BAB 7

Bidang Pembelajaran TEMA 2 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

7BAB Koordinasi Badan

Body Coordination

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT Concepts

Sistem endokrin manusia dan fungsinya
The human endocrine system and its functions

Jenis dadah KOORDINASI BADAN Punca dan kesan
Types of drug BODY COORDINATION ketidakseimbangan
Minda yang sihat hormon
Healthy mind Causes and effects of
hormonal imbalance

Kesan penyalahgunaan dadah
dan alkohol ke atas koordinasi
badan dan kesihatan mental
The effects of drug and alcohol
abuse on body coordination and
mental health

APAKAH ITU KOORDINASI BADAN?
WHAT IS BODY COORDINATION?
Koordinasi badan ialah penyelarasan gerak balas badan kita terhadap sebarang rangsangan di sekeliling
kita dan di dalam badan kita seperti perubahan suhu dan pencernaan makanan. Koordinasi memastikan
setiap bahagian badan dikawal supaya dapat berfungsi secara harmoni.
Body coordination is the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards any stimulus around us and from the
inside of our body like change in temperature and digestion of food. Coordination ensures that each part
of the body is controlled so that it functions in harmony.

71

NOTA BESTARI

BAB Sistem Endokrin dan Fungsinya Endocrine System and Its Functions
1. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete
1. Kelenjar endokrin ialah kelenjar tanpa duktus yang
merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam darah. hormones directly into the blood.
2. The human endocrine system consists of the following
2. Sistem endokrin manusia terdiri daripada kelenjar
yang berikut. glands.
(a) Kelenjar pituitari (a) Pituitary gland
• Sebagai kelenjar induk yang mengawal kelenjar • It is the master gland that controls other
endokrin yang lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan
otot dan tulang endocrine glands and controls the growth of
(b) Kelenjar tiroid muscles and bones
• M engawal kadar metabolisme badan, (b) Thyroid gland
perkembangan mental dan fizikal • Controls the rate of body metabolism, mental
(c) Pankreas and physical development
• H ormon insulin yang dirembeskan mengawal (c) Pancreas
aras glukosa di dalam darah • Insulin hormone that is secreted controls the
• Kekurangan hormon insulin akan menyebabkan glucose level in the blood
diabetes • A lack of the insulin hormone will cause
(d) Kelenjar adrenal diabetes
Meningkatkan kadar metabolisme atau respirasi (d) Adrenal glands
(e) Ovari • Increases the rate of metabolism or respiration
• M erangsang penghasilan ovum, mengawal kitar (e) Ovary
haid dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan • Stimulates the production of ova, controls the
• K ekurangan hormon seks ini boleh menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual
menyebabkan kemandulan, kitar haid tidak characteristics
teratur dan keguguran fetus jika mengandung • Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause
(f) Testis sterility, irregular menstrual cycles and
• Merangsang penghasilan sperma miscarriage in pregnancy
(f) Testis
7 • Kekurangan hormon seks ini boleh • S timulates the production of sperms
menyebabkan sperma yang dihasilkan kurang • Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause
matang dan perkembangan ciri-ciri sekunder the production of immature sperms and
seks terencat. stunt the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.

Jenis-jenis Dadah Types of Drug

1. Dadah ialah bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi 1. A drug is a chemical substance that can change the
dan fisiologi badan. function and physiology of the body.

2. Penenang (depresen) seperti barbiturat dan 2. Depressant such as barbiturates and tranquilizers
trankuilizer mengurangkan tekanan jiwa. reduce mental stress.

3. Perangsang (stimulan) seperti amfetamina, nikotina 3. Stimulant such as amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine
dan kafeina meningkatkan kadar metabolisme badan. increase the metabolic rate of the body.

4. Inhalan seperti aerosol bahan gas dan pelarut 4. Inhalant such as aerosol, gas substance and solvent
merosakkan otak, peparu dan ginjal. damages the brain, lungs and kidneys.

5. Halusinogen seperti marijuana (ganja) dan LSD 5. Hallucinogen such as marijuana and LSD cause
menyebabkan khayalan. hallucinations.

