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Published by wanmustafa3186, 2020-04-03 06:36:33

BAB 5

Buka dan salin dalam Buku Proses Sains Skill

TEMA 2 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

Bidang Pembelajaran Genetik

5BAB Genetics

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT Concepts

Kromosom dan
ciri-cirinya
Chromosomes and
Jenis variasi iaitu their characteristics
variasi selanjar
BAB dan tak selanjar Peringkat mitosis
Types of variations, dan kepentingannya

5 i.e. continuous and Stages of mitosis
discontinuous and its importance
variations

Jenis mutasi iaitu GENETIK Peringkat meiosis
mutasi gen dan GENETICS dan kepentingannya
Stages of meiosis
kromosom and its importance
Types of mutations,

i.e. gene and
chromosome

mutations

Mekanisme Mekanisme Alel dominan
penentuan seks anak pewarisan sifat dan alel resesif
The sex determination The inheritance Dominant and
mechanism of traits recessive alleles
mechanism of
offspring

APAKAH ITU KETURUNAN DAN VARIASI?
WHAT ARE HEREDITY AND VARIATION?
Keturunan ialah pemindahan maklumat genetik daripada ibu bapa kepada anak mereka. Variasi ialah
perbezaan ciri yang wujud antara individu dalam spesies yang sama. Tahukah anda perbezaan rupa antara
adik-beradik adalah disebabkan oleh keturunan dan variasi?
Heredity is the transfer of genetic information from parents to their offspring. Variation is the differences
in characteristics which exists among individuals of the same species. Did you know that the difference of
appearance between siblings is caused by heredity and variation?

3838

NOTA BESTARI

Kromosom, DNA dan Gen Chromosomes, DNA and Genes BAB
1. Manusia mempunyai 46 kromosom iaitu 22 pasang 1. Humans have 46 chromosomes i.e. 22 pairs of 5

autosom dan sepasang kromosom seks. Set kromosom autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. The
yang lengkap ini disebut kariotip. complete set of chromosomes is called karyotype.
2. Kromosom terdiri daripada DNA (asid 2. Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
deoksiribonukleik) dan protein. acid) and protein.
3. DNA terdiri daripada unit-unit nukleotida yang 3. DNA consists of nucleotide units which are arranged
tersusun dalam bentuk heliks ganda dua. in double helix form.
4. Gen ialah bahan baka yang terdapat pada DNA yang 4. Genes are hereditary materials found in the DNA that
membentuk kromosom. form chromosomes.
5. Alel dominan dapat menunjukkan sifat yang dikawalnya 5. Dominant alleles show the characteristics that they
apabila berpasangan dengan gen dominan atau gen control when paired with another dominant gene or
resesif. a recessive gene.
6. Alel resesif hanya dapat menunjukkan sifat yang 6. Recessive alleles show the characteristics that they
dikawalnya apabila gen berkenaan berpasangan control when these genes are paired with another
dengan gen resesif. recessive gene.

Pembahagian Sel secara Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Division by Mitosis and Meiosis
1. Mitosis ialah proses pembahagian sel yang berlaku di 1. Mitosis is a process of cell division which takes place

dalam sel soma manusia (sel badan) dan di hujung in the somatic cells (body cells) of humans and at the
akar dan pucuk. tips of roots and shoots.
2. Mitosis membentuk sel-sel baharu untuk proses 2. Mitosis forms new cells for growth and to replace
pertumbuhan dan menggantikan sel-sel rosak. damaged cells.
3. Meiosis ialah proses pembahagian sel untuk 3. Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces
menghasilkan gamet dan hanya berlaku di dalam organ gametes and only occurs in the reproductive organs.
pembiakan. 4. Meiosis in humans takes place in the male's testes and
4. Meiosis dalam manusia berlaku dalam testis lelaki dan the female's ovary. While meiosis in plants takes place
ovari perempuan. Manakala meiosis pada tumbuhan in the anter and the ovary.
berlaku dalam anter dan ovari.
Mechanism of Trait Inheritance
Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat 1. Mendel’s experiments explain the trait inheritance in
1. Eksperimen Mendel menerangkan pewarisan sifat
human beings.
dalam manusia. 2. Genotype refers to the genetic information in
2. Genotip merujuk kepada maklumat genetik dalam
an organism. Phenotype refers to the physical
suatu organisma. Fenotip merujuk kepada ciri-ciri characteristics in an organism.
fizikal pada satu organisma.
Mutation
Mutasi 1. Mutation is a spontaneous change in the structure of
1. Mutasi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara spontan
genes or chromosomes of an organism.
kepada struktur gen atau kromosom suatu organisma. 2. Gene mutations involve changes in the structure of a
2. Mutasi gen melibatkan perubahan dalam struktur
gene. Example: colour blindness.
satu gen. Contoh: buta warna. 3. Chromosome mutations involve changes in the
3. Mutasi kromosom melibatkan perubahan dalam
number of chromosomes or arrangement of genes in
bilangan kromosom atau urutan gen dalam suatu the chromosomes. Example: Down syndrome.
kromosom. Contoh: sindrom Down.

Variasi dalam Kalangan Hidupan Variation among Living Things
1. Variasi selanjar adalah ciri yang tidak menunjukkan 1. Continuous variations are characteristics which do

perbezaan yang ketara dan jelas. Contoh: ketinggian. not show distinct or obvious differences. Example:
2. Variasi tak selanjar adalah ciri yang menunjukkan height.
2. Discontinuous variations are
perbezaan yang ketara atau jelas. Contoh: cap jari. characteristics which show distinct or
obvious differences. Example: fingerprints.

Nota Grafik

39

5.1 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.1 Pembahagian Sel
PBD
Gen, DNA dan kromosom Masteri

Genes, DNA dan chromosomes

1 Kaji rajah yang diberikan. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang dengan maklumat yang sesuai. TP2
Study the given diagram. Then, complete the spaces with the correct information.

