enang yonya P yonya Penang Baba N EIC404: Cultural Perspectives Addilah Sambawani Binti Mazlan Nur Nabilah Binti Ahmad Haidir 2024747937 2024974371 e-Sketchbook
Table of Content TITLE PAGE 1 SKETCHBOOK CREATORS 3 2 INTRODUCTION 4 - 17 3 DATA COLLECTION 18 - 23 4 CULTURAL VALUES 24 - 31 5 SHARED CULTURAL VALUES 32 - 38 6 CONCLUSION 39 7 REFLECTION 40 8 REFERENCES, APPENDICES, CREDITS 41 - 43
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Sketchbook Creators Nur Nabilah Addilah Sambawani Writer Photographer Editor Interviewer Typesetter Writer Editor Layout Journalist Proofreader Artist 3
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IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn 5
The Peranakan Baba and Nyonya are often known for their mixed culture between the Malaysians and the Chinese. Their intermarriages result in the abundance of a unique cultural identity, where it is evident that the community values intricacy. We are grateful to be given the opportunity to study this wonderful community and explore their perspectives and beliefs, marking this as a monumental achievement for us to understand other people from different backgrounds better. The population of the Baba and Nyonya, according to the Joshua Project is: Preface 271,000 6
Origin Baba and Nyonya are well known for their iconic cultural identity, being a Peranakan, they thrive off the uniqueness of both the Chinese culture and the locals of Malaysia. This is the direct result of traders from China settling in with local women since the 15th or earlier centuries. From this, the Peranakan have been here since the 17th century and they have functioned as local, national and international intermediaries. The community also became more distinct around the 19th century, this is during the time more Chinese had migrated into the country. It should also be noted that due to the mix of cultures, the Baba and Nyonya people mainly speak Baba- Malay; a creole language that is based on the Hokkien accent along with local loanwords. 7
Cultural Elements The Baba and Nyonya cultural elements are colourful and creative. We can see it through their style, their houses, and their lives. They adore the splashes and boldness of colours. Let’s delve further into these features and discover their culture together! 8
Kebaya is a blouse-like top worn by the Nyonyas. The materials that are commonly used for the Kebayas are silk, lace or cotton. The most prominent feature of the Kebaya is its detailed and intricate embroidery on the hem, wrist and neckline of the blouse. The patterns that are commonly embroidered on the Kebaya are mostly the Peranakan symbols such as floral patterns and mythical creatures such as phoenixes and dragons. The number of people that are skilled in hand-making the Kebaya are actually declining due to the development of technology. Elder Nyonyas often wore the baju panjang instead. While the Kebaya is more fitting and is made with thin fabrics, the baju panjang are more flowy and reach up to the knees that symbolises modesty. They are commonly made with cotton fabrics that are thicker than the Kebaya. The embroideries are also minimised or not done at all at the baju panjang. Pairing with the Kebaya are the sarongs. This combination creates a sartorial symphony of the cultural fusion between the Chinese and Malay elements. The Babas usually wear sarongs that are muted in colour and designed with geometric designs. The Nyonyas, on the other hand, wore sarongs that are more vibrant in colours with common floral patterns. The Babas attire is more Anglicised due to the western influence. Basic western clothes such as a white shirt paired with a tie and black trousers and white socks with a pair of Oxfords. However, they are also seen to wear Chinese influenced attire such as the samfu, mostly in gold or red. Attire 9
During weddings, in addition to the wedding dress, the bride will be wearing up to 144 hairpins and heavy jewelleries decorating her hair and creating a dazzling halo. Accessories like jade ornaments and gold are usually going to also be worn by the bride during the ceremony. The groom however will be wearing an attire called the “baju lokchuan” which is a short jacket with a long gown underneath. Both the bride and groom’s attire are decorated with symbols that show their prosperous future together. During a funeral however, there is no specific attire during the mourning period. The colours however played an important part. Both the Babas and Nyonyas will be dressed in black in the beginning. The difference would be that after the first year of passing, the Nyonyas will slowly start wearing colours again such as green that symbolises the jade as a symbol of slowly healing. Colours such as blue also symbolises death in the community. 10