Minda yang Sihat Healthy Mind
1. The mind is the ability of the brain to think and judge.
1. Minda adalah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan 2. A healthy mind enables an individual to make rational
menaakul.
decisions before taking action.
2. Minda yang sihat membolehkan seseorang individu 3. An unhealthy mind includes lack
membuat pertimbangan yang sewajarnya sebelum
bertindak. of confidence, constantly worrying and
short-tempered.
3. Minda yang kurang sihat termasuklah kurang yakin,
sentiasa risau dan cepat marah. Nota Grafik

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7.1 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
7.1 Sistem endokrin manusia
PBD
Sistem Endokrin Manusia Masteri

Human endocrine system

2002 BHG. B, S1  2005 BHG. B, S5  2015 BHG. B, S4(a), (b) & (d)

Lengkapkan ruang tentang kelenjar endokrin. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan berikut.
Complete the spaces about endocrine glands in the spaces below. Then, answer the following questions.

Kelenjar adrenal Pankreas Otot Testis Ovari Kelenjar pituitari
Adrenal glands Pancreas Muscles Testis Ovary Pituitary gland
Metabolisme Kitar haid Mental Induk Fizikal Seks sekunder
Metabolism Menstrual cycle Mental Master Physical Secondary sexual
Kelenjar tiroid Aras glukosa Tulang Sperma Respirasi Denyutan jantung
Thyroid gland Glucose level Bones Sperms Respiration Heartbeat

P: Kelenjar pituitari/Pituitary gland S: Kelenjar tiroid/Thyroid gland

Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function:
Sebagai kelenjar induk yang Mengawal perkembangan fizikal
mengawal kelenjar endokrin yang dan mental serta kadar
lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan metabolisme badan
otot dan tulang Controls the physical and
As the master gland that Prosedur mental development and the rate
Stecsoenntrols othJeerneinsdtoecrrminoemgleatnedrs Proceduroef body metabolism
StaatnidoncontroTlsypthees gorfowththeromf ometer
muscleTsermaonmdeter bkolinneisk
1 Clinical thermometer Letakkan di tbhaewtaohngluideaoThr: aaKtraemulepnkijteatriaakdrenal/Adrenal glands
Place under
QF2u: Pnagnski/rFeTLuaeansrb/mcPotraoiamnotcnoerr:teyeartshmeramkmomaleter
Md3aernagha/CwoaRTnletearrcormtlaasoslmttghheleuetrekgmrolusoracemokdestteiaeldrleavlealmin Letakkan di bawah ketiFakungsi/Function: BAB
Place under the armpit Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung
Letakkan di dalam dubudran respirasi serta metabolisme
Place in the anus badan/Increase the rate of 7
Dekatkan ke dahi atau mhaesaurktkbaeant keand respiration  , and
the bloodTermometer inframerah dalam salur telinga/Brinbgodnyeamr tehtaebolism
4 Infrared thermometer forehead or put into the ear canal
R: Testis/Testis

Fungsi/Function: U: Ovari/Ovary
Merangsang penghasilan sperma
dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder Fungsi/Function:
Stimulates the production Mengawal kitar haid dan ciri-
of sperms and secondary sexual ciri seks sekunder
characteristics Controls the menstrual cycle and

secondary sexual characteristics

1 Apakah itu kelenjar endokrin? What is an endocrine gland?  TP2
duktus yang merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam aliran darah.
Kelenjar tanpa
ducts that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
A gland without

2 (a) Namakan garam mineral yang diperlukan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik.  TP1
Name the mineral salt which is required by the thyroid gland to function well.
Iodin/Iodine

(b) Nyatakan satu sumber utama garam mineral di 2(a).  TP1
State one main sources of the mineral salt in 2(a).
Makanan laut/Seafood

(c) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan garam mineral di 2(a) dalam gizi kita.  TP1
State one disease that is caused by the lack of the mineral salt in 2(a) in our diet.
Goiter/Goitre

73

3 (a) Namakan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh pankreas./Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas.  TP1
Insulin/Insulin

(b) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon yang dinamakan di 3(a).  TP1
State one disease that is caused by the lack of the hormone named in 3(a).
Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus

4 Seorang lelaki mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa. Berdasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang
menyebabkan lelaki itu mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa?/A man has an abnormal height. Based
on the endocrine system, what causes the man to have an abnormal height?
Kelenjar pituitari merembes hormon pertumbuhan yang berlebihan.