Autosom Protein Kromosom seks DNA Gen Nukleotida
Autosome Protein Sex chromosome DNA Gene Nucleotide

Nukleus Kariotip lelaki Kariotip perempuan Kromosom
Nucleus Male karyotype Female karyotype homolog
atau Homologous
ada or chromosomes
has

Sel manusia (a) P: Kromosom seks
Human cell Sex chromosome

BAB Daripada ayah Daripada ibu (1 pasang/pair)
From father From mother
5 (b) Q: Autosom
Autosome
Kromosom/Chromosome
(22 pasang/pairs)

terdiri daripada gen AT
made up of gene AT
TA
dibina daripada CG (e) Gen
are built from GC Genes
AT
(c) DNA dan protein GC
TA
AT
CG

dalam bentuk heliks ganda dua. (d) Unit-unit nukleotida
DNA and protein Nucleotide units
in
double helix form.

Manusia mempunyai 46 kromosom iaitu 22 pasang autosom dan sepasang

kromosom seks . Set kromosom yang lengkap ini disebut kariotip . Kromosom

yang berbentuk bebenang halus dalam nukleus sel terdiri daripada DNA (asid

deoksiribonukleik) dan protein . DNA terdiri daripada unit-unit nukleotida yang tersusun

dalam bentuk heliks ganda dua. Gen ialah bahan baka yang terdapat pada DNA.
autosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes i.e. 22 pairs of and one pair of
sex chromosomes . The complete set of chromosomes is called karyotype  . The chromosomes
DNA
shaped like fine threads in the nucleus of the cell are made up of (deoxyribonucleic
protein
acid) and . DNA consists of nucleotide units which are arranged in double helix
Genes
form. are hereditary materials found in the DNA.

40

5.2 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Pembahagian sel secara mitosis Tarikh:

Cell division by mitosis PBD
Konstruktivisme

1 Lengkapkan ruang yang disediakan tentang peringkat-peringkat mitosis dalam peta alir di bawah.
Complete the blank spaces provided on the stages of mitosis in the flow map below. TP2

Replikasi Berpisah Gentian gelendong Memendek Dua Sentromer Menebal
Replication Separate Spindle fibres Shorten Two Centromeres Thicken

(a) Profasa/Prophase (b) Metafasa/Metaphase

(i) Kromosom Membran (ii) Kromatid Satah Gentian
Chromosome nukleus khatulistiwa gelendong
Nuclear Chromatid Equatorial Spindle
Sel induk membrane plane fibre
Parent cell Sentromer Sentriol
Centromere Centriole
Kromosom dalam nukleus
memendek dan Replikasi berlaku. Gentian gelendong terbentuk. BAB
menebal . Dua kromatid terikat Kromosom tersusun di tengah sel.
pada sentromer .
Chromosomes in the Sentromer mula membahagi.
nucleus shorten Replication occurs. Spindle fibre form. Chromosomes
and thicken . Two chromatids are bonded arrange at the centre of the cell. The
at the centromeres . centromeres start to divide.

(c) Anafasa/Anaphase (d) Telofasa/Telophase 5
Gentian gelendong menarik kromatid- Dua sel anak
kromatid supaya berpisah dan
bergerak ke hujung kutub sel yang yang sama terbentuk.
bertentangan. Pada masa yang sama, sel Two identical
mula membahagi.
daughter cells are formed.
Spindle fibres pull the chromatids so that they separate
and move to the opposite poles of the cell. At the same time, the
cells begin to divide.

2 Lengkapkan ruang tentang mitosis./Complete the spaces on mitosis. TP2

Pucuk Soma Baharu Sama Kromosom Pertumbuhan Rosak Akar Sama
Shoots Somatic New Same Chromosomes Growth Damaged Roots Identical

Maksud mitosis/Meaning of mitosis
sama
Pembahagian sel yang menghasilkan sel-sel yang dari segi genetik.
The cell division that produces genetically identical cells.

Tempat berlaku/Places of occurrence

Jantung/Heart ⎧ (a) sel soma (b) hujung pucuk
Kulit/Skin ⎨ somatic cells tips of shoots

Manusia/Human (c) hujung akar Tumbuhan
Plant
tips of roots

Kepentingan mitosis/Importance of mitosis
• Untuk menghasilkan sel baharu untuk pertumbuhan dan untuk menggantikan sel rosak
new growth and to replace damaged cells
To produce cells for
• Untuk memastikan bilangan kromosom pada sel anak dan sel induk adalah sama

To ensure that the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is the same as that in the

parent cells

41

5.3 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Pembahagian sel secara meiosis Tarikh:

Cell division by meiosis PBD
Konstruktivisme

2007 BHG. B, S6

1 Lengkapkan ruang yang disediakan tentang peringkat-peringkat mitosis dalam peta alir di bawah.
Complete the spaces provided on the stages of mitosis in the flow map below. TP2

Membahagi Berpisah Gentian gelendong Empat Dua Pindah silang Menebal
Divide Separate Spindle fibres Four Two Crossing over Thicken

Meiosis I/Meiosis I
(a) Profasa I/Prophase I
(b) Metafasa I/Metaphase I

(i) Membran nukleus (ii)

Nuclear membrane Kromatid Gentian
Chromatid gelendong
Spindle fibre

Kromosom
Chromosome

Sel induk/Parent cell Replikasi dan Gentian gelendong terbentuk.
pindah silang Kromosom homolog tersusun di
5 Kromosom dalam nukleus tengah sel. Sentromer tidak
BAB memendek dan menebal . berlaku pada kromatid. membahagi./ Spindle fibres
Chromosomes in the nucleus Replication and form. Homologous chromosomes
shorten and thicken . arrange at the centre of the cell.
crossing over takes The centromeres do not divide.
place at the chromatids.

(c) Anafasa I/Anaphase I (d) Telofasa I/Telophase I

Gentian gelendong menarik kromosom
berpisah
supaya dan bergerak ke
hujung kutub sel yang bertentangan. Pada
masa yang sama, sel mula membahagi .
Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes so that they separate Dua sel anak

and move to the opposite poles of the cell. At the same time, the terbentuk./ Two

cells begin to divide . daughter cells are formed.