Moving on to the last part, the Nyonya accessories. The accessories in the Baba Nyonya culture are very well known for how time consuming it is to produce. One would be the “kasut manik” that are manually embroidered. The process of making one can take from weeks to months based on their skill. Other than that, handbags are also embroidered with the same technique as the “kasut manik” Gold and jade jewelleries are also common as Nyonya accessories. Gold is used for various accessories such as handbags, belts, hairpins, rings, necklaces, ankle bands and bracelets. Jades however are mostly made for hair accessories, rings and bangles. 11
Foods The Nyonya cuisine is very well-known all around the country. It is inevitable to see a Nyonya cuisine restaurant operating at your nearest mall. The Nyonya cuisine is widely spread in the Malay Archipelago which is known as a fusion of Chinese immigrant and local Malay cuisine. The cuisine has been established and developed with globalisation and movement of people in the region. The Nyonya borrowed much from the Malay kitchen ascertained from the various Malay terms of Nyonya cuisine: gulai kay (chicken curry), asam pedas (spicy tamarind-based curry), otak-otak (fish pieces in spice-paste wrapped in banana leaves, steamed or chargrilled), Kari Kapitan (Captain’s curry), acar (pickles), Inche Kabin (deep fried chicken pieces marinated in a mixed paste of coconut milk and an assortment of rempah or spices) Key and common ingredients in Nyonya cooking comprised coconut milk, galangal (a subtle, mustard-scented rhizome), buah keras (candlenuts), pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), belacan (fragrant shrimp-based condiment), assma-ko (tamarind), chu’ng-mau (lemongrass), buah kantan (torch ginger bud), jicama, fragrant kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaf, cincaluk (sour and salty shrimp-based condiment). Both galangal and buah keras are used for their unique flavoring as well as a thickening agent. While belacan enhances flavours in curries, cincalok is often mixed with lime juice, fresh red chillies and shallots to create a side dish or condiment or dip for deep-fried fish. Belacan is the main composition in sambal belacan, a fiery hot condiment of belacan, cabai burung (fiery bird’s eye chillies), ikan bilis (tropical anchovies) and lime juice. Penang Nyonya dishes are generous with assam-ko for its sour flavours drawn from the Thai kitchen. The kitchen (dapoh) in a Baba Nyonya house also has its uniqueness. Although the Nyonyas use the common utensils used in a Malay household, the Nyonyas are known for its colourful varieties of “mangkuk tingkat” which is a lunchbox that are levelled up to two or three compartments. Other than that, the Nyonyas are also known for using beautiful porcelains that are influenced by the british designs. These porcelains are quite expensive so they are only commonly used by wealthy Baba Nyonya families. 12
Language Unlike the Baba Nyonya community in Melaka, the Penang community uses mostly Hokkien which are one of the dialects of the Chinese language. The usage of Baba Malay is not common in Penang as they adapted to Chinese culture more than the Malay culture. The Baba creole in Penang is considered as non-Malay creole. Instead the Penang Hokkien dialect is significantly influenced by the Malay language. Baba and Nyonya culture in Penang is pretty different from the ones in Malacca (Melaka), Medan, Singapore or Kota Bharu. If there is a group of Nyonyas and Babas in Melaka who speak exclusively Malay, their counterparts in Penang speak a mixture of Hokkien, Malay and English. Teoh and Lim (1999, 132) were in agreement with the above statement when they affirmed that. However, there are today very few Baba Malay speakers among the Penang Peranakan; instead, there is predominance of Baba Hokkien of Penang speakers among the Penang Peranakan; and as proven by this study, Baba Hokkien of Penang is essentially a Hokkien dialect with some Malay elements. Naturally, the community alsoadapted the Chinese syntax, these canbe seen by their sentence structure. This is an example of how they applythe syntax while mixing Hokkien, Malay and English in their dailyconversation. Wah chee-nya suka chiak chocolateice-cream after kari hoo-tau eh lunch. English translation: I very much like toeat chocolate ice-cream after having alunch of fish-head curry Wah chee-nya [Hokkien] suka[Malay] chiak [Hokkien] chocolateice-cream after [English] kari [Malay] hoo-tau eh [Hokkien] lunch [English]. In recent years, Baba Nyonya Penangcommunity commonly speaks full Hokkien with a little bit of influencefrom the Penang accent. Hokkiendialect speakers from other regions may understand and communicatewith them but the differences arequite prominent when compared sideto side. The younger generations of Baba Nyonya Penang communityhowever are more comfortablespeaking in Mandarin, they are able tounderstand and converse in theHokkien dialect but prefer to speak inMandarin more. 13
