Phonetics

APPENDIX 1 IPA CHART

Courtesy of International Phonetic Association

(Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, GREECE).

APPENDIX 2
LIST OF VPM LABELS FOR
SSBE CONSONANTS

/p/ as in pig Voiceless Bilabial Plosive
/b/ as in bent Voiced Bilabial Plosive
/t/ as in tank Voiceless Alveolar Plosive
/d/ as in dale Voiced Alveolar Plosive
/k/ as in kind Voiceless Velar Plosive
/g/ as in grind Voiced Velar Plosive
/f/ as in fun Voiceless Labiodental Fricative
/v/ as in vole Voiced Labiodental Fricative
/θ/ as in theory Voiceless Dental Fricative
/ð/ as in they Voiced Dental Fricative
/s/ as in soon Voiceless Alveolar Fricative
/z/ as in Zen Voiced Alveolar Fricative
/ʃ/ as in ship Voiceless Postalveolar Fricative
/ʒ/ as in pleasure Voiced Postalveolar Fricative
/tʃ/ as in cherub Voiceless Postalveolar Affricate
/dʒ/ as in June Voiced Postalveolar Affricate
/m/ as in mail Voiced Bilabial Nasal
/n/ as in nail Voiced Alveolar Nasal
/˛/ as in sang Voiced Velar Nasal
/l/ as in lull Voiced Alveolar Lateral approximant
/r/ as in red Voiced Postalveolar Approximant
/j/ as in yogurt Voiced Palatal Approximant
/w/ as in went Voiced Labial-velar Approximant
[ʋ] Voiced Labiodental Approximant
[ʔ] Voiceless Glottal Plosive

282

APPENDIX 3
LIST OF DIACRITICS FOR ALLOPHONIC
TRANSCRIPTION OF SSBE

Voice

Devoicing of obstruents [ ]̊ next to silence or voiceless ɡ̊ əʊld̊

sounds

Devoicing of approximants [ ̊] in a cluster after /ptk/ at the k̊ leI

start of a stressed syllable

Aspiration of /ptk/ [h] in the onset of a stressed syllable tʰæ˛k
Unaspiration of /ptk/
[=] following /s/ in the onset of a st=ænd

stressed syllable

Voicing of /h/ [ɦ] in between vowels bɪɦeɪv

Place (primary)

Retraction of velars [ ̱ ] before back vowels ɡus

Advancement of velars [ ˖ ] before front vowels ɡis

Retraction of alveolars [ ̱ ] before postalveolars ṯɹæm

Dental realisations of alveolars [ ̪ ] before dentals tɛnθ̪

Labiodental realisations of bilabials [ ̪ ] before labiodentals lip f̪ ɹɒɡ

Place (secondary)

Velarisation [ ˠ] for /l/ in coda or syllabic position, bitˠlˠ

and any consonant preceding

the /l/

Labialisation of [ ʷ] before rounded vowels and /w/ tʷul

consonants

Palatalisation of [ ʲ] before front vowels and /j/ pʲjupə

non-velar consonants

283

APPENDIX 3 Diacritics for allophonic transcription of SSBE

Manner

Nasalisation of [ ̃] up to two segments before and plæ̃ nəz

approximants one

segment after a nasal (as long as

no

obstruent intervenes)

Nasal approach/ [n] before (release) bʌtnn
release of plosives
or after (approach) a homorganic ænnt

Lateral approach/ [l] nasal wɪtll
release of /t/ before (release) wɪllt
or after (approach) /l/

and /d/

Ejective release [ ʼ] optionally before a pause kwɪkʼ

of v-plosives

Narrow release [s z θ before a homorganic fricative bɛtss
of plosives ð] etc.

Inaudible release [ ̚ ] 1. optionally before a pause kwɪk ̚

of plosives 2. before a heterorganic plosive kwɪk ̚ taɪm

3. before a heterorganic fricative kwɪk ̚ stɛp

Unreleased plosives [ ̊] before a homorganic plosive ɡʊd˚deɪ

(optional unless the same POA

has resulted from assimilation)

Vowels up to two segments before and one segment plæ̃nə̃z
after a nasal (as long as no obstruent pə̆ lĭs
Nasalisation of [ ]̃ intervenes)
vowels before a voiceless obstruent in the same
syllable
Pre-fortis [ ̆]
clipping of
vowels

284

FLASH CARDS TO COPY AND COMPLETE

The following pages give flash cards for the SSBE consonants and vowels.
It is recommended that you photocopy them onto card, and then complete

the backs of the cards with the following information.

