Type of Sentence

Type
of

sentence

A

PREFACE

This E-book is a part of the Morphology
and Syntax subject . The purpose of this

E-book is for the reader to learn and classify
type of Sentences. There are four topics
which are all about type of sentences and
classification principles of each sentence. We
hope who goes through it will find it useful and
worth learning.

CONTENT B

Preface Page
Contents
Simple Sentence A
B
- Type of simple sentence 1
Compound Sentence 3
6
- Additive Relationship 6
- Negative Additive Relationship 7
- Alternative Relationship 7
- Contrastive Relationship 8
- Causal Relation 8
Complex Sentence 10
- Subordinating Conjunction 10
- Relative Pronoun 12
Compound-Complex Sentence 15
Exercise 17
Answer Key 21
Bibliography 25

1

Simple Sentence

• A simple sentence is a sentence that consists
of just one independent clause. A simple sentence
has no dependent clauses. (An independent clause
(unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a
sentence.)

• A simple sentence is not always a short, basic
sentence like the four examples shown above. A
simple sentence could have a compound subject
(i.e., a subject with two or more simple subjects).

For example

a. Jack likes walking.

(This is a simple sentence with one simple subject ("Jack").)

b. Jack and Jill like walking.

(This is a simple sentence with a compound subject made up of
two simple subjects ("Jack" and "Jill").)

• A simple sentence could also have a compound
predicate (when two or more verbs share the same
subject).

For example

a. Jack likes fishing.

(This is a simple sentence with a normal predicate, i.e., there's
just one main verb ("likes").)

2

b. Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.

(This is a simple sentence with a compound predicate. The
subject "Jack" is the subject of two verbs ("likes" and "hates").)

c. Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running
and hunting.

(This is still a simple sentence with a compound predicate. The
subject "Jack" is still the subject of two verbs ("likes" and
"hates"), but you can see how a simple sentence could start to
get quite busy.)

• Here's an example of a simple sentence with a
compound subject, a compound predicate, and direct
objects with more than one item.

Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate
running and hunting.
(This is still a simple sentence. There are no dependent
clauses.)

• Here is a real-life example of a busy simple sentence:

Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of
humans too late and became extinct in the British wilds
and the forests and mountains of Europe in medieval
times.

3

Common Use of Simple Sentence
• The pen is mightier than the sword.
• Alice everyday goes to library to study.
• Perhaps the decline of this country has already
started.
• The management of your company has executed
its duties excellently.
• People who live in glass houses should not throw
stones.
• They have lost thousands of jobs to Asia,
South America, and Mexico.

Types of Simple Sentence

There are two different types of simple sentence.
Depending upon structure, these include:

• Compound Verbs and Compound Subjects
Some sentences have a single subject and two or

more verbs. Other sentences have a single verb and two or
more subjects.

For example:
a. The dog barked and ran

(Compound verb)

b. Jack and Jill went up a hill.

(Compound noun)

c. Arnold and Juan play cricket every evening.

(Compound noun)

4

d. The cat and the dog yowled and howled,
respectively.

(Compound verb)
e. Julia and Mary hired a taxi to airport.

(Compound noun)

The italicized words in the above simple sentences are
compound verbs, or compound nouns, respectively.
• Single Subject and a Single Verb

This type of simple sentence has only one subject
and one verb.

For example:
o The staff performed well.
o A white shirt always looks sharp.
o He sold it for a high price on Amazon.
o You have to dream to make your dream come
true.

5

Definition of Simple Sentence

A simple sentence in grammar has only one main or
independent clause and no dependent or subordinate
clauses. Comprising a subject and a predicate, this short
and independent syntactic entity intends to convey a
complete idea or meanings of an idea.

A simple sentence is also known as a clausal
sentence. It may have a modifier besides a subject, verb,
and object. Though it is simple, sometimes it can have
compound verbs and compound subjects. It may or may
not use commas, but it stays simple in construction. For
instance, “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for
ability.” (Of Studies, by Francis Bacon)

Function

The simple sentence is one of the four basic
sentence structures. It serves as a simple statement. It
functions as a means of communication, by adding
information to the existing knowledge of both the speaker
and the listener. Sometimes, writers and speakers use it
as a wise saying or a proverb. The simple sentence
eliminates boredom and choppiness in written works. It
also enhances clarity, accuracy, and the smooth flow of
reading and speaking, by giving a limited amount of
information in a short and precise manner.

6

Compound Sentence

Independent + Connector + Independent
clause
clause

An independent clause (Unlike a dependent
clause) can stand alone as a sentence.

Additive Relationship

When the second term is added to the previous one,
we can use the following connect devices to illustrate
this type of relationship.