Handicrafts According to Nor Sofiatul Akma J. et al. (2024) , this fine art is actually endangered as there are less and less master craftsman to create these wonderful shoes. This is because of the decline in Baba and Nyonyas, along with the unclear descendants of the Peranakan. The handicrafts made by this community are intricate, complex and takes hardwork and determination above all. These crafts are usually meant for special occassions, such as weddings. Baju kebaya may be the first thing that pops up in your head when thinking of Baba and Nyonya, but the beaded shoes would always take the spotlight when it comes to their handicrafts! Kasut Manik Efforts are being made to preserve this piece of art! The making of these handstitched shoes used to only take two weeks to complete, but now they can take up to months. This is why the shoes are being promoted through tour exhibitions. There are also apprenticeship programs which offer the youths a chance to drabble in shoe-beading! 14
Nyonya-wear is a special set of imported porcelains. These porcelains are often adorned in blue and white patterns, with exquisite designs marked on it. Baba and Nyonya designs would usually have floral patterns, and you may find the phoenix or the dragon on other decorations. However, as Francis said, the phoenix symbolises the women, and the dragon symbolises the men. Nyonya-wear is exclusively made for the Nyonyas in the family that will be wed. Therefore, there aren't any dragons on any of the porcelains’ patterns! Only phoenix. Nyonya-wear 15
Traditions There are different traditions when it comes to different families, but some of the common ones (and rather interesting ones) are these! These were referenced from the tour. Did you know? The Baba and Nyonyas used to use chickens to predict the gender of their future baby. They would give a pair of chickens to the newlyweds and place them in a basket. Whichever that escapes first, is the determining gender for the baby! The children of Baba and Nyonya would wear a brooch to signify their Peranakan ties. When a Baba or a Nyonya is really close to someone, they would serve their friends yellow rice with chicken curry, as a sign of their friendship. 16
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Data Collection Procedures Data Collection Procedures 19
As preparation, the two of us as a pair had decided it would be best for one of us to visit the Pinang Peranakan Mansion beforehand to ensure that the place is useful for our research. This also helps as an early notice to the staff regarding our interest in the Peranakan culture, and that we would like to further query them about it. On the 11th of April 2024, Nabilah managed to join a thorough tour about the culture by the museum. The mansion was the home to Kapitan Chung Keng Kwee’s family that had lived in for generations. The museum provides a tour throughout the historical building, touching on the traditions, the design of the building, the handicrafts, and the history of the family. The helpful tour guide that brought life to the story of Kapitan Chung’s home is named Francis, and this book will refer to his own words during the tour. As the duration of the tour was rather long, we did not have the means for audio or video recordings, so we resorted to note-taking instead. Previsit 20
Details of Interview The details of the interview are stated below: Name: Francis Occupation: A worker and a tour guide at the Pinang Peranakan Mansion Date: 4th of May 2024 Location: Pinang Peranakan Mansion, Georgetown, Penang Questions: 1.Can you summarise the origin of Baba Nyonya Penang? What are the differences between Baba Nyonya Penang and Baba Nyonya Melaka? 2. What are the most important values that the Baba Nyonya Penang community practices? 3. What are the biggest misconceptions that other people have about the Baba Nyonya Penang community? 4. How does the Baba Nyonya Penang community interact with each other? 5. The interview was quite brief as Mr Francis has explained thoroughly and answered most of our questions from his tour. The audio recording of the interview will be attached at the appendices section. Prior to this cultural trip, Nur Nabilah had gone for a pre-visit to gather information. One of the reasons for the pre-visit would also be to find sources and potential interviewees. However, one of the information that we gained would be that the Baba Nyonya community in Penang do not live together in the same village. The closest representation of their lifestyle would be the Pinang Peranakan Mansion which is the main attraction for the Baba Nyonya Penang culture. Because of that, getting in touch with the community is quite difficult. Although they do have an association and they do have activities and events held from time to time, their social media presence and ways to contact them are very limited and hard to find. To overcome this, we decided to make the most of it by learning about their culture and lifestyle depending on the information gained from the mansion and then interviewing the worker on the areas that we are lacking in. One worker agreed to be interviewed by us as we have explained our intentions during the pre-visit. 21