The pituitary gland secretes excessive growth hormones.

5 Apakah kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan banyak hormon semasa kecemasan, marah atau
ketakutan?  TP1
What is the endocrine gland which secretes a lot of hormone during an emergency, when feeling anger or fear?
Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada ovari pada seorang perempuan.
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of hormonal secretion from the ovaries of a female.  TP2

✓ Kitar haid tidak tetap. Perkembangan mental terbantut.
The menstrual cycle is irregular. Mental development is stunted.

✓ Keguguran fetus berlaku jika perempuan itu mengandung.
A miscarriage occurs if she is pregnant.

7 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid.  TP2
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of the hormonal secretion from the thyroid.

✓ Kadar metabolisme menurun. ✓ Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut.
The metabolic rate decreases. Mental and physical development are stunted.

BAB Perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder terbantut.
The development of secondary sexual characteristics becomes stunted.

7 8 Padankan jenis hormon dan kelenjar endokrin dengan fungsinya.  TP2
Match the types of hormone and endocrine glands with their functions.
Hormon
Hormone Kelenjar endokrin Fungsi
Adrenalina Endocrine gland Function
Adrenaline Ovari
Ovary Mengawal kadar metabolisme,
Hormon pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fizikal
antidiuresis Pankreas dan mental pada kanak-kanak./Control the
Antidiuretic Pancreas rate of metabolism, growth, physical and
hormone (ADH) mental development in children
Menyediakan badan untuk bertindak
dalam keadaan kecemasan
Preparing the body to respond to
emergencies

Estrogen Kelenjar adrenal Mengawal perkembangan ciri-ciri seks
Oestrogen Adrenal gland sekunder perempuan dan menyediakan
dinding uterus untuk penempelan embrio.
Controls the development of secondary sexual
characteristics of female and prepares the
uterus wall for the implantation of embryo

Insulin Kelenjar tiroid Mengawal aras glukosa di dalam darah
Insulin Thyroid gland To control the glucose level in the blood

Tiroksina Kelenjar pituitari Mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada
Thyroxine Pituitary gland badan dengan mengurangkan pengeluaran
air kencing/To prevent water loss from the
body by reducing urine output

74

7.2 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin Tarikh:

The effect of interference to the endocrine system PBD
Masteri

Berdasarkan penerangan yang diberikan, nyatakan jenis penyakit atau keadaan yang dihadapi akibat
kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin./Based on the given explanation, state the types of illness or
condition faced as a result of interference to the endocrine system.  TP2

Hipoglisemia Diabetis melitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goiter Kreatinisme
Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goitre Cretinism
Hipotiroidisme Hipertiroidisme
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Akromegali (Kegergasian) Kekerdilan
Acromegaly (gigantism) Dwarfism

Kesan rembesan hormone/Effects of hormone secretion

1 Hormon antidiuresis 2 Hormon insulin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin hormone
Berlebihan
Berlebihan Kekurangan Excess Kekurangan
Excess Insufficient Insufficient

Edema Diabetes insipidus Hipoglisemia Diabetes melitus
Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus

Air berkumpul Air kurang diserap Aras glukosa rendah, Aras glukosa darah tinggi, BAB
di bahagian semula, kerap kencing letih, sukar tidur, kerap kencing, berasa 7
tertentu badan dan dan berasa dahaga. mudah pengsan, sakit haus, kabur penglihatan,
membengkak, sakit Less water is kepala, berasa dahaga letih, luka lambat sembuh.
kepala, pening reabsorbed, frequent Low glucose level, High blood glucose level,
Water accumulates in urination and feeling fatigue, insomnia, faint frequent urination, feeling
certain parts of the thirsty easily, headache, feeling thirsty, blurred vision,
body and they swell, thirsty tiredness, slow healing of
headache, dizziness wounds.