Coordinators:
AND, BOTH … AND, NOT ONLY … BUT, (ALSO)

For example: AND
He has bread and jam.

For example: BOTH … AND
Both the dog and the cat play together.

For example: NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)
She was not only smart but also beautiful.

7

***Punctuation: comma

Commas are used to separate three or more word,
phrases, or clauses in a series.

For example:

For dinner I had soup, fish, chicken, dessert, and
coffee.

Negative Additive Relationship

When the writer adds more negative information to
the preceding negative information, s/he uses the
following connector -nor, neither … nor- to indicate such
relationship.

For example: -nor

John is not renewing his contract to work here, nor stay in
Thailand.

For example: neither … nor-

Neither Somsak nor Noree wanted a child.

Alternative Relationship

When then added information is a choice, the
connecting devices are as follows.

Coordinators: OR, EITHER … OR

8

For example: OR
She can fill an audience with joy, or she can bring

people to tears.
For example: EITHER …OR

You can choose either the red shirt or the blue

shirt.

Contrastive Relationship

When different ideas or linked together, they have a
contrastive relationship. The signals indicating a
dissimilarity between terms are as follows.

Coordinators: BUT, YET

For example: BUT
Carol is rich, but Robert is poor.

For example: YET
She did not study, yet she passed the exam.

Causal Relationship

Reason or cause + Action or Result

When one thing is the reason or cause for an action
or result, the two have causal relationship.

9

For introduces a cause or reason.
So introduces a result or action.

For example: FOR
He could not sleep last night, for he had to hand in

his report today.
For example: SO

She felt hungry, so she took a lunch break.

***Punctuation: Semicolon
The writer can imply a causal relationship by using a semicolon.
For example:

Technological change is a two-edged sword; it can be used to
improve as well as to degrade the environment.

Relationship Coordinator Punctuation
And comma
Additive
Both … and semicolon
Alternative semicolon
Contrastive Not only … but
Nor
Causal
Neither … nor
Or

Either … or
But

yet
For

so

10

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is an independent clause
(a sentence that can stand on its own) with 1 or more
dependent clauses added (dependent clauses can't
stand on their own as a sentence)

• Independent = 1 sentence
• Dependent = 1 or more sentences

Ex.1 Tom cried because the ball hit him.
Ex.2 There was a king bearing the name Mahajanaka
who reigned in the city of Mithila.

Those sentences in different colors, so the blue
highlight one are Independent clauses can stand alone
and the yellow highlight are dependent clauses cannot
stand alone.

As 2 examples above, the independent clauses and
the dependent clauses are jointed by a subordinating or a
relative pronoun.

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that
links a dependent clause to an independent clause. A
dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, is
a clause with two specific qualities. Firstly, it does not
express a complete unit of thought on its own; it cannot
stand as its own sentence.

11

The role of a subordinating conjunction and the
dependent clause is to establish a time, a place, a reason,
a condition, a concession, or a comparison for the main
clause.

A List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions

Here is a list of common subordinating conjunctions

after in order that though
although in the event that until
when
as just in case
as soon as now that whenever
once where
because only if
before whereas
provided that wherever
by the time rather than whether
even if since whether or not
so that
even though than while
every time that why
if
in case

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions
• Keep your hand on the wound until the

bleeding stops.

(The subordinate clause sets a time.)

• Steve will sleep wherever there's a bed.

(The subordinate clause sets a place.)

• She left early because Tony arrived with his
new girlfriend.

(The subordinate clause sets a reason.)

• If it rains, the bet is off.

(The subordinate clause sets a condition.)

12

• If it rains, the bet is off.

(The subordinate clause sets a condition.)

• Even though she's skint, she'll still look a million
dollars.

(The subordinate clause sets a concession.)

• I will succeed whereas you will fail.

(The subordinate clause sets a comparison.)

A subordinating conjunction provides a bridge
between the independent clause and the dependent
clause.

Relative Pronoun

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It
has a subject and verb but can't stand alone as a
sentence. A relative clause always begins with a “relative
pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or
a pronoun when sentences are combined.

Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of an
adjective clause (a dependent clause that modifies a
noun). The three most common relative pronouns
are who, which and that. Moreover, there are several
relative pronouns that are used.

13

A List of Common Relative Pronouns

Here are some relative pronouns.

Relative pronouns

how that what when where which who whom
whose why whoever whomever whichever

Function of Relative Pronouns

Here are some examples of the function of relative
pronouns

that That always indicates a clause that
is essential to the meaning of the sentence
when because it defines or identifies the noun it
where refers to. An essential clause does not take a
comma before it
which Use when with times
Use where with places to make it clear which
why place are we talking about
who Which is used in a non-essential clause
whom modifying an animal or a thing. A non-essential
whose clause is one that gives secondary, non-
essential information about a noun that is
already fully identified. A non-essential clause
is separated from its noun with a comma:
Use why with mention about reasons
if the pronoun is the subject of the verb in the
dependent clause
if the pronoun is the object of the verb in the
dependent clause
if the pronoun is the object of a preposition in
the dependent clause.