Equipments & Costs The whole cultural trip cost roughly around RM270 for each person which includes accommodation, transportation and food expenses. For this trip, we went as a group of four people which included two people researching another community in Penang. Going to Penang Island, we opted the plane as the mode of transportation. For the plane ticket from KLIA 2 to Penang International Airport, one ticket costs RM59. The flight was at 6:00 AM on 3rd of May. We arrived at KLIA2 with the help of Nur Nabilah’s parents’ car. The flight took one hour and we arrived at 8:00 AM due to the delay to the flight. To go from one place to another in Penang Island, we depended fully on e-hailing applications, specifically Grab application. The whole grab expenses cost roughly around RM30 for each person during the whole 3 day trip. For the accommodation, we booked a room at an apartment located in the Wisma Getah building. The owner was very accommodating and was very understanding when we were clearing up the situation about the booking problem caused by Agoda. The booking for two nights for a four-person room cost RM250. The stay was very comfortable and the accommodation was quite near to our research field by car. Our food expenses are mostly spent at the Queensbay Mall where we took some free time to go around. We ate at the Little Nyonya restaurant to experience Nyonya cuisines and other restaurants for other meals during the three days. The food at the Little Nyonya restaurant ranges from RM20-40 depending on the ingredients. On average, one person spent around RM80 for food expenses. The 3rd of May is spent with us resting at our accommodation and rechecking our agenda for the next day as it is our research day. During the 4th of May, we arrived at Georgetown around 11:00 AM and visited the Pinang Peranakan mansion. The tour and interview took roughly two hours and we left around 1:00 PM. During the whole tour and interview, we relied fully on our smartphones to take pictures, record videos, record audios for the interview and also for note taking. The materials are then shared into a joint Google Drive folder that are accessible for the both of us. The rest of the day is spent following another pair for their cultural visit for the Siamese community in Penang. Fortunately, as we had time to spare, we visited a tourist attraction which is the Penang Street Art and bought souvenirs there. The day ended by getting dinner at Queensbay mall and headed back to our booked room. We headed back to Shah Alam on the morning of the 5th of May. This time, we chose the bus as the mode of transportation. One ticket from Sungai Nibong Terminal to Shah Alam Section 17 Terminal cost RM39 including additional fees. Our bus departed at 9:00 AM in the morning and arrived at 3:00 PM in the afternoon. From there, a parent of another student from the other pair is kind enough to give us a ride to our respective homes. That concludes the entirety of our cultural trip and the equipment that we used during it. 22
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Cultural Values Cultural Values 25
The Baba Nyonya community values their family more than anything else. As both the Chinese and Malay culture also prioritises family over anything else, it is not strange that they adapted this value in their lifestyle. There are a few ways they practise this in their lifestyle. The first one being their living arrangements. The Baba Nyonya community commonly lives in a big family house together, a few generations living in one roof is common for them. They value family closeness and the family house also often became the gathering place during celebrations such as Chinese New Year or the Mooncake Festival. Other than that, they also have specific areas in the house to show respect to their ancestors and the family members that have already left them. These are called the ancestral halls and rituals are regularly performed as a reminder of their family’s history and lineage. “The family is very important to us all, to the Peranakans. All of us come together when there are gatherings, praying sessions and celebrations”, one interviewee intimated to this researcher. These are further affirmed by Chia’s (1980: 44) This reflects the all-in-the-family feeling that exists or pervades among the Peranakans, and that, in a way, can be said as familial leadership as exemplified among the Peranakans when they run family businesses or as depicted by Chinese businesses ala the Towkay corporate culture (Low, 2002; 2009). 26