Meiosis II/Meosis II

(e) Anafasa II/Anaphase II (f) Metafasa II/Metaphase II

Kromosom dalam Gentian gelendong
nukleus memendek terbentuk. Kromosom
tersusun di satah
dan menebal . khatulistiwa sel./ Spindle fibres
form. Chromosomes arrange at the
Chromosomes in the nucleus shorten and equatorial plane of the cell.
thicken
.

(g) Anafasa II/Anaphase (II) (h) Telofasa II/Telophase (II)

Kromatid-kromatid berpisah dan Empat sel anak terhasil.
sel mula membahagi ./Chromatids Four daughter cells are produced.

separate and the cells start to
divide .

42

2 Lengkapkan ruang tentang meiosis./Complete the spaces on meiosis. TP2

Testis Pembiakan Ovari Variasi Gamet Separuh Anter
Testis Reproductive Ovary Variation Gametes Half Anther

Maksud meiosis/Meaning of meiosis
Pembahagian sel yang menghasilkan gamet dengan bilangan kromosom separuh
daripada sel induk./A cell division that produces gametes with half of the number of

chromosomes of the parent cell.

Tempat berlaku/Places of occurrence

(a) Perempuan: (e) Organ pembiakan (c) Jantan/Male:
Female Reproductive Anter/Anther
Ovari/Ovary (d) Betina/Female:
organs Ovari/Ovary
(b) Lelaki:
Male
Testis/Testis
Manusia/Human Tumbuhan/Plant

Kepentingan meiosis/Importance of meiosis
gamet atau sel pembiakan untuk pembiakan
• Menghasilkan BAB
To produce gametes or reproductive cells for reproduction
variasi 5
• Membolehkan berlakunya genetik di kalangan spesies yang sama
To enable the occurrence of genetic variation among the same species

3 Proses mitosis dan meiosis adalah berbeza. Bandingkan proses mitosis dan meiosis. TP2
The processes of mitosis and meiosis are different. Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Empat Berbeza Sel pembiakan Satu Sama Tiada
Four Different Reproductive cells Once The same None
Dua Separuh Sel soma Sama Ada
Two/Twice Half Somatic cells Identical Yes

Mitosis Perbezaan Meiosis
Mitosis Differences Meiosis
Sel soma (a) Tempat berlaku Sel pembiakan
Somatic cells Places where it occurs Reproductive cells
Satu kali (b) Bilangan pembahagian sel Dua kali
Once Number of times cell division occurs Twice
Dua
Twice (c) Bilangan sel anak yang terhasil Empat
Number of daughter cells produced Four
Sama
The same (d) Bilangan kromosom dalam sel anak Separuh
berbanding sel induk Half
Tiada The number of chromosomes in the
None daughter cells compared to the parent cell Ada
Yes
Sama (e) Pindah silang
Identical Crossing over Berbeza Video
Different
Tiada (f) Kandungan gen sel anak berbanding Ada
None sel induk Yes
Genetic content of daughter cells
compared to parent cells

(g) Variasi
Variation

43

5.4 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.2 Pewarisan
PBD
Alel dominan dan alel resesif Kontekstual

Dominant and recessive alleles

1 Berikan maksud alel dominan dan alel resesif./Give the meanings of dominant and recessive alleles.
(a) Alel dominan/Dominant allele TP2
Alel yang dapat menunjukkan ciri apabila berpasangan dengan alel dominan atau alel
resesif .
Alleles which show the characteristic when paired with a dominant allele or a recessive
allele.
(b) Alel resesif/Recessive alleles
Alel yang hanya dapat menunjukkan ciri apabila berpasangan dengan alel resesif yang lain.
Alleles which only show the characteristic when paired with another recessive allele.

BAB 2 Trait dominan dikawal oleh alel dominan manakala trait resesif dikawal oleh alel resesif. Berdasarkan

pernyataan tersebut, nyatakan jenis alel yang mengawal trait pada manusia di bawah. TP1

Dominat traits are controlled by dominant alleles while recessive traits are controlled by recessive alleles.
Based on the statement, state the types of allele that control the human traits below.

Alel dominan/Dominant allele   Alel resesif/Recessive allele

5 (a) (b)

Boleh menggulung Tidak boleh Rambut kerinting Rambut lurus
lidah menggulung lidah Curly hair Straight hair
Able to roll tongue Unable to roll tongue
Alel dominan Alel resesif
Alel dominan Alel resesif Dominant allele Recessive allele
Dominant allele Recessive allele
(d)
(c)

Cuping telinga Cuping telinga Kerdil/Dwarf Tinggi/Tall
melekap bebas Alel resesif Alel dominan
Attached ear lobe Free ear lobe Recessive allele Dominant allele

Alel resesif Alel dominan (f)
Recessive allele Dominant allele

(e)

Berlesung pipit Tidak berlesung pipit Bulu mata pendek Bulu mata panjang
Dimples No dimples Short eye lashes Long eye lashes

Alel dominan Alel resesif Alel resesif Alel dominan
Dominant allele Recessive allele Recessive allele Dominant allele

44

5.5 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Mekanisme pewarisan ciri pada manusia Tarikh:

The mechanism of inheritance of traits in humans PBD
Konstruktivisme

Kajian Gregor Mendel terhadap tumbuhan pea dapat menerangkan pewarisan ciri
pada organisma.
The studies of Gregor Mendel on the pea plant were able to explain the nature of
inheritance in organisms.

