INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Towards mainstreaming Malay Medical Manuscripts 5-6th September 2023 Virtual platform Virtual Organized by: FLAGSHIP HEALTH NFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE FROM MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KULLIYYAH OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES . KULLIYYAH OF NURSING
Tentative Program Oral presentation schedule Organizing comittee Keynote speaker Remarks from HIKAM Chairman Remarks from ICOMMM 2023 Program Manager Abstract of Oral Presenter Page i - ii Page iii - iv Page v - viii Page ix - xii Page xiii - xiv Page xv - xxiv Page 1 - 15
FLAGSHIP HIKAM CHAIRMAN OF DEAN KAHS cum i
ii In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious Most Merciful. All praises to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and to His Messenger, Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, his family and companions. There is no power nor strength except through Allah. Greetings and Welcome to the International Conference on Malay Medical Manuscript 2023 with the theme of "Towards Mainstreaming Malay Medical Manuscript." As the Dean of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), it is both an honour and a privilege to extend a warm and cordial welcome to all the distinguished delegates, researchers, academicians, and participants from around the world joining us virtually for this significant event. The theme of this conference, "Towards Mainstreaming Malay Medical Manuscript," reflects the growing recognition of the invaluable contributions of Malay traditional medicine to the field of healthcare. Malaysia boasts a rich heritage of traditional healing practices rooted in Malay culture, encompassing a wealth of knowledge encapsulated within ancient manuscripts. These manuscripts are a treasure trove of traditional medicinal wisdom that has been passed down through generations. This conference is an acknowledgment of the importance of preserving and integrating this knowledge into contemporary healthcare practices. In the last 20 years ago, there has been a concerted effort by the Ministry of Health Malaysia to establish a dedicated division for Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM). This initiative underscores the government's commitment to recognising the significance of traditional healing methods within the healthcare system. By organizing this conference, we hope to foster a closer collaboration between academia, healthcare practitioners, and policymakers to effectively integrate Malay traditional medicine into mainstream healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of holistic healthcare approaches, including traditional and complementary medicine. Many individuals have turned to alternative methods to boost their immunity, alleviate stress, and enhance overall well-being during these challenging times. The knowledge embedded in Malay medical manuscripts offers a unique perspective on preventive and therapeutic interventions, making it increasingly relevant in the post-COVID era. As we gather virtually for this conference, I am filled with hope and anticipation. I hope that this platform will serve as a catalyst for fruitful discussions, innovative research, and collaborations that will not only enhance our understanding of Malay traditional medicine but also contribute to its integration into the broader healthcare landscape. Through your collective efforts, we can make substantial strides towards promoting the mainstreaming of Malay medical manuscript knowledge, ensuring its rightful place in contemporary healthcare practices. In conclusion, I extend my sincere gratitude to the organizing committee, presenters, and participants for your dedication and commitment to advancing the field of Malay traditional medicine. Let this conference be a testament to our shared vision of a future where the wisdom contained in these manuscripts is cherished, respected, and harnessed to improve the health and well-being of our communities. I wish you all a successful and enlightening conference. Together, let us pave the way towards a healthier and more holistic approach to healthcare, rooted in our rich Malay heritage. Thank you and welcome once again. - PROFESSOR AHMAD AIDIL ARAFAT DZULKARNAIN-
ICOMMM 2023 PROGRAM MANAGER iii
iv In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious Most Merciful. All praises to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and to His Messenger, Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, his family and companions. There is no power nor strength except through Allah. Please allow me to welcome all delegates of the International Conference on Malay Medical Manuscripts (ICOMMM) 2023! This year’s theme is Towards Mainstreaming Malay Medical Manuscript. Malay medical manuscripts harbour a lot of medicinal information that have been preserved since hundreds of years ago. They serve as the documented records of how Malay traditional medicine was practised in the past. The notion saying that Malay traditional medicine is primarily based on superstition is widely known especially among the Malaysian citizens. However, the findings from the studies on Malay medical manuscripts have proven otherwise. The work on Malay Medical Manuscripts has been started more than 10 years ago. Since then, numerous findings and information have been unearthed. Most of medicinal content preserved in the Malay medical manuscripts actually have scientific bases, which are not known to many. The superstitious content is only minimum and definitely does not define Malay traditional medicine. Nevertheless, most of the works stay on paper and the public have yet to benefit much of these works. Therefore, we as the main players in this field need to put bludgeoned effort to ensure that the content of Malay medical manuscripts can be mainstreamed at par with other traditional and complementary medicines such as Chinese and Indian traditional medicine, homeopathy and chiropractic. Though Malay traditional medicine is also listed in the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, but it is more confined to Malay massage. Mainstreaming this requires a concerted effort from various parties including researchers, medical doctors, Malay traditional practitioner, policy makers and also public. This conference is one way to disseminate the discoveries that have been made in the field of Malay medical manuscript especially the findings since the last ICOMMM in 2020. Pursuant to this conference, we hope there will be more collaborations happening among all parties to increase the visibility and uplift the dignity of Malay medical manuscripts. Finally, this event could not have taken place without the support from our honourable IIUM Rector, Prof. Emeritus Tan Sri Dato’ Dzulkifli Abdul Razak, Flagship leader Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Affendi Mohd Shafri and the Dean of Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Prof. Ahmad Aidil Arafat bin Dzulkarnain. I am sure that all delegates cannot wait to consume new knowledge shared by our colleagues. Hopefully we will all find this ICOMMM captivating . Please enjoy! and fruitful - ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DR IZZUDDIN AHMAD NADZIRIN-