Also commonly seen in both the Malay and Chinese culture, the Baba Nyonyas are very accommodating to their guests. They take their hospitality seriously to their guests and even sometimes go to extreme lengths to make sure that the people that they are accommodating to are as comfortable as they can. The design and overall ambience of the Baba Nyonya house are already very comfortable and gives the atmosphere where guests can relax and rest. The air is filled with familiarity from the Nyonya cuisine spices as they will also try their best to serve food to the guests. The community are also known for their comfortable free-flowing conversation, their friendly tones that can make anyone take their guard down and talk freely to them. In addition with their friendly tones and jokes, they are also very open to sharing about their culture and heritage which makes them even more welcoming. One interviewee intimated these to this researcher; he expressed that, “Yes, I have fantastic family friends that are ‘Peranakans.’ My understanding of them is that… (due to) the merging of two worlds: the ‘finesse’ soft, respectful, clean, accommodating… polished culture of the Chinese and the friendliness, co-operative-ness of the kampong style Malays”. [The Malays are considered as gentle, hospitable and cooperative; often, they are very polite or “berbudi” (Abdullah, 1996.) “Being refined is considered as good”. “They were or are gentle people and they would, in most instances, be accommodating and attend to the needs of their people (customers, and those they come into contact).” (several interviewees’ inputs). These coincide with what Chia (1980: 83) highlighted, that is, the Babas “generated a prominent identity for themselves, bearing in mind the respect they held and the understanding and appreciation they had for the culture of other races, and even fusing some of those cultures with their own”. 27
The Baba Nyonya community values respecting elders very heavily. Their respect towards the older generations is nurtured since their birth. Similar to the Chinese and Malay culture, they are taught since birth that the elders are far wiser, far more experienced than them. They also were taught to use honorifics and certain gestures to do to their elders and to always accommodate them at any time needed. They believe that as the elders are the ones who raised them, they should also help the elders as much as they can to repay their kindness. The family lineage is also very important for the community, it is kept and treasured and they believe that their wealth and comfortable life can be maintained if they treasure their family lineage well. “Most Peranakans hormat (respect) the old or seniors and address them well and I guess these all apply to the Peranakan leaders.” “They treat the older workers well and ageism is thus non-existent” (several interviewees’ inputs) Other aspects such as gender roles are also very important in the community. The men and women roles are very emphasised. Men are to be leaders and and are to hold authority in the household, meanwhile women are to create a domestic and comfortable home environment and daily life. These roles are integrated since childhood as the way of raising men and women are very distinguished in their household. As an example, men are to spend most of their time learning at the ancestral hall while women are taught skills such as embroidery and are rarely allowed to be out of the house. 28
Although the Baba Nyonya community have lived for centuries in Malaysia, one of the plausible values that we can see is how good they are at cultural preservation. Although some Baba Nyonya community leans more towards the Malay culture and some leans more towards the Chinese culture, never once do they neglect any side of their cultural identity. As Malaysia is a multicultural country, most citizens are mixed of two or more races and they tend to neglect one culture and only focus on the other. I can take myself as an example. I, Addilah Sambawani, is a mix of Chinese and Dusun from Sabah. However, as I grew up, I adapted the Chinese language and culture more and I knew almost nothing about the Dusun language and culture. This happens more commonly than we think but the Baba Nyonya community tries very hard not to make that happen. The community have done various ways to preserve their culture from the museum, their dance, attire and also from the entertainment industry. For example, the Little Nyonya series that is shot at the Pinang Peranakan Mansion that we visited. Not to mention several Peranakan Theatre that are showcased all around Malaysia. Another example would also be the various Nyonya cuisine restaurants in Malaysia that remind us of the community all the time. 29