Berpandukan Hukum Mendel, tunjukkan mekanisme pewarisan monohibrid pada anak yang dilahirkan
dengan menggunakan rajah skema. Tentukan kebarangkalian untuk mendapatkan anak dengan trait
yang berlainan./Based on Mendel’s law as a guide and drawing schematic diagrams, show the monohybrid
inheritance mechanism for the progeny. Determine the probability of getting children with different traits. TP2

T : Alel membawa trait tinggi (dominan)/Allele carry the tall trait (dominant)
t : Alel membawa trait kerdil (resesif)/Allele carry the dwarf trait (recessive)

1 Fenotip induk Tinggi Kerdil
Parental phenotypes Tall Dwarf
Genotip induk BAB
Parental genotypes TT tt
Meiosis/Meiosis
5
Gamet/Gamete T T t t
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation Tt Tt Tt Tt
Genotip anak F1 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi
F1 offspring genotypes Tall Tall Tall Tall

Fenotip anak F1 kerdil/drawf
F1 offspring phenotypes

(a) Nisbah fenotip/Phenotype ratio: 4 tinggi/tall: 0
(b) Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat:/The probability of getting a:

(i) anak tinggi/tall child : 1 atau/or 100%
(ii) anak kerdil/dwarf child : 0 atau/or 0%

2 Fenotip induk Tinggi Tinggi
Parental phenotypes Tall Tall

Genotip induk Tt Tt
Parental genotypes

Meiosis/Meiosis

Gamet/Gamete Tt T t

Persenyawaan tt
Fertilisation Kerdil
Dwarf
Genotip anak F2 TT Tt Tt
F2 offspring genotypes kerdil/drawf

Fenotip anak F2 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi
F2 offspring phenotypes Tall Tall Tall


(a) Nisbah fenotip/Phenotype ratio: 3 tinggi/tall: 1
(b) Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat:/The probability for getting a:
(i) anak tinggi/tall child : 3/4 atau/or 75%
(ii) anak kerdil/dwarf child : 1/4 atau/or 25%

45

3 K : Alel membawa ciri tangan kanan/normal (dominan) TP2
Allele carrying the right-handedness/normal trait (dominant)
k : Alel membawa ciri kidal (resesif)/Allele carrying the left-handedness trait (recessive)

Induk/Parents Lelaki/Male Perempuan/Female

Genotip/Genotype Kk kk

Meiosis/Meiosis

Gamet/Gamete Kk kk

Persenyawaan/Fertilisation

Genotip anak Kk Kk kk kk
Offspring genotypes

Fenotip anak Normal Normal Kidal Kidal
Offspring phenotypes Normal Normal Left-handed Left-handed

BAB (a) Nisbah fenotip/Phenotype ratio: 2 normal/normal: 2 kidal/left-handed: 1:1
(b) Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat:/The probability of getting a:

5 (i) anak normal/normal child : 1/2 atau/or 50%
(ii) anak kidal/left-handed child : 1/2 atau/or 50%

4 Bandingkan seks manusia./Compare the human sex. TP1

Lelaki Ciri-ciri Perempuan 22 + X
Male Characteristics Female 22 + Y
44 + XY (a) Kandungan kromosom dalam sel soma 44 + XX 44 + XX
Chromosome contents in a somatic cell 44 + XY
Sperma (b) Nama gamet (sel pembiakan) Ovum Ovum/Ovum
Sperms Name of gamete (reproductive cell) Ovum Sperma/Sperms
22 + X (c) Kandungan kromosom dalam gamet 22 + X
22 + Y Chromosome contents in a gamete

5 Lengkapkan rajah skema penentuan jantina pada manusia. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan. TP2
Complete the schematic diagram of sex determination in a human being. Then, answer the questions.

Induk/Parents Bapa/Father Ibu/Mother Galeri Info

Genotip/Genotype 44 + XY 44 + XX Bapa menentukan
seks anaknya. Hal ini
Proses X/Process X demikian kerana
jantina anak
Gamet/Gamete 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X 22 + X bergantung pada
jenis kromosom yang
Proses Y/Process Y terdapat dalam sperma.
The father determines
Genotip anak 44 + XX 44 + XX 44 + XY 44 + XY the gender of the
Offspring genotypes Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki offspring. This is
Jantina anak Female Female Male Male because the gender of
Sex of offspring the offspring depends
on the type of
chromosome that is
found in the sperm.

(a) Proses X/Process X:  Meiosis/Meiosis
(b) Proses Y/Process Y:  Persenyawaan/Fertilisation

46

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.3 Mutasi

5.6 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Mutasi gen dan mutasi kromosom (penyakit keturunan) PBD
STM
Gene mutation and chromosome mutation (hereditary diseases)

Jawab soalan-soalan tentang mutasi./Answer the questions on mutation.

1 Apakah itu mutasi?/What is mutation? TP2

Perubahan spontan dan rawak yang berlaku pada struktur gen atau kromosom .
gene or a chromosome .
The spontaneous and random change that takes place in the structure of a

2 Nyatakan dua jenis mutasi./State two types of mutation. TP1
Mutasi gen dan mutasi kromosom/Gene mutation and chromosome mutation

A. Mutasi gen/Gene mutation gen disebabkan oleh Video
3 Apakah itu mutasi gen?/What is gene mutation? TP2 gene caused by chemical changes.
Perubahan spontan yang berlaku pada struktur

perubahan kimia.
The spontaneous change that occur in the structure of a

4 Nyatakan jenis mutasi gen berdasarkan penerangannya dalam jadual di bawah. TP1 BAB
State the types of gene mutations relating to their explanations in the table below.

Anemia sel sabit Albinisme Talasemia Hemofilia Buta warna 5
Sickle cell anaemia Albinism Thalassemia Haemophilia Colour blindness

Jenis mutasi gen Penerangan
Types of gene mutation Explanation
(a) Albinisme Gen mutan tidak dapat menghasilkan pigmen kulit.
The mutated gene is unable to produce skin pigments.
Albinism

(b) Anemia sel sabit Biasa/Normal Gen mutan menghasilkan hemoglobin yang
Sickle cell anaemia mencukupi tetapi luar biasa dan kurang cekap
untuk mengangkut oksigen.
The mutated gene produces sufficient haemoglobin but
is abnormal and less efficient for transporting oxygen.

Sel darah merah
berbentuk sabit
Sickle-shaped red
blood cells

(c) Buta warna Pesakit tidak dapat membezakan antara warna merah dengan hijau.
Colour blindness Patients unable to differentiate between red and green.