3 Hormon pertumbuhan (kelenjar pituitari) 4 Hormon tiroksina
Growth hormone (pituitary gland) Thyroxine hormone

Berlebihan Kekurangan Berlebihan Kekurangan
Excess Insufficient Excess Insufficient

Akromegali Kekerdilan/Dwarfism Hipertiroidisme Goiter/Goitre
(Kegergasian) Kadar pertumbuhan Hyperthyroidism 4 (a) K elenjar tiroid
Acromegaly (gigantism) yang terlalu rendah, Kadar metabolisme
Kadar pertumbuhan tulang kurang kuat dan dan denyutan jantung bengkak, sukar
yang terlalu tinggi kemerosotan jisim otot tinggi, kurus, cepat menelan, sukar
pada tengkorak, The rate of growth is marah/High rate bernafas/Swollen
tangan dan kaki. too low, the bone is less of metabolism and thyroid glands,
Growth rate of the strong and the muscle hearbeat, skinny, difficulty in
skull, hands and feet is mass decline irritates easily swallowing, difficulty
too high. in breathing.

4 (b) Hipotiroidisme/Hypothyroidism 4 (c) Kreatinisme/Cretinism
Kadar metabolisme dan denyutan jantung Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut
rendah, kecergasan mental dan fizikal pada kanak-kanak
lemah, berat badan menurun./The low rate Mental and physical development are
of metabolism and heartbeat, mental and stunted in children
physical fitness are weak, weight loss.

75

7.3 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
7.2 Gangguan kepada koordinasi badan
PBD
Dadah, alkohol dan kesannya Kontekstual

Drugs, alcohol and their effects

1 Apakah itu dadah?  TP2
What are drug?
fungsi fisiologi badan.
Bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah dan and physiology of the body.

A chemical substance that can change the function

2 Nyatakan jenis dadah berdasarkan contoh-contoh dan ciri-cirinya.  TP2
State the types of drugs based on their examples and characteristics.

Perangsang/Stimulant Halusinogen/Hallucinogen Inhalan/Inhalant Penenang/Depressant

Jenis dadah Ciri-ciri Contoh
Types of drugs Characteristics Examples
(a) Penenang Melambatkan pergerakan impuls dalam Morfina, heroin, barbiturat,
koordinasi badan. kanabis, alkohol, candu
Depressant Slow down the movement of impulses in Morphine, heroine, barbiturates,
body coordination. cannabis, alcohol, opium
(b) Perangsang Mempercepat pergerakan impuls dalam Amfetamina, nikotina, kafeina
Stimulant koordinasi badan./Speeds up movement Amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine
of impulses in body coordination.

(c) Inhalan Disedut melalui nafas dan menyebabkan Aerosol, pelarut, bahan gas
Inhalant halusinasi/Inhale through breathing and Aerosols, solvents, gas
cause hallucinations substance

BAB (d) Halusinogen Menyebabkan khayalan Marijuana, LSD, ketamin
7 Hallucinogen Cause hallucinations Marijuana, LSD, ketamine



3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan dadah dan alkohol kepada koordinasi badan dan kesihatan
fizikal serta mental.  TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of drugs and alcohol abuse on body coordination and physical and mental health.

✓ Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hati (berparut dan mengeras).
Damages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis (scarred and hardened).

✓ Penglihatan menjadi kabur, pendengaran menjadi kurang peka, pertuturan tidak jelas,
halusinasi, tidak waras, perlakuan ganas./Vision becomes blurred, hearing sensitivity is
reduced, unclear speech, hallucination, insane, violent behaviour.

✓ Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulser.
Irritates the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers.

Menyebabkan mata dan hidung berair. MESTI BACA!
Causes eyes and nose to water.
Tindakan refleks yang lambat dan hilang Sifat ingin tahu, pengaruh rakan sebaya, mencari
✓ keseimbangan badan. keseronokan dan ingin mengatasi kesedihan
Slow reflex action and loss of body balance. menyebabkan penyalahgunaan dadah.
Curiosity, peer influence, pleasure seeking and
✓ Menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon. coping with sadness lead to drug abuse.
Causes hormonal imbalance.

✓ Menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung.
Causes high blood pressure and heart disease.