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Day 1 Day 2 Opening ceremony Keynote speaker I Keynote speaker II Oral presentation I Oral presentation II Oral presentation III Keynote speaker III Keynote speaker IV Closing ceremony vi
8.30am Registration vii 9.00am Quran and Doa recitation Mohd Arsyam Daslam Mohammad Nabhan Lutfi Welcoming remarks Asst. Prof. Dr.Izzuddin Ahmad Nadzirin ICOMMM 2023 Program Manager Officiating Ceremony Prof. Emeritus Tan Sri Dato' Dzulkifli Abdul RazakIIUM Rector Keynote Speaker I Dr Goh Cheng Soon Director Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia Break Keynote Speaker II Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pravit Akarasereenont Head Center of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine (CATTM), Mahidol University, Thailand Oral Presentation Session I End of first day Oral Presentation Session II Break 9.10am 9.20am 9.35am 10.00am 10.15am 11.15am 1.00pm 2.30pm 4.30pm
9.00am viii Keynote Speaker III Dr Intan Azura Shahdan Senior Lecturer Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, IIUM Break Keynote Speaker IV Dr. Viswajanani J. Sattigeri Head CSIR-Traditional Knowlede Digital Library (CSIR-TKDL) Unit, New Delhi Closing remarks and disperse Break 9.15am 11.15am 11.30am 12.30pm 2.00pm Quran and Doa recitation Mohd Arsyam Daslam Mohammad Nabhan Lutfi Oral Presentation Session III 3.00pm
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11.15am x OP1: AP DR. MOHD AFFENDI MOHD SHAFRI Cacar in Pontianak: the history of a smallpox pandemic from the perspective of Tabib Umar bin Harun in MSS3789 11.35am 11.55am 12.15pm 12.35pm OP2: FARAH NAZIHAH ZULKIFLI Shingles treatment from Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 3048: a descriptive and in silico study between the plant active ingredients and P2X4 receptor for antinociception OP3: NORFARIHAH AHMAD RADZAUDIN Shingles remedies based on analysis of accordion-folded Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 3048 OP4: PRIYO JOKO PURNOMO Malay and Javanese perspective on cough treatment based on 19th century medical manuscripts OP5: SYASYA SYAFIQAH MAHDI Digestive problems in transliterated Malay Medical Manuscripts: ancient remedies and their pharmacological effects
2.30pm xi OP6: DR NURUL WAHIDAH FAUZI Etika pemakanan berdasarkan konsep nutrigenomik: analisis terhadap sumber hadith dan manuskrip perubatan Melayu terpilih 2.50pm 3.10pm 3.30pm OP7: DR IZZUDDIN AHMAD NADZIRIN Unveiling medicinal content from Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 4016: a descriptive study OP8: DR NORHASNIRA IBRAHIM Systematic literature review on traditional Malay medicine in Malay Medical Manuscripts OP9: DR MARDHIAH MOHAMMAD 'Resdung' treatment among the Malay local healers in Kuantan, Pahang and in selected Malay Medical manuscripts
9.15am xii OP12: DR SUHANA MAMAT A scoping review on medicinal properties of piper betle (sirih) based on Malay Medical Manuscripts and scientific literatures 9.35am 9.55am 10.15am 10.35pm OP13: NUR 'ATIFAH BATRISYIA MOHAMMAD NADZRI HISHAM The medical use and medicinal potential of selected limau (Citrus spp. and Triphasia sp.) as cure for diseases in selected Malay Medical Manuscripts OP14: WARDINI ABDULLAH SANI Data mining on fats and oils used in selected Malay Medical Manuscripts OP15: AISYAH ZAWAWI Analysis of abstract characteristic of materia medica from Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 4016 OP16: FARIYA PANDIT Assessment of the hair treatment formulations from selected Malay Medical Manuscripts
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Advisor I Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Affendi Mohd Shafri Advisor II Asst. Prof. Dr Intan Azura Shahdan Program Manager Asst. Prof. Dr. Izzuddin Ahmad Nadzirin Secretary Treasurer Host & Protocol Website & Promotion Publication & Registration Technical support Sponsorship & Sourvenious xiv Asst. Prof. Dr. Rozlin Abdul Rahman Asst. Prof. Dr Redzuan Nul Hakim Abdul Razak Asst. Prof. Dr Mohd Fuad Rahmat Sam Asst. Prof. Dr. Ummi Farhana Hashim Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fahmi Harun Asst. Prof. Dr. Hanani Ahmad Yusof @ Hanafi Sr. Norfazlina Mohd Shahruddin Sr. Haliza Hamzah Scientific Committee Br. Muhammad Ikmal Hakim Mohd Amin Br. Muhammad Zul Arif Bin Zaid Sr. Umi Kalthum Binti Mohd Hanapii Sr. Nur Haliza Harun Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mardhiah Mohammad Special task & Catering Br. Muhammad Azizul Ruslan
Keynote speaker xv
Keynote Speaker I Dr Goh Cheng Soon Keynote Speaker II Assoc. Prof. Dr Pravit Akarasereenont Keynote Speaker III Dr Intan Azura Shahdan Keynote SpeakerIV Dr Viswajanani Sattigeri xvi
Dr Goh Cheng Soon Director Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division Ministry of Health Malaysia xvii