(d) Hemofilia Disebabkan ketiadaan sejenis protein dalam darah yang diperlukan
Haemophilia untuk pembekuan darah. Darah mengalir berterusan jika pesakit
tercedera./Caused by the absence of a protein in the blood necessary for
the clotting of blood. Blood flows continuosly if the patient is injured.

(e) Talasemia Gen mutan tidak dapat menghasilkan sel darah merah (hemoglobin)
Thalassemia yang mencukupi dalam darah./The mutant genes are unable to produce
sufficient red blood cells (haemoglobin) in the blood.


B. Mutasi kromosom/Chromosome mutation

5 Apakah maksud mutasi kromosom?/What is the meaning of chromosome mutation? TP2
Mutasi yang menyebabkan perubahan pada struktur atau bilangan kromosom .

Mutation which causes changes in the structure or number of chromosomes .

47

6 Namakan jenis mutasi kromosom berdasarkan kandungan kromosom dan kemudian padankan dengan
ciri-ciri pesakit./Name the types of chromosome mutation based on the chromosome contents and then,
match with the characteristics of the patients. TP2

Sindrom Turners Sindrom Down Sindrom Klinefelter
Turner syndrome Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome

Jenis mutasi Lebihan atau Ciri-ciri pesakit
kromosom kekurangan kromosom Characteristics of the
Types of chromosome Extra or insufficient patient
mutation chromosomes
Bahu sempit, testis kecil,
(a) Sindrom Down Lebihan satu kromosom pada mandul
Down syndrome kromosom ke-21 (autosom) Narrow shoulders, small
One extra chromosome at the testes, sterile
21st chromosome (autosome) Tiada kitar haid dan
mandul
(b) Sindrom Klinefelter Lebihan satu kromosom seks X Absence of the menstrual
Klinefelter pada lelaki cycle, sterile
syndrome One extra X chromosome in Terencat akal, mata sepet,
males jari dan leher pendek
Mentally retarded, slanted
BAB (c) Sindrom Turner Kekurangan satu kromosom X eyes, short fingers and neck
Turner syndrome pada perempuan
5 Lacks one X chromosome in
females

7 Tandakan (✓) bilangan kromosom dan kandungan kromosom bagi mutasi kromosom dalam jadual di
bawah./Tick (✓) the number of chromosomes and the chromosome contents of the chromosome mutations
in the table below. TP2

Jenis mutasi kromosom Bilangan kromosom Kandungan kromosom
Types of chromosome mutation Number of chromosomes Chromosome content
(a) Sindrom Down
45 ✓ 45 + XX 47 + XX
Down syndrome ✓ 47

✓ 45 + XY

(b) Sindrom Klinefelter 45 45 + XX 44 + XO
Klinefelter syndrome ✓ 47 ✓ 44 + XXY

(c) Sindrom Turner ✓ 45 45 + XY ✓ 44 + XO
Turner syndrome 47 44 + XXY

8 Kaji kandungan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi seseorang yang mengalami mutasi kromosom.
Study the chromosome contents of a somatic cell of a person who suffers from chromosome mutation.

(a) Namakan jenis mutasi kromosom yang berlaku. TP1
Name the type of chromosome mutation that occurs.
Sindrom Down/Down syndrome

(b) Bulatkan pada rajah di sebelah pasangan kromosom yang
menyebabkan mutasi itu. TP1
Circle in the diagram on the left the chromosome pair which
causes the mutation.

(c) Tuliskan kandungan kromosom dalam sel soma orang itu. TP2
Write the chromosome contents of the somatic cell of the person.
45 + XY

48

5.7 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Aplikasi penyelidikan genetik Tarikh:

Application of genetic research PBD
STM

2007 BHG. B, S6

A. Penyelidikan terhadap mutasi/The research on mutation

1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan mutasi. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the factors which cause mutation.

✓ Sesetengah bahan pengawet, pewarna makanan dan pemanis tiruan
Some preservatives, food colours and artificial flavours

Makanan yang pedas dan berempah
Hot and spicy food

✓ Bahan-bahan kimia seperti pestisid, nikotina dalam rokok dan dadah
Chemicals such as pesticides, nicotine in cigarettes and drugs

✓ Sinaran radioaktif, sinar gama, sinar ultraungu dan sinar-X
Radioactive rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet ray and X-rays

✓ Kehamilan pada usia yang lewat
Pregnancy at a late age

2 Penyelidikan genetik dapat menerangkan penyakit gangguan gen. BAB
Genetic research can explain gene disorders.

(a) Contoh: Albinisme yang disebabkan oleh gen resesif pada autosom diwarisi. TP2 5
Example: Albinism caused by recessive genes in inherited autosomes.

Suami/Husband (Normal) × Isteri/Wife (Normal)
Aa
Induk/Parents A : Alel normal
(dominan)
Meiosis/Meiosis Aa Normal allele
(dominant)
Gamet/Gametes A aA a a : Alel albino
(resesif)
Persenyawaan AA Aa Aa aa Albino allele
Fertilisation Normal Normal Normal Albino (recessive)
Genotip anak Normal tetapi tetapi Albino
Offspring merupakan merupakan
genotypes pembawa pembawa
Normal but Normal but
Fenotip anak is a carrier is a carrier
Offspring
phenotypes

Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat/Probability of having
(i) anak albino/an albino child: 1/4 atau/or 25%
(ii) anak normal tetapi merupakan pembawa/a normal child but who is a carrier: 1/2 atau/or 50%
(iii) Lengkapkan petikan di bawah./Complete the passage below. TP2

Menurunkan/Pass Resesif/Recessive Pembawa/Carrier Dominan/Dominant

Individu yang mempunyai satu alel dominan (normal) dan satu alel resesif

(albino) dikenali sebagai pembawa trait albino. Walaupun individu ini tidak menghidap
albinisme, dia boleh menurunkan trait ini kepada anak-anaknya.
dominant recessive
An individual who has one allele (normal) and one allele
carrier
(albino) is known as a of albino trait. Even though this individual is not
pass
suffering from albinism, he can this trait to his children.