Consonants

Example word/s:
Voice
Place
Manner

Vowels

Example word/s

Monophthong – height, frontness, rounding

Diphthong – closing, centring

285

Flash cards to copy and complete

pb
td
kg

286

Flash cards to copy and complete

fv
θð
sz

287

Flash cards to copy and complete

ʃʒ

tʃ dʒ
mn

288

Flash cards to copy and complete

˛l
wr
j

289

Flash cards to copy and complete

iɪ
ɛæ

ʌɒ

290

Flash cards to copy and complete

ɜɑ
ɔʊ

uə

291

Flash cards to copy and complete

eɪ aʊ

əʊ ʊə

ɛə aɪ

292

Flash cards to copy and complete

ɔɪ ɪə
ʋ

ɹʔ

293

INDEX

Page numbers in bold type indicate places in the text where definitions of terms are given.

abducted, 17, 121 of place of articulation, 212
accent (intonation), 235, 248 of voicing, 210
accent (regional), 8, 30, 139, 177–9, 205, 257 Australian question intonation, 258
active articulator, 27, 38, 67 autosegmental, 228
adducted, 17, 121 autosegmental metrical (AM) model, 242
advancement, 133
affix, 110 bilabial, 28
brackets, 20, 30, 51, 54, 117, 167
prefix, 110
suffix, 22 angled, 4
affricate, 41–2, 42 slash, 30
age, 176 square, 30
airstream mechanism, 83–97, 84 broad focus, 250
glottalic egressive, 89–92 broad transcription, 117, 165, 221
glottalic ingressive, 85–9
pulmonic, 83–4 cardinal vowels, 77, 77–81
velaric egressive, 96 secondary, 80
velaric ingressive, 92–6
allophone, 117 clear /l/, 138
extrinsic, 139 click, 92–6
allophonic transcription, 117, 165, 166–8, 221
allophonic variation accompaniments, 95
free allophonic variation, 151 coalescence, 214
of manner, 142–56 coarticulation, 122, 123
of place of articulation, 130–9
of voicing, 128 anticipatory, 123
of vowels, 158–62 perseverative, 123
alphabetic writing, 4 coda, 103
alveolar, 28 complementary distribution, 118, 151
alveolar ridge, 26 compound, 249
alveolo-palatal, 34 compression, 199
AM model. See autosegmental metrical connected speech, 191
connected speech processes, 197
model consonant, 9
ambisyllabic, 105 manner of articulation, 37–48, 142–56
anticipatory coarticulation, 123 non-pulmonic, 85
approach phase, 39 place of articulation, 25–32, 33–5, 130–9
approximant, 40, 40–1 voicing, 114–28
content word, 111
devoicing, 123 contrast, 120
approximation covert prestige, 184
CV structure, 6, 11
narrow, 40
wide, 40 dark /l/, 138
articulator, 25–8, 25 deaccenting, 250
active, 27, 38 dealveolarisation, 212
passive, 27, 38 declination, 255
aspiration, 115, 115, 124–6 degree of stricture, 38
assimilation, 210, 210–16 dental, 28, 130
dealveolarisation, 212 devoicing, 121
of manner of articulation, 214
approximant, 123–3

294

Index diacritics, 162
non-pulmonic consonants, 96
assimilation, 210 pulmonic consonants, 51–6
obstruent, 121–2, 121–2 vowels, 81
diachronic variation, 184 intervocalic, 105
diacritics, 115 intonation, 227–43, 228
for vowels, 162 functions of, 245–59
in IPA chart, 162 notation, 229, 240
diphthong, 64, 74 variation, 257
centring, 76 intonation phrase, 231
closing, 76 accent, 235
distribution, 102, 102–8 head, 236
complementary, 118 nuclear tones, 232
distributional variation, 178 nucleus, 233
double articulation, 30 pre-head, 239
double letters, 5 tail, 233
intrusive /r/, 203, 204–6
egressive, 84 IPA. See International Phonetic Alphabet
ejective, 89–92
Jones, Daniel, 78
ejective release, 150, 150
elision, 192–7, 207, 215 key, 254
environment, 116
extrinsic allophone, 139 labialisation, 135
labial-velar, 29
FAV. See free allophonic variation labiodental, 28, 134
fortis, 161 labiodental /r/, 30, 206
FPV. See free phonemic variation larynx, 17
free allophonic variation, 151 lateral approach, 148
free phonemic variation, 181 lateral approximant, 41
fricative, 39, 39–40 lateral fricative, 48
fronting, 33 lateral release, 148
function word, 111 lenis, 161
lexical, 110
gemination, 155 lexical item, 192
gender, 175 lexical stress, 110
given information, 250 lexical variation, 178
glottal, 28 liaison, 202, 202–8
glottal reinforcement, 139 linking /r/, 203, 204–6
glottal replacement, 30 logogram, 3
glottal stop, 30, 206 logographic, 4
glottalic egressive airstream, 89–92
glottalic ingressive airstream, 85–9 manner of articulation, 37–48, 38
glottalisation. See glottal reinforcement allophonic variation, 142–56
glottalling. See glottal replacement assimilation, 214
glottis, 26 in mid-sagittal sections, 59
manner diagrams, 38
head (intonation), 236
head diagrams. See mid-sagittal sections marked, 253
heterorganic, 151 maximal onset principle, 107, 107–8
hiatus, 202 medial, 198
high rising terminals, 258 median approximant. See approximant
hold phase, 39 mental lexicon, 72, 76, 110, 199, 211, 223
homograph, 7 midline, 41
homophone, 7 mid-sagittal sections, 56, 56–61
homorganic, 147 minimal pair, 117, 117–19
MOA. See manner of articulation
idiolectal variation, 181 monophthong, 64
implosive, 85–9 monophthongisation, 76
impressionistic transcription, 220
inaudible release, 151 narrow approximation, 40
ingressive, 85 narrow focus, 250
initiator, 85 narrow release, 150
interlinear diagram, 230
International Phonetic Alphabet, 20