The Baba Nyonya community values early planning and long-term orientation. These can also be seen by how they like to be secure with their family heritage as it ensures a bright future for the younger generation. These financial security are what they value as they would want what is best for their family members. As they also adapted Chinese culture, they like to plan ahead on anything such as their events and education. It is common that the future has already been laid out for the young kids as soon as they are born. These come with the weight of the expectations put on the new generation but these are also how they ensure the success of their family. They are wise and know where to invest their wealth that can help them the most in the future. These are also closely related to tradition and how they have a set of ways they do things. These way of living should not be changed for no reason as they treasure it Generally speaking, “with no last-hour rush”, the Peranakans “want(ed) to be systematic… ada kepala ada buntut” (literally translated as ‘having both head and tail’ or in Hokkien, it is ‘Oo tow oo buay’”). Perhaps influenced by the British or Western ways, “the Peranakan leadership seemed to be of the planning sort or organized” (several interviewees’ inputs), they disliked or avoided panicking, choosing rather to be prepared, systematic and planned well. Here, often as a child, I heard the common admonitions by my parents that one needed to be better prepared. The author’s mother often urged, “Bikin kerja jangan kalang kabut. Buat kerja mesti ada kepala ada buntut. Selalu bersiap-siap” literally means, one must not do a rush job; be systematic. Always be prepared; plan well. She often urged me not to get caught, unprepared and panicked; “jangan kalang kabut macham ayam hilang anak” (don’t go helter-skelter) 30
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Shared Values Shared Values 33
To first understand the shared values between the Baba and Nyonyas with the rest of Malaysians, we should first take a look at the Hofstede’s cultural values. From here we can see that the power dynamic in Malaysia is rather high; therefore, the people in this country values hierarchical dynamic. The value that comes in between would be indulgence, which means Malaysians often value their leisure time. Lastly, Malaysia scored the lowest on individualism, making it a country of collectivism. This means that we value our community. 34
The first shared value between the Baba and Nyonya of Penang with Malaysians would be the fact that both of the communities are familyoriented, making sure to place family first on their list of priorities. There are many instances where it is shown that the Baba and Nyonyas are proud of their family as they take pride in their name and culture. An example of this would be the brooches worn by the Babas to signify their family. According to Francis, the head of the house is also responsible for everything that goes on under the roof of the house. This belief is also shared with the rest of Malaysians. 35
As Baba and Nyonya heavily respect the elders and follow the familial hierarchy, so do other Malaysians. The traditional family dynamic requires the members of the family to respect the elderly in the family. Frankly. Malaysian families would use different honorifics to address a family member of their own. This is the same as the Baba and Nyonya, where a young woman is called ‘Nyonya’, an older woman is called ‘Bibi.’ Besides that, the family would also have a ‘Majie’ who takes care of the Nyonya according to The Little Nyonya (2008). 36
Like other Malaysians, the Baba and Nyonya are welcoming to guests and newcomers when they are visited. Hospitality is something that nobody discriminates here regardless of their skin colour. Even according to tourists, Malaysia is known to be a country that is very welcoming to people. No matter what ethnicity you are, it has been a common practice to always prioritise the comfortability of your guests and making them feel relaxed when visiting your homes. Another aspect of hospitability is how comforting the design and overall ambiance of Malaysian household are. It is also because of how welcoming they are to people who wants to learn their culture. 37
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Coonncclluussiioonn The Baba Nyonya Penang community are unique with its colourful culture and deep-rooted traditions. The community’s effort to preserve and promote their culture did not go to waste as not only are most of the artefacts accessible to the public, but we are also encouraged to learn more about their culture. The Baba Nyonya Penang have clearly went out of their way to record and ensure that the future generation of their descendants are aware of their traditions. From beaded shoes apprenticeship programs, to a whole series dedicated to their community. As one of the first Peranakan in Malaysia, we as Malaysians should also treasure them and their rich culture. 39
