SUCCESS CHEMISTRY

Organic compounds oxygen, loses hydrogen, loses electrons or of the reactants (as shown in the
Compounds containing carbon atoms increases in oxidation number. thermochemical equation) react to form
joined to other atoms by covalent bonds. Oxidation number the products.
Polymer A large molecule made up of An arbitrary charge assigned to an Chapter 5: Chemicals for Consumers
many smaller and identical repeating units. element according to a set of rules. Analgesics
Proteins Polymers formed by linking Oxidising agent Medicines that relieve pain.
together different amino acids. A substance that brings about the Antibiotics
Refining The separation of petroleum oxidation of another substance but is itself Chemicals that destroy or prevent the
into useful fractions by fractional reduced. growth of infectious microorganisms.
distillation. Plating Antidepressants
Saponification A process carried out to coat the surface Medicines that can increase the brain’s
The alkaline hydrolysis of esters using of metal objects with a thin layer of another level of neurotransmitters, thus improving
alkali. metal. mood.
Saturated fats Reactivity series Antioxidants
Fats that contain saturated fatty A list of elements arranged according to Food additives used to prevent the
(carboxylic) acids. their chemical reactivity with oxygen. oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in
Saturated hydrocarbons Redox reaction the air.
Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon- A reaction in which both oxidation and Antipsychotic drugs
carbon single bonds (– C – C –). reduction take place simultaneously. Medicines used for treating psychotic
Starch Reducing agent patients, such as schizophrenics.
Naturally occurring polymer that is A substance that brings about the Colouring agents
produced from glucose monomers by reduction of another substance but is itself Food additives that restore or enhance
condensation polymerisation. oxidised. natural colours of food or give colour to
Substitution reaction Reduction food which do not normally have it.
A reaction in which an atom (or a group The reaction in which a substance loses Detergents
of atoms) in an organic molecule is oxygen, gains hydrogen, accepts electrons Synthetic cleaning agents produced from
replaced by another atom (or group of or decreases in oxidation number. petroleum products.
atoms). Rusting Psychotherapeutic medicine
Unsaturated fats A redox reaction that occurs slowly A group of drugs for treating mental or
Fats that contain fatty (carboxylic) acids between iron and oxygen to form hydrated emotional illnesses.
with at least one carbon-carbon double iron(III) oxide. Soaps
bond. Chapter 4: Thermochemistry Cleaning agents made from animal fats or
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Bond energy vegetable oils by saponification.
Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon Energy needed to break one mole of Stabilisers
double bonds covalent bonds. Food additives that are used to enable oil
(C = C) or carbon-carbon triple bonds Endothermic reactions and water in the food to mix properly.
(– C ≡ C –). Reactions that absorb heat energy from Stimulants
Vulcanisation the surroundings. Drugs that stimulate (excite) the activity
The process of hardening rubber by Exothermic reactions of the brain and central nervous system.
heating it with sulphur or sulphur Reactions that release heat energy to the Thickeners
compounds. surroundings. Food additives used to thicken liquids and
Chapter 3: Oxidation and Reduction Fuels to prevent food from becoming liquid.
Accumulator Chemical substances that can burn easily Flavour enhancers
A chemical cell that can be recharged by in air to produce heat energy. Food additives that bring out the flavours
passing a direct current through it. Heat of combustion in food.
Anodising Heat released when one mole of a Food additives
The electrolytic process of depositing substance is burnt completely in excess Chemicals added in small quantities to food
a thin layer of aluminium oxide on the oxygen. to preserve the food, to give or enhance the
surface of aluminium. Heat of displacement colours, taste or smell of food.
Corrosion Heat released when one mole of a metal Food preservatives
A redox reaction in which a metal is is displaced by more electropositive Chemicals added in small quantities to
oxidised spontaneously at room condition metals from an aqueous solution of its food in order to slow down or to prevent
to produce metal ions. salt solution the growth of microorganisms such as
Daniell cell Heat of neutralisation bacteria or fungi that cause food spoilage.
A chemical cell made up of a zinc plate Heat released when one mole of H+ Traditional medicines
dipped into zinc sulphate solution and ions react with one mole of OH– ions to Drugs obtained from natural resources
a copper plate dipped into copper(II) produce one mole of water. such as animals, plants and minerals
sulphate solution. Heat of precipitation without being processed chemically.
Galvanising Heat released when one mole of a Tranquilisers
The coating of iron or steel with zinc for precipitate is formed from its ions. Medicines that calm the central nervous
protection from rusting. Heat of reaction system and make people calmer when
Oxidation Heat energy absorbed or released in they are very anxious or agitated.
The reaction in which a substance gains a reaction when the number of moles

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