Towards Mainstreaming Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) in Malaysia Dr Goh Cheng Soon Modern medicine is the mainstream healthcare service in Malaysia. Nevertheless, there is high utilisation and long history of T&CM in Malaysia owing to the rich ethnic diversity and cultural beliefs of Malaysians. In recognising its potential benefits for healthcare of Malaysian citizens, the government has taken proactive actions towards mainstreaming T&CM in the national healthcare system through policy and structured governance in terms of practitioners, products, education and research. Some of the most significant milestones are the enforcement of T&CM Act 2016 and commencement of registration of T&CM practitioners. T&CM services such as acupuncture, traditional massage and shirodhara have also been offered at selected MOH healthcare facilities across the country. Traditional Medicine (TM) Informatics is a new discipline which emerged through the rapid development of information science. Leveraging the advent of TM informatics and information digitalisation, the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) is in the process of adopting the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) which includes a specific chapter on TM. Additionally, MOH together with its strategic partners have been working on digitalisation of traditional Malay knowledge on medicinal plants and transliteration of ancient Malay medical manuscripts. The MOH is working towards creating a conducive T&CM research environment in order to propel and encourage better quality research in this area, especially clinical research. For instance, Framework on T&CM Research in Malaysia and Guideline for Herbal Medicine Research were developed to provide guidance for researchers. Establishment of T&CM Research Advisory Committee and development of T&CM research priorities in the near future will hopefully further enhance the T&CM research environment. While T&CM is an important component in the Malaysian healthcare system, there is still a long road towards mainstreaming T&CM. Hence, the MOH envisions several ways forward to make this a reality. xviii
Assoc. Prof. Dr Pravit Akarasereenont Head Center of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine (CATTM) Mahidol University, Thailand xix
Applied Thai traditional medicine challenges and perspectives for the future Assoc. Prof. Dr Pravit Akaraserenont Thai traditional medicine is a crucial part of how Thailand takes care of people's health. It comes from local Thai healers and has a long history. But some people find it hard to connect with modern healthcare. Nowadays, the world recognises the value of old knowledge in each country. This has led to a revival of Thai traditional medicine. The government, businesses, and the public are all working together to make it popular. To ensure the enduring success and viability of Thai traditional medicine, three things need attention. First, education is essential because there are many types of Thai traditional practitioners. Consequently, tailored quality control measures for education must be established for each practitioner category. Excellent and qualified teachers, students, curriculum, facilities, and supporting staff are needed. Second, increase the perception of traditional medicine services as more than just massages and herbs. It's the art of treating, enhancing, preventing, and rehabilitating health with Thai wisdom, Thai culture, and Thai way of life. To make it part of public healthcare, traditional practitioners need to improve and follow rules for places where people get treated and herbs are made. Third, research should focus on making the quality of research better and moving towards precision medicine. This means using technology to gather and use information for each personalized Thai traditional medical care. This fits with how medicine is changing and makes Thai traditional medicine even better. xx
Dr Intan Azura Shahdan Senior Lecturer Department of Biomedical Science Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia xxi
No guts, no glory Mainstreaming the Malay traditional remedies in treating functional gastrointestinal disorders Dr Intan Azura Shahdan Malay medical manuscripts (MMM) have incredible information and knowledge of gastrointestinal disorders (GID) and their respective remedies. Despite the advances in pharmaceutical drugs and new understanding of the disorders, GID remain as significant public health problems, with major economic effects on healthcare systems and adversely affect quality of life. Diagnosis for GID was a major challenge due to their multidimensional clinicalpresentations. In 1992, a consensus between gastrointestinal experts was made to categorise gastrointestinal symptoms, and called it the Rome Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID). Over the years, the criteria changed as new scientific data emerged to diagnose FGID. The current version of Rome (IV) was revised in 2016. Dysbiosis, which is the imbalance of the diversity of microbiota in the gut, were evident in some FGID. Microbiota-directed interventions are seen as promising approaches to treat FGID. This paper attempts to review the similarities between the ancient GID from the MMM with the Rome (IV) criteria for FGID. Four out of six categories of Rome’s (IV) FGID are consistent with the descriptions of the ancient GID. Functional bloating (Malay: senak or kembung), functional constipation (sembelit) and functional diarrhoea (cirit) are some examples of FGID which are common in both MMM and Rome (IV). Certain traditional materia medica for these disorders had to be soaked in vinegar, 12-24 hours prior to consume them. This technique has allowed us to postulate the potential roles of traditional formulations as probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut microbiota. More examples from the MMM will be shared during the presentation. ! xxii
Dr Viswajanani Sattigeri Head CSIR-Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (CSIR-TKDL) Unit, New Delhi xxiii
Traditional Knowledge Protection – What and Whose Rights? Dr Viswajanani Sattigeri Traditions and culture have been identities of countries with long histories. That the human kind had its origins over millions of years ago and is still existent indicates the importance of practices that have traversed over times. Human health is a very important subject matter. While the modern medicine originated just a few hundred years ago, our ancestors relied on traditional practices of wellness, health and medicine to either keep diseases at bay or treat the afflictions. That the traditional medicines are being talked about and in use today, speak of their continued relevance. India’s traditions and culture have been passed through several generations over thousands of years, and the nation is home to a rich heritage in the health and wellness domains. These traditions and practices have also been the subject matter of biopiracy and misappropriation. Taking cognizance of the illegitimate attempts of third parties to take ownership rights on traditional knowledge, the Government of India established the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) to thwart such actions. The talk will cover India’s TKDL, codified and oral knowledge, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, the need for proper documentation of the traditional knowledge and the rights – intellectual property as well as people’s rights to such knowledge. xxiv