49

(b) Contoh: Buta warna yang disebabkan oleh penyakit warisan terangkai seks. TP2
Example: Colour blindness caused by sex-linked hereditary diseases.

XB : Alel normal (dominan)/Normal allele (dominant)
Xb : Alel buta warna (resesif)/Colour blind allele (recessive)

Lelaki (normal) Perempuan (pembawa)
Induk/Parents Male (normal) Female (carrier)
Meiosis/Meiosis
XBY × XBXb

Gamet/Gametes XB Y XB Xb
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation XBXB XBXb XBY XbY
Genotip anak Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki buta
Offspring genotypes normal normal tetapi normal warna
Normal girl pembawa Normal boy Colour blind
Fenotip anak Normal girl boy
Offspring phenotypes but is a carrier

BAB Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat/Probability of having a : 1/4 atau/or 25%

5 (i) anak perempuan normal ialah/normal girl
(ii) anak perempuan normal tetapi pembawa/normal girl but a carrier : 1/4 atau/or 25%
: 1/4 atau/or 25%
(iii) anak lelaki normal/normal boy : 1/4 atau/or 25%

(iv) anak lelaki buta warna/colour-blind boy

(c) Contoh: Hemofilia yang disebabkan oleh penyakit warisan terangkai seks. TP2
Example: Haemophilia caused by the sex-linked hereditary diseases.
XH : Alel normal (dominan)/Normal allele (dominant)
Xh : Alel hemofilia (resesif)/Haemophilia allele (recessive)

Induk Lelaki (Hemofilia) Perempuan (Pembawa)
Parents Man (Haemophiliac) Women (Carrier)
Meiosis/Meiosis
XhY × XHXh

Gamet/Gametes Xh Y XH Xh
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation XHXh XhXh XHY XhY
Genotip anak Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki yang Lelaki yang
Offspring genotypes normal bersifat normal bersifat
tetapi hemofilia Normal boy hemofilia
Fenotip anak pembawa Girl who has Boy who has
Offspring phenotypes Normal girl haemophilia haemophilia
but a carrier

Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat/Probability of having a : 1/4 atau/or 25%

(i) anak lelaki normal/normal boy
(ii) anak perempuan normal tetapi pembawa/normal girl but a carrier : 1/4 atau/or 25%
: 1/4 atau/or 25%
(iii) anak lelaki bersifat hemofilia/boy who has haemophilia : 1/4 atau/or 25%

(iv) anak perempuan bersifat hemofilia/girl who has haemophilia

50

5.8 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.4 Teknologi kejuruteraan genetik
PBD
Teknologi kejuruteraan genetik STM

Genetic engineering technology

1 Nyatakan ciri baka yang diperoleh dalam pembiakbakaan pilihan bagi kelapa sawit di bawah. TP2
State the trait characteristics obtained in the selective breeding of oil palm below.

MeMsoeksaorkparnpipnisipis MeMsoeksaorkpartpebtaelbal Ciri baka yang diperoleh
ThiTnhminemsoecsaorcparp ThiTchkimckemsoecsaorcparp Trait characteristic obtained
TemTepmurpuunrguntgebtaelbal 1 Mesokarp tebal
ThiTchkischkeslhl ell ++ TemTepmurpuunrgunngipnisipis Thick mesocarp
ThiTnhsinheslhl ell 2 Tempurung nipis
SaiSzabizesbaersar Thin shell
BigBsigizesize SaiSzakizeckiel cil 3 Saiz besar
SmSamll asilzl esize Big size
DuDraura PisiPfeisriafera TenTernaera

2 Lengkapkan ruang tentang teknologi kejuruteraan genetik. TP2
Complete the spaces about the genetic engineering technology.

Bakteria Embrio Insulin Pengklonan Termodifikasi Terapi gen BAB
Bacteria Embryo Insulin Cloning Modified Gene therapy 5

(a) Gen baru (b) (c)

New gen Bakteria
Bacteria

Sel/Cell Sel normal Gen haiwan dimasukkan ke
Normal cell dalam nukleus bakteria
untuk menghasilkan
Terapi gen menggunakan Pemindahan embrio
gen untuk merawat atau insulin manusia dalam
mencegah penyakit dengan boleh dilakukan pada haiwan teknologi DNA rekombinan.
menyuntik gen ke dalam sel ternakan./ Embryo Genes from an animal cell can
pesakit. transplantation can be done on be inserted into the nucleus of
livestock breeding. a bacteria to produce
Gene therapy uses genes human insulin in
to treat or prevent a disease recombinant DNA technology.
by inserting a gene into a
patient's cells.

(d) (e)

Dalam organisma termodifikasi genetik (GMO), Pengklonan menghasilkan organisma
DNA daripada organisma dimasukkan ke dalam baharu yang menyerupai induknya. (Contoh:
tanaman atau ternakan untuk mendapatkan Kambing biri-biri Dolly.) Kini, tumbuhan dan
ciri-ciri yang diingini. haiwan yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang diingini
In genetically modified organisms (GMOs), telah berjaya diklonkan./ Cloning
DNA from organisms are inserting into plants or produces a new organism that is identical to
livestock to obtain the desired characteristics. its parent. (Example: Dolly the sheep.) Now,
plants and animals which possess desired
characteristics have successfully been cloned.

51

5.9 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.5 Variasi
PBD
Variasi Masteri

Variation

2003 BHG. B, S2  2014 BHG. C, S11(b)

1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan variasi? TP2
What is meant by variation?
Perbezaan semula jadi di kalangan spesies yang sama.

Natural differences among the same species.

2 Nyatakan dua jenis variasi./State two types of variation. TP1
Variasi selanjar dan variasi tak selanjar/Continuous variation and discontinuous variation

3 Berikan maksud variasi selanjar dan variasi tak selanjar dalam jadual di bawah. TP2
Give the meanings of continuous variation and discontinuous variations in the table below.

(a) Variasi selanjar Variasi yang menunjukkan perbezaan yang tidak ketara dan tidak
Continuous jelas ./The variation that shows differences that are not distinct
variation clear
and not .