295

Index

narrow transcription, 117. See also allophonic register, 256
transcription release phase, 39
retraction, 131, 131–2
nasal, 42, 42–4 retroflex, 34
nasal approach, 146 rhotic accent, 6
nasal cavity, 27 rhoticity, 11, 205
nasal release, 146 rhythmic stress, 110, 192
nasalisation, 142–4, 143, 158–60 RP. See Received Pronunciation
nasalised, 143
no audible release, 151 schwa, 71–3, 72, 109, 192
non-pulmonic airstreams, 85 secondary articulation, 135
non-rhotic accent, 6 secondary cardinal vowels, 80
nuclear tones, 232, 251 secondary variations of place, 135
nucleus (intonation), 233 segment, 6
nucleus (syllable), 103 semi-vowel, 74
sibilant, 46
obstruent, 45 silent letters, 5
devoicing, 121–2 social class, 179
sonorant, 45
onset, 103 SSBE, 9. See Standard Southern British
empty, 104
maximal onset principle, 108 English
Standard Southern British English, 9
oral cavity, 27
oral stop, 39 consonants, 29, 39–44
orthographic level, 7 diphthongs, 74–6
monophthongs, 64–6
palatal, 28 state of the glottis, 58
palatalisation, 137 stop consonant, 30
palate, 26 nasal, 43
parametric diagram, 122, 144, 159–60, 168–71 oral, 39
passive articulator, 27, 38 stopping, 46
perseverative coarticulation, 123 stress, 72, 108, 108–11, 234
pharyngeal, 34 lexical, 110
pharynx, 27 rhythmic, 110, 192
phoneme, 116 shift, 111
phonemic level, 7 strong form, 192
phonemic transcription. See broad suffix, 22
suprasegmental, 228
transcription syllabic consonant, 11, 103, 103–4, 198
phonetic level, 7 syllable, 101–8
phonetician, 6 coda, 103
phonology, 120 nucleus, 103
phonotactics, 102, 102–8 onset, 103
pitch range, 175, 182, 230, 246, 254 synchronic variation, 184
place of articulation, 25, 25–32, 33–5 systematic transcription, 219
systemic variation, 178
allophonic variation, 130–9
assimilation, 212 tail, 233
in mid-sagittal sections, 59 tap, 47
plosive, 39 tone languages, 228
allophonic variation of manner, 145–52 tongue, 27
POA. See place of articulation trachea, 16
postalveolar, 28 transcription, 9, 165–8, 218–23
prefix, 110
pre-fortis clipping, 160–2, 161 allophonic, 117, 165, 166–8, 221
pre-head, 239 broad, i, 117, 165, 221
primary articulation, 135 impressionistic, 220
primary variations of place, 135 narrow, 117
pulmonic, 84 systematic, 219
trill, 47
quality (vowel), 64
unaspirated, 126
realisational differences, 178 unreleased plosive, 154
Received Pronunciation, 9 uptalk, 258
regional accent, 8, 139, 177–9, 257

rhoticity, 6, 11, 205

296

Index vocalised /l/, 139
voice onset time, 125
uvula, 26 voice quality, 176
uvular, 34 voiced, 18
voiceless, 18
variation voicing
age, 176
allophonic variation of vowels, 162 allophonic variation, 114–28
diachronic, 184 assimilation, 210
distributional, 178 of /h/, 127
free allophonic variation, 151 VOT. See voice onset time
free phonemic variation, 181 vowel, 9, 63–81
gender, 175 acoustic classification, 71
idiolectal, 181 allophonic variation,
intonation, 257
lexical, 178 158–62
manner of articulation, 142–56 and semi-vowel, 74
place of articulation, 130–9 cardinal, 78, 77–81
primary variation of place, 135 diphthong, 64, 64, 74
realisational differences, 178 frontness, 67
regional accent, 177–9 height, 67
secondary variations of place, 135 length, 73
social class, 179 lip-rounding, 67
synchronic, 184 monophthong, 64
systemic, 178 quadrilateral, 70
voicing, 114–28 quality, 64
space, 70
velar, 28 VPM label, 50
velaric egressive airstream, 96
velaric ingressive airstream, 92, 92–6 weak form, 191–2, 192
velarisation, 138 wh-questions, 252
velic closure, 42 wide approximation, 40
velum, 26 wide oral release, 39
vocal folds, 17 word final devoicing, 22

abducted, 17, 121 yes-no question, 252
adducted, 17, 121
vocal tract, 17

297