Abstract of oral presentation
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Cacar in Pontianak: the History of A Smallpox Pandemic From the Perspective of Tabib Umar bin Harun in MSS3789 Mohd Affendi Mohd Shafri , Riswadi Azmi Biomedical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Department of Nationhood and Civilisation, Centre for Foundation and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Cacar, or Smallpox, was a contagious disease that occurred as pandemics many times in the past before officially declared as eradicated in 1980. Although it was one of the most frequent and most feared diseases in the Malay world, local traditional document on cacar pandemic is very limited. In MSS3789, Umar bin Harun of Pontianak provided a first-hand account of his experience in dealing with the pandemic that occurred around 1913 in Pontianak. His descriptions of the disease, including the nature of the cacar fever, the dermatological eruptions that follows, and the involvement of other organs such as the eyes, were exact and precise. The descriptions also were accompanied with some prognostic evaluations based on the presentation of the disease. Treatments of the disease involve various herbal and non-herbal formulations involving more than 30 ingredients such as cendana janggi, belerang, timun cina, lidah sotong and others. These were given in several forms such as botanical drink and topical application. Some of these formulations were learnt from other healer from as early as 1880s. Umar bin Harun made a crucial departure from other Malay medical literature when he provided dates of treatment, names of patients, and in a few cases, payments received from them. At least one other local healer worked with him during the Pontianak pandemic, who advised him on the need for proper ventilation for the patients. He also provided a brief note on nyukit, which is probably the local term for traditional inoculation technique. The account of Umar bin Harun fills in the gap in the local history of smallpox pandemic with valuable insight on the scientific operation of a local Malay healer at the turn of the 20th century. Keywords: cacar, smallpox, Malay, manuscript, medicine 2 a* b a * b
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Shingles Treatment From Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 3048: A Descriptive and in Silico Study Between The Plant Active Ingredients and P2x4 Receptor for Antinociception Farah Nazihah binti Zulkifli , Izzuddin bin Ahmad Nadzirin Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Malay medical manuscripts (MMM) discuss diseases and remedies according to Malay traditional medicine. One of them, MSS 3048, compiles a variety of diseases including shingles; a viral disease that manifests itself with neuropathic pain. One of the mechanisms that cause neuropathic pain is through the activation of P2X4, an ionotropic receptor. Hence, one of the strategies for treating neuropathic pain is by inhibiting the receptor. However, current antinociceptive drugs can cause serious side effects like respiratory depression. Thus, the goal is to identify potential compounds that can block P2X4 based on the information from MSS 3048 and in silico study. Firstly, the content of MSS 3048 was analyzed to find the plants used for shingles. Then, the active ingredients possessed by the plants were studied and the ones that had been shown to have antinociceptive effects based on literature studies were selected. Then the 3D structures of the plant's active ingredients were docked on the human P2X4 homology model using Autodock Vina software. The software produced results that showed the binding affinity of the active ingredients towards P2X4 and were compared to known ligands which are 5-(3- bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-[1]benzofuro[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and α,β-methylene ATP (α,βmeATP) as a reference. The result shows that the top six compounds with high affinity towards P2X4 are dioscin, ampelopsin F, corilagin, ellagic acid pentoside, punicalin and proanthocyanidins. Then the top six compounds were analysed by looking at the chemical interaction. The compound that showed the highest potential was dioscin, one of the compounds from Nipah palm, with binding affinity of -9.87 kcal/mol. This compound may have the potential to block P2X4 receptors and could be studied in in vitro and in vivo study before being used as treatment for shingles. Keywords: Malay Medical Manuscript, shingles, P2X4 receptor, antinociception, in silico study, docking 3 a a a* a *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Shingles Remedies Based on Analysis of Accordion-folded Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 3048 Norfarihah Ahmad Radzaudin , Izzuddin Ahmad Nadzirin Department of Biomedical Science, Kullliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Shingles or herpes zoster (HZ) is a painful disease caused by reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the sensory dorsal root ganglion cells of human body after the primary infection, chickenpox. Currently, there is no drug that can cure it besides for symptoms relief. Therefore, traditional remedies from credible sources such as the Malay medical manuscript MSS 3048 was referred to for getting various valuable medicinal information regarding cure and treatment of shingles disease.A transliterated Malay medical manuscript (MMM) containing remedies on shingles disease was selected, followed by data extraction and tabulation on its formulations and ingredients used. Subsequently, ingredients from the formulations were comparatively analysed against contemporary studies to discover scientific evidence and pharmacological properties that has high potential to be developed as new pharmaceutical products. Lastly, the formulations were evaluated using SAKTIiPharmaprospect index and highly scored-formulations were re-assessed based on comparative analysis to determine the best formulations that can be recommended for further studies. In MSS 3048, 19 formulations were discovered for shingles disease. Data analysis and comparative study on shingles provided information on pharmacological properties of