14

Examples of Relative Pronouns
• The teacher who teaches math is very

smart.

• The boy whom you are talking about is my
brother.

• The lady whose car is red is very rich.

• The car which is over there is very cheap.

• Lisa wore the shoes that she bought in
Italy.
.

• Whoever broke the pot will have to bring a
new one.

• I shall open whichever offers comes first.

• When Uncle Sam comes to towns, we all
have a goof time.

• I miss Japan where we felt in love.

15

Compound – Complex Sentence

Compound – Complex sentence is the sentences that
have 2 or more independent clause and 1 or more
dependent clause

Independent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and verb. and express a
complete thought. An independent clause is
a sentence.

Dependent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and verb but does not
express a complete be a sentence.

***compound – complex sentences is similar a compound
sentences but it adds dependent clause to this sentence. there
are how to make sure that is Compound – Complex Sentences as
follows

How to make sure that is Compound – Complex
Sentences as follows

1. You should look for a FANBOY because compound
sentence is in compound – complex sentence.

2. You should look for another conjunction that isn’t
FANBOYS as because, after, before, although, if,
etc.

16

For examples

Jo drinks Singha, but I drink Leo because it is
cheaper.

[There are 2 independent clauses ( jo drink, I drink ),
conjunction is but, and there is 1 dependent clause
(because it is cheaper)]

I like cats, and Sam also likes cats because
they are lovely.

[There are 2 independent clauses ( I like, Sam also
likes ), conjunction is and, and there is 1 dependent
clause (because they are lovely)]

I missed the bus because I got up late, so I
rode a bike to school.

[There are 2 independent clauses ( I missed, I rode ),

conjunction is so, and there is 1 dependent clause
(because I got up late)]

I don’t care who you are, and I don’t care
where you’re from.

[There are 2 independent clauses ( I don’t, I don’t ),
conjunction is and, and there are 2 dependent clauses
(who you are, where you’re from)]

You can watch TV now, or you can watch it
after you finish your homework.

[There are 2 independent clauses ( You can watch,
You can watch ), conjunction is or, and there is 1
dependent clause (after you finish your homework)]

17

Exercise

Exercise 1

Directions: Identify if each sentence is a simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence, or compound-complex
sentence.

1.He ran to the supermarket at noon yesterday.
=
2. She was absent because of her illness.
=
3. E-cards are harder to open than real cards.
=
4. David was accused of murder, yet his colleagues admire
him.
=
5. This car doesn’t belong to me.
=
6. Susan wanted to be here, but she cannot come
because her car is in the shop.
=
7. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit to France, I will
not engage with her.
=
8. He doesn’t inform whether he will take part in the
conference.
=

18

9. Not only does Mary wear too much makeup, but she
also dresses badly.

=

10. Canberra is the capital of Australia, but Sydney is the
capital of New South Wales.

=

11. We went to New York last week and while we were
there, we saw several plays.

=

Exercise 2

Directions: Combine these sentences into Compound Sentence
using the word or words given in brackets.

1. Robert was annoyed. He kept quiet. (however)
=
2. He could go in. The door was opened. (for)
=
3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. (neither…nor)
=
4. Prasert speaks French. Prasan speaks French.

(not only…but also)
=
5. He is a fool. He is a knave. (both...and)
=
6. She is rich. She is beautiful. She is unhappy. (and…but)
=

Exercise 3 19

Directions: Combine these sentences into Complex Sentence using
Noun Clause, Adjective Clause and Adverb Clause.

1. She was crossing the street. A car hit her.
=
2. She got married. This is certain.
=
3. He ran very quickly. I couldn’t catch him.
=
4. Wanlop is a postman. The postman brings us letters
every day.
=
5. I have a duty to perform. The duty is very boring.
=

Exercise 4

Directions: State which of the following sentences are
compound and which are complex?

1. The house was destroyed in the fire, but the whole
family was saved.

=

2. Walking through the wood, he saw a fox that was
following him.

=

20

3. If I do not get this job, I will start a business.
=

4. He said that he was so disappointed that he would
not try again.

=

5. The men who rule the world with their pens are mightier
than those who rule the world with their swords.

=

6. The evil that men do lives after them.
=

7. All that glitters is not gold.
=

8. Neither the color nor the design of this cloth appeals
to me.

=

21

Answer Key

Answer Key Exercise 1

Directions: Identify if each sentence is a simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence, or compound-complex
sentence.