Being given the opportunity to reach out to the community and experience the culture firsthand had certainly opened our eyes to the beauty of simplicity and nature. Moreover, going on a cultural research trip had also help us plan and distribute our responsibilities evenly. We realize that to plan a research trip, there are a lot of aspects that needed to be considered beforehand. For example, the transportation booking, accommodation, finding and contacting the resource person for our research and planning where to visit so that we can get enough information for our project. We believe that after exposing ourselves to contacting and interacting with the community, this had broadened our perspectives in understanding their values and their stand in the intercultural community. The Baba and Nyonya in Penang are distinct from their Malaccan counterpart, as the ones in Penang lean closer to their Chinese. While the Malaccan Baba and Nyonya lean closer to the Malays. Although this difference might seem little; however, the differences can be quite surprising. From this we understand that we should not immediately generalise a group of people just from their names. As Malaysians, we had also learnt that compassion is one of the values that is prominent in everyone here. It is almost impossible to find someone who is apathetic here, as all of us feel for each other regardless the race. We experienced this ourselves during the trip, and we learnt so much from interacting the people in Penang. We are now aware how important it is to be cautious when approaching a new community. How we have to reconsider all our actions whether it can be offensive to them and wearing colours that only symbolises positive meanings, these are things that we should always pay attention to. Although we are aware about how much effort we need to put in culture learning, the both of us do think that the end result is satisfying and rewarding as an intercultural communication student. As we go further in this course, we could not wait for more opportunity to do more cultural research in the future. There are more colourful culture in Malaysia that the both of us have yet to discover! 40
Aqil, S. (2015, February 24). The peranakan baba nyonya culture: Resurgence or disappearance. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/11063249/The_Peranakan_Baba_Nyonya_Culture_Resurgence_or_Disappearance Gin, K. (n.d.). Eclectic Sociocultural Traditions of the Baba Nyonya of George Town, Penang, Malaysia*. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201714052849213.pdf JAMALUDIN, N. S. A., OTHMAN, A. N., ALBAKRY, N. S., & MOHAMMAD YUSOFF, M. D. (2024, March 31). KASUT MANIKPERANAKAN BABA DAN NYONYA:SATU KOLEKSI USAHA PEMELIHARAAN. http://103.101.244.134/index.php/teniat/article/view/1224/779 Leow, H. M. A. (n.d.). Keeping the Baba-nyonya culture of Penang alive - jstor daily. https://daily.jstor.org/keeping-thebaba-nyonya-culture-of-penang-alive/ Low, K. C. P. (2017, December 26). Leadership, values and the Peranakans. SSRN. https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php? ID=314020083099118119064092073080080123015018037063095085014021119101126031105103101125007063010106031024119 01009309101412302407106008303600807206810211002411110211102802002408200507509512009301608400210212209302 0025001113127064080076125072001089001018&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE MOHAMED, N. (2016). Hybrid Language and Identity among the Samsam, Baba Nyonya and Jawi Peranakan Communities in North Peninsular Malaysia. http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_01.pdf Ng, J. (2023, April 24). The “lost” Peranakan reimagined: Creating new interpretation of Lost Peranakan objects through contemporary artistic imagination. Welcome to BCU Open Access Repository. https://www.openaccess.bcu.ac.uk/14421/ Oh, Y., Nurul Fatin Afiqah Hj Abdul Razak, Wee, D. H. T., Ching, E. L., & Rahman, Z. (2019, November 20). The development of Nyonya cuisine in the Malay Archipelago: Penang and Malacca Nyonya Cuisine - Journal of Ethnic Foods. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42779-019-0010-x Project, J. (n.d.). Straits chinese, Baba Creole in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10536/MY 41
Interview Recordings https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1933K2ormi8NQTZS1MCPJv-v2ZvZPlayd Malaysia Country Comparison https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=malaysia 42
ALL PICTURES ARE TAKEN BY OUR PHOTOGRAPHER ADDILAH SAMBAWANI BINTI MAZLAN FROM PINANG PERANAKAN MANSION, GEORGETOWN, PENANG AND LITTLE NYONYA RESTAURANT, QUEENSBAY MALL, PENANG 43
DEDICATED TO THE BABA NYONYA PENANG COMMUNITY 44
Peennaanngg Baba Nyonya E- SKETCHBOOK