each plant and there were a few plants having high scientific evidences including Annona spp., Piper betel Linn, Schima wallichii, Dipterocarpus spp., Areca catechu, Euphorbia hirta and Quercus infectoria. The use of SAKTI-iPharmaprospect discovered eight Grade A formulations and after assessment with contemporary scientific evidence, three formulations which are F2, F4 and F15 were selected as the best formulations. Grade A formulations, F2, F4 and F15 have high potential to be selected for further studies and developed into new pharmaceutical products. The findings from this study may contribute to future laboratory works and research for development pharmaceutical products for shingles treatment and Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) in Malaysia. Keywords: shingles, herpes zoster, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), MSS 3048, traditional Malay medicine 4 a* a a a * *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Malay and Javanese Perspectives on Cough Treatment Based on 19th Century Medical Manuscripts Priyo Joko Purnomo, Tio Cahya Sadewa, Krisna Arimurti The Agency of Language Development and Cultivation, Indonesia National Library of Indonesia Regional Library and Archive of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract In the medical world, coughing is a health problem in the respiratory tract or lungs that often causes itching in the throat, which stimulates the patient to make a loud barking sound. This indicates that the human body performs a natural response to remove foreign objects, such as germs, viruses, dust, or irritative substances from the respiratory tract. Not only that, coughing is also often a sign of other more serious diseases. Coughing can be experienced by everyone, from children to the elderly. Of course, many ethnic communities have their own ways of treating coughs. This paper aims to explore the Malay and Javanese perspectives on coughing and how it is treated. To achieve this goal, this paper uses a qualitative research method with the object of study of Malay and Javanese manuscripts written in the 19th century. The manuscripts are entitled Alamat Surat Obat-Obatan, Kitab Tibb, Serat Dayasarana, and Jampi Jawi. The results of this study show several things, including: (1) types of coughs, (2) cough medicine materials, and (3) treatment methods. It is suggested that this research can inspire the development of medicine derived from traditional practices in 19th century manuscripts to be utilized in today. Keywords: cough, medicine, Malay manuscripts, Javanese manuscripts 5 a* b c a * c b
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Digestive Problems in Transliterated Malay Medical Manuscripts: Ancient Remedies and Their Pharmacological Effects Syasya Syafiqah Mahdi , Intan Azura Shahdan, Department of Biomedical Science, Kullliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Ancient Malay medicine is known to use medicinal herbs to prevent and treat many disorders, including digestive problems. The Malay medical manuscripts (MMM), ancient manuscripts that are commonly written in Jawi and contain knowledge and information of the ancient Malay medical practices, - are invaluable resources to study the Malay medicine. Ultimately, most symptoms relating to digestive health can simply be avoided, and the cost of contemporary drugs and treatments can be costly for some people. Thus, this study aims to explore different types of digestive problems as described in the MMM, which are common amongst the ancient Malay people. Various remedies and their pharmacological activity of the ingredients were analysed and compared with contemporary studies. The methodology of this research is thematic analysis and data mining from six selected transliterated MMM on digestive problems. The findings were tabulated in Microsoft Excel to compare the similarities and differences of the diseases, ingredients, and modes of administration between the manuscripts. Google Scholar database was used to obtain evidence on the therapeutic uses of natural products mentioned in the MMM against digestive problems. From these six manuscripts, we have identified a total of 271 remedies for various digestive problems, with 138 identified plants and 34 non-plant materials. From these findings, ingredients that are used more than five times in remedies throughout six of these manuscripts were tabulated to study on their pharmacological effects. By presenting current scientific research to support the efficacy of ingredients used in traditional remedies for digestive problems, this study intends to provide an evidentiary foundation to support their beneficial effects. The study also highlighted the importance of preserving Malay traditional knowledge and culture, providing alternatives to immunocompromised patients as well as conserving the biodiversity of Malaysia Keywords: Ancient manuscripts, medicinal herbs, digestive problem 6 a a* a * *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Etika Pemakanan Berdasarkan Konsep Nutrigenomik: Analisis Terhadap Sumber Hadith dan Manuskrip Perubatan Melayu Terpilih Nurulwahidah Fauzi , Robiatul Adawiyah Mohamad @ Amat , Wan Nur Fasehah Wan Noh Fakulti Pengajian Quran dan Sunnah, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Kadar kesihatan yang baik bermula daripada pengambilan pemakanan yang berkhasiat dan mencukupi mengikut kadar yang diperlukan. Hal ini bersesuaian dengan konsep nutrigenomik yang merujuk kepada pola pemakanan yang mempengaruhi gen seseorang, sekaligus menentukan tahap kesihatan seseorang individu sama ada ia sihat atau berisiko untuk memperoleh penyakit genetik di kemudian hari. Budaya pemakanan hari ini yang tular dengan konsep ‘viral’, kebiasaanya akan berusaha memenuhi kehendak pelanggan dengan kepelbagaian rasa makanan dengan campuran bahan yang tidak memenuhi kadar nutrisi yang sebaiknya. Maka, kajian ini akan berusaha memenuhi beberapa objektif utama iaitu i) Menelurusi konsep nutrigenomik dalam penentuan makanan sihat, ii) Mengenlpasti struktur dan etika pemakanan sihat menurut perspektif hadith dan iii) Menganalisis etika pemakanan sihat menurut perspektif Manuskrip Perubatan Melayu terpilih. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kaedah kualitatif iaitu melalui kajian dan tinjaun daripada bahan-bahan rujukan dan pustaka. Analisa data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metod induktif, analisis kandungan dan komparatif, bagi mengenalpasti suatu kesimpulan umum akan persamaan dan perbezaan mengenai etika makanan yang terbaik menurut kedua dua perspektif (hadith dan manuskrip Melayu). Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat lebih dari 55 sebutan mengenai makanan dan konsep pemakanan sihat menurut perspektif hadith dan 10 sebutan daripada perspektif manuskrip perubatan Melayu Lama. Kesimpulannya, konsep kesihatan melalui pemakanan; kajian tematik melalui perspektif hadith dan manuskrip perubatan Melayu ini mampu memberi pendedahan kepada masyarakat diluar sana akan pentingnya menjaga kesihatan melalui pemakanan bagi mengekalkan kesihatan yang sihat dan produktif. Justeru itu, diharap kajian ini dapat memberi manfaat dan kebaikan kepada semua lapisan masyarakat terhadap konsep berkaitan kesihatan melalui pemakanan bagi kehidupan harian. Keywords: Pemakanan sihat, hadith , Manuskrip Perubatan Melayu, kajian tematik 7 a* a a a *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Unveiling Medicinal Content from Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 4016: A Descriptive Study Izzuddin Ahmad Nadziri , Mohamad Adib Ismail , Muhammad Hakimi Ruzaidee Abstract The acceptance of traditional medicine is gaining ground worldwide and specifically in Malaysia. The Ministry of Health Malaysia already established the Traditional and Complementary Division since 2004 to show commitment of the country to integrate traditional and complementary medicine into the existing contemporary healthcare. However, the contribution of Malay traditional medicine is limited to massage. This is partly due to limited resources of information to practise Malay traditional medicine. One of the valuable resources possessed by the Malays is Malay medical manuscript (MMM) which explain meticulously about diseases and remedial formulations which comprise of plant-, animal-, and mineral-based ingredients. However, these MMM are written in old Jawi writing and only limited people know how to read this. Therefore, this study aims to transliterate and analyse descriptively one of the MMM (coded MSS 4016) kept in the National Library of Malaysia (NLM). The selection of the manuscript from NLM was performed using SAKTI-iMS index to determine which manuscript has the highest priority to be studied. Next, the manuscript was transliterated using standard editing and the content was descriptively categorized. The index score was 6 indicating the highest priority to be studied. The manuscript consists of four genres which are prayers, dream interpretation, incidents, and medicinal knowledge. It consists of three colophons with one colophon mentioning about the author of the manuscript. The medicinal knowledge spans from page 54 until 93 (approximately 20% of total manuscript). Medicinal knowledge is further divided into concept of Malay traditional medicine (MTM), physiology of pulses, plant characteristics based on MTM concept, and remedial formulations for diseases. There are 145 diseases mentioned in the manuscript including kepialu (typhoid fever), sembelit (constipation), dedas (incontinence), mata selaput putih (cataract), lelah (asthma) and panau (tinea versicolor). Most of the formulations written in the manuscript involved the use of plants of animals, only small portion use spells (approximately 5%). Considering the portion is relatively big and the valuable information, it is deemed important to study this manuscript and preserve the medicinal information contained in it. Keywords: Malay medical manuscript, remedial formulations, MSS 4016, Malay traditional medicine 8 a* a Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah Of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] a a *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Systematic Literature Review on Traditional Malay Medicine in Malay Medical Manuscripts Norhasnira Ibrahim* Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Malay society has their traditional medicine and healing practices that have been passed down through generations. This knowledge was then transmitted and documented in Kitab Tib written by Malay scholars since the 16th century. Many studies were conducted by local researchers in exploring Malay medicine knowledge beginning with the preservation, translation, and transcription of Malay medical manuscripts. It keeps blooming and up until now, there have been further developments in research on Malay medical manuscripts since then. The objective of this article is to construct a systematic literature review on existing research on Malay medicine in Malay medical manuscripts by focusing on journal articles that were published from 2013 to 2023. This study is a descriptive study using qualitative method. Sources are from Google Scholar online database analysed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews. The results of the study show that previous research on traditional Malay medicine in Malay medical manuscripts has been established and generally accepted. It was dominated by three themes of research (i) Historical and sociocultural analysis (50%), (ii) Ethnobotanical studies (37.5%), and (iii) Interdisciplinary approaches (12.5%). These findings are meant for beneficial contribution to assist future research towards mainstreaming Malay medical manuscripts in Malaysia. Keywords: Systematic literature review, Traditional Malay medicine, Malay medical manuscript 9 *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 ‘Resdung’ Treatment Among The Malay Traditional Healers in Kuantan, Pahang and in Selected Malay Medical Manuscripts Nadhrah Syafini Binti Shafiee , Nurulwahida Binti Saad , Mardhiah Binti Mohammad Department of Biomedical Science, Kullliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Over the years, the prevalance of traditional and complimentary medicine has expanded, with its practice being widespread across the world. This study aims to examine the current practices of Malay local healers who specialize in providing traditional services, specifically in the treatment of resdung. However, there has been limited documentation of how these healers acquire their knowledge for treating this ailment. Therefore, this study is conducted among Malay local healers in Kuantan who utilize herbal medicines as their primary modalities for treating resdung. The informants were selected through purposive sampling, and data were collected via interviews that employed semi-structured questions aligning