1.He ran to the supermarket at noon yesterday.
= Simple Sentence
2. She was absent because of her illness.
= Simple Sentence
3. E-cards are harder to open than real cards.
= Simple Sentence
4. David was accused of murder, yet his colleagues admire
him.

= Compound Sentence

5. This car doesn’t belong to me.

= Simple Sentence

6. Susan wanted to be here, but she cannot come
because her car is in the shop.

= Compound-Complex Sentence

7. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit to France, I will
not engage with her.

= Complex Sentence

8. He doesn’t inform whether he will take part in the
conference.

= Complex Sentence

22

9. Not only does Mary wear too much makeup, but she
also dresses badly.

= Complex Sentence

10. Canberra is the capital of Australia, but Sydney is the
capital of New South Wales.

= Compound Sentence

11. We went to New York last week and while we were
there, we saw several plays.

= Compound-Complex Sentence

Answer Key Exercise 2

Directions: Combine these sentences into Compound Sentence
using the word or words given in brackets.

1. Robert was annoyed. He kept quiet. (however)

= Robert was annoyed, however he kept quiet.

2. He could go in. The door was opened. (for)

= He could go in, for the door was opened.

3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. (neither…nor)

= Neither a borrower nor a lender.

4. Prasert speaks French. Prasan speaks French.
(not only…but also)

= Not only Prasert but also Prasan speaks French.

5. He is a fool. He is a knave. (both...and)

= He is both a fool and a knave.

6. She is rich. She is beautiful. She is unhappy. (and…but)

= She is rich and beautiful, but unhappy.

Answer Key Exercise 3 23

Directions: Combine these sentences into Complex Sentence using
Noun Clause, Adjective Clause and Adverb Clause.

1. She was crossing the street. A car hit her.
= While she was crossing the street, a car hit her.
2. She got married. This is certain.
= It is certain that she got married.
3. He ran very quickly. I couldn’t catch him.
= He ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch him.
4. Wanlop is a postman. The postman brings us letters
every day.
= Wanlop is a postman, who brings us letters every day.
5. I have a duty to perform. The duty is very boring.
= I have a duty, which is very boring, to perform.

Answer Key Exercise 4

Directions: State which of the following sentences are
compound and which are complex?

1. The house was destroyed in the fire, but the whole
family was saved.

= Compound sentence (Main clause 1 – The house was
destroyed in the fire; main clause 2 – but the whole family
was saved)

2. Walking through the wood, he saw a fox that was following him.

= Complex sentence (main clause – he saw a fox;
subordinate clause – that was following him)

24

3. If I do not get this job, I will start a business.

= Complex sentence (main clause – I will start a business;
subordinate clause – if I do not get this job)

4. He said that he was so disappointed that he would
not try again.

= Complex sentence (main clause – he said; subordinate
clause 1 – that he was so disappointed; subordinate
clause 2 – that he would not try again)

5. The men who rule the world with their pens are mightier
than those who rule the world with their swords.

= Complex sentence (main clause – the men are mightier;
subordinate clause 1 – who rule the world with their pens;
subordinate clause 2 – who rule the world with their
swords)

6. The evil that men do lives after them.

= Complex sentence (main clause – the evil lives after
them; subordinate clause – that men do)

7. All that glitters is not gold.

= Complex sentence (main clause – all is not gold;
subordinate clause – that glitters)

8. Neither the color nor the design of this cloth appeals
to me.

= Compound sentence (main clause 1 – neither the
design appeals to me; main clause 2 – nor the color of
the cloth appeals to me)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 25

Catherine Traffis. (2017,May,18). Subordinating Conjunctions.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3veotW6

English Teacher. (2019,May,27). Compound-Complex Sentence.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3eyduRB

English Teacher. (2019,May,23). Compound Sentence.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3qMj3OC

Grammar monster. (2019,February,16). Conjunctions.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3bI3hQE

Grammar monster. (2018,March,04). Compound Sentence.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3vgaG1v

Grammar monster. (2020,August,29). Simple Sentence.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3crrWIf

Grammar monster. (2019,March,26). Subordinating Conjunctions.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3qS6FNn

Jennifer,F. (2012,March,02). Compound-Complex-Sentence-exercise
Retrieved March 7,2021, from http://bit.ly/3qISVUQ

Khan Academy. (2016,May,02), Syntax Sentences and Clauses.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from https://bit.ly/3qKAqPO

แปลภาษาไทยเป็นอังกฤษ. (2014,December,27). Combination of Sentences.
Retrieved March 7,2021, from https://bit.ly/3qGN1n5

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