BAB (b) Variasi tak Variasi yang menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara dan jelas .
5 selanjar distinct
Discontinuous The variation that shows differences that are and
variation clear
.

4 Kelaskan jenis-jenis variasi berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor yang
mempengaruhi variasi. TP1
Classify the types of variation from the given information. Then, tick ( ✓ ) the factors that affect the variation.

Kumpulan darah Berat badan Cap jari Jenis cuping telinga Warna kulit
Blood group Body weight Fingerprint Type of ear lobes Skin colour
Kepintaran otak Lebar bahu
Intelligence Shoulder width Kidal Panjang tapak kaki Jenis rambut
Ketinggian Warna iris mata Left-handedness Length of sole Type of hair
Height Colour of iris
Kadar denyutan jantung Kebolehan menggulung lidah
Rate of heartbeat Ability to roll the tongue

Variasi selanjar Variasi tak selanjar
Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

Kepintaran otak/Intelligence Kumpulan darah/Blood group
Ketinggian/Height Warna iris mata/Colour of iris
Berat badan/Body weight Cap jari/Fingerprint
Lebar bahu/Shoulder width Kidal/Left-handedness
Warna kulit/Skin colour Jenis rambut/Type of hair
Kadar denyutan jantung Jenis cuping telinga
Rate of heartbeat Type of ear lobes
Panjang tapak kaki Kebolehan menggulung lidah
Length of sole Ability to roll the tongue

Faktor yang mempengaruhi Faktor yang mempengaruhi
Influencing factors Influencing factors

✓ Genetik ✓ Persekitaran ✓ Genetik Persekitaran
Genetic Environmental Genetic Environmental

52

5.10 APEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Variasi selanjar Tarikh:

KBAT Continuous variation PBD
Penemuan Inkuiri

Tujuan 2009 BHG. A, S1,  2018 BHG. A, S3
Radas
Prosedur Mengkaji variasi selanjar di kalangan murid/To study continuous variation among students

Keputusan Penimbang/Scales

1 Timbang jisim murid dalam kelas./Measure the body mass of the students in the class.
2 Rekod bilangan murid yang mempunyai jisim badan pada selang kelas tertentu dalam

jadual.
Record the number of students with a body mass within a fixed range in a table.

Jisim badan (kg) 35 – 40 41 – 45 46 – 50 51 – 55 56 – 60
Body mass (kg) 3 12 20 10 5
Bilangan murid Jawapan murid/Student's answer
Number of students

Analisis 1 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, lukiskan histogram untuk menunjukkan
bilangan murid melawan jisim badan.  TP3/KBAT
Based on the results in the table, draw a histogram to show the number of students BAB
against body mass. 5

Bilangan murid
Number of students

30

20

10

0 35 – 40 41 – 45 46 – 50 51 – 55 56 – 60 Jisim badan (kg)
Body mass (kg)

2 Nyatakan jenis variasi berdasarkan histogram yang dilukis di 1. TP1
State the type of variation based on the histogram drawn in 1.

Variasi selanjar/Continuous variation
3 Bulatkan contoh-contoh lain variasi yang dinyatakan di 2. TP1

Circle other examples of the type of variation stated in 2.

Cap ibu jari Ketinggian badan Panjang ibu jari
Thumbprint Body height Length of the thumb

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor yang mempengaruhi variasi dalam aktiviti ini. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the factors affecting the variation in this activity.

✓ Genetik/Genetic ✓ Persekitaran/Environment

Kesimpulan Jisim badan ialah satu contoh variasi selanjar .
Body mass is an example of continuous variation.

53

5.11 PAEKRTBIIVNICTAI NGAN Variasi tak selanjar Tarikh:

KBAT Discontinuous variation PBD
Penemuan Inkuiri

2005 BHG. A, S4  2002, 2010, 2011 & 2016 BHG. A, S1

Tujuan Mengkaji variasi tak selanjar di kalangan murid
Bahan To study discontinuous variation among students
Kertas putih, pad dakwat/White paper, ink pad Galeri Info
Prosedur
Variasi membolehkan spesies
5 yang sama dibezakan dan
menyesuaikan diri kepada
Keputusan perubahan alam sekitar.
Variation enables the same
Analisis species to be differentiated
and adopt to environmental
changes
Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit
Curve Loop Whorls Composite

BAB 1 Minta murid-murid dalam kelas menekan ibu jari pada pad dakwat dan kemudian
menekankan ibu jari mereka di atas sehelai kertas putih.
Ask the students in the class to press their thumbs on an ink pad and then press their
thumbs onto a piece of white paper.

2 Kenal pasti jenis cap ibu jari murid dengan merujuk kepada rajah yang ditunjukkan
di atas.
Identify the types of thumbprints of the students by referring to the diagrams shown above.

3 Rekodkan bilangan murid yang mempunyai jenis cap ibu jari yang berbeza dalam jadual.
Record the number of students having different types of thumbprints in the table.

Jenis cap ibu jari Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit
Types of thumbprints Curve Loop Whorl Composite

Bilangan murid 2 30 6 2
Number of students

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)
1 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, lukis carta bar (carta palang) untuk menunjukkan

bilangan murid melawan jenis cap ibu jari./Based on the results in the table, draw a
bar chart to show the number of students against the types of thumbprints.  TP3/KBAT

Bilangan murid/Number of students

40

30

20

10

0 Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit Jenis cap
Curve Loop Whorls Composite ibu jari
Types of
thumbprints

Kesimpulan 2 Nyatakan jenis variasi./State the type of variation. TP1
Variasi tak selanjar/Discontinuous variation

3 Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi variasi dalam aktiviti ini. TP1
State the factor affecting the variation in this activity.

Genetik/Genetic
Cap ibu jari ialah satu contoh variasi tak selanjar .
Thumbprint is an example of discontinuous variation.