76

7.4 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
7.3 Minda yang sihat
PBD
Minda yang sihat Kontekstual

Healthy mind

Minda ialah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan menaakul.
The mind is the ability of the brain to think and reason.
1 Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan ciri-ciri minda yang sihat dan yang kurang sihat dalam
peta pokok di bawah./Based on the above statement, classify mind into healthy mind and unhealthy
mind in the tree map below.  TP1

Berdikari Kurang yakin Sentiasa risau Berkasih sayang Bersikap positif
Independent Lacks confidence Worries constantly Caring Positive attitude
Cepat marah Bertanggungjawab Bersikap sabar
Short-tempered Responsible Being patient Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri
Lacks self-control

Minda/Mind

Minda yang sihat/Healthy mind Minda yang kurang sihat/Unhealthy mind

Berdikari/Independent Kurang yakin/Less confidence

Berkasih sayang/Caring Sentiasa risau/Worries constantly

Bersikap positif/Positive attitude Cepat marah/Short-tempered

Bertanggungjawab/Responsible Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri

Bersikap sabar/Being patient Lacks self-control



2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat.  TP1 BAB
Tick ( ✓ ) the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy.

✓ Tekanan mental ✓ Menghidap suatu penyakit
Mental stress Suffering from a disease
7
✓ Penyalahgunaan dadah ✓ Ketidakseimbangan hormon
Drug abuse Hormonal imbalance

Sentiasa bersenam ✓ Pengambilan alkohol berlebihan
Regular exercise Excessive consumption of alcohol

✓ Kecederaan otak ✓ Penuaan
Brain injury Aging

✓ Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara Pengambilan pil vitamin
Environmental conditions such as the quality of air Consumption of vitamin pills

3 Minda seseorang individu dipengaruhi oleh faktor luaran dan faktor dalaman. Daripada jawapan
di 2, kelaskan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat kepada faktor luaran dan
faktor dalaman dalam peta dakap di bawah./The mind of an individual is influenced by external and
internal factors. From the answer in 2, classify the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy into
external and internal factors in the brace map below.  TP1

Faktor luaran Tekanan mental/Mental stress
External factors Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara
Environmental conditions such as the quality of air

Faktor-faktor Penyalahgunaan dadah/Drug abuse
Factors Kecederaan otak/Brain injury
Penuaan/Aging
Faktor dalaman Ketidakseimbangan hormon/Hormonal imbalance
Internal factors Pengambilan berlebihan alkohol/Excessive consumption of alcohol
Menghidapi suatu penyakit/Suffering from a disease

77

7SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN

Kertas 1

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

BAB 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar 4 Apakah kesan kekurangan A Akromegali/Acromegaly
endokrin bagi manusia. rembesan hormon daripada B Edema/Edema
Diagram 1 shows the human kelenjar tiroid? C Diabetes melitus
endocrine glands. What are the effects of the
deficiency of the secretion of Diabetes mellitus
A hormone from thyroid gland? D Diabetes insipidus
I Kadar metabolisme diper­
BC lahankan./Metabolic rate is Diabetes insipidus
slowed down.
D II Pertumbuhan fizikal kanak- 7 Maklumat di bawah menun­
kanak terbantut./Physical jukkan fungsi hormon yang
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 growth in children is stunted. dirembeskan oleh kelenjar X.
III Perkembangan otak pada The information below shows
Antara kelenjar A, B, C dan D, kanak-kanak terencat. the functions of the hormone
yang manakah tidak berfungsi Development of the brain in secreted by gland X.
dengan baik jika seseorang children is retarded.
menghidap goiter? IV Aras glukosa dalam darah • Meningkatkan kadar
Which of the glands, A, B, C or meningkat/Glucose level in denyutan jantung
D, does not function well if a blood increases
person suffers from goitre? A I dan II/I and II Increase the rate of heartbeat
B II dan III/II and III • Meningkatkan kadar
KLON SPM 2009/2016 C I, II dan III/I, II and III
D II, III dan IV/II, III and IV pernafasan/Increases the
2 Pernyataan yang manakah rate of breathing
5 Antara yang berikut, yang
7 benar tentang hormon?/Which manakah kesan alkohol Apakah kelenjar X?
statement about hormones is true? terhadap kesihatan manusia? What is gland X?
A Mengawal tindakan refleks Which of the following are the A Kelenjar adrenal
Control reflex actions effects of alcohol on human health? Adrenal gland
B Dihasilkan di dalam otak A Mengaktifkan otak B Kelenjar pituitari
sahaja Activate the brain Pituitary gland
Produced only in the brain B Merosakkan sel-sel ginjal C Kelenjar tiroid
C Dihasilkan pada orang Damages kidney cells Thyroid gland
dewasa sahaja C Mengganggu koordinasi D Pankreas/Pancreas
Produced only in adults badan
D Dirembeskan oleh kelenjar Disrupts body coordination KLON SPM 2018
tanpa duktus D Membuat pertimbangan
Secreted by ductless glands yang wajar 8 Antara pernyataan berikut,
KLON SPM 2014 Make reasonable judgments yang manakah benar tentang
hormon yang dirembeskan
3 Kelenjar endokrin yang mana­ 6 Seorang lelaki kerap kencing, oleh pankreas?
kah terlibat dalam keadaan berasa haus, kabur penglihatan Which of the following statements
kecemasan? dan luka pada badannya lambat are true about the hormone
Which endocrine gland is involved sembuh. Apakah penyakit secreted by the pancreas?
in an emergency condition? yang mungkin dihidapinya? A Dapat dikesan dalam darah
A Pankreas A man often urinates, feels It can be detected in the blood.
Pancreas thirsty, has blurred vision and B Kekurangan hormon ini
B Pituitari wounds on his body heal slowly. menyebabkan goiter
Pituitary What diseasess might he be Deficiency of this hormone
C Adrenal suffering from? causes goitre.
Adrenal C Bertindak pada kawasan
D Tiroid perut sahaja/It acts only in
Thyroid the stomach region.
D Meningkatkan kadar respirasi
It increases the rate of
respiration