with the research objectives. The study involved interviewing four actively practicing Malay local healers who specilize in the traditional treatment of resdung. The findings indicate that these healers acquire their treatment knowledge through family and by enrolling in courses related to traditional and complementary medicine practices. They employed various techniques in their treatment approach including ghurah, bekam and acupuncture. Among these methods, ghurah was claimed as the most effective in addressing resdung. A variety of herbs and medicinal plants are incorporated into their treatments, including raja satong, buah beruk, akar beluru, pokok tanjung, daun ketumbit, cengkih, and kulit kayu manis. Raja satong (Hydnophytum formicarum) emerged as the most frequently utilized herb in 'resdung' treatment. However, raja satong was not documented for resdung treatment in MS 699, MSS 1292, Rumah ubat, Sari segala ubat or MSS 2999, but kulit kayu manis was featured in MSS 2999. The findings demonstrate consistency across the healers, suggesting that the practices employed are prevalent in current times. Nonetheless, a direct comparison and observation with the manuscript could not be conducted due to the limited availability of data. Keywords: Traditional Malay medicine, Malay tradional Healer, Sinusitis, Herbs, Malay medical manuscript 10 a a a* a * *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 A Scoping Review on Medicinal Properties of Piper betle (Sirih) based on Malay Medical Manuscripts and Scientific Literature Nur Fatin Idayu Zamri , Mohd Affendi Mohd Shafri , Zaitunnatakhin Zamli , Suhana Mamat Department of Biomedical Science, Kullliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract One of the famous herbs that have been highlighted in the Malay medical manuscript several times and used until now is the betel leaf or ‘sirih’, scientifically known as “Piper betle”. This study is performed to provide information regarding the usage of Piper betle (P. betle) according to the scientific findings as mentioned in the manuscript. The information about the usage of P. betle was retrieved from published books on Malay medical manuscript and a manuscript coded as MSS 2219 from the National Library of Malaysia. As for the scientific findings, the collected data were based on the searched articles in the Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. The review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. The keywords used during search in the databases included ‘Piper betle, antimicrobial, analgesic, hepatic and gastric’. Based on the literature search, 226 potential articles were discovered, 75 articles were extracted for the detailed assessment and only 23 met the inclusion criteria. The information from scientific literature was related to chemical assays, in vivo, and in vitro properties of P. betle extract. Based on the compiled data, P. betle contains diverse active compounds that can help to relieve many diseases such as bacterial infection, analgesia, liver problem, and gastric ulcer. This includes phenols, flavonoids, eugenol, hydroxychavicol, and allylpyrocatechol. P. betle also high antioxidant activities based on a variety of assays such as 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) assay, and others. In summary, many scientific studies on P. betle can be considered as preliminary but the data supported the usage of P. betle in many types of diseases mentioned in the Malay Medical Manuscript. Keywords: Piper betle, Bertemu Urat, Malay Medical Manuscript 11 a* a * a a a
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 The Medical Use and Medicinal Potential of Selected Limau (Citrus Spp. and Triphasia Sp.) as Cure for Diseases in Selected Malay Medical Manuscripts Nur ‘Atifah Batrisyia binti Mohammad Nadzri Hisham , Mardhiah binti Mohammad Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Malay medicine is considered one of the most popular fields written by the Malay physician in the past. The Malay medical manuscripts discuss the treatment prescriptions and materia medica for many diseases. One of the ingredients that is commonly mentioned in the manuscripts is limau or citrus fruits, which are used widely not only as a remedy but in cooking and are cultivated worldwide. Hence, this study is done to discover the medical use of limau in six Malay medical manuscripts namely MSS 2999 Kitab Tib, Sari Segala Ubat, Tayyib al-Ihsan fi tibb al-Insan, Kitab Tib MSS 1292, Kitab Tib MSS 2515, and Khazinat alInsan as well as to identify its medicinal potential through available scientific studies. Data were tabulated according to the species of limau and its scientific name was certained before sources of data, and the type of related diseases was sorted. The pharmacological properties of each limau were then identified online via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. As a result, there were 165 prescriptions involving varieties of limau, which are limau nipis, limau purut, limau raya, limau kerbau and limau kerisik found in these manuscripts. Overall, limau was mentioned in prescriptions for diseases related to ear, eye, gastrointestinal, hair, men’s health, musculoskeletal, nose, renal, respiratory, skin, teeth and women’s health, including common illnesses like headache and fever. Limau was reported to possess pharmacological properties such as antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenic, and also provides analgesic effects and is used as a treatment for typhoid fever. Keywords: Malay medical manuscript, limau nipis, limau purut, limau raya, citrus fruits, Malay traditional medicine 12 a a * a*
