two manuscripts: in English and Ukrainian). ку автор надсилає два рукописи: англійською та українською мовами).
The quality of scien fic material and its presenta on should meet modern Якість наукового матеріалу та його подання мають відповідати сучасним
interna onal standards. Ar cles are thoroughly checked for plagiarism. Editorial міжнародним вимогам. Статті ретельно перевіряються на плагіат. Редакція прий-
Board takes ar cles fully prepared for publica on and submi ed electronically. має статті, повністю підготовлені до друку і подані в електронному варіанті.
The author is responsible for the accuracy of informa on, relevance of links Автор несе відповідальність за точність надання інформації, відповідність
in the text, adherence to the provisions of the law that protects the copyright посилань у тексті, дотримання положень Законів, що оберігають авторські та
and property rights, adherence to general codes of ethics and research ethics. майнові права, Кодексів загальнонаукової етики та етики проведення наукових
Editorial staff reserves the right to amend the ar cles without changing the basic досліджень. Редакція залишає за собою право вносити поправки до статей, не
content. змінюючи основного змісту.
Accepted for considera on by the editorial staff: Редакцією до розгляду приймаються:
• Author’s ar cles that meet the demands of modernity, original text, the • Авторські статті, які відповідають вимогам новітності, оригінальності
essence of which is submi ed for publica on in a special edi on in an ar cle for тексту, основний зміст яких подається до друку в спеціалізованому виданні
the first me. у вигляді статті вперше.
• Author’s ar cles that have been published in another periodical, the origi- • Авторські статті, які вже були надруковані в іншому періодичному виданні,
nality and authen city of the text representa on of which allows to recommend оригінальність та автентичність подання тексту яких дозволяє рекомендувати стат-
to reprint this ar cle (if not restricted by copyright) that is reasonable in rela on тю для передруку (якщо це не обмежено авторськими правами), що є доцільним
to relevance and prac cal importance of content of the ar cle, the novelty of у зв’язку з актуальністю та практичною значимістю змісту статті, новизна якої з
which has not decreased over me (if the research of other authors do not refute перебігом часу не знизилась (якщо дослідження інших авторів не спростовують
the results). отримані результати).
• The original experimental works, which give a complete picture of the • Оригінальні експериментальні роботи, які дають повне уявлення про
evidence obtained and contain materials that characterize their authen city. отримані фактичні дані і містять матеріали, що характеризують їх достовірність.
• Methodical ar cles containing original methodological developments and • Методичні статті, які містять оригінальні методичні розробки та шляхи їх ви-
ways of applica on in social, humanitarian, health, natural areas. користання у соціальних, гуманітарних, медичних, природничих сферах діяльності.
• Review ar cles – in addi on to what has been discussed before, and with • Оглядові статті – як доповнення до того, що було розглянуто раніше, і
the need of verifica on metatheore cal comprehensive analysis of new scien - з необхідністю верифікації, метатеоретичного комплексного аналізу нових на-
fic research (opinions, achievements, generaliza ons). Review ar cle should be укових досліджень (поглядів, досягнень, узагальнень). Оглядова стаття повин-
devoted to the dynamics and prospects of development of a par cular science на бути присвячена динаміці і перспективам розвитку певної галузі науки або
industry or market segment / prac ce, cover and integrate the experience of se- сегмента ринку / практики, охоплювати та інтегрувати досвід кількох наукових
veral scien fic paradigms / schools, or have an interdisciplinary approach. парадигм / шкіл, або мати міждисциплінарний підхід.
• Short reports about inven ons or outstanding events in various scien fic • Короткі інформаційні повідомлення про винаходи або видатні події у
fields. різних наукових галузях.
All materials are considered and reviewed by our editorial board, as well as Всі матеріали перед публікацією розглядаються і рецензуються нашою
independent experts prior to publica on. редколегією, а також незалежними експертами.
By submi ng a manuscript and an applica on to the: [email protected], Надсилаючи рукопис та заявку на адресу: [email protected], автор по-
the author agrees with the procedures of admission and review of manuscripts, годжується з процедурами прийому та розгляду рукописів, що висуваються
that the Editorial Board put forth for considera on. редколегією до розгляду.
The magazine “American Journal of Fundamental, Applied and Experimen- Журнал “American Journal of Fundamental, Applied and Experimental
tal Research” is published quarterly, four mes a year, within the last month of Research” виходить щоквартально, чотири рази на рік, не пізніше останнього
the current quarter. місяця поточного кварталу.
More detailed information on the structure and Більш детально ознайомитися зі структурою та послідовністю
sequence of articles’ organizing can be found on our website: організації статті ви можете на нашому сайті:
www.journal.ua-usa.org
www.journal.ua-usa.org
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81
ISSN 2474-9397
Scien fic Journal
*
Multidisciplinary Approach
American Journal of Fundamental,
Applied & Experimental Research
2016 / 1 (1)
Founders and Publishers:
UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS ABROAD, INC.
County: NEW YORK
Jurisdiction: NEW YORK
Entity Type: DOMESTIC NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION
Current Entity Status: ACTIVE
170 WEST 82 STREET
NEW YORK NY, 10024
Tel.: 1 (919) 536 9702
+380 (68) 701 71 50
E-mail: [email protected]
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