78

Kertas 2

Bahagian B/Section B
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sistem endokrin bagi seorang remaja perempuan.
Diagram 1 shows the endocrine system of an adolescent girl.

Tiroid/Thyroid (a) (i) Namakan kelenjar X./Name gland X.  TP1
Adrenal/Adrenal

[1 markah/1 mark]

X (ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar

Ovari/Ovary X./State one function of the hormone secreted by gland X.  TP2
Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung/kadar metabolisme
Y

Increases the rate of heartbeat/ the rate of metabolism

Rajah 1/Diagram 1 [1 markah/1 mark]

(b) (i) Namakan kelenjar Y./Name gland Y.  TP1
Pankreas/Pancreas

[1 markah/1 mark]
(ii) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika kelenjar Y merembeskan kurang hormon?  TP3/KBAT

What will happen if gland Y secretes less hormone?

Menghidap diabetes melitus/Suffer from diabetes mellitus

[1 markah/1 mark]

(c) Nyatakan penyakit yang dihidapi jika kelenjar tiroid tidak berfungsi dengan baik kerana kekurangan iodin. BAB
State the disease that occurs if a thyroid gland is not fully functioning due to lack of iodine.  TP1

Goiter/Goitre

[1 markah/1 mark]

(d) Seorang remaja perempuan mengalami kitar haid yang tidak teratur. Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang tidak 7
berfungsi dengan baik.  TP1

A girl suffers from an irregular menstrual cycle. Name the endocrine gland that is not functioning properly.

Ovari/Ovary

[1 markah/1 mark]

Bahagian C/Section C
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instruction: Answer all the questions.

2 (a) Berikan penerangan kepada punca gangguan terhadap sistem endokrin yang menyebabkan kesan yang
berikut:  TP2
Give an explanation about the source of the interference to the endocrine system which causes the following effects.

(i) Diabetes insipidus/Diabetes insipidus
(ii) Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus
(iii) Akromegali/Acromegaly
(iv) Kadar metabolisme rendah/Low rate of metabolism
[4 markah/4 marks]

(b) Seorang lelaki dewasa mendapati air kencingnya mengandungi gula. Terangkan bagaimana lelaki dewasa
itu dapat mengatasi masalah kesihatannya. Penerangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek
berikut:/A man found that his urine contained sugar. Explain how he can overcome his health problem. Your
explanation should include the following aspects:  TP4/KBAT

(i) Mengenal pasti masalah/Identify the problem
(ii) Terangkan punca masalah tersebut./Explain the cause of the problem.
(iii) Jelaskan kaedah penyelesaian./Explain the method to solve the problem.
(iv) Cadangkan satu perubahan yang harus dilakukan pada gizi hariannya.
Suggest a change needs to be done to his daily diet.

[6 markah/6 marks]

79