54

5SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN

Kertas 1

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu 4 Antara yang berikut, yang 7 Nukleus seorang perempuan
manakah contoh variasi tak mengandungi kromosom seks
proses pembahagian sel. selanjar? XO. Apakah penyakit itu?
Diagram 1 shows a process of Which of the following is an The nucleus of a female has a
cell division. example of discontinuous variation? sex chromosome of XO. What is
A Warna kulit/Skin colour the disease?
Kromosom/Chromosome B Ketinggian A Sindrom Down
Height Down syndrome
Proses P C Berat badan B Sindrom Turner
Sel induk Process P Body weight Turner syndrome
Parent cell D Kumpulan darah C Sindrom Klinefelter
Blood group Klinefelter syndrome
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 D Anemia sel sabit
KLON SPM 2005/2006/2008 Sickle cell anaemia
Apakah proses P? BAB
What is process P? 5 Antara yang berikut, yang 8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan buah 5
A Mutasi manakah disebabkan oleh kelapa sawit X dibiakbakakan
Mutation KLON SPM 2012 mutasi gen? dengan buah kelapa sawit Y
B Mitosis Which of the following is caused untuk menghasilkan buah
Mitosis by gene mutation? kelapa sawit Z.
C Meiosis A Albinisme/Albinism
Meiosis B Sindrom down Diagram 3 shows the oil palm
D Persenyawaan Down syndrome fruit X is bred with oil palm fruit
Fertilisation C Sindrom Klinefelter Y to produce oil palm fruit Z.
Klinefelter syndrome
D Sindrom Turner
Turner syndrome
2 Pernyataan yang manakah ×
benar tentang meiosis? KLON SPM 2006/2018
Which statement is true about XY
meiosis? 6 Rajah 2 menunjukkan histogram
A Dua sel anak terhasil bagi suatu variasi. Kulit Sabut
Two daughter cells are formed Diagram 2 shows a histogram Skin Mesocarp
B Pindah silang berlaku for a variation. Isirung
Crossing over takes place Kernel
C Terlibat dalam pertumbuh­an Bilangan murid
Involved in growth Number of students Tempurung Z
D Berlaku dalam sel soma Shell
Occurs in somatic cells
Rajah 3/Diagram 3
KLON SPM 2006
Apakah ciri-ciri buah

3 Antara yang berikut, yang Ciri kelapa sawit Z?/What are the
manakah menunjukkan trait Trait
resesif? characteristics of oil palm fruit Z?
Which of the following shows a Rajah 2/Diagram 2
recessive trait? A Tempurung nipis dan
A Lesung pipit
Dimples Antara yang berikut, yang mesokarp tebal
B Cuping telinga melekap manakah ciri itu?
Attached ear lobes Which of the following is the trait? Thin shell and thick mesocarp
C Rambut keriting A Jenis cuping telinga
Curly hair Type of ear lobes B Saiz besar dan tempurung
D Tidak kidal B Ketinggian
Right handedness Height tebal
C Kumpulan darah
KLON SPM 2012 Blood group Big size and thick shell
D Jantina/Gender
C Mesokarp nipis dan saiz kecil
KLON SPM 2011
Thin mesocarp and small size

D Mesokarp tebal dan

tempurung tebal

Thick mesocarp and a thick

shell KLON SPM 2003/2011/2012

55

Kertas 2

Bahagian A/Section A
Arahan/Instruction: Jawab semua soalan./Answer all the questions.

1 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan kumpulan darah bagi murid-murid di dalam sebuah kelas.
The information below shows the blood groups of the students in a class. KLON SPM 2005 BHG. A, S4,  2011 & 2016 BHG. A, S1, 2018 BHG. A, S3

O O B O B B A B O A O AB O A B
A B B AB A AB A O B B A O A B O

(a) Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, lengkapkan Jadual 1.  TP1
Based on the information given, complete Table 1.

Kumpulan darah/Blood groups A B AB O
Bilangan murid/Number of students 8 10 3 9

Jadual 1/Table 1

[1 markah/1 mark]

(b) Berdasarkan Jadual 1, lukis carta bar (palang) untuk menunjukkan bilangan murid melawan kumpulan
darah./Based on Table 1, draw a bar chart to show the number of students against blood groups.  TP3/KBAT

BAB Bilangan murid/Number of students (c) Berdasarkan carta bar di 1(b), nyatakan jenis variasi
bagi kumpulan darah.  TP1
5 10
Based on the bar chart in 1(b), state the type of variation

for blood groups.

Variasi tak selanjar/Discontinuous variation

5 Kumpulan darah [1 markah/1 mark]
0 Blood groups
(d) Nyatakan satu contoh lain variasi yang dinyatakan di
A B AB O 1(c)./State one other example of the type of variation
stated in 1(c).  TP1

Jenis cuping telinga/Type of ear lobes

[1 markah/1 mark]

[2 markah/2 marks]

Bahagian C/Section C
Arahan/Instruction: Jawab semua soalan./Answer all the questions.  TP2

2 (a) Nyatakan empat perbezaan antara mitosis dengan meiosis. [4 markah/4 marks]
State four differences between mitosis and meiosis.

(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan bahagian-bahagian manusia yang mengalami pembahagian sel.  TP4/KBAT
Diagram 2 shows the parts of a human that undergo cell division.

Ginjal/Kidneys Pembahagian sel Rambut/Hair
Hati/Liver Cell division Tulang/Bones

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Kaji bahagian-bahagian yang mengalami pembahagian sel seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2 dan
bina konsep mitosis. Jawapan anda hendaklah berdasarkan aspek-aspek yang berikut:
Study the parts which undergo cell division as shown in Diagram 2 and construct a concept of mitosis. Your
answer should be based on the following aspects:
(i) Kenal pasti dua ciri sepunya./Identify two common characteristics.
(ii) Beri satu contoh lain bahagian yang mengalami pembahagian sel ini.
Give one other example of the part which undergoes this type of cell division.
(iii) Beri satu contoh bahagian badan yang mengalami meiosis.
Give one example of the body part which undergoes meiosis.
(iv) Hubungkaitkan ciri sepunya untuk membina konsep mitosis.
Relate the common characteristics to construct a concept of mitosis.
[6 markah/6 marks]

56


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