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Data Mining on Fats and Oils from Selected Malay Medical Manuscripts Wardini Binti Abdullah Sani , Intan Azura Binti Shahdan Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia Corresponding author's email: [email protected] Abstract Malay medical manuscript is a documentation of Malay medical knowledge, composed of different types of disease together with their treatment which had been practiced in the past centuries. The medicinal values of fats and oils had also been mentioned in the manuscripts. Thus, this study focused on the collection of information regarding the use of fats and oils as a treatment for the diseases described in Malay medical manuscripts as well as to identify their therapeutic effects based on scientific evidence. Malay medical manuscripts were utilized as a primary source to collect the data on fats and oils, which were evaluated based on a tool developed by Mohd. Shafri (2021), SAKTI-iMS method. In addition to the SAKTIiMS approach, Malay medical manuscripts were also screened for minyak (oil) or lemak (fat) as the key words. Data on fats and oils were extracted into Google sheet and categorised according to the types of fats and oils and types of diseases. The most common coingredients used in medicinal formulations were also identified. Databases like Google scholar, NCBI PubMed, ScienceDirect as well as Scopus were used to find scientific evidence of therapeutic fats and oils. Based on the SAKTI-iMS, six Grade ‘A’ transliterated Malay medical manuscripts with relevant information on fats and oils were selected. From these six manuscripts, 27 types of fats and oils together with 231 formulations were identified. Minyak sapi, minyak lenga and zaytun were the most frequently mentioned fat and oils. Common diseases which are treated using fats and oils include skin, systemic, neurological, gastrointestinal as well as respiratory diseases. In conclusion, traditional Malay medicine using fats and oils have the potential to be at par with modern medicine in their efficacy in the treatment of diseases. Keywords: Malay medical manuscripts, fats, oil, pharmacological effects, traditional 13 a* a a *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Analysis of Abstract Characteristic of Materia Medica from Malay Medical Manuscript MSS 4016 Aisyah Zawawi , Izzuddin Ahmad Nadzirin Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang *Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Malay Manuscript is an intellectual heritage of the Malays. Previously, Malay people used local resources to treat the ailment. Thus, some of them, especially Tabib (healers), documented this in writing, called a Malay medical manuscript. Generally, a medical system must have two main elements, which are the concept and application. However, most of the traditional Malay manuscripts only focus on the application, which is the formulations used to treat various typesof diseases. One of the Malay medical manuscripts that record the concept of traditional Malay medicine is MSS 4016. This study aims to transliterate part of MSS 4016 to retrieve priceless medicinal information. It has been carried out by performing transliteration using a standard method, extraction and tabulation of the data and information, analysis of the data and comparison with the contemporary studies. The result shows that the manuscript discusses the abstract characteristics (nature of the elements) of materia medica, such as nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Ferula spp. Out of 62, 47 materia medicas have been researched by contemporary studies, making up 75.8% of it. The remaining 24.19% are yet to be studied. To conclude, most of the materia medicas listed in MSS 4016 have supporting studies to support. The findings from this study can be preserved and may contribute to future research related to Malay traditional medicine in the development of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) in Malaysia as well as becoming a reputable source for drug discovery work. Keywords: Materia medica, Malay medical manuscript, traditional medicine, natural product, complementary 14 a a* a *
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPTS 2023 Assessment of the Hair Treatment Formulations from Selected Malay Medical Manuscripts Fariya Pandit , Intan Azura Binti Shahdan , Mardhiah Binti Mohammad Department of Biomedical Science, Kullliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author's email:[email protected] Abstract Hair being an integral part of the integumentary system, has several physical and chemical properties that differ individually. Most of the hair conditions are often treated using traditional or commercial products. This study focuses on development of hair treatment formulations in the Malay medical manuscripts and explores its potential in addressing hair problems. Five available manuscripts were reviewed for prescription regarding hair treatments revealed 8, 11 and 2 formulations from MSS 1292, MSS 2905 and IAMM1998.1.3370 respectively. The prescriptions then were analysed against the SAKTi index, which 2 formulations were chosen before carefully prepared in the laboratory and parameters such as pH, colour and odour changes, microbiological aspects, and UV light check were assessed. The formulations were made into 4 separate samples and observed for 6 days. Samples A, B, C, and D showed consistent ph values between 5.0 - 5.4 at room temperature (23℃ - 27℃) as well as at cool temperature (4℃) with rise or drop of 0.1 - 0.3 values throughout the observation. Samples A and C were consistent in colour while samples B and D changed in colour due to enzymatic browning starting day 2. However, the fresh odour degraded after 24 hours for all samples. The microbiology test showed growth of gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria in all samples except A within 24 to 48 hrs of incubation. These findings would be useful for utilisation of these prescriptions at home or future commercialisation of such products. It is hoped that the findings provide valuable insights into the potential of Malay medicine and natural ingredients for hair treatment as well as paving the way for the integration of traditional medicine into contemporary healthcare practices. Keywords: Malay Medical Manuscript, hair treatment, hair formulations, SAKTI index, traditional Malay medicine 15 a a a* a *
Have you not considered how Allah presents an example, [making] a good word like a good tree, whose root is firmly fixed and its branches [high] in the sky? It produces its fruit all the time, by permission of its Lord. And Allah presents examples for the people that perhaps they will be reminded. And the example of a bad word is like a bad tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth, not having any stability.” [Surah Ibrahim: 24-26] HIKAM means words of wisdom. Wisdom does not come without knowledge, and knowledge is built upon layers of time-tested experience called a tradition. HIKAM draws inspiration from the parable of the Tree of Knowledge, as stated in the Qur’an : FLAGSHIP HEALTH INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE FROM